Ellis Knight, MD, MBA, FHM, senior vice president for physician and clinical integration at Palmetto Health in Columbia, S.C., recalls conducting root cause analyses after every serious adverse event when he was vice president for medical affairs at a large teaching hospital. “For every one of them—it was just like a broken record—every one of them, the nursing staff or the physicians involved would start the recount by saying, ‘It was a very, very busy day; we had a very high census,’” Dr. Knight says. “When that happens, when you get those, what I call tsunami waves of patients coming into a unit or being admitted at one time, it can really wreak havoc and it can make even the best clinicians get rushed, take shortcuts, and make mistakes.”

Researchers have long studied the consequences of temporary and longer-term workload imbalances for other healthcare providers; a recent in-depth study of one hospital found that the risk of inpatient patient mortality increased during shifts with below-target nurse staffing or higher patient turnover.¹

Few studies, however, have specifically examined the repercussions of a patient census that is either too high or too low for a hospitalist service. At many facilities, that census can be influenced by an increasing threshold for hospitalization, meaning that the average inpatient is becoming sicker and more complicated, requiring more time during a hospitalist’s daily rounds. HM providers might report having better or worse electronic health records, support staff, and other ancillary services; different schedules; and mixes of clinical, administrative, and teaching responsibilities.

Even then, David M. Mitchell, MD, PhD, a hospitalist at Sibley Memorial Hospital in Washington, D.C., and a member of the SHM Performance Standards Committee, cautions that the ability of a doctor to churn through a higher patient count in no way ensures quality. “You don’t want to confuse efficiency with sloppiness,” he says.

In the absence of clear precedents and solid guidelines, hospitalist groups are struggling to come up with their own formulas for ensuring that workloads balance high productivity with sustainable quality—no easy feat. Nonetheless, first-hand accounts and survey data suggest that more providers are identifying common warning signs and devising tailored solutions to help the rapidly maturing field stay on track.

Henry Michtalik, MD, MPH, assistant professor of medicine at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, led one of the only surveys that has directly asked hospitalists how they perceive their own workloads. The survey, conducted through an online community of hospitalists and first presented at HM11, revealed several intriguing findings.²

On average, hospitalists reported seeing about 15 patients per shift or day, not including nights, weekends, or holidays. Apart from a few outliers, the range extended from the low teens to the mid-20s, Dr. Michtalik says. According to the survey, 40% of physicians said that more than once a month, their typical inpatient census exceeded the level that they deemed safe and appropriate for specific work settings; 36.1% of physicians reported that was true more than once per week.

Providers often reported that their average workload contributed to incomplete discussions with patients and families, the ordering of unnecessary tests or procedures, a delay in admissions or discharges, worsened patient satisfaction, poorer handoffs, and other problems. “We might be in a situation where we’re focusing on increasing the number of patients being seen or having high census numbers, which could be, paradoxically, actually increasing the costs of healthcare,” Dr. Michtalik says.

For a recent survey posted on the-hospitalist.org, 51% of respondents picked 11 to 15 as the most appropriate patient census for a full-time hospitalist, while another 35% selected 16 to 20. Far fewer deemed it appropriate to see either more than 20 patients a day or 10 or less, suggesting that hospitalists recognize the need for equilibrium.

A “Resounding” Success Story

David Yu, MD, MBA, SFHM, FACP, medical director of the adult inpatient medicine service at Presbyterian Medical Group in Albuquerque, N.M., says there’s no “magic number” for an ideal daily patient census, and cautions against fixating on national averages and metrics.

“For example, seeing 15 patients in an inner-city hospital—like we are, where the patients are ill and they have really incredibly high levels of social and medical issues like placement—versus seeing 15 patients in an affluent suburban hospital, it’s comparing apples and oranges,” he says.

When Dr. Yu became medical director in January 2010, he says, “we were in crisis,” with the rounding team’s average patient census ranging from 18 to 20 per day. Some hospitalists weren’t seeing their last patients until 4 or 5 p.m., losing the opportunity for timely discussions with specialists to help reduce their patients’ length of stay. By neglecting to send patients home when appropriate, Dr. Yu says, the hospital was losing thousands of dollars in revenue through the failure to open up beds for new admissions. “That’s the classic example of dropping a dollar to pick up a quarter,” he says.

Dr. Yu and his team launched a comprehensive quality-improvement (QI) project that incorporated unit-based rounding centered on the hospital’s geography, and hired more full-time equivalents. As a result, the service now employs 46 FTEs, making it one of the largest nonacademic HM programs in the country. Meanwhile, the average daily census has dropped to a more manageable 11 to 13 patients, plus a few admissions.

We have clinicians who report that they don’t even get a lunch break. That’s not safe, and that’s not lending itself to a work environment that’s satisfying for the practitioners.

—Ruth M. Kleinpell, PhD, RN, FAAN, FCCM, professor of nursing, Rush University Medical Center, nurse practitioner, Mercy Hospital and Medical Center, Chicago

Most significantly, average length of stay has decreased from 4.9 to 4.6 days with increased patient satisfaction and no significant change in the readmission rate, even as the hospital has added $2.5 million to the contribution margin (the revenue minus the variable costs). “So we took the focus on productivity and just elevated it higher to overall organizational finance,” Dr. Yu says. “We answered the age-old question: Is it better and financially more productive for the organization to lower the average starting census and to pay for the extra physician? And the answer is a resounding yes for us.”

The Flip Side

Adam Singer, MD, CEO of North Hollywood, Calif.-based IPC: The Hospitalist Company, points out that an overly low census can prove just as problematic, contributing to revenue and efficiency concerns. A hospitalist’s core ability to drive a delivery system, he says, requires sufficient exposure to a facility’s range of patients and contact with enough other staff members to propel a process of positive change.

“If you only have a few patients and your rounds are done in an hour, how engaged are you?” he asks.

Dr. Singer says his company’s more than 2,000 HM providers see roughly 15 to 18 patients on any given day. Even so, he says, the appropriate census for each practice can vary widely based on its structure, patient population, and the quality and experience of individual providers.

