In men, major depressive disorder has a negative impact on bone mineral density, a cross-sectional study shows.

The study included 928 men, aged 24-98. Each study participant’s ultradistal forearm, lumbar spine, total hip, and total body bone mineral density (BMD) (g/cm²) were measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Clinicians queried patients on their history of major depressive disorder (MDD) and whether they were currently using antidepressants. Of the study population, 84 (9.1%) had a single manic episode, 50 (5.4%) had recurrent (at least two ) manic episodes, and 65 (7.0%) were using antidepressants.

Study participants with recurrent MDD had lower forearm, total hip, lumbar spine, and total body BMDs than study participants who had one manic episode or had no history of MDD. After age and weight adjustments, recurrent MDD was significantly associated with lower forearm and total body BMDs, with forearm BMDs having been 6.5% lower and total body BMDs having been 2.5% lower in study participants with recurrent MDD than in those with no history of MDD.

Those men who had experienced a single manic episode actually had higher forearm, total hip, and total body BMDs than men with no history of MDD. Also, single-episode MDD was positively associated with total hip BMD – a finding that Paivi H. Rauma, a PhD student and researcher at University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, and her colleagues said they could not explain.

Among the study’s other results was that antidepressant use was associated with lower BMD for the men studied with the lowest body weights (between 75 kg and 110 kg).

“We found that MDD and antidepressant use were independently associated with BMD; however, separation of these two issues is difficult,” the researchers wrote. “In all, prevention of depression, its early detection, and appropriate medical care are important issues in the prevention and care of osteoporosis in men. Lastly, these data raise the issue of screening for BMD in risk populations.”

Read the full study in Journal of Musculoskeletal and Neuronal Interactions.

[email protected]

In men, major depressive disorder has a negative impact on bone mineral density, a cross-sectional study shows.

The study included 928 men, aged 24-98. Each study participant’s ultradistal forearm, lumbar spine, total hip, and total body bone mineral density (BMD) (g/cm²) were measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Clinicians queried patients on their history of major depressive disorder (MDD) and whether they were currently using antidepressants. Of the study population, 84 (9.1%) had a single manic episode, 50 (5.4%) had recurrent (at least two ) manic episodes, and 65 (7.0%) were using antidepressants.

Study participants with recurrent MDD had lower forearm, total hip, lumbar spine, and total body BMDs than study participants who had one manic episode or had no history of MDD. After age and weight adjustments, recurrent MDD was significantly associated with lower forearm and total body BMDs, with forearm BMDs having been 6.5% lower and total body BMDs having been 2.5% lower in study participants with recurrent MDD than in those with no history of MDD.

Those men who had experienced a single manic episode actually had higher forearm, total hip, and total body BMDs than men with no history of MDD. Also, single-episode MDD was positively associated with total hip BMD – a finding that Paivi H. Rauma, a PhD student and researcher at University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, and her colleagues said they could not explain.

Among the study’s other results was that antidepressant use was associated with lower BMD for the men studied with the lowest body weights (between 75 kg and 110 kg).

“We found that MDD and antidepressant use were independently associated with BMD; however, separation of these two issues is difficult,” the researchers wrote. “In all, prevention of depression, its early detection, and appropriate medical care are important issues in the prevention and care of osteoporosis in men. Lastly, these data raise the issue of screening for BMD in risk populations.”

Read the full study in Journal of Musculoskeletal and Neuronal Interactions.

[email protected]

In men, major depressive disorder has a negative impact on bone mineral density, a cross-sectional study shows.

The study included 928 men, aged 24-98. Each study participant’s ultradistal forearm, lumbar spine, total hip, and total body bone mineral density (BMD) (g/cm²) were measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Clinicians queried patients on their history of major depressive disorder (MDD) and whether they were currently using antidepressants. Of the study population, 84 (9.1%) had a single manic episode, 50 (5.4%) had recurrent (at least two ) manic episodes, and 65 (7.0%) were using antidepressants.

Study participants with recurrent MDD had lower forearm, total hip, lumbar spine, and total body BMDs than study participants who had one manic episode or had no history of MDD. After age and weight adjustments, recurrent MDD was significantly associated with lower forearm and total body BMDs, with forearm BMDs having been 6.5% lower and total body BMDs having been 2.5% lower in study participants with recurrent MDD than in those with no history of MDD.

Those men who had experienced a single manic episode actually had higher forearm, total hip, and total body BMDs than men with no history of MDD. Also, single-episode MDD was positively associated with total hip BMD – a finding that Paivi H. Rauma, a PhD student and researcher at University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, and her colleagues said they could not explain.

Among the study’s other results was that antidepressant use was associated with lower BMD for the men studied with the lowest body weights (between 75 kg and 110 kg).

“We found that MDD and antidepressant use were independently associated with BMD; however, separation of these two issues is difficult,” the researchers wrote. “In all, prevention of depression, its early detection, and appropriate medical care are important issues in the prevention and care of osteoporosis in men. Lastly, these data raise the issue of screening for BMD in risk populations.”

Read the full study in Journal of Musculoskeletal and Neuronal Interactions.

[email protected]

For you, the first visits with a newborn are a busy balancing act of gentle physical exam and empathic parent reassurance and education. It’s difficult to imagine that much else could fit into these visits. But your providing weekly and then monthly checks on a newborn puts you in a unique position to detect postpartum depression in that baby’s mother (as are obstetricians at the 6-week follow up). Postpartum depression is relatively common and very treatable, but it can go untreated because of the silence that is often grounded in shame and stigma. A few days of “baby blues” secondary to being tired and hormonal changes is quite different from persistent postpartum depression. Early detection of postpartum depression and referral to a psychiatrist can relieve extraordinary suffering in a parent and stress in a family, and can protect the critical relationship developing between mother and baby.

Postpartum depression was rarely discussed as recently as 30 years ago; it was not formally recognized by psychiatrists as a distinct illness in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) until its fourth edition, released in 1994. It is only slightly more common than depression in nonpregnant women of childbearing age: the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated that depression affects 13% of women in the postpartum period, compared with 11% of age-matched controls. It is, however, more likely to be severe than depression in the nonperipartum woman (Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry 2004;26:289-95).Teenage mothers, women with a personal or family history of depression, women giving birth to twins or triplets, women with a history of miscarriage or stillbirth, and women who experienced premature labor and delivery all appear to be at elevated risk for postpartum depression. While other stressors such as marital conflict, single parenthood, or financial strain are challenging for new mothers, they have not been shown to significantly increase the risk of postpartum depression. It also should be noted that a history of previous deliveries without a postpartum mood disorder is not protective or predictive.

The diagnostic criteria for postpartum depression are the same as for a major depressive episode, except that symptoms start in the 4 weeks after the delivery of a baby (although they may be present during the pregnancy or may not be noted until weeks or months later). This can make it easy to mistake depression for the “baby blues” – a period of weepiness, anxiety, moodiness, and exhaustion that commonly occurs to new mothers. These symptoms affect as many as 75% of mothers in the first few days after delivery and can be very unsettling, but the symptoms always improve within 2 weeks, whereas postpartum depression will persist or worsen. Although it can be severe, postpartum depression will improve with treatment, typically psychotherapy and possibly medication. Without treatment, postpartum depression can persist for months. It may remit spontaneously after a substantial period, but it also may worsen. Untreated postpartum depression can (rarely) deteriorate into postpartum psychosis, which usually requires hospitalization and more significant psychopharmacologic intervention. Failure to detect and treat depression in new mothers can lead to a number of complications for the mother, ranging from difficulty with breastfeeding and forming an attachment with her newborn to an inability to return to work. It also raises the risk for suicide, which accounts for 20% of all deaths in the postpartum population (Arch. Womens Ment. Health 2005;8:77-87).The catastrophe of infanticide is diminishingly rare, but almost always associated with untreated postpartum depression or psychosis.

The complications of untreated depression do not affect only the symptomatic mother. There have been many studies that have demonstrated the negative developmental effects of maternal depression on children of all ages, from infancy through adolescence. Maternal depression in the newborn period can be especially disruptive of development, as it can interfere with healthy attachment and an infant’s development of the fundamentals of self-regulation. Infants of depressed mothers are more likely to be passive, withdrawn, and dysregulated. Cognitive development in infants and toddlers of depressed mothers is frequently delayed. Toddler children of depressed mothers more frequently display internalizing (depressed and anxious) and externalizing (disruptive) behavioral symptoms. Mood, anxiety, conduct disorders, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder are more common in the school-age and adolescent children of depressed mothers than in peers whose mothers are not depressed (Paediatr. Child Health 2004;9:575-83). Clearly, the consequences of untreated depression in a mother on even the youngest children can be profound and persistent. And, most importantly, they are preventable.

Why would new mothers experiencing such uncomfortable symptoms fail to actively seek help? There are many reasons for their silent suffering. Many new mothers assume that their symptoms are the “baby blues,” a normal part of the monumental adjustment from pregnancy to motherhood. When their symptoms fail to improve in the first few weeks as promised by friends or clinicians, they often assume that they are personally inadequate, not up to the task of parenting. Such feelings of worthlessness and guilt are actually common symptoms of depression, and contribute to the shame and silence that accompany depressive disorders. (This is one of the reasons depression is described as an “internalizing” disorder.) These feelings (or symptoms) of guilt often are heightened by popular expectations that new mothers should be experiencing delight and joy in the new child. While all of the attention was on the mother during her pregnancy, the focus of friends, family, and clinicians usually shifts entirely to the infant after delivery. Although the reality of postpartum depression is more comfortably and openly discussed now than a generation ago, these forces continue to compel most women suffering from depression to remain silent.

This is where you are in a unique position to facilitate the recognition and treatment of postpartum depression. While a new mother may have one follow-up visit with her obstetrician, she often will visit you weekly for the first month and monthly for the first 6 months of her infant’s life. These visits are structured around questions about routines of sleeping and eating, the mechanics of breastfeeding, and growing connection with the newborn. You are in a natural position to ask nonjudgmentally about these things, and to follow-up on suggestions that a mother’s sleep, appetite, and energy are problematic with a few screening questions. If it sounds to you like there may be postpartum depression, you are in a powerful position to point out that these feelings do not reflect inadequacy, but rather a common and treatable problem in new mothers. You are uniquely qualified to suggest to the guilt-ridden mother that it is not selfish to seek her own treatment, but it is critical to the healthy development of her newborn and other children, much like the routine airline warning that parents must put on their own oxygen masks before attempting to place the masks on their children. Indeed, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended in a 2010 report that pediatricians screen new mothers for postpartum depression at the 1-, 2-, and 4-month check-ups of their newborns (Pediatrics 2010;126:1032).

So how best to screen during a busy check-up? The AAP recommends the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Screen (EPDS), an extensively validated 10-item questionnaire that a mother can fill out in the waiting room. Scoring is relatively fast and a cut-off at or above 10 points suggests a high risk of depression. The AAP also suggests using a “yes” answer to either of the following questions as a positive screen:

1. Over the past 2 weeks have you ever felt down, depressed, or hopeless?

2. Over the past 2 weeks have you felt little interest or pleasure in doing things?

Even without using specific questions or instruments, you can be vigilant for certain red flags. If a new mother reports that she is having difficulty falling asleep (despite the sleep deprivation that usually accompanies life with a newborn); if her appetite is decreasing despite breastfeeding; if she describes intense worries or doubts about the baby or motherhood that have persisted for more than a few days or that interfere with her function; if she reports that she is experiencing no feelings of happiness or pleasure with her infant; or if she describes feelings of hopelessness or recurring thoughts about death and dying, then you should be concerned that she may be suffering from postpartum depression. You might then suggest to the mother that these feelings may reflect postpartum depression, reassuring her that this is a common and treatable condition. When you calmly and comfortably discusses this topic, you provide hope and relief, dissolving some of the stigma that can surround psychiatric illness for mothers.

What to do once you have noted that a new mother may be suffering from postpartum depression? The problem is common enough that you may want to find a psychiatrist with an interest in postpartum depression and develop a collegial working relationship. It can be helpful to find out if the mother has ever seen a psychiatrist or therapist, as this can be an easy and effective referral for a comprehensive evaluation. If she does not already have a mental health provider, referring her to her primary care provider can be an efficient way to access a psychiatric evaluation. Many mothers will want to have more specialized treatment, especially as they consider the safety of medications while breastfeeding. Many academic medical centers will have psychiatrists who specialize in women’s health. Some states have created programs to facilitate access to treatment for mothers, such as Massachusetts Child Psychiatry Access Project (MCPAP) for Moms. There are several national organizations that provide online information about clinicians and other resources, such as Postpartum Support International, the American Psychological Association, and the CDC.

Finally, we have addressed depression in new mothers. But the rates of depression in new fathers also are higher than in age-matched controls. When a father is the primary parent and suggests problems with sleep and mood, asking the same questions, showing concern, and providing referral information can be just as important.

Remember, 13% of new mothers have postpartum depression, and the suffering of parent, family, and newborn is treatable. Unfortunately, many mothers do not get the help they need, as this condition has not been a priority of our health care system. You, the pediatrician or family physician, are in a unique position to make this a priority. You can detect depression in new parents, providing a critical link to treatment and relief for them, and protecting their children from potentially serious and preventable complications.

Dr. Swick is an attending psychiatrist in the division of child psychiatry at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, and director of the Parenting at a Challenging Time (PACT) program at the Vernon Cancer Center, Newton (Mass.) Wellesley Hospital. Dr. Jellinek is professor of psychiatry and of pediatrics at Harvard Medical School, Boston. E-mail them at [email protected].

For you, the first visits with a newborn are a busy balancing act of gentle physical exam and empathic parent reassurance and education. It’s difficult to imagine that much else could fit into these visits. But your providing weekly and then monthly checks on a newborn puts you in a unique position to detect postpartum depression in that baby’s mother (as are obstetricians at the 6-week follow up). Postpartum depression is relatively common and very treatable, but it can go untreated because of the silence that is often grounded in shame and stigma. A few days of “baby blues” secondary to being tired and hormonal changes is quite different from persistent postpartum depression. Early detection of postpartum depression and referral to a psychiatrist can relieve extraordinary suffering in a parent and stress in a family, and can protect the critical relationship developing between mother and baby.

Postpartum depression was rarely discussed as recently as 30 years ago; it was not formally recognized by psychiatrists as a distinct illness in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) until its fourth edition, released in 1994. It is only slightly more common than depression in nonpregnant women of childbearing age: the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated that depression affects 13% of women in the postpartum period, compared with 11% of age-matched controls. It is, however, more likely to be severe than depression in the nonperipartum woman (Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry 2004;26:289-95).Teenage mothers, women with a personal or family history of depression, women giving birth to twins or triplets, women with a history of miscarriage or stillbirth, and women who experienced premature labor and delivery all appear to be at elevated risk for postpartum depression. While other stressors such as marital conflict, single parenthood, or financial strain are challenging for new mothers, they have not been shown to significantly increase the risk of postpartum depression. It also should be noted that a history of previous deliveries without a postpartum mood disorder is not protective or predictive.

The diagnostic criteria for postpartum depression are the same as for a major depressive episode, except that symptoms start in the 4 weeks after the delivery of a baby (although they may be present during the pregnancy or may not be noted until weeks or months later). This can make it easy to mistake depression for the “baby blues” – a period of weepiness, anxiety, moodiness, and exhaustion that commonly occurs to new mothers. These symptoms affect as many as 75% of mothers in the first few days after delivery and can be very unsettling, but the symptoms always improve within 2 weeks, whereas postpartum depression will persist or worsen. Although it can be severe, postpartum depression will improve with treatment, typically psychotherapy and possibly medication. Without treatment, postpartum depression can persist for months. It may remit spontaneously after a substantial period, but it also may worsen. Untreated postpartum depression can (rarely) deteriorate into postpartum psychosis, which usually requires hospitalization and more significant psychopharmacologic intervention. Failure to detect and treat depression in new mothers can lead to a number of complications for the mother, ranging from difficulty with breastfeeding and forming an attachment with her newborn to an inability to return to work. It also raises the risk for suicide, which accounts for 20% of all deaths in the postpartum population (Arch. Womens Ment. Health 2005;8:77-87).The catastrophe of infanticide is diminishingly rare, but almost always associated with untreated postpartum depression or psychosis.

The complications of untreated depression do not affect only the symptomatic mother. There have been many studies that have demonstrated the negative developmental effects of maternal depression on children of all ages, from infancy through adolescence. Maternal depression in the newborn period can be especially disruptive of development, as it can interfere with healthy attachment and an infant’s development of the fundamentals of self-regulation. Infants of depressed mothers are more likely to be passive, withdrawn, and dysregulated. Cognitive development in infants and toddlers of depressed mothers is frequently delayed. Toddler children of depressed mothers more frequently display internalizing (depressed and anxious) and externalizing (disruptive) behavioral symptoms. Mood, anxiety, conduct disorders, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder are more common in the school-age and adolescent children of depressed mothers than in peers whose mothers are not depressed (Paediatr. Child Health 2004;9:575-83). Clearly, the consequences of untreated depression in a mother on even the youngest children can be profound and persistent. And, most importantly, they are preventable.

Why would new mothers experiencing such uncomfortable symptoms fail to actively seek help? There are many reasons for their silent suffering. Many new mothers assume that their symptoms are the “baby blues,” a normal part of the monumental adjustment from pregnancy to motherhood. When their symptoms fail to improve in the first few weeks as promised by friends or clinicians, they often assume that they are personally inadequate, not up to the task of parenting. Such feelings of worthlessness and guilt are actually common symptoms of depression, and contribute to the shame and silence that accompany depressive disorders. (This is one of the reasons depression is described as an “internalizing” disorder.) These feelings (or symptoms) of guilt often are heightened by popular expectations that new mothers should be experiencing delight and joy in the new child. While all of the attention was on the mother during her pregnancy, the focus of friends, family, and clinicians usually shifts entirely to the infant after delivery. Although the reality of postpartum depression is more comfortably and openly discussed now than a generation ago, these forces continue to compel most women suffering from depression to remain silent.

This is where you are in a unique position to facilitate the recognition and treatment of postpartum depression. While a new mother may have one follow-up visit with her obstetrician, she often will visit you weekly for the first month and monthly for the first 6 months of her infant’s life. These visits are structured around questions about routines of sleeping and eating, the mechanics of breastfeeding, and growing connection with the newborn. You are in a natural position to ask nonjudgmentally about these things, and to follow-up on suggestions that a mother’s sleep, appetite, and energy are problematic with a few screening questions. If it sounds to you like there may be postpartum depression, you are in a powerful position to point out that these feelings do not reflect inadequacy, but rather a common and treatable problem in new mothers. You are uniquely qualified to suggest to the guilt-ridden mother that it is not selfish to seek her own treatment, but it is critical to the healthy development of her newborn and other children, much like the routine airline warning that parents must put on their own oxygen masks before attempting to place the masks on their children. Indeed, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended in a 2010 report that pediatricians screen new mothers for postpartum depression at the 1-, 2-, and 4-month check-ups of their newborns (Pediatrics 2010;126:1032).

So how best to screen during a busy check-up? The AAP recommends the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Screen (EPDS), an extensively validated 10-item questionnaire that a mother can fill out in the waiting room. Scoring is relatively fast and a cut-off at or above 10 points suggests a high risk of depression. The AAP also suggests using a “yes” answer to either of the following questions as a positive screen:

1. Over the past 2 weeks have you ever felt down, depressed, or hopeless?

2. Over the past 2 weeks have you felt little interest or pleasure in doing things?

Even without using specific questions or instruments, you can be vigilant for certain red flags. If a new mother reports that she is having difficulty falling asleep (despite the sleep deprivation that usually accompanies life with a newborn); if her appetite is decreasing despite breastfeeding; if she describes intense worries or doubts about the baby or motherhood that have persisted for more than a few days or that interfere with her function; if she reports that she is experiencing no feelings of happiness or pleasure with her infant; or if she describes feelings of hopelessness or recurring thoughts about death and dying, then you should be concerned that she may be suffering from postpartum depression. You might then suggest to the mother that these feelings may reflect postpartum depression, reassuring her that this is a common and treatable condition. When you calmly and comfortably discusses this topic, you provide hope and relief, dissolving some of the stigma that can surround psychiatric illness for mothers.

What to do once you have noted that a new mother may be suffering from postpartum depression? The problem is common enough that you may want to find a psychiatrist with an interest in postpartum depression and develop a collegial working relationship. It can be helpful to find out if the mother has ever seen a psychiatrist or therapist, as this can be an easy and effective referral for a comprehensive evaluation. If she does not already have a mental health provider, referring her to her primary care provider can be an efficient way to access a psychiatric evaluation. Many mothers will want to have more specialized treatment, especially as they consider the safety of medications while breastfeeding. Many academic medical centers will have psychiatrists who specialize in women’s health. Some states have created programs to facilitate access to treatment for mothers, such as Massachusetts Child Psychiatry Access Project (MCPAP) for Moms. There are several national organizations that provide online information about clinicians and other resources, such as Postpartum Support International, the American Psychological Association, and the CDC.

Finally, we have addressed depression in new mothers. But the rates of depression in new fathers also are higher than in age-matched controls. When a father is the primary parent and suggests problems with sleep and mood, asking the same questions, showing concern, and providing referral information can be just as important.

Remember, 13% of new mothers have postpartum depression, and the suffering of parent, family, and newborn is treatable. Unfortunately, many mothers do not get the help they need, as this condition has not been a priority of our health care system. You, the pediatrician or family physician, are in a unique position to make this a priority. You can detect depression in new parents, providing a critical link to treatment and relief for them, and protecting their children from potentially serious and preventable complications.

Dr. Swick is an attending psychiatrist in the division of child psychiatry at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, and director of the Parenting at a Challenging Time (PACT) program at the Vernon Cancer Center, Newton (Mass.) Wellesley Hospital. Dr. Jellinek is professor of psychiatry and of pediatrics at Harvard Medical School, Boston. E-mail them at [email protected].