To ensure the numbers remain in the right range, Dr. Singer says, the company provides “complete transparency across the medical group, so that every doctor in the group sees exactly how many people everybody else is seeing.” If one doctor is seeing six patients and another is seeing 20, the group can self-regulate its census.

IPC also closely monitors a core series of clinical measures to ensure quality, ranging from ACE inhibitor use to length of stay and readmission rates. If one of the clinical measures starts to degrade, Dr. Singer says, the company can spot the problem and provide counseling or staffing assistance to right the ship. Hiring more doctors might be the most effective solution, but if a facility cannot afford more FTEs and quality is diminishing, he suggests collaborating with local primary-care physicians or even a less-busy hospitalist group to help share the load.

Safe Patients, Satisfied Providers

Ruth M. Kleinpell, PhD, RN, FAAN, FCCM, professor of nursing at Rush University Medical Center in Chicago and a nurse practitioner at Mercy Hospital and Medical Center, says each institution needs to do a self-assessment based on clinician feedback. Is the workload manageable? Can the providers take breaks? What do their satisfaction surveys suggest? What are the turnover and burnout rates?

“We have clinicians who report that they don’t even get a lunch break,” Kleinpell says. “That’s not safe, and that’s not lending itself to a work environment that’s satisfying for the practitioners.”

We took the focus on productivity and just elevated it higher to overall organizational finance. We answered the age-old question: Is it better and financially more productive for the organization to lower he average starting census and to pay for the extra physician? And the answer is a resounding yes for us.

—David Yu, MD, MBA, SFHM, FACP, medical director, adult inpatient medicine service, Presbyterian Medical Group, Albuquerque, N.M.

Dr. Mitchell has seen overwhelmed hospitalists defer the care of patients they could normally handle to specialists, which leads to higher costs. Ultimately, Dr. Mitchell says, group leaders, administrators, and staff can all help set the right tone. “In the group I’m with now, there’s positive peer pressure to do the right thing, to be efficient, to communicate,” he says, “and if someone doesn’t do it, then it kind of stands out.”

Truly overwhelmed hospitalists can’t continue working well at an unsustainable pace. “It’s an extremely tricky situation, and I think for me it comes down to working with doctors that I trust and working with an administration that trusts us to say, ‘This is what’s best for patient care,’” Dr. Mitchell says. “And you need to prove that by getting the patient feedback and staff feedback that says, ‘Hey these guys are doing a good job.’”

Dr. Yu says many medical directors see the administration’s chief financial officer as an adversary when they should be working together. That kind of collaboration means coming up with strategies, metrics, and models that a financial department can relate to.

“You can’t just complain,” he says. “If your hospital is losing money, your program is going to shut down. But if you provide bad care, the hospital is going to do badly. Both sides have very legitimate points, and one of the jobs of a good medical director is to bridge those two worlds.”

Once the administration is on board, though, each facility must devise the right remedy for a chronically frenetic workload. John Nelson, MD, MHM, FACP, medical director of the hospitalist practice at Overlake Hospital Medical Center in Bellevue, Wash., says facilities can relieve overworked doctors by relieving them of tasks that other staff members could easily do.

“There are places I go where the hospitalists are doing things like arranging follow-up appointments themselves. That’s just nuts,” says Dr. Nelson, a co-founder and past president of SHM, practice management consultant, and columnist for The Hospitalist. “Or the hospitalists themselves are tasked with printing out a copy of their discharge summary and faxing it themselves.”

Other solutions depend on the makeup of clinical teams. “Do you have the ability to integrate nurse practitioners or physician assistants into the team?” Kleinpell asks. “Because certainly they can help maximize the hospitalist’s efficiency by seeing patients who maybe are less severely ill, or new admissions.”

Calling upon other providers to do patient histories, physical exams, or discharges, she says, also removes some of the burden.

Geographical rounding at one facility where he still occasionally practices, Dr. Knight says, “has made all the difference in the world” in improved efficiency. Responsibilities can be subdivided based on more than geography, too. At Palmetto, a team of nurse practitioners does all of the day-to-day management of stroke patients, helping to provide more standardized, reliable care.

A more evolved strategy, Dr. Singer says, is to develop hospitalist-only floors, which allow providers to see a higher volume of patients very effectively. Yet another technique is to assign a case manager to a specific provider instead of by disease or floor. That way, Dr. Singer says, a hospitalist facing a high patient census can round with the same case manager and much more effectively direct management resources.

Like other hospitalists, Dr. Nelson says hard caps should be considered “only in the most dire circumstances or only when all other options have been exhausted.” Sending patients away during peak times, he says, does nothing to address unusually slow days. Apart from the economic consequences, instituting a cap also can fuel the perception that an HM group isn’t pulling its own weight and raises questions about who else will have to take the group’s patients.

There may not be any one-size-fits-all solution, but observers say they are seeing a growing maturity and sophistication in how hospitals are dealing with patient censuses. At first, facilities may view volume and production as the most important considerations.

“Over time, they realize that’s a self-defeating way to operate because it does lead to more errors, it leads to more complications, it leads to longer length of stay,” says Dr. Knight. Eventually, he adds, most organizations come around to the realization that a more modest number of patients, perhaps 15 to 20 per day, may be more realistic for achieving quality and efficiency.

“Common sense tells you that if you’re running around trying to see 40 patients a day, you can’t just pay attention to the things you need to provide high-quality and efficient care,” Dr. Knight says. “You’re just running around and putting out fires.”

Bryn Nelson is a freelance medical writer in Seattle.

for additional resources visit the free SHM Practice Management Online Resource at www.hospitalmedicine.org/pmi

References

1. Needleman J, Buerhaus P, Pankratz S, Leibson CL, Stevens SR, Harris M. Nurse staffing and inpatient hospital mortality. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(11): 037-1045.
2. Michtalik H, Pronovost P, Driscoll B, Paskavitz M, Brotman D. Impact of workload on patient safety and quality of care: a survey of an online community of hospitalists. J Hosp Med. 2011;6(4):S50.