For you, the first visits with a newborn are a busy balancing act of gentle physical exam and empathic parent reassurance and education. It’s difficult to imagine that much else could fit into these visits. But your providing weekly and then monthly checks on a newborn puts you in a unique position to detect postpartum depression in that baby’s mother (as are obstetricians at the 6-week follow up). Postpartum depression is relatively common and very treatable, but it can go untreated because of the silence that is often grounded in shame and stigma. A few days of “baby blues” secondary to being tired and hormonal changes is quite different from persistent postpartum depression. Early detection of postpartum depression and referral to a psychiatrist can relieve extraordinary suffering in a parent and stress in a family, and can protect the critical relationship developing between mother and baby.

Postpartum depression was rarely discussed as recently as 30 years ago; it was not formally recognized by psychiatrists as a distinct illness in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) until its fourth edition, released in 1994. It is only slightly more common than depression in nonpregnant women of childbearing age: the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated that depression affects 13% of women in the postpartum period, compared with 11% of age-matched controls. It is, however, more likely to be severe than depression in the nonperipartum woman (Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry 2004;26:289-95).Teenage mothers, women with a personal or family history of depression, women giving birth to twins or triplets, women with a history of miscarriage or stillbirth, and women who experienced premature labor and delivery all appear to be at elevated risk for postpartum depression. While other stressors such as marital conflict, single parenthood, or financial strain are challenging for new mothers, they have not been shown to significantly increase the risk of postpartum depression. It also should be noted that a history of previous deliveries without a postpartum mood disorder is not protective or predictive.

The diagnostic criteria for postpartum depression are the same as for a major depressive episode, except that symptoms start in the 4 weeks after the delivery of a baby (although they may be present during the pregnancy or may not be noted until weeks or months later). This can make it easy to mistake depression for the “baby blues” – a period of weepiness, anxiety, moodiness, and exhaustion that commonly occurs to new mothers. These symptoms affect as many as 75% of mothers in the first few days after delivery and can be very unsettling, but the symptoms always improve within 2 weeks, whereas postpartum depression will persist or worsen. Although it can be severe, postpartum depression will improve with treatment, typically psychotherapy and possibly medication. Without treatment, postpartum depression can persist for months. It may remit spontaneously after a substantial period, but it also may worsen. Untreated postpartum depression can (rarely) deteriorate into postpartum psychosis, which usually requires hospitalization and more significant psychopharmacologic intervention. Failure to detect and treat depression in new mothers can lead to a number of complications for the mother, ranging from difficulty with breastfeeding and forming an attachment with her newborn to an inability to return to work. It also raises the risk for suicide, which accounts for 20% of all deaths in the postpartum population (Arch. Womens Ment. Health 2005;8:77-87).The catastrophe of infanticide is diminishingly rare, but almost always associated with untreated postpartum depression or psychosis.

The complications of untreated depression do not affect only the symptomatic mother. There have been many studies that have demonstrated the negative developmental effects of maternal depression on children of all ages, from infancy through adolescence. Maternal depression in the newborn period can be especially disruptive of development, as it can interfere with healthy attachment and an infant’s development of the fundamentals of self-regulation. Infants of depressed mothers are more likely to be passive, withdrawn, and dysregulated. Cognitive development in infants and toddlers of depressed mothers is frequently delayed. Toddler children of depressed mothers more frequently display internalizing (depressed and anxious) and externalizing (disruptive) behavioral symptoms. Mood, anxiety, conduct disorders, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder are more common in the school-age and adolescent children of depressed mothers than in peers whose mothers are not depressed (Paediatr. Child Health 2004;9:575-83). Clearly, the consequences of untreated depression in a mother on even the youngest children can be profound and persistent. And, most importantly, they are preventable.

Why would new mothers experiencing such uncomfortable symptoms fail to actively seek help? There are many reasons for their silent suffering. Many new mothers assume that their symptoms are the “baby blues,” a normal part of the monumental adjustment from pregnancy to motherhood. When their symptoms fail to improve in the first few weeks as promised by friends or clinicians, they often assume that they are personally inadequate, not up to the task of parenting. Such feelings of worthlessness and guilt are actually common symptoms of depression, and contribute to the shame and silence that accompany depressive disorders. (This is one of the reasons depression is described as an “internalizing” disorder.) These feelings (or symptoms) of guilt often are heightened by popular expectations that new mothers should be experiencing delight and joy in the new child. While all of the attention was on the mother during her pregnancy, the focus of friends, family, and clinicians usually shifts entirely to the infant after delivery. Although the reality of postpartum depression is more comfortably and openly discussed now than a generation ago, these forces continue to compel most women suffering from depression to remain silent.

This is where you are in a unique position to facilitate the recognition and treatment of postpartum depression. While a new mother may have one follow-up visit with her obstetrician, she often will visit you weekly for the first month and monthly for the first 6 months of her infant’s life. These visits are structured around questions about routines of sleeping and eating, the mechanics of breastfeeding, and growing connection with the newborn. You are in a natural position to ask nonjudgmentally about these things, and to follow-up on suggestions that a mother’s sleep, appetite, and energy are problematic with a few screening questions. If it sounds to you like there may be postpartum depression, you are in a powerful position to point out that these feelings do not reflect inadequacy, but rather a common and treatable problem in new mothers. You are uniquely qualified to suggest to the guilt-ridden mother that it is not selfish to seek her own treatment, but it is critical to the healthy development of her newborn and other children, much like the routine airline warning that parents must put on their own oxygen masks before attempting to place the masks on their children. Indeed, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended in a 2010 report that pediatricians screen new mothers for postpartum depression at the 1-, 2-, and 4-month check-ups of their newborns (Pediatrics 2010;126:1032).

So how best to screen during a busy check-up? The AAP recommends the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Screen (EPDS), an extensively validated 10-item questionnaire that a mother can fill out in the waiting room. Scoring is relatively fast and a cut-off at or above 10 points suggests a high risk of depression. The AAP also suggests using a “yes” answer to either of the following questions as a positive screen:

1. Over the past 2 weeks have you ever felt down, depressed, or hopeless?

2. Over the past 2 weeks have you felt little interest or pleasure in doing things?

Even without using specific questions or instruments, you can be vigilant for certain red flags. If a new mother reports that she is having difficulty falling asleep (despite the sleep deprivation that usually accompanies life with a newborn); if her appetite is decreasing despite breastfeeding; if she describes intense worries or doubts about the baby or motherhood that have persisted for more than a few days or that interfere with her function; if she reports that she is experiencing no feelings of happiness or pleasure with her infant; or if she describes feelings of hopelessness or recurring thoughts about death and dying, then you should be concerned that she may be suffering from postpartum depression. You might then suggest to the mother that these feelings may reflect postpartum depression, reassuring her that this is a common and treatable condition. When you calmly and comfortably discusses this topic, you provide hope and relief, dissolving some of the stigma that can surround psychiatric illness for mothers.

What to do once you have noted that a new mother may be suffering from postpartum depression? The problem is common enough that you may want to find a psychiatrist with an interest in postpartum depression and develop a collegial working relationship. It can be helpful to find out if the mother has ever seen a psychiatrist or therapist, as this can be an easy and effective referral for a comprehensive evaluation. If she does not already have a mental health provider, referring her to her primary care provider can be an efficient way to access a psychiatric evaluation. Many mothers will want to have more specialized treatment, especially as they consider the safety of medications while breastfeeding. Many academic medical centers will have psychiatrists who specialize in women’s health. Some states have created programs to facilitate access to treatment for mothers, such as Massachusetts Child Psychiatry Access Project (MCPAP) for Moms. There are several national organizations that provide online information about clinicians and other resources, such as Postpartum Support International, the American Psychological Association, and the CDC.

Finally, we have addressed depression in new mothers. But the rates of depression in new fathers also are higher than in age-matched controls. When a father is the primary parent and suggests problems with sleep and mood, asking the same questions, showing concern, and providing referral information can be just as important.

Remember, 13% of new mothers have postpartum depression, and the suffering of parent, family, and newborn is treatable. Unfortunately, many mothers do not get the help they need, as this condition has not been a priority of our health care system. You, the pediatrician or family physician, are in a unique position to make this a priority. You can detect depression in new parents, providing a critical link to treatment and relief for them, and protecting their children from potentially serious and preventable complications.

Dr. Swick is an attending psychiatrist in the division of child psychiatry at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, and director of the Parenting at a Challenging Time (PACT) program at the Vernon Cancer Center, Newton (Mass.) Wellesley Hospital. Dr. Jellinek is professor of psychiatry and of pediatrics at Harvard Medical School, Boston. E-mail them at [email protected].

PARIS – The leaders of European interventional cardiology have thrown down the gauntlet to their colleagues, declaring during a special call-to-action session at EuroPCR that a revolution is underway in the treatment of acute stroke, and interventional cardiologists need to train up and become part of it.

“Something big is going on today. If we want to be transformative and impactful, I think stroke intervention is one of the main points where we can do so as interventional cardiologists,” said Dr. Alberto Cremonesi of Villa Maria Cecilia Hospital in Cotignola, Italy, a past president of the Italian Society of Interventional Cardiology.

Bruce Jancin/Frontline Medical News

Dr. Petr Widimsky highlighted the five prospective, randomized, controlled trials that have come out in the past few months and triggered the revolution in acute stroke therapy. All five studies – MR CLEAN, ESCAPE, EXTENT IA, SWIFT PRIME, and REVASCAT – were halted early because of the significant advantage mechanical endovascular therapy with stents or thrombus retrieval devices demonstrated over standard therapy featuring clot thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator.

Collectively, the five trials showed a 60% greater chance for good functional recovery from stroke with endovascular interventions. The rate of a favorable neurologic outcome as reflected in a modified Rankin score of 0-2 was 48% with the use of stent/retriever devices, compared with 30% with thrombolysis alone, noted Dr. Widimsky, professor and chair of the cardiology department at Charles University in Prague.

The Food and Drug Administration began approving these endovascular therapy devices in 2012. The major challenge is how to make this therapy available to the vast numbers of patients in need. After all, the successful clinical trials were carried out by highly skilled interventional neuroradiologists operating in centers of excellence – yet such centers are few and far between.

“There should be no fight between the specialties. In hospitals with high patient volume and good work flow and experienced neuroradiologists available 24/7, there is no need for cardiologists to jump in. But in hospitals where that’s not the case then cardiologists can be of help,” he asserted at the annual congress of the European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions.

There aren’t nearly enough interventional neuroradiologists or endovascularly trained neurosurgeons to fill the enormous need, and neurologists simply don’t have the mindset for this sort of work, Dr. Widimsky added.

“Neurologists, with few exceptions, don’t do interventions. In general, they are people who think conservatively. These procedures should be done by someone who is working with procedures every day, and that’s not what neurologists do,” he continued.

Because interventional neuroradiology services weren’t available at Dr. Widimsky’s hospital, he and his fellow interventional cardiologists took on the task several years ago, gaining specialized training and then forming a multidisciplinary acute stroke team. The results, he said, have been gratifying.

The new endovascular therapy for acute stroke has much in common with contemporary management of ST-elevation MI, Dr. Widimsky observed. Just as in an acute MI, where time is heart muscle, in acute stroke time is brain. In most patients, the endovascular procedures are most effective when done within 3 hours after acute stroke onset. By 6 hours, the rate of good functional recovery falls to about 20%. But some patients can derive benefit even with much later intervention provided they have sufficient collateral circulation, which can be determined by sophisticated perfusion imaging techniques.

Dr. Widimsky pointed out a couple of ways to streamline today’s standard acute stroke management flow in order to save substantial time. The typical pathway today is for EMS personnel to take a patient to the emergency department for evaluation for suspected stroke, which can take up to 30 minutes. That patient then goes to CT imaging to determine whether the stroke is ischemic or hemorrhagic, then to the neurology unit for thrombolytic therapy, which can take another 30-60 minutes. Only afterwards, if indicated, does the patient go to the catheterization laboratory for endovascular intervention.

A faster, better approach, he said, is to train EMS personnel to recognize suspected cases of acute stroke, have them bypass the ED and instead take those patients straight to a hospital with high-quality CT imaging available 24/7, and if imaging indicates the patient is a candidate for mechanical revascularization, to then bypass the thrombolysis suite and go directly to the catheterization laboratory. That can save an hour to an hour-and-a-half in total.

Who should be performing these endovascular interventions? Dr. Alain Bonafe presented highlights of a recent joint consensus statement by the European Stroke Organization, the European Society of Minimally Invasive Neurological Therapy, and the European Society of Neuroradiology that declared the decision to undertake these procedures should be made jointly by a multidisciplinary team in experienced centers providing comprehensive stroke care, and that the procedures should be carried out by accredited interventionalists with certified expertise, regardless of their specialty.

“We must offer this intervention to as many patients as possible,” stressed Dr. Bonafe, professor of neuroradiology at the University of Toulouse and president of the French Society of Neuroradiology. “In most places it’s not offered at all, or only part-time by a few experts. So I think cardiologists should join the force, and everybody who is expert in procedural interventions should be trained for this in order to cover the need for the whole population.”

Dr. Kenneth K. Snyder observed that as recently as 2013, the rumor was that endovascular stroke therapy was dead. Three randomized trials published in the New England Journal of Medicine – IMS III, SYNTHESIS, and MR RESCUE – had found no difference between endovascular therapy and standard medical therapy.

But only 5% of the participants in those trials were treated with modern clot retrievers, which are much more effective than earlier-generation devices. And the negative trials didn’t specifically target large-vessel occlusions, which is where device therapy clearly works best.

“Stroke is now a surgical disease. Many of us have believed this from the get go. In centers with advanced systems of stroke care, endovascular therapy can significantly improve functional outcomes without compromising safety as compared to standard therapy,” said Dr. Snyder, a neurosurgeon specializing in endovascular therapy at the State University of New York at Buffalo.

In the United States, he noted, stroke is the fourth leading cause of mortality, the No. 1 cause of long-term disability, the most common discharge diagnosis to nursing homes, and carries a cost of $70 billion annually. Worldwide, stroke is the second leading cause of mortality. And stroke rates will continue to grow.

He said conflict between specialties regarding provision of state-of-the-art acute stroke therapy is not inevitable, as can be seen at the acute stroke unit at SUNY Buffalo.

“Our center is collaborative and multidisciplinary. We have 20 interventional suites. We all work next to each other and with each other – the cardiologists next to the interventional radiologists next to the neurosurgeons. It forces a great deal of collaboration. And we have a track record of training cardiologists both in observerships and also in formal training programs,” Dr. Snyder said.

The speakers declared having no financial conflicts.

[email protected]

PARIS – The leaders of European interventional cardiology have thrown down the gauntlet to their colleagues, declaring during a special call-to-action session at EuroPCR that a revolution is underway in the treatment of acute stroke, and interventional cardiologists need to train up and become part of it.

“Something big is going on today. If we want to be transformative and impactful, I think stroke intervention is one of the main points where we can do so as interventional cardiologists,” said Dr. Alberto Cremonesi of Villa Maria Cecilia Hospital in Cotignola, Italy, a past president of the Italian Society of Interventional Cardiology.

Bruce Jancin/Frontline Medical News

Dr. Petr Widimsky highlighted the five prospective, randomized, controlled trials that have come out in the past few months and triggered the revolution in acute stroke therapy. All five studies – MR CLEAN, ESCAPE, EXTENT IA, SWIFT PRIME, and REVASCAT – were halted early because of the significant advantage mechanical endovascular therapy with stents or thrombus retrieval devices demonstrated over standard therapy featuring clot thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator.

Collectively, the five trials showed a 60% greater chance for good functional recovery from stroke with endovascular interventions. The rate of a favorable neurologic outcome as reflected in a modified Rankin score of 0-2 was 48% with the use of stent/retriever devices, compared with 30% with thrombolysis alone, noted Dr. Widimsky, professor and chair of the cardiology department at Charles University in Prague.

The Food and Drug Administration began approving these endovascular therapy devices in 2012. The major challenge is how to make this therapy available to the vast numbers of patients in need. After all, the successful clinical trials were carried out by highly skilled interventional neuroradiologists operating in centers of excellence – yet such centers are few and far between.

“There should be no fight between the specialties. In hospitals with high patient volume and good work flow and experienced neuroradiologists available 24/7, there is no need for cardiologists to jump in. But in hospitals where that’s not the case then cardiologists can be of help,” he asserted at the annual congress of the European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions.

There aren’t nearly enough interventional neuroradiologists or endovascularly trained neurosurgeons to fill the enormous need, and neurologists simply don’t have the mindset for this sort of work, Dr. Widimsky added.

“Neurologists, with few exceptions, don’t do interventions. In general, they are people who think conservatively. These procedures should be done by someone who is working with procedures every day, and that’s not what neurologists do,” he continued.

Because interventional neuroradiology services weren’t available at Dr. Widimsky’s hospital, he and his fellow interventional cardiologists took on the task several years ago, gaining specialized training and then forming a multidisciplinary acute stroke team. The results, he said, have been gratifying.

The new endovascular therapy for acute stroke has much in common with contemporary management of ST-elevation MI, Dr. Widimsky observed. Just as in an acute MI, where time is heart muscle, in acute stroke time is brain. In most patients, the endovascular procedures are most effective when done within 3 hours after acute stroke onset. By 6 hours, the rate of good functional recovery falls to about 20%. But some patients can derive benefit even with much later intervention provided they have sufficient collateral circulation, which can be determined by sophisticated perfusion imaging techniques.

Dr. Widimsky pointed out a couple of ways to streamline today’s standard acute stroke management flow in order to save substantial time. The typical pathway today is for EMS personnel to take a patient to the emergency department for evaluation for suspected stroke, which can take up to 30 minutes. That patient then goes to CT imaging to determine whether the stroke is ischemic or hemorrhagic, then to the neurology unit for thrombolytic therapy, which can take another 30-60 minutes. Only afterwards, if indicated, does the patient go to the catheterization laboratory for endovascular intervention.

A faster, better approach, he said, is to train EMS personnel to recognize suspected cases of acute stroke, have them bypass the ED and instead take those patients straight to a hospital with high-quality CT imaging available 24/7, and if imaging indicates the patient is a candidate for mechanical revascularization, to then bypass the thrombolysis suite and go directly to the catheterization laboratory. That can save an hour to an hour-and-a-half in total.

Who should be performing these endovascular interventions? Dr. Alain Bonafe presented highlights of a recent joint consensus statement by the European Stroke Organization, the European Society of Minimally Invasive Neurological Therapy, and the European Society of Neuroradiology that declared the decision to undertake these procedures should be made jointly by a multidisciplinary team in experienced centers providing comprehensive stroke care, and that the procedures should be carried out by accredited interventionalists with certified expertise, regardless of their specialty.

“We must offer this intervention to as many patients as possible,” stressed Dr. Bonafe, professor of neuroradiology at the University of Toulouse and president of the French Society of Neuroradiology. “In most places it’s not offered at all, or only part-time by a few experts. So I think cardiologists should join the force, and everybody who is expert in procedural interventions should be trained for this in order to cover the need for the whole population.”

Dr. Kenneth K. Snyder observed that as recently as 2013, the rumor was that endovascular stroke therapy was dead. Three randomized trials published in the New England Journal of Medicine – IMS III, SYNTHESIS, and MR RESCUE – had found no difference between endovascular therapy and standard medical therapy.

But only 5% of the participants in those trials were treated with modern clot retrievers, which are much more effective than earlier-generation devices. And the negative trials didn’t specifically target large-vessel occlusions, which is where device therapy clearly works best.

“Stroke is now a surgical disease. Many of us have believed this from the get go. In centers with advanced systems of stroke care, endovascular therapy can significantly improve functional outcomes without compromising safety as compared to standard therapy,” said Dr. Snyder, a neurosurgeon specializing in endovascular therapy at the State University of New York at Buffalo.

In the United States, he noted, stroke is the fourth leading cause of mortality, the No. 1 cause of long-term disability, the most common discharge diagnosis to nursing homes, and carries a cost of $70 billion annually. Worldwide, stroke is the second leading cause of mortality. And stroke rates will continue to grow.

He said conflict between specialties regarding provision of state-of-the-art acute stroke therapy is not inevitable, as can be seen at the acute stroke unit at SUNY Buffalo.

“Our center is collaborative and multidisciplinary. We have 20 interventional suites. We all work next to each other and with each other – the cardiologists next to the interventional radiologists next to the neurosurgeons. It forces a great deal of collaboration. And we have a track record of training cardiologists both in observerships and also in formal training programs,” Dr. Snyder said.

The speakers declared having no financial conflicts.

[email protected]

PARIS – The leaders of European interventional cardiology have thrown down the gauntlet to their colleagues, declaring during a special call-to-action session at EuroPCR that a revolution is underway in the treatment of acute stroke, and interventional cardiologists need to train up and become part of it.

“Something big is going on today. If we want to be transformative and impactful, I think stroke intervention is one of the main points where we can do so as interventional cardiologists,” said Dr. Alberto Cremonesi of Villa Maria Cecilia Hospital in Cotignola, Italy, a past president of the Italian Society of Interventional Cardiology.

Bruce Jancin/Frontline Medical News

Dr. Petr Widimsky highlighted the five prospective, randomized, controlled trials that have come out in the past few months and triggered the revolution in acute stroke therapy. All five studies – MR CLEAN, ESCAPE, EXTENT IA, SWIFT PRIME, and REVASCAT – were halted early because of the significant advantage mechanical endovascular therapy with stents or thrombus retrieval devices demonstrated over standard therapy featuring clot thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator.

Collectively, the five trials showed a 60% greater chance for good functional recovery from stroke with endovascular interventions. The rate of a favorable neurologic outcome as reflected in a modified Rankin score of 0-2 was 48% with the use of stent/retriever devices, compared with 30% with thrombolysis alone, noted Dr. Widimsky, professor and chair of the cardiology department at Charles University in Prague.

The Food and Drug Administration began approving these endovascular therapy devices in 2012. The major challenge is how to make this therapy available to the vast numbers of patients in need. After all, the successful clinical trials were carried out by highly skilled interventional neuroradiologists operating in centers of excellence – yet such centers are few and far between.

“There should be no fight between the specialties. In hospitals with high patient volume and good work flow and experienced neuroradiologists available 24/7, there is no need for cardiologists to jump in. But in hospitals where that’s not the case then cardiologists can be of help,” he asserted at the annual congress of the European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions.

There aren’t nearly enough interventional neuroradiologists or endovascularly trained neurosurgeons to fill the enormous need, and neurologists simply don’t have the mindset for this sort of work, Dr. Widimsky added.