Ellis Knight, MD, MBA, FHM, senior vice president for physician and clinical integration at Palmetto Health in Columbia, S.C., recalls conducting root cause analyses after every serious adverse event when he was vice president for medical affairs at a large teaching hospital. “For every one of them—it was just like a broken record—every one of them, the nursing staff or the physicians involved would start the recount by saying, ‘It was a very, very busy day; we had a very high census,’” Dr. Knight says. “When that happens, when you get those, what I call tsunami waves of patients coming into a unit or being admitted at one time, it can really wreak havoc and it can make even the best clinicians get rushed, take shortcuts, and make mistakes.”

Researchers have long studied the consequences of temporary and longer-term workload imbalances for other healthcare providers; a recent in-depth study of one hospital found that the risk of inpatient patient mortality increased during shifts with below-target nurse staffing or higher patient turnover.¹

Few studies, however, have specifically examined the repercussions of a patient census that is either too high or too low for a hospitalist service. At many facilities, that census can be influenced by an increasing threshold for hospitalization, meaning that the average inpatient is becoming sicker and more complicated, requiring more time during a hospitalist’s daily rounds. HM providers might report having better or worse electronic health records, support staff, and other ancillary services; different schedules; and mixes of clinical, administrative, and teaching responsibilities.

Even then, David M. Mitchell, MD, PhD, a hospitalist at Sibley Memorial Hospital in Washington, D.C., and a member of the SHM Performance Standards Committee, cautions that the ability of a doctor to churn through a higher patient count in no way ensures quality. “You don’t want to confuse efficiency with sloppiness,” he says.

In the absence of clear precedents and solid guidelines, hospitalist groups are struggling to come up with their own formulas for ensuring that workloads balance high productivity with sustainable quality—no easy feat. Nonetheless, first-hand accounts and survey data suggest that more providers are identifying common warning signs and devising tailored solutions to help the rapidly maturing field stay on track.

Henry Michtalik, MD, MPH, assistant professor of medicine at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, led one of the only surveys that has directly asked hospitalists how they perceive their own workloads. The survey, conducted through an online community of hospitalists and first presented at HM11, revealed several intriguing findings.²

On average, hospitalists reported seeing about 15 patients per shift or day, not including nights, weekends, or holidays. Apart from a few outliers, the range extended from the low teens to the mid-20s, Dr. Michtalik says. According to the survey, 40% of physicians said that more than once a month, their typical inpatient census exceeded the level that they deemed safe and appropriate for specific work settings; 36.1% of physicians reported that was true more than once per week.

Providers often reported that their average workload contributed to incomplete discussions with patients and families, the ordering of unnecessary tests or procedures, a delay in admissions or discharges, worsened patient satisfaction, poorer handoffs, and other problems. “We might be in a situation where we’re focusing on increasing the number of patients being seen or having high census numbers, which could be, paradoxically, actually increasing the costs of healthcare,” Dr. Michtalik says.

For a recent survey posted on the-hospitalist.org, 51% of respondents picked 11 to 15 as the most appropriate patient census for a full-time hospitalist, while another 35% selected 16 to 20. Far fewer deemed it appropriate to see either more than 20 patients a day or 10 or less, suggesting that hospitalists recognize the need for equilibrium.

A “Resounding” Success Story

David Yu, MD, MBA, SFHM, FACP, medical director of the adult inpatient medicine service at Presbyterian Medical Group in Albuquerque, N.M., says there’s no “magic number” for an ideal daily patient census, and cautions against fixating on national averages and metrics.

“For example, seeing 15 patients in an inner-city hospital—like we are, where the patients are ill and they have really incredibly high levels of social and medical issues like placement—versus seeing 15 patients in an affluent suburban hospital, it’s comparing apples and oranges,” he says.

When Dr. Yu became medical director in January 2010, he says, “we were in crisis,” with the rounding team’s average patient census ranging from 18 to 20 per day. Some hospitalists weren’t seeing their last patients until 4 or 5 p.m., losing the opportunity for timely discussions with specialists to help reduce their patients’ length of stay. By neglecting to send patients home when appropriate, Dr. Yu says, the hospital was losing thousands of dollars in revenue through the failure to open up beds for new admissions. “That’s the classic example of dropping a dollar to pick up a quarter,” he says.

Dr. Yu and his team launched a comprehensive quality-improvement (QI) project that incorporated unit-based rounding centered on the hospital’s geography, and hired more full-time equivalents. As a result, the service now employs 46 FTEs, making it one of the largest nonacademic HM programs in the country. Meanwhile, the average daily census has dropped to a more manageable 11 to 13 patients, plus a few admissions.

We have clinicians who report that they don’t even get a lunch break. That’s not safe, and that’s not lending itself to a work environment that’s satisfying for the practitioners.

—Ruth M. Kleinpell, PhD, RN, FAAN, FCCM, professor of nursing, Rush University Medical Center, nurse practitioner, Mercy Hospital and Medical Center, Chicago

Most significantly, average length of stay has decreased from 4.9 to 4.6 days with increased patient satisfaction and no significant change in the readmission rate, even as the hospital has added $2.5 million to the contribution margin (the revenue minus the variable costs). “So we took the focus on productivity and just elevated it higher to overall organizational finance,” Dr. Yu says. “We answered the age-old question: Is it better and financially more productive for the organization to lower the average starting census and to pay for the extra physician? And the answer is a resounding yes for us.”

The Flip Side

Adam Singer, MD, CEO of North Hollywood, Calif.-based IPC: The Hospitalist Company, points out that an overly low census can prove just as problematic, contributing to revenue and efficiency concerns. A hospitalist’s core ability to drive a delivery system, he says, requires sufficient exposure to a facility’s range of patients and contact with enough other staff members to propel a process of positive change.

“If you only have a few patients and your rounds are done in an hour, how engaged are you?” he asks.

Dr. Singer says his company’s more than 2,000 HM providers see roughly 15 to 18 patients on any given day. Even so, he says, the appropriate census for each practice can vary widely based on its structure, patient population, and the quality and experience of individual providers.

To ensure the numbers remain in the right range, Dr. Singer says, the company provides “complete transparency across the medical group, so that every doctor in the group sees exactly how many people everybody else is seeing.” If one doctor is seeing six patients and another is seeing 20, the group can self-regulate its census.

IPC also closely monitors a core series of clinical measures to ensure quality, ranging from ACE inhibitor use to length of stay and readmission rates. If one of the clinical measures starts to degrade, Dr. Singer says, the company can spot the problem and provide counseling or staffing assistance to right the ship. Hiring more doctors might be the most effective solution, but if a facility cannot afford more FTEs and quality is diminishing, he suggests collaborating with local primary-care physicians or even a less-busy hospitalist group to help share the load.

Safe Patients, Satisfied Providers

Ruth M. Kleinpell, PhD, RN, FAAN, FCCM, professor of nursing at Rush University Medical Center in Chicago and a nurse practitioner at Mercy Hospital and Medical Center, says each institution needs to do a self-assessment based on clinician feedback. Is the workload manageable? Can the providers take breaks? What do their satisfaction surveys suggest? What are the turnover and burnout rates?

“We have clinicians who report that they don’t even get a lunch break,” Kleinpell says. “That’s not safe, and that’s not lending itself to a work environment that’s satisfying for the practitioners.”

We took the focus on productivity and just elevated it higher to overall organizational finance. We answered the age-old question: Is it better and financially more productive for the organization to lower he average starting census and to pay for the extra physician? And the answer is a resounding yes for us.

—David Yu, MD, MBA, SFHM, FACP, medical director, adult inpatient medicine service, Presbyterian Medical Group, Albuquerque, N.M.

Dr. Mitchell has seen overwhelmed hospitalists defer the care of patients they could normally handle to specialists, which leads to higher costs. Ultimately, Dr. Mitchell says, group leaders, administrators, and staff can all help set the right tone. “In the group I’m with now, there’s positive peer pressure to do the right thing, to be efficient, to communicate,” he says, “and if someone doesn’t do it, then it kind of stands out.”

Truly overwhelmed hospitalists can’t continue working well at an unsustainable pace. “It’s an extremely tricky situation, and I think for me it comes down to working with doctors that I trust and working with an administration that trusts us to say, ‘This is what’s best for patient care,’” Dr. Mitchell says. “And you need to prove that by getting the patient feedback and staff feedback that says, ‘Hey these guys are doing a good job.’”

Dr. Yu says many medical directors see the administration’s chief financial officer as an adversary when they should be working together. That kind of collaboration means coming up with strategies, metrics, and models that a financial department can relate to.

“You can’t just complain,” he says. “If your hospital is losing money, your program is going to shut down. But if you provide bad care, the hospital is going to do badly. Both sides have very legitimate points, and one of the jobs of a good medical director is to bridge those two worlds.”

Once the administration is on board, though, each facility must devise the right remedy for a chronically frenetic workload. John Nelson, MD, MHM, FACP, medical director of the hospitalist practice at Overlake Hospital Medical Center in Bellevue, Wash., says facilities can relieve overworked doctors by relieving them of tasks that other staff members could easily do.

“There are places I go where the hospitalists are doing things like arranging follow-up appointments themselves. That’s just nuts,” says Dr. Nelson, a co-founder and past president of SHM, practice management consultant, and columnist for The Hospitalist. “Or the hospitalists themselves are tasked with printing out a copy of their discharge summary and faxing it themselves.”

Other solutions depend on the makeup of clinical teams. “Do you have the ability to integrate nurse practitioners or physician assistants into the team?” Kleinpell asks. “Because certainly they can help maximize the hospitalist’s efficiency by seeing patients who maybe are less severely ill, or new admissions.”

Calling upon other providers to do patient histories, physical exams, or discharges, she says, also removes some of the burden.

Geographical rounding at one facility where he still occasionally practices, Dr. Knight says, “has made all the difference in the world” in improved efficiency. Responsibilities can be subdivided based on more than geography, too. At Palmetto, a team of nurse practitioners does all of the day-to-day management of stroke patients, helping to provide more standardized, reliable care.

A more evolved strategy, Dr. Singer says, is to develop hospitalist-only floors, which allow providers to see a higher volume of patients very effectively. Yet another technique is to assign a case manager to a specific provider instead of by disease or floor. That way, Dr. Singer says, a hospitalist facing a high patient census can round with the same case manager and much more effectively direct management resources.

Like other hospitalists, Dr. Nelson says hard caps should be considered “only in the most dire circumstances or only when all other options have been exhausted.” Sending patients away during peak times, he says, does nothing to address unusually slow days. Apart from the economic consequences, instituting a cap also can fuel the perception that an HM group isn’t pulling its own weight and raises questions about who else will have to take the group’s patients.

There may not be any one-size-fits-all solution, but observers say they are seeing a growing maturity and sophistication in how hospitals are dealing with patient censuses. At first, facilities may view volume and production as the most important considerations.

“Over time, they realize that’s a self-defeating way to operate because it does lead to more errors, it leads to more complications, it leads to longer length of stay,” says Dr. Knight. Eventually, he adds, most organizations come around to the realization that a more modest number of patients, perhaps 15 to 20 per day, may be more realistic for achieving quality and efficiency.

“Common sense tells you that if you’re running around trying to see 40 patients a day, you can’t just pay attention to the things you need to provide high-quality and efficient care,” Dr. Knight says. “You’re just running around and putting out fires.”

Bryn Nelson is a freelance medical writer in Seattle.

for additional resources visit the free SHM Practice Management Online Resource at www.hospitalmedicine.org/pmi

References

1. Needleman J, Buerhaus P, Pankratz S, Leibson CL, Stevens SR, Harris M. Nurse staffing and inpatient hospital mortality. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(11): 037-1045.
2. Michtalik H, Pronovost P, Driscoll B, Paskavitz M, Brotman D. Impact of workload on patient safety and quality of care: a survey of an online community of hospitalists. J Hosp Med. 2011;6(4):S50.

Ellis Knight, MD, MBA, FHM, senior vice president for physician and clinical integration at Palmetto Health in Columbia, S.C., recalls conducting root cause analyses after every serious adverse event when he was vice president for medical affairs at a large teaching hospital. “For every one of them—it was just like a broken record—every one of them, the nursing staff or the physicians involved would start the recount by saying, ‘It was a very, very busy day; we had a very high census,’” Dr. Knight says. “When that happens, when you get those, what I call tsunami waves of patients coming into a unit or being admitted at one time, it can really wreak havoc and it can make even the best clinicians get rushed, take shortcuts, and make mistakes.”