“Neurologists, with few exceptions, don’t do interventions. In general, they are people who think conservatively. These procedures should be done by someone who is working with procedures every day, and that’s not what neurologists do,” he continued.

Because interventional neuroradiology services weren’t available at Dr. Widimsky’s hospital, he and his fellow interventional cardiologists took on the task several years ago, gaining specialized training and then forming a multidisciplinary acute stroke team. The results, he said, have been gratifying.

The new endovascular therapy for acute stroke has much in common with contemporary management of ST-elevation MI, Dr. Widimsky observed. Just as in an acute MI, where time is heart muscle, in acute stroke time is brain. In most patients, the endovascular procedures are most effective when done within 3 hours after acute stroke onset. By 6 hours, the rate of good functional recovery falls to about 20%. But some patients can derive benefit even with much later intervention provided they have sufficient collateral circulation, which can be determined by sophisticated perfusion imaging techniques.

Dr. Widimsky pointed out a couple of ways to streamline today’s standard acute stroke management flow in order to save substantial time. The typical pathway today is for EMS personnel to take a patient to the emergency department for evaluation for suspected stroke, which can take up to 30 minutes. That patient then goes to CT imaging to determine whether the stroke is ischemic or hemorrhagic, then to the neurology unit for thrombolytic therapy, which can take another 30-60 minutes. Only afterwards, if indicated, does the patient go to the catheterization laboratory for endovascular intervention.

A faster, better approach, he said, is to train EMS personnel to recognize suspected cases of acute stroke, have them bypass the ED and instead take those patients straight to a hospital with high-quality CT imaging available 24/7, and if imaging indicates the patient is a candidate for mechanical revascularization, to then bypass the thrombolysis suite and go directly to the catheterization laboratory. That can save an hour to an hour-and-a-half in total.

Who should be performing these endovascular interventions? Dr. Alain Bonafe presented highlights of a recent joint consensus statement by the European Stroke Organization, the European Society of Minimally Invasive Neurological Therapy, and the European Society of Neuroradiology that declared the decision to undertake these procedures should be made jointly by a multidisciplinary team in experienced centers providing comprehensive stroke care, and that the procedures should be carried out by accredited interventionalists with certified expertise, regardless of their specialty.

“We must offer this intervention to as many patients as possible,” stressed Dr. Bonafe, professor of neuroradiology at the University of Toulouse and president of the French Society of Neuroradiology. “In most places it’s not offered at all, or only part-time by a few experts. So I think cardiologists should join the force, and everybody who is expert in procedural interventions should be trained for this in order to cover the need for the whole population.”

Dr. Kenneth K. Snyder observed that as recently as 2013, the rumor was that endovascular stroke therapy was dead. Three randomized trials published in the New England Journal of Medicine – IMS III, SYNTHESIS, and MR RESCUE – had found no difference between endovascular therapy and standard medical therapy.

But only 5% of the participants in those trials were treated with modern clot retrievers, which are much more effective than earlier-generation devices. And the negative trials didn’t specifically target large-vessel occlusions, which is where device therapy clearly works best.

“Stroke is now a surgical disease. Many of us have believed this from the get go. In centers with advanced systems of stroke care, endovascular therapy can significantly improve functional outcomes without compromising safety as compared to standard therapy,” said Dr. Snyder, a neurosurgeon specializing in endovascular therapy at the State University of New York at Buffalo.

In the United States, he noted, stroke is the fourth leading cause of mortality, the No. 1 cause of long-term disability, the most common discharge diagnosis to nursing homes, and carries a cost of $70 billion annually. Worldwide, stroke is the second leading cause of mortality. And stroke rates will continue to grow.

He said conflict between specialties regarding provision of state-of-the-art acute stroke therapy is not inevitable, as can be seen at the acute stroke unit at SUNY Buffalo.

“Our center is collaborative and multidisciplinary. We have 20 interventional suites. We all work next to each other and with each other – the cardiologists next to the interventional radiologists next to the neurosurgeons. It forces a great deal of collaboration. And we have a track record of training cardiologists both in observerships and also in formal training programs,” Dr. Snyder said.

The speakers declared having no financial conflicts.

[email protected]

The Wells score is only slightly better than a coin toss for predicting deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in hospitalized patients, researchers have found.

"The Wells score risk stratification is not sufficient to rule out DVT or influence management decisions in the inpatient setting," Dr. Patricia C. Silveira from Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston says.

Although the Wells score has been validated in outpatient and ED settings, it has not been studied in hospitalized patients in a large prospective trial, Dr. Silveira and her colleagues note in JAMA Internal Medicine, online May 18.

The team evaluated the utility of the tool for risk stratification of inpatients with suspected DVT in a prospective study that included more than 1,100 patients. About one in eight were found on lower-extremity venous duplex ultrasound studies (LEUS) to have proximal DVT and 9.2% to have distal DVT.

The incidence of proximal DVT in the low, moderate, and high Wells pretest probability groups was 5.9%, 9.5%, and 16.4%, respectively, a much narrower range than was previously reported for outpatients (3.0%, 16.6%, and 74.6%).

The AUC for the discriminatory accuracy of the Wells score for risk of proximal DVT identified on LEUS was only 0.6 (a coin toss would yield a predicted AUC of 0.5), the researchers found.

Results were even less informative for distal DVT, where low, moderate, and high pretest probability groups had DVT incidences of 7.4%, 9.1%, and 9.7%, respectively.

"Physician should use their clinical judgment to order lower extremity ultrasound studies for hospitalized patients with suspected DVT," Dr. Silveira concludes. "A new clinical decision rule might be useful to determine a patient's pre-test probability of DVT in the inpatient setting."

Dr. Erika Leemann Price from San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center in California, who coauthored an invited commentary on the new report, told Reuters Health by email, "In the inpatient setting, the Wells score for DVT doesn't do a good job of telling us who has a DVT and who doesn't. Inpatients are different from outpatients in that they are at greater risk for DVT overall, but they also have multiple other comorbidities that can mimic the signs and symptoms of DVT.

"We don't currently have a validated clinical prediction model for DVT in the inpatient setting, although there is clearly a need for one that includes factors more predictive of VTE (venous thromboembolism) specifically in inpatients," Dr. Price says. "For now, if you are worried that your hospitalized patient may have a DVT, skip the Wells score and get an ultrasound." TH

—Reuters Health

The Wells score is only slightly better than a coin toss for predicting deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in hospitalized patients, researchers have found.

"The Wells score risk stratification is not sufficient to rule out DVT or influence management decisions in the inpatient setting," Dr. Patricia C. Silveira from Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston says.

Although the Wells score has been validated in outpatient and ED settings, it has not been studied in hospitalized patients in a large prospective trial, Dr. Silveira and her colleagues note in JAMA Internal Medicine, online May 18.

The team evaluated the utility of the tool for risk stratification of inpatients with suspected DVT in a prospective study that included more than 1,100 patients. About one in eight were found on lower-extremity venous duplex ultrasound studies (LEUS) to have proximal DVT and 9.2% to have distal DVT.

The incidence of proximal DVT in the low, moderate, and high Wells pretest probability groups was 5.9%, 9.5%, and 16.4%, respectively, a much narrower range than was previously reported for outpatients (3.0%, 16.6%, and 74.6%).

The AUC for the discriminatory accuracy of the Wells score for risk of proximal DVT identified on LEUS was only 0.6 (a coin toss would yield a predicted AUC of 0.5), the researchers found.

Results were even less informative for distal DVT, where low, moderate, and high pretest probability groups had DVT incidences of 7.4%, 9.1%, and 9.7%, respectively.

"Physician should use their clinical judgment to order lower extremity ultrasound studies for hospitalized patients with suspected DVT," Dr. Silveira concludes. "A new clinical decision rule might be useful to determine a patient's pre-test probability of DVT in the inpatient setting."

Dr. Erika Leemann Price from San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center in California, who coauthored an invited commentary on the new report, told Reuters Health by email, "In the inpatient setting, the Wells score for DVT doesn't do a good job of telling us who has a DVT and who doesn't. Inpatients are different from outpatients in that they are at greater risk for DVT overall, but they also have multiple other comorbidities that can mimic the signs and symptoms of DVT.

"We don't currently have a validated clinical prediction model for DVT in the inpatient setting, although there is clearly a need for one that includes factors more predictive of VTE (venous thromboembolism) specifically in inpatients," Dr. Price says. "For now, if you are worried that your hospitalized patient may have a DVT, skip the Wells score and get an ultrasound." TH

—Reuters Health

The Wells score is only slightly better than a coin toss for predicting deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in hospitalized patients, researchers have found.

"The Wells score risk stratification is not sufficient to rule out DVT or influence management decisions in the inpatient setting," Dr. Patricia C. Silveira from Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston says.

Although the Wells score has been validated in outpatient and ED settings, it has not been studied in hospitalized patients in a large prospective trial, Dr. Silveira and her colleagues note in JAMA Internal Medicine, online May 18.

The team evaluated the utility of the tool for risk stratification of inpatients with suspected DVT in a prospective study that included more than 1,100 patients. About one in eight were found on lower-extremity venous duplex ultrasound studies (LEUS) to have proximal DVT and 9.2% to have distal DVT.

The incidence of proximal DVT in the low, moderate, and high Wells pretest probability groups was 5.9%, 9.5%, and 16.4%, respectively, a much narrower range than was previously reported for outpatients (3.0%, 16.6%, and 74.6%).

The AUC for the discriminatory accuracy of the Wells score for risk of proximal DVT identified on LEUS was only 0.6 (a coin toss would yield a predicted AUC of 0.5), the researchers found.

Results were even less informative for distal DVT, where low, moderate, and high pretest probability groups had DVT incidences of 7.4%, 9.1%, and 9.7%, respectively.

"Physician should use their clinical judgment to order lower extremity ultrasound studies for hospitalized patients with suspected DVT," Dr. Silveira concludes. "A new clinical decision rule might be useful to determine a patient's pre-test probability of DVT in the inpatient setting."

Dr. Erika Leemann Price from San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center in California, who coauthored an invited commentary on the new report, told Reuters Health by email, "In the inpatient setting, the Wells score for DVT doesn't do a good job of telling us who has a DVT and who doesn't. Inpatients are different from outpatients in that they are at greater risk for DVT overall, but they also have multiple other comorbidities that can mimic the signs and symptoms of DVT.

"We don't currently have a validated clinical prediction model for DVT in the inpatient setting, although there is clearly a need for one that includes factors more predictive of VTE (venous thromboembolism) specifically in inpatients," Dr. Price says. "For now, if you are worried that your hospitalized patient may have a DVT, skip the Wells score and get an ultrasound." TH

—Reuters Health

Paul Spagnuolo, PhD, in the

lab, surrounded by avocados

Photo by Light Imaging/

University of Waterloo

A compound derived from avocados could be effective in treating acute myeloid leukemia (AML), according to a study published in Cancer Research.

Investigators discovered that avocatin B, a lipid found in avocados, combats AML by targeting leukemia stem cells.

In in vitro experiments, avocatin B proved cytotoxic to AML stem and progenitor cells but did not affect normal hematopoietic stem cells.

“We’ve performed many rounds of testing to determine how this new drug works at a molecular level and confirmed that it targets stem cells selectively, leaving healthy cells unharmed,” said study author Paul Spagnuolo, PhD, of the University of Waterloo in Ontario, Canada.