Researchers have long studied the consequences of temporary and longer-term workload imbalances for other healthcare providers; a recent in-depth study of one hospital found that the risk of inpatient patient mortality increased during shifts with below-target nurse staffing or higher patient turnover.¹

Few studies, however, have specifically examined the repercussions of a patient census that is either too high or too low for a hospitalist service. At many facilities, that census can be influenced by an increasing threshold for hospitalization, meaning that the average inpatient is becoming sicker and more complicated, requiring more time during a hospitalist’s daily rounds. HM providers might report having better or worse electronic health records, support staff, and other ancillary services; different schedules; and mixes of clinical, administrative, and teaching responsibilities.

Even then, David M. Mitchell, MD, PhD, a hospitalist at Sibley Memorial Hospital in Washington, D.C., and a member of the SHM Performance Standards Committee, cautions that the ability of a doctor to churn through a higher patient count in no way ensures quality. “You don’t want to confuse efficiency with sloppiness,” he says.

In the absence of clear precedents and solid guidelines, hospitalist groups are struggling to come up with their own formulas for ensuring that workloads balance high productivity with sustainable quality—no easy feat. Nonetheless, first-hand accounts and survey data suggest that more providers are identifying common warning signs and devising tailored solutions to help the rapidly maturing field stay on track.

Henry Michtalik, MD, MPH, assistant professor of medicine at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, led one of the only surveys that has directly asked hospitalists how they perceive their own workloads. The survey, conducted through an online community of hospitalists and first presented at HM11, revealed several intriguing findings.²

On average, hospitalists reported seeing about 15 patients per shift or day, not including nights, weekends, or holidays. Apart from a few outliers, the range extended from the low teens to the mid-20s, Dr. Michtalik says. According to the survey, 40% of physicians said that more than once a month, their typical inpatient census exceeded the level that they deemed safe and appropriate for specific work settings; 36.1% of physicians reported that was true more than once per week.

Providers often reported that their average workload contributed to incomplete discussions with patients and families, the ordering of unnecessary tests or procedures, a delay in admissions or discharges, worsened patient satisfaction, poorer handoffs, and other problems. “We might be in a situation where we’re focusing on increasing the number of patients being seen or having high census numbers, which could be, paradoxically, actually increasing the costs of healthcare,” Dr. Michtalik says.

For a recent survey posted on the-hospitalist.org, 51% of respondents picked 11 to 15 as the most appropriate patient census for a full-time hospitalist, while another 35% selected 16 to 20. Far fewer deemed it appropriate to see either more than 20 patients a day or 10 or less, suggesting that hospitalists recognize the need for equilibrium.

A “Resounding” Success Story

David Yu, MD, MBA, SFHM, FACP, medical director of the adult inpatient medicine service at Presbyterian Medical Group in Albuquerque, N.M., says there’s no “magic number” for an ideal daily patient census, and cautions against fixating on national averages and metrics.

“For example, seeing 15 patients in an inner-city hospital—like we are, where the patients are ill and they have really incredibly high levels of social and medical issues like placement—versus seeing 15 patients in an affluent suburban hospital, it’s comparing apples and oranges,” he says.

When Dr. Yu became medical director in January 2010, he says, “we were in crisis,” with the rounding team’s average patient census ranging from 18 to 20 per day. Some hospitalists weren’t seeing their last patients until 4 or 5 p.m., losing the opportunity for timely discussions with specialists to help reduce their patients’ length of stay. By neglecting to send patients home when appropriate, Dr. Yu says, the hospital was losing thousands of dollars in revenue through the failure to open up beds for new admissions. “That’s the classic example of dropping a dollar to pick up a quarter,” he says.

Dr. Yu and his team launched a comprehensive quality-improvement (QI) project that incorporated unit-based rounding centered on the hospital’s geography, and hired more full-time equivalents. As a result, the service now employs 46 FTEs, making it one of the largest nonacademic HM programs in the country. Meanwhile, the average daily census has dropped to a more manageable 11 to 13 patients, plus a few admissions.

We have clinicians who report that they don’t even get a lunch break. That’s not safe, and that’s not lending itself to a work environment that’s satisfying for the practitioners.

—Ruth M. Kleinpell, PhD, RN, FAAN, FCCM, professor of nursing, Rush University Medical Center, nurse practitioner, Mercy Hospital and Medical Center, Chicago

Most significantly, average length of stay has decreased from 4.9 to 4.6 days with increased patient satisfaction and no significant change in the readmission rate, even as the hospital has added $2.5 million to the contribution margin (the revenue minus the variable costs). “So we took the focus on productivity and just elevated it higher to overall organizational finance,” Dr. Yu says. “We answered the age-old question: Is it better and financially more productive for the organization to lower the average starting census and to pay for the extra physician? And the answer is a resounding yes for us.”

The Flip Side

Adam Singer, MD, CEO of North Hollywood, Calif.-based IPC: The Hospitalist Company, points out that an overly low census can prove just as problematic, contributing to revenue and efficiency concerns. A hospitalist’s core ability to drive a delivery system, he says, requires sufficient exposure to a facility’s range of patients and contact with enough other staff members to propel a process of positive change.

“If you only have a few patients and your rounds are done in an hour, how engaged are you?” he asks.

Dr. Singer says his company’s more than 2,000 HM providers see roughly 15 to 18 patients on any given day. Even so, he says, the appropriate census for each practice can vary widely based on its structure, patient population, and the quality and experience of individual providers.

To ensure the numbers remain in the right range, Dr. Singer says, the company provides “complete transparency across the medical group, so that every doctor in the group sees exactly how many people everybody else is seeing.” If one doctor is seeing six patients and another is seeing 20, the group can self-regulate its census.

IPC also closely monitors a core series of clinical measures to ensure quality, ranging from ACE inhibitor use to length of stay and readmission rates. If one of the clinical measures starts to degrade, Dr. Singer says, the company can spot the problem and provide counseling or staffing assistance to right the ship. Hiring more doctors might be the most effective solution, but if a facility cannot afford more FTEs and quality is diminishing, he suggests collaborating with local primary-care physicians or even a less-busy hospitalist group to help share the load.