Dr Spagnuolo and his colleagues performed a screen of a natural health product library to identify avocatin B. Subsequent experiments showed that avocatin B employs a novel mechanism to induce death in leukemic cells.

Avocatin B induces mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. The mitochondrial localization of avocatin B inhibits fatty acid oxidation and decreases levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, which results in elevated reactive oxygen species and leads to apoptosis.

Next steps

Through a partnership with the Centre for Commercialization of Regenerative Medicine, Dr Spagnuolo has filed a patent application for the use of avocatin B to treat AML. He is also performing experiments to prepare the drug for a phase 1 trial.

Dr Spagnuolo said there are other potential applications for avocatin B beyond oncology, and the drug is one of several compounds he and his team have isolated from a library of nutraceuticals. Some labs use food or plant extracts to develop nutraceuticals, but Dr Spagnuolo said he prefers the precision of using nutraceuticals with defined structures.

“Extracts are less refined,” he said. “The contents of an extract can vary from plant to plant and year to year, depending on lots of factors—on the soil, the location, the amount of sunlight, the rain.”

“Evaluating a nutraceutical as a potential clinical drug requires in-depth evaluation at the molecular level. This approach provides a clearer understanding of how the nutraceutical works, and it means we can reproduce the effects more accurately and consistently. This is critical to safely translating our lab work into a reliable drug that could be used in oncology clinics.”

Paul Spagnuolo, PhD, in the

lab, surrounded by avocados

Photo by Light Imaging/

University of Waterloo

A compound derived from avocados could be effective in treating acute myeloid leukemia (AML), according to a study published in Cancer Research.

Investigators discovered that avocatin B, a lipid found in avocados, combats AML by targeting leukemia stem cells.

In in vitro experiments, avocatin B proved cytotoxic to AML stem and progenitor cells but did not affect normal hematopoietic stem cells.

“We’ve performed many rounds of testing to determine how this new drug works at a molecular level and confirmed that it targets stem cells selectively, leaving healthy cells unharmed,” said study author Paul Spagnuolo, PhD, of the University of Waterloo in Ontario, Canada.

Dr Spagnuolo and his colleagues performed a screen of a natural health product library to identify avocatin B. Subsequent experiments showed that avocatin B employs a novel mechanism to induce death in leukemic cells.

Avocatin B induces mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. The mitochondrial localization of avocatin B inhibits fatty acid oxidation and decreases levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, which results in elevated reactive oxygen species and leads to apoptosis.

Next steps

Through a partnership with the Centre for Commercialization of Regenerative Medicine, Dr Spagnuolo has filed a patent application for the use of avocatin B to treat AML. He is also performing experiments to prepare the drug for a phase 1 trial.

Dr Spagnuolo said there are other potential applications for avocatin B beyond oncology, and the drug is one of several compounds he and his team have isolated from a library of nutraceuticals. Some labs use food or plant extracts to develop nutraceuticals, but Dr Spagnuolo said he prefers the precision of using nutraceuticals with defined structures.

“Extracts are less refined,” he said. “The contents of an extract can vary from plant to plant and year to year, depending on lots of factors—on the soil, the location, the amount of sunlight, the rain.”

“Evaluating a nutraceutical as a potential clinical drug requires in-depth evaluation at the molecular level. This approach provides a clearer understanding of how the nutraceutical works, and it means we can reproduce the effects more accurately and consistently. This is critical to safely translating our lab work into a reliable drug that could be used in oncology clinics.”

Paul Spagnuolo, PhD, in the

lab, surrounded by avocados

Photo by Light Imaging/

University of Waterloo

A compound derived from avocados could be effective in treating acute myeloid leukemia (AML), according to a study published in Cancer Research.

Investigators discovered that avocatin B, a lipid found in avocados, combats AML by targeting leukemia stem cells.

In in vitro experiments, avocatin B proved cytotoxic to AML stem and progenitor cells but did not affect normal hematopoietic stem cells.

“We’ve performed many rounds of testing to determine how this new drug works at a molecular level and confirmed that it targets stem cells selectively, leaving healthy cells unharmed,” said study author Paul Spagnuolo, PhD, of the University of Waterloo in Ontario, Canada.

Dr Spagnuolo and his colleagues performed a screen of a natural health product library to identify avocatin B. Subsequent experiments showed that avocatin B employs a novel mechanism to induce death in leukemic cells.

Avocatin B induces mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. The mitochondrial localization of avocatin B inhibits fatty acid oxidation and decreases levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, which results in elevated reactive oxygen species and leads to apoptosis.

Next steps

Through a partnership with the Centre for Commercialization of Regenerative Medicine, Dr Spagnuolo has filed a patent application for the use of avocatin B to treat AML. He is also performing experiments to prepare the drug for a phase 1 trial.

Dr Spagnuolo said there are other potential applications for avocatin B beyond oncology, and the drug is one of several compounds he and his team have isolated from a library of nutraceuticals. Some labs use food or plant extracts to develop nutraceuticals, but Dr Spagnuolo said he prefers the precision of using nutraceuticals with defined structures.

“Extracts are less refined,” he said. “The contents of an extract can vary from plant to plant and year to year, depending on lots of factors—on the soil, the location, the amount of sunlight, the rain.”

“Evaluating a nutraceutical as a potential clinical drug requires in-depth evaluation at the molecular level. This approach provides a clearer understanding of how the nutraceutical works, and it means we can reproduce the effects more accurately and consistently. This is critical to safely translating our lab work into a reliable drug that could be used in oncology clinics.”

DNA helix

Image by Spencer Phillips

A new algorithm makes it possible to perform genetic analyses on as many as 500,000 individuals—and many traits—at the same time, according to an article in Nature Methods.

The authors noted that determining how genetic variations affect health and disease involves analyzing associations between many different variants and multiple traits and making the best use of data from large cohorts that include hundreds of thousands of individuals.

“It is very challenging to identify genetic variants that underlie phenotypes, or traits, and, usually, we do this by analyzing each phenotype and each variant one by one,” explained Oliver Stegle, PhD, of the European Molecular Biology Laboratory-European Bioinformatics Institute in Cambridge, UK.

“But the simple models we use to do this are too simplistic to uncover the complex dependencies between sets of genetic variants and disease phenotypes.”

On the other hand, complex models that reveal the combined action of many different variants have involved so much computation that it would take a year to run a single complex query. But Dr Stegle and his colleagues said their algorithm can change that.

“The breakthrough here is that we’ve made it possible to perform an integrative analysis involving many variants and phenotypes at the same speed as current approaches,” Dr Stegle said.

He and his colleagues tested their new method, called mtSet, on data from 2 studies and compared the results with existing tools used for genetic analysis. The researchers found that mtSet was substantially faster than existing methods and could explain a larger proportion of traits in terms of the genetics that drive them.

The team said mtSet will allow researchers to explore several variants of a gene at once, while comparing them with several related phenotypes. This makes it easier to pinpoint which genes—or locations on genes—are involved in a particular function.

“What’s important about this work is that it improves statistical power and provides the tools people need to analyze multiple traits in very large cohorts,” Dr Stegle said. “Our algorithm can be used to study up to half a million individuals. That hasn’t been possible until now.”

DNA helix

Image by Spencer Phillips

A new algorithm makes it possible to perform genetic analyses on as many as 500,000 individuals—and many traits—at the same time, according to an article in Nature Methods.

The authors noted that determining how genetic variations affect health and disease involves analyzing associations between many different variants and multiple traits and making the best use of data from large cohorts that include hundreds of thousands of individuals.

“It is very challenging to identify genetic variants that underlie phenotypes, or traits, and, usually, we do this by analyzing each phenotype and each variant one by one,” explained Oliver Stegle, PhD, of the European Molecular Biology Laboratory-European Bioinformatics Institute in Cambridge, UK.

“But the simple models we use to do this are too simplistic to uncover the complex dependencies between sets of genetic variants and disease phenotypes.”

On the other hand, complex models that reveal the combined action of many different variants have involved so much computation that it would take a year to run a single complex query. But Dr Stegle and his colleagues said their algorithm can change that.

“The breakthrough here is that we’ve made it possible to perform an integrative analysis involving many variants and phenotypes at the same speed as current approaches,” Dr Stegle said.

He and his colleagues tested their new method, called mtSet, on data from 2 studies and compared the results with existing tools used for genetic analysis. The researchers found that mtSet was substantially faster than existing methods and could explain a larger proportion of traits in terms of the genetics that drive them.

The team said mtSet will allow researchers to explore several variants of a gene at once, while comparing them with several related phenotypes. This makes it easier to pinpoint which genes—or locations on genes—are involved in a particular function.

“What’s important about this work is that it improves statistical power and provides the tools people need to analyze multiple traits in very large cohorts,” Dr Stegle said. “Our algorithm can be used to study up to half a million individuals. That hasn’t been possible until now.”

DNA helix

Image by Spencer Phillips

A new algorithm makes it possible to perform genetic analyses on as many as 500,000 individuals—and many traits—at the same time, according to an article in Nature Methods.

The authors noted that determining how genetic variations affect health and disease involves analyzing associations between many different variants and multiple traits and making the best use of data from large cohorts that include hundreds of thousands of individuals.

“It is very challenging to identify genetic variants that underlie phenotypes, or traits, and, usually, we do this by analyzing each phenotype and each variant one by one,” explained Oliver Stegle, PhD, of the European Molecular Biology Laboratory-European Bioinformatics Institute in Cambridge, UK.

“But the simple models we use to do this are too simplistic to uncover the complex dependencies between sets of genetic variants and disease phenotypes.”

On the other hand, complex models that reveal the combined action of many different variants have involved so much computation that it would take a year to run a single complex query. But Dr Stegle and his colleagues said their algorithm can change that.

“The breakthrough here is that we’ve made it possible to perform an integrative analysis involving many variants and phenotypes at the same speed as current approaches,” Dr Stegle said.

He and his colleagues tested their new method, called mtSet, on data from 2 studies and compared the results with existing tools used for genetic analysis. The researchers found that mtSet was substantially faster than existing methods and could explain a larger proportion of traits in terms of the genetics that drive them.

The team said mtSet will allow researchers to explore several variants of a gene at once, while comparing them with several related phenotypes. This makes it easier to pinpoint which genes—or locations on genes—are involved in a particular function.

“What’s important about this work is that it improves statistical power and provides the tools people need to analyze multiple traits in very large cohorts,” Dr Stegle said. “Our algorithm can be used to study up to half a million individuals. That hasn’t been possible until now.”

Researchers in the lab

Photo by Rhoda Baer

ROME, ITALY—Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a crucial factor in the development of blood-induced cartilage damage, according to research presented at the European League Against Rheumatism Annual Congress (EULAR 2015).

This discovery suggests that therapeutically targeting IL-1β could provide a new way to protect cartilage after a joint bleed, which can occur after joint trauma, major joint surgery, or due to hemophilia.

Whatever the cause, joint bleeds are expected to lead to an inflammatory response in the joint and to significant destruction of joint cartilage. So a treatment that could limit the damage from a joint bleed could potentially minimize future disability.