Safe Patients, Satisfied Providers

Ruth M. Kleinpell, PhD, RN, FAAN, FCCM, professor of nursing at Rush University Medical Center in Chicago and a nurse practitioner at Mercy Hospital and Medical Center, says each institution needs to do a self-assessment based on clinician feedback. Is the workload manageable? Can the providers take breaks? What do their satisfaction surveys suggest? What are the turnover and burnout rates?

“We have clinicians who report that they don’t even get a lunch break,” Kleinpell says. “That’s not safe, and that’s not lending itself to a work environment that’s satisfying for the practitioners.”

We took the focus on productivity and just elevated it higher to overall organizational finance. We answered the age-old question: Is it better and financially more productive for the organization to lower he average starting census and to pay for the extra physician? And the answer is a resounding yes for us.

—David Yu, MD, MBA, SFHM, FACP, medical director, adult inpatient medicine service, Presbyterian Medical Group, Albuquerque, N.M.

Dr. Mitchell has seen overwhelmed hospitalists defer the care of patients they could normally handle to specialists, which leads to higher costs. Ultimately, Dr. Mitchell says, group leaders, administrators, and staff can all help set the right tone. “In the group I’m with now, there’s positive peer pressure to do the right thing, to be efficient, to communicate,” he says, “and if someone doesn’t do it, then it kind of stands out.”

Truly overwhelmed hospitalists can’t continue working well at an unsustainable pace. “It’s an extremely tricky situation, and I think for me it comes down to working with doctors that I trust and working with an administration that trusts us to say, ‘This is what’s best for patient care,’” Dr. Mitchell says. “And you need to prove that by getting the patient feedback and staff feedback that says, ‘Hey these guys are doing a good job.’”

Dr. Yu says many medical directors see the administration’s chief financial officer as an adversary when they should be working together. That kind of collaboration means coming up with strategies, metrics, and models that a financial department can relate to.

“You can’t just complain,” he says. “If your hospital is losing money, your program is going to shut down. But if you provide bad care, the hospital is going to do badly. Both sides have very legitimate points, and one of the jobs of a good medical director is to bridge those two worlds.”

Once the administration is on board, though, each facility must devise the right remedy for a chronically frenetic workload. John Nelson, MD, MHM, FACP, medical director of the hospitalist practice at Overlake Hospital Medical Center in Bellevue, Wash., says facilities can relieve overworked doctors by relieving them of tasks that other staff members could easily do.

“There are places I go where the hospitalists are doing things like arranging follow-up appointments themselves. That’s just nuts,” says Dr. Nelson, a co-founder and past president of SHM, practice management consultant, and columnist for The Hospitalist. “Or the hospitalists themselves are tasked with printing out a copy of their discharge summary and faxing it themselves.”

Other solutions depend on the makeup of clinical teams. “Do you have the ability to integrate nurse practitioners or physician assistants into the team?” Kleinpell asks. “Because certainly they can help maximize the hospitalist’s efficiency by seeing patients who maybe are less severely ill, or new admissions.”

Calling upon other providers to do patient histories, physical exams, or discharges, she says, also removes some of the burden.

Geographical rounding at one facility where he still occasionally practices, Dr. Knight says, “has made all the difference in the world” in improved efficiency. Responsibilities can be subdivided based on more than geography, too. At Palmetto, a team of nurse practitioners does all of the day-to-day management of stroke patients, helping to provide more standardized, reliable care.

A more evolved strategy, Dr. Singer says, is to develop hospitalist-only floors, which allow providers to see a higher volume of patients very effectively. Yet another technique is to assign a case manager to a specific provider instead of by disease or floor. That way, Dr. Singer says, a hospitalist facing a high patient census can round with the same case manager and much more effectively direct management resources.

Like other hospitalists, Dr. Nelson says hard caps should be considered “only in the most dire circumstances or only when all other options have been exhausted.” Sending patients away during peak times, he says, does nothing to address unusually slow days. Apart from the economic consequences, instituting a cap also can fuel the perception that an HM group isn’t pulling its own weight and raises questions about who else will have to take the group’s patients.

There may not be any one-size-fits-all solution, but observers say they are seeing a growing maturity and sophistication in how hospitals are dealing with patient censuses. At first, facilities may view volume and production as the most important considerations.

“Over time, they realize that’s a self-defeating way to operate because it does lead to more errors, it leads to more complications, it leads to longer length of stay,” says Dr. Knight. Eventually, he adds, most organizations come around to the realization that a more modest number of patients, perhaps 15 to 20 per day, may be more realistic for achieving quality and efficiency.

“Common sense tells you that if you’re running around trying to see 40 patients a day, you can’t just pay attention to the things you need to provide high-quality and efficient care,” Dr. Knight says. “You’re just running around and putting out fires.”

Bryn Nelson is a freelance medical writer in Seattle.

for additional resources visit the free SHM Practice Management Online Resource at www.hospitalmedicine.org/pmi

References

1. Needleman J, Buerhaus P, Pankratz S, Leibson CL, Stevens SR, Harris M. Nurse staffing and inpatient hospital mortality. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(11): 037-1045.
2. Michtalik H, Pronovost P, Driscoll B, Paskavitz M, Brotman D. Impact of workload on patient safety and quality of care: a survey of an online community of hospitalists. J Hosp Med. 2011;6(4):S50.

In This Edition

Literature At A Glance

A guide to this month’s studies

1. Hospitalist views on readmission prevention
2. Characteristics of hospital ICU readmission
3. Effect of clopidogrel on bleeding outcomes in vascular surgery
4. Time-versus tissue-based diagnosis of TIA
5. ETT versus ETT with imaging for the diagnosis of CAD in women
6. Effect of high urine output with adequate hydration on contrast-induced nephropathy
7. Stroke rate in CABG patients with severe carotid artery stenosis
8. Effect of cardiac arrest on long-term cognition

Hospitalists View Readmissions as Potentially Preventable by Team-Based Care

Clinical question: How do front-line hospitalists perceive the preventability of early hospital readmissions?