“As therapeutic agents opposing the activity of IL-1β are readily available, further research is now warranted to investigate whether an IL-1β antagonist would be effective in preventing and treating joint damage as a result of bleeding into the joint,” said study investigator Simon Mastbergen, PhD, of the University Medical Centre Utrecht in the Netherlands.

“Findings also suggest that the quicker treatment is initiated, the less damage to the joint may be sustained.”

Dr Mastbergen and his colleagues presented these findings at EULAR 2015 as abstract OP0262.

The researchers had cultured healthy human cartilage samples for 4 days in the presence or absence of 50% whole blood. They then added an IL-1β monoclonal antibody (mAb), an IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), or a TNF-α mAb during blood exposure and assessed subsequent cartilage damage.

The IL-1β mAb and IL-1RA protected cartilage from blood-induced damage in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Early administration after blood exposure was the most beneficial. And, when the treatments were given at higher concentrations, there was near-complete normalization of cartilage.

The researchers said these effects were accompanied by a reduction in IL-1β and IL-6 production. The level of IL-1β was 74 pg/mL in whole-blood culture, but levels were undetectable after the IL-1RA was added (P=0.028). The level of IL-6 was 21,347 pg/mL in whole-blood culture, 27 pg/mL after the IL-1RA was added, and 289 pg/mL after the IL-1β mAb was added (P=0.028 for both).

However, TNF-α levels were unaffected by the IL-1RA or IL-1β mAb. TNF-α levels wer 35 pg/mL in whole-blood culture and 37 pg/mL after the addition of the IL-1RA or IL-1β mAb (P=0.753 for both).

Of course, the TNF-α mAb inhibited the effects of TNF-α on cartilage, but the mAb had no significant effect on blood-induced cartilage damage.

“This would appear to rule out TNF-α inhibitors, a class of drug currently used to treat various forms of arthritis, for this new indication,” Dr Mastbergen said.

Researchers in the lab

Photo by Rhoda Baer

ROME, ITALY—Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a crucial factor in the development of blood-induced cartilage damage, according to research presented at the European League Against Rheumatism Annual Congress (EULAR 2015).

This discovery suggests that therapeutically targeting IL-1β could provide a new way to protect cartilage after a joint bleed, which can occur after joint trauma, major joint surgery, or due to hemophilia.

Whatever the cause, joint bleeds are expected to lead to an inflammatory response in the joint and to significant destruction of joint cartilage. So a treatment that could limit the damage from a joint bleed could potentially minimize future disability.

“As therapeutic agents opposing the activity of IL-1β are readily available, further research is now warranted to investigate whether an IL-1β antagonist would be effective in preventing and treating joint damage as a result of bleeding into the joint,” said study investigator Simon Mastbergen, PhD, of the University Medical Centre Utrecht in the Netherlands.

“Findings also suggest that the quicker treatment is initiated, the less damage to the joint may be sustained.”

Dr Mastbergen and his colleagues presented these findings at EULAR 2015 as abstract OP0262.

The researchers had cultured healthy human cartilage samples for 4 days in the presence or absence of 50% whole blood. They then added an IL-1β monoclonal antibody (mAb), an IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), or a TNF-α mAb during blood exposure and assessed subsequent cartilage damage.

The IL-1β mAb and IL-1RA protected cartilage from blood-induced damage in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Early administration after blood exposure was the most beneficial. And, when the treatments were given at higher concentrations, there was near-complete normalization of cartilage.

The researchers said these effects were accompanied by a reduction in IL-1β and IL-6 production. The level of IL-1β was 74 pg/mL in whole-blood culture, but levels were undetectable after the IL-1RA was added (P=0.028). The level of IL-6 was 21,347 pg/mL in whole-blood culture, 27 pg/mL after the IL-1RA was added, and 289 pg/mL after the IL-1β mAb was added (P=0.028 for both).

However, TNF-α levels were unaffected by the IL-1RA or IL-1β mAb. TNF-α levels wer 35 pg/mL in whole-blood culture and 37 pg/mL after the addition of the IL-1RA or IL-1β mAb (P=0.753 for both).

Of course, the TNF-α mAb inhibited the effects of TNF-α on cartilage, but the mAb had no significant effect on blood-induced cartilage damage.

“This would appear to rule out TNF-α inhibitors, a class of drug currently used to treat various forms of arthritis, for this new indication,” Dr Mastbergen said.

Researchers in the lab

Photo by Rhoda Baer

ROME, ITALY—Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a crucial factor in the development of blood-induced cartilage damage, according to research presented at the European League Against Rheumatism Annual Congress (EULAR 2015).

This discovery suggests that therapeutically targeting IL-1β could provide a new way to protect cartilage after a joint bleed, which can occur after joint trauma, major joint surgery, or due to hemophilia.

Whatever the cause, joint bleeds are expected to lead to an inflammatory response in the joint and to significant destruction of joint cartilage. So a treatment that could limit the damage from a joint bleed could potentially minimize future disability.

“As therapeutic agents opposing the activity of IL-1β are readily available, further research is now warranted to investigate whether an IL-1β antagonist would be effective in preventing and treating joint damage as a result of bleeding into the joint,” said study investigator Simon Mastbergen, PhD, of the University Medical Centre Utrecht in the Netherlands.

“Findings also suggest that the quicker treatment is initiated, the less damage to the joint may be sustained.”

Dr Mastbergen and his colleagues presented these findings at EULAR 2015 as abstract OP0262.

The researchers had cultured healthy human cartilage samples for 4 days in the presence or absence of 50% whole blood. They then added an IL-1β monoclonal antibody (mAb), an IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), or a TNF-α mAb during blood exposure and assessed subsequent cartilage damage.

The IL-1β mAb and IL-1RA protected cartilage from blood-induced damage in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Early administration after blood exposure was the most beneficial. And, when the treatments were given at higher concentrations, there was near-complete normalization of cartilage.

The researchers said these effects were accompanied by a reduction in IL-1β and IL-6 production. The level of IL-1β was 74 pg/mL in whole-blood culture, but levels were undetectable after the IL-1RA was added (P=0.028). The level of IL-6 was 21,347 pg/mL in whole-blood culture, 27 pg/mL after the IL-1RA was added, and 289 pg/mL after the IL-1β mAb was added (P=0.028 for both).

However, TNF-α levels were unaffected by the IL-1RA or IL-1β mAb. TNF-α levels wer 35 pg/mL in whole-blood culture and 37 pg/mL after the addition of the IL-1RA or IL-1β mAb (P=0.753 for both).

Of course, the TNF-α mAb inhibited the effects of TNF-α on cartilage, but the mAb had no significant effect on blood-induced cartilage damage.

“This would appear to rule out TNF-α inhibitors, a class of drug currently used to treat various forms of arthritis, for this new indication,” Dr Mastbergen said.

Anopheles gambiae mosquito

Photo courtesy of the CDC

Researchers say they have located a new, more precise target for a mosquito-based vaccine to block the transmission of malaria.

The team created a 3-D crystal structure of AnAPN1, a protein found in the gut of the Anopheles mosquito that is considered essential to malaria transmission.

In studying the entire protein, the researchers found that previous incarnations of a proposed vaccine included irrelevant regions of AnAPN1.

Rhoel R. Dinglasan, PhD, of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in Baltimore, Maryland, and his colleagues described this work in Nature Structural & Molecular Biology.

AnAPN1 is found on the apical surface of the Anopheles gambiae midgut and is potentially a receptor for the Plasmodium parasite. As a vaccine antigen, AnAPN1 prompts antibody production, but only some of these antibodies block parasite transmission.

“This dilution of the overall antibody response to AnAPN1 is problematic,” Dr Dinglasan said. “To further improve vaccine immunogenicity at the preclinical stage, we need to immuno-focus the antibody response to only the critical, transmission-blocking regions of the protein.”

Using the Australian Synchrotron, the researchers were able to visualize the crystal structure of AnAPN1 for the first time. This allowed the team to pinpoint the binding site of AnAPN1 antibodies that can and cannot block parasite development.

“We now know much more about which parts of the AnAPN1 protein are involved in generating transmission-blocking antibodies and have a new hypothesis as to how they might work,” said Natalie Borg, PhD, of Monash University in Clayton, Victoria, Australia.

The researchers identified a particularly potent antibody, 4H5B7, and tested it in blood samples from children carrying the Plasmodium falciparum parasite. 4H5B7 exhibited “complete transmission-blocking activity” against these naturally circulating strains of P falciparum.

The team said their data indicate the mechanism underlying this activity is the recognition of a conformation-dependent epitope that is predominantly found on peptide 4, which is part of peptide 7 on domain 1 of AnAPN1.

These findings suggest that, previously, researchers were asking the immune system to target too many regions on AnAPN1, which diluted the response to the relevant regions of the protein.

Anopheles gambiae mosquito

Photo courtesy of the CDC

Researchers say they have located a new, more precise target for a mosquito-based vaccine to block the transmission of malaria.

The team created a 3-D crystal structure of AnAPN1, a protein found in the gut of the Anopheles mosquito that is considered essential to malaria transmission.

In studying the entire protein, the researchers found that previous incarnations of a proposed vaccine included irrelevant regions of AnAPN1.

Rhoel R. Dinglasan, PhD, of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in Baltimore, Maryland, and his colleagues described this work in Nature Structural & Molecular Biology.

AnAPN1 is found on the apical surface of the Anopheles gambiae midgut and is potentially a receptor for the Plasmodium parasite. As a vaccine antigen, AnAPN1 prompts antibody production, but only some of these antibodies block parasite transmission.

“This dilution of the overall antibody response to AnAPN1 is problematic,” Dr Dinglasan said. “To further improve vaccine immunogenicity at the preclinical stage, we need to immuno-focus the antibody response to only the critical, transmission-blocking regions of the protein.”

Using the Australian Synchrotron, the researchers were able to visualize the crystal structure of AnAPN1 for the first time. This allowed the team to pinpoint the binding site of AnAPN1 antibodies that can and cannot block parasite development.

“We now know much more about which parts of the AnAPN1 protein are involved in generating transmission-blocking antibodies and have a new hypothesis as to how they might work,” said Natalie Borg, PhD, of Monash University in Clayton, Victoria, Australia.

The researchers identified a particularly potent antibody, 4H5B7, and tested it in blood samples from children carrying the Plasmodium falciparum parasite. 4H5B7 exhibited “complete transmission-blocking activity” against these naturally circulating strains of P falciparum.

The team said their data indicate the mechanism underlying this activity is the recognition of a conformation-dependent epitope that is predominantly found on peptide 4, which is part of peptide 7 on domain 1 of AnAPN1.

These findings suggest that, previously, researchers were asking the immune system to target too many regions on AnAPN1, which diluted the response to the relevant regions of the protein.

Anopheles gambiae mosquito

Photo courtesy of the CDC

Researchers say they have located a new, more precise target for a mosquito-based vaccine to block the transmission of malaria.

The team created a 3-D crystal structure of AnAPN1, a protein found in the gut of the Anopheles mosquito that is considered essential to malaria transmission.

In studying the entire protein, the researchers found that previous incarnations of a proposed vaccine included irrelevant regions of AnAPN1.

Rhoel R. Dinglasan, PhD, of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in Baltimore, Maryland, and his colleagues described this work in Nature Structural & Molecular Biology.