Background: Hospital readmission has received national attention as an indicator of poor healthcare quality and unnecessary costs. While some studies suggest that some readmissions are preventable, the exact number is unknown. Understanding preventability and the views of front-line clinicians might help hospitalists balance multifactorial compromise between throughput and length of stay.

Study design: Retrospective cohort study.

Setting: Two community tertiary-care hospitals and two suburban hospitals staffed by a single hospitalist group in Portland, Ore.

Synopsis: A group of 17 hospitalists analyzed the inpatient and outpatient charts of 300 consecutive patients readmitted within 21 days of discharge using a structured data collection tool to record patient characteristics, process measures, and perceived preventability of the readmission. Patients were either discharged by internal-medicine hospitalists or had an internal-medicine consultation during their initial stay.

Characteristics of readmitted patients and initial hospital stays were similar to those previously reported in other studies. More than 60% of readmissions were deemed preventable (15%) or possibly preventable (46%). As prevention strategies for these readmissions, hospitalists most frequently suggested interventions under their control, such as longer initial hospital stay (23%). Other potential interventions focused on system approaches, including outpatient appointments, case management, palliative care, and home health.

In most cases (96%), the reviewer was not the discharging hospitalist. Only six hospitalists performed 83% of the reviews, and inter-reviewer reliability was not assessed. Other limitations included confounding biases, such as timing of review, source hospital reviewed, reviewer optimism, and previous primary-care experience of reviewer.

Bottom line: Prevention of hospital readmissions will require a balance between increased length of stay and system-based team approaches beyond the direct control of hospitalists.

Citation: Koekkoek D, Bayley KB, Brown A, Rustvold DL. Hospitalists assess the causes of early hospital readmissions. J Hosp Med. 2011;6:383-388.

Patients with Complex, Severe Illnesses and Persistent Physiologic Abnormalities Have Higher Risk of Intensive-Care-Unit Readmission

Clinical question: Which patient characteristics increase the risk for intensive-care-unit (ICU) readmission?

Background: Patients are often discharged from the ICU based on subjective criteria, workload, and bed demand, making ICU readmission a tempting quality indicator. Studies have examined institutional characteristics leading to ICU readmission, but few have shown how patient case mix affects longer lengths of ICU and hospital stays and higher in-hospital mortality.

Study design: Retrospective observational cohort study using a large, multi-institutional U.S. database.

Setting: Computerized data collection and analysis system from 97 intensive- and cardiac-care units at 35 hospitals in the United States.

Synopsis: Patient-level characteristics and outcomes of 229,375 initial ICU admissions from 2001 to 2009 were compared for patients with and without ICU readmission using the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) IV database (Cerner Corporation, Kansas City, Mo.). Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified potential characteristics increasing the risk for ICU readmission. Case-mix adjusted outcomes for mortality and length of stay were calculated.

A total of 13,980 (6.1%) patients were readmitted to the ICUs. Characteristics associated with ICU readmission were similar to those previously reported. In addition to illness severity at initial admission, readmission was associated with complications, poor response to therapy, or persistent physiologic abnormalities at ICU discharge. Patients who were readmitted to the ICU had a risk-adjusted, fourfold greater probability of in-hospital mortality and a 2.5-fold increase in length of hospital stay.

Data were obtained solely from hospitals with an APACHE system, and included only one hospital from the Northeast. Not all ICUs from a single-study hospital were included. DNR orders were not available in the database for analysis.

Bottom line: Persistent physiologic derangements at ICU discharge are as influential on ICU readmission and poor outcomes as other known risk factors, potentially warranting slightly longer ICU stays for these specific patients.

Citation: Kramer AA, Higgins TL, Zimmerman JE. Intensive care unit readmissions in U.S. hospitals: patient characteristics, risk factors, and outcomes. Crit Care Med. 2012;40:3-10.

Clopidogrel Might Not Worsen Bleeding Complications During Surgery

Clinical question: Does clopidogrel cause bleeding complications during vascular surgery?

Background: There is no consensus and few large trials to decide if preoperative clopidogrel use causes bleeding complications in vascular surgeries.

Study design: Prospective.

Setting: New England academic and community centers.

Synopsis: The authors enrolled 10,406 patients from 15 academic and community centers in New England. These patients underwent carotid endarterectomy, lower-extremity bypass, and abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Ruptured aortic aneurysms were excluded. The use of aspirin, clopidogrel, both, or no anti-platelet therapy within 48 hours before surgery was recorded. The outcomes measured were postoperative bleeding requiring reoperation and the need for packed red blood cell transfusions.

Clopidogrel therapy (n=229) compared with no anti-platelet therapy (n=2,010) did well when measured by reoperation (clopidogrel 0.9%, none 1.5%, P=0.74), incidence of transfusion (clopidogrel 0%, none 18%, P=0.1), and volume of transfusion (clopidogrel 0 units, none 0.7 units, P=0.1). However, the significance, especially for reoperation, is not impressive.

The power of the study could be improved with more clopidogrel users. Another limitation is that the aspirin and clopidogrel platelet effect lasts longer than the 48-hour cutoff. As there were more bleeding complications in the no-anti-platelet group, there is a concern for bias in how the patients were selected and treated.

Bottom line: Clopidogrel might be safe to continue in vascular surgeries, but larger and more valid studies are needed.

Citation: Stone DH, Goodney PP, Schanzer A, et al. Clopidogrel is not associated with major bleeding complications during peripheral arterial surgery. J Vasc Surg. 2011;54:779-784.

Tissue-Defined TIAs Have Better Prognostic Benefits Than Time-Defined TIAs

Citation: Is risk stratification for recurrent stroke better when brain imaging is performed after a transient ischemic attack (TIA)?

Background: The presence of a TIA is a known risk factor for recurrent stroke. There is debate in changing the definition of TIA from time-based to tissue-based. However, it is not known if this will improve management.

Study design: Multicenter observation cohort.

Setting: Twelve independent international research centers.

Synopsis: The current definition of a TIA is a neurological deficit that resolves within 24 hours. To determine the urgency of an admission and work-up, the ABCD2 score (age, blood pressure, clinical symptoms, duration, and diabetes) is often used as a prognostic tool for recurrent stroke. The authors enrolled 4,574 patients with the traditional diagnosis of TIA. In addition to calculating their ABCD2 score, they were then classified as tissue-positive (infarction) or tissue-negative per MRI or CT. At both seven and 90 days after TIA, both imaging modalities when combined with ABCD2 were able to identify risk for recurrent stroke better than if they were used alone.

Limitations included the images being interpreted by their individual healthcare centers and that the stroke centers had lower recurrent rates of stroke compared with community centers. If only a CT can be used, it should be noted that the sensitivity is lower when compared with an MRI in this study.

Bottom line: This categorization of tissue- or non-tissue-positive TIAs improved the prognostic information provided by the ABCD2 score and might improve management decisions.

Citation: Giles MF, Albers GW, Amarenco P, et al. Early stroke risk and ABCD2 score performance in tissue- vs time-defined TIA: a multicenter study. Neurology. 2011;77:1222-1228.

ETT Comparable to MPI as Initial Diagnostic Test for Women Suspected of CAD

Clinical question: Is the exercise treadmill test (ETT) equivalent to myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) as an initial diagnostic test for low-risk women capable of exercising with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD)?

Background: To date, the evidence base for diagnostic testing in women with suspected CAD has been limited, with no randomized trials to guide appropriate clinical decision-making in the choice of noninvasive testing strategies. The aim of this trial was to provide comparative-effectiveness data for women capable of performing exercise testing with regard to whether the addition of imaging to standard ETT provided incremental clinical benefit over index ETT alone.

Study design: Prospective randomized.

Settings: Forty-three cardiology practices across the U.S.

Synopsis: A total of 824 women 40 years of age or older with intermediate pretest CAD likelihood were randomized to ETT or MPI. All the women included in the study were symptomatic with suspected CAD, had an interpretable ECG, and were >5 on DASI (Duke Activity Status Index). A total of 17 primary end points were confirmed, including three nonfatal myocardial infarctions, one heart failure hospitalization, 12 acute coronary syndrome hospitalizations, and only one sudden cardiac death reported in 772 women.

At two years, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE)-free survival was identical (98%) for women randomized to the ETT or exercise MPI arm (P=0.59). The observed two-year MACE rate was 1.7% for ETT and 2.3% for exercise MPI. For secondary end points, the overall rate of hospitalization for chest pain was 3%. By randomization, the two-year rate of hospitalization for chest pain symptoms was 3% for women in the ETT arm and 4% for those in the exercise MPI arm (P=0.39). An additional six women died from non-cardiac causes (ETT arm, 0.5%; exercise MPI arm, 1%; P=0.39).

Bottom line: ETT is of comparable diagnostic efficacy to MPI as an initial diagnostic test for women suspected of CAD, capable of exercising, based on two-year outcome of cardiac death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or hospital admission for acute coronary syndrome or heart failure.

Citation: Shaw LJ, Mieres JH, Hendel RH, et al. Comparative effectiveness of exercise electrocardiography with or without myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography in women with suspected coronary artery disease: results from the What Is the Optimal Method for Ischemia Evaluation in Women (WOMEN) trial. Circulation. 2011;124:1239-1249.

Controlled Forced Diuresis Is More Effective in High-Risk Patients for CI-AKI Prevention

Clinical question: Is a system of hydration that creates high urine output while maintaining fluid balance better than routine hydration in high-risk patients for preventing contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI)?

Background: Hydration with sodium bicarbonate solution and administration of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) help prevent CI-AKI in low- to medium-risk patients. A recent study (PRINCE) suggests that increasing the urine flow rate (≥150 mL/hr) reduces the toxic effect of contrast, but this regimen requires forced diuresis with high doses of furosemide that may result in further renal damage due to negative fluid balance. The RenalGuard system (PLC Medical Systems Inc., Franklin, Mass.) can simultaneously achieve high urine output and maintain fluid balance.

Study design: Randomized, investigator-driven, open-label study comparing two different hydration strategies.

Setting: Multicenter trial in Italy involving patients with chronic kidney disease scheduled for angiography who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria for high risk of developing CI-AKI.

Synopsis: The study included 292 patients randomized to receive sodium bicarbonate solution (control group) versus hydration with saline controlled by the RenalGuard system with furosemide. Both groups received NAC, though at different doses and routes of administration. CI-AKI occurred in 20.5% (30 of 146) in the control group versus 11% (16 of 146) in the RenalGuard group.

Bottom line: Controlled forced diuresis to achieve high urine flow rate is more effective than conventional hydration with sodium bicarbonate solution in high-risk patients for preventing CI-AKI. Larger studies are needed to confirm and define the role of the RenalGuard system.

Citation: Briguori C, Visconti G, Focaccio A, et al. Renal insufficiency after contrast media administration trial II (REMEDIAL II). Circulation. 2011;124:1260-1269.

Severe Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Stenosis Does Not Increase Stroke or Mortality Risks after CAB Surgery

Clinical question: What is the risk for stroke in patients with asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis (CAS) who are undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)?

Background: Stroke occurs as a complication of CABG in approximately 2% of patients. The vast majority occur within the first 24 hours of surgery and are associated with a high mortality rate.

Study design: Retrospective cohort.

Setting: A single institution in Washington, D.C.

Synopsis: Data were collected on 878 consecutive patients who had undergone carotid ultrasound before CABG over a six-year period. Patients with severe CAS of >75% (n=117) were compared with those with <75% stenosis (n=761) to assess the rates of in-hospital stroke and mortality.

Patients with severe CAS had similar rates of stroke compared with those without severe CAS (3.4% vs. 3.6%). Additionally, there was no difference in the incidence of in-hospital complications or mortality between the two groups.

Bottom line: The cause of stroke after CABG is complex and multifactorial, but severe CAS alone appears to not be the biggest risk factor for stroke in patients undergoing CABG.

Citation: Mahmoudi M, Hill PC, Xue Z, et al. Patients with severe asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis do not have a higher risk of stroke and mortality after coronary artery bypass surgery. Stroke. 2011;42:2801-2805.

Cardiac Arrest Survivors Have Long-Term Memory Deficits

Clinical question: Are there any lasting cognitive deficits in patients surviving out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) from ventricular fibrillation (VF)?

Background