AnAPN1 is found on the apical surface of the Anopheles gambiae midgut and is potentially a receptor for the Plasmodium parasite. As a vaccine antigen, AnAPN1 prompts antibody production, but only some of these antibodies block parasite transmission.

“This dilution of the overall antibody response to AnAPN1 is problematic,” Dr Dinglasan said. “To further improve vaccine immunogenicity at the preclinical stage, we need to immuno-focus the antibody response to only the critical, transmission-blocking regions of the protein.”

Using the Australian Synchrotron, the researchers were able to visualize the crystal structure of AnAPN1 for the first time. This allowed the team to pinpoint the binding site of AnAPN1 antibodies that can and cannot block parasite development.

“We now know much more about which parts of the AnAPN1 protein are involved in generating transmission-blocking antibodies and have a new hypothesis as to how they might work,” said Natalie Borg, PhD, of Monash University in Clayton, Victoria, Australia.

The researchers identified a particularly potent antibody, 4H5B7, and tested it in blood samples from children carrying the Plasmodium falciparum parasite. 4H5B7 exhibited “complete transmission-blocking activity” against these naturally circulating strains of P falciparum.

The team said their data indicate the mechanism underlying this activity is the recognition of a conformation-dependent epitope that is predominantly found on peptide 4, which is part of peptide 7 on domain 1 of AnAPN1.

These findings suggest that, previously, researchers were asking the immune system to target too many regions on AnAPN1, which diluted the response to the relevant regions of the protein.

The lead author of a new Journal of Hospital Medicine report says one step hospitalists can take toward reducing preventable rehospitalizations is identifying the common traits of frequently admitted patients.

Marilyn Szekendi, PhD, RN, director of quality research at University Health System Consortium (UHC) in Chicago, says learning the characteristics that lead to frequent admissions—defined as patients who are admitted five or more times within one year—can help identify solutions for preventing repeated hospitalizations. UHC is an alliance of nonprofit academic medical centers and their affiliated hospitals.

"The good news here is that this is very doable," Dr. Szekendi says. "Every hospital can run this analysis…and actually create a list of who these patients are, along with their names and medical record numbers, so you can look at their diagnosis, you can look at other characteristics of the patient, and do a real-time assessment of who they are."

For their report, Dr. Szekendi and colleagues studied 28,291 patients admitted 180,185 times to academic medical centers in the U.S. from 2011 to 2012. While the cohort comprised just 1.6% of all patients, it accounted for 8% of all admissions and 7% of direct costs.

Common factors linked with frequent readmissions included having significantly more comorbidities (an average of 7.1 versus 2.5), and 84% of their admissions are to medical services. In addition, this patient population has higher rates of psychosis or substance abuse, the researchers note. Although frequently admitted patients are slightly more likely than other patients to be on Medicaid or to be uninsured (27.6% versus 21.6%), nearly three-quarters have private or Medicare coverage.

"We know that there are many other factors that we didn't have data for, [such as] housing status, patients' preexisting access to other kinds of medical care," Dr. Szekendi says. "If we could do some further look at factors that define these patients, both nationally and individually, hospitals then would have some additional, really useful information about the patients that would further inform their improvement efforts. Going beyond the data...is the next step.”

Visit our website for more information on hospitalists' role in preventing readmissions.

The lead author of a new Journal of Hospital Medicine report says one step hospitalists can take toward reducing preventable rehospitalizations is identifying the common traits of frequently admitted patients.

Marilyn Szekendi, PhD, RN, director of quality research at University Health System Consortium (UHC) in Chicago, says learning the characteristics that lead to frequent admissions—defined as patients who are admitted five or more times within one year—can help identify solutions for preventing repeated hospitalizations. UHC is an alliance of nonprofit academic medical centers and their affiliated hospitals.

"The good news here is that this is very doable," Dr. Szekendi says. "Every hospital can run this analysis…and actually create a list of who these patients are, along with their names and medical record numbers, so you can look at their diagnosis, you can look at other characteristics of the patient, and do a real-time assessment of who they are."

For their report, Dr. Szekendi and colleagues studied 28,291 patients admitted 180,185 times to academic medical centers in the U.S. from 2011 to 2012. While the cohort comprised just 1.6% of all patients, it accounted for 8% of all admissions and 7% of direct costs.

Common factors linked with frequent readmissions included having significantly more comorbidities (an average of 7.1 versus 2.5), and 84% of their admissions are to medical services. In addition, this patient population has higher rates of psychosis or substance abuse, the researchers note. Although frequently admitted patients are slightly more likely than other patients to be on Medicaid or to be uninsured (27.6% versus 21.6%), nearly three-quarters have private or Medicare coverage.

"We know that there are many other factors that we didn't have data for, [such as] housing status, patients' preexisting access to other kinds of medical care," Dr. Szekendi says. "If we could do some further look at factors that define these patients, both nationally and individually, hospitals then would have some additional, really useful information about the patients that would further inform their improvement efforts. Going beyond the data...is the next step.”

Visit our website for more information on hospitalists' role in preventing readmissions.

The lead author of a new Journal of Hospital Medicine report says one step hospitalists can take toward reducing preventable rehospitalizations is identifying the common traits of frequently admitted patients.

Marilyn Szekendi, PhD, RN, director of quality research at University Health System Consortium (UHC) in Chicago, says learning the characteristics that lead to frequent admissions—defined as patients who are admitted five or more times within one year—can help identify solutions for preventing repeated hospitalizations. UHC is an alliance of nonprofit academic medical centers and their affiliated hospitals.

"The good news here is that this is very doable," Dr. Szekendi says. "Every hospital can run this analysis…and actually create a list of who these patients are, along with their names and medical record numbers, so you can look at their diagnosis, you can look at other characteristics of the patient, and do a real-time assessment of who they are."

For their report, Dr. Szekendi and colleagues studied 28,291 patients admitted 180,185 times to academic medical centers in the U.S. from 2011 to 2012. While the cohort comprised just 1.6% of all patients, it accounted for 8% of all admissions and 7% of direct costs.

Common factors linked with frequent readmissions included having significantly more comorbidities (an average of 7.1 versus 2.5), and 84% of their admissions are to medical services. In addition, this patient population has higher rates of psychosis or substance abuse, the researchers note. Although frequently admitted patients are slightly more likely than other patients to be on Medicaid or to be uninsured (27.6% versus 21.6%), nearly three-quarters have private or Medicare coverage.

"We know that there are many other factors that we didn't have data for, [such as] housing status, patients' preexisting access to other kinds of medical care," Dr. Szekendi says. "If we could do some further look at factors that define these patients, both nationally and individually, hospitals then would have some additional, really useful information about the patients that would further inform their improvement efforts. Going beyond the data...is the next step.”

Visit our website for more information on hospitalists' role in preventing readmissions.

Clinical question: What is the impact of statin discontinuation in palliative care setting?

Background: There is compelling evidence for prescribing statins for primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease for patients with long life expectancy, but there is no evidence to guide decisions to discontinue therapy in those with limited prognosis.

Study design: Multicenter, unblinded, randomized, and pragmatic clinical trial.

Setting: Academic and community-based clinical sites as a part of the Palliative Care Research Cooperative Group.

Synopsis: The study analyzed the outcomes of 381 patients who had received a prognosis of one-month to one-year life expectancy, with an average age of 74. The participants were divided into two groups: continued statin group and discontinued statin group. Of the 381 participants, 212 survived beyond 60 days.

There was no significant difference between the proportion of participants who died within 60 days, with 45 (23.8%) in the discontinued statin group and 39 (20.3%) in the continued statin group (90% Cl, -3.5%–10.5%; P=0.36). Total quality of life was better for the group discontinuing statin therapy (mean McGill QOL score 7.11 versus 6.85; P=0.04). The researchers estimated that surviving participants would save $3.37 per day and $716 per patient.

Because of a lack of formal guidelines for discontinuation of statin therapy in patients with life-limiting illness, the discontinuation of statin therapy is mostly based on patient-provider decisions.

The results from this study will help physicians have thoughtful patient-provider discussions regarding statin discontinuation.

Citation: Kutner JS, Blatchford PJ, Taylor DH Jr, et al. Safety and benefit of discontinuing statin therapy in the setting of advanced, life-limiting illness: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175(5):691–700. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.0289.

Visit our website for more research reviews.

Clinical question: What is the impact of statin discontinuation in palliative care setting?

Background: There is compelling evidence for prescribing statins for primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease for patients with long life expectancy, but there is no evidence to guide decisions to discontinue therapy in those with limited prognosis.

Study design: Multicenter, unblinded, randomized, and pragmatic clinical trial.

Setting: Academic and community-based clinical sites as a part of the Palliative Care Research Cooperative Group.

Synopsis: The study analyzed the outcomes of 381 patients who had received a prognosis of one-month to one-year life expectancy, with an average age of 74. The participants were divided into two groups: continued statin group and discontinued statin group. Of the 381 participants, 212 survived beyond 60 days.

There was no significant difference between the proportion of participants who died within 60 days, with 45 (23.8%) in the discontinued statin group and 39 (20.3%) in the continued statin group (90% Cl, -3.5%–10.5%; P=0.36). Total quality of life was better for the group discontinuing statin therapy (mean McGill QOL score 7.11 versus 6.85; P=0.04). The researchers estimated that surviving participants would save $3.37 per day and $716 per patient.

Because of a lack of formal guidelines for discontinuation of statin therapy in patients with life-limiting illness, the discontinuation of statin therapy is mostly based on patient-provider decisions.

The results from this study will help physicians have thoughtful patient-provider discussions regarding statin discontinuation.

Citation: Kutner JS, Blatchford PJ, Taylor DH Jr, et al. Safety and benefit of discontinuing statin therapy in the setting of advanced, life-limiting illness: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175(5):691–700. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.0289.

Visit our website for more research reviews.

Clinical question: What is the impact of statin discontinuation in palliative care setting?

Background: There is compelling evidence for prescribing statins for primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease for patients with long life expectancy, but there is no evidence to guide decisions to discontinue therapy in those with limited prognosis.

Study design: Multicenter, unblinded, randomized, and pragmatic clinical trial.

Setting: Academic and community-based clinical sites as a part of the Palliative Care Research Cooperative Group.

Synopsis: The study analyzed the outcomes of 381 patients who had received a prognosis of one-month to one-year life expectancy, with an average age of 74. The participants were divided into two groups: continued statin group and discontinued statin group. Of the 381 participants, 212 survived beyond 60 days.

There was no significant difference between the proportion of participants who died within 60 days, with 45 (23.8%) in the discontinued statin group and 39 (20.3%) in the continued statin group (90% Cl, -3.5%–10.5%; P=0.36). Total quality of life was better for the group discontinuing statin therapy (mean McGill QOL score 7.11 versus 6.85; P=0.04). The researchers estimated that surviving participants would save $3.37 per day and $716 per patient.

Because of a lack of formal guidelines for discontinuation of statin therapy in patients with life-limiting illness, the discontinuation of statin therapy is mostly based on patient-provider decisions.

The results from this study will help physicians have thoughtful patient-provider discussions regarding statin discontinuation.

Citation: Kutner JS, Blatchford PJ, Taylor DH Jr, et al. Safety and benefit of discontinuing statin therapy in the setting of advanced, life-limiting illness: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175(5):691–700. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.0289.

Visit our website for more research reviews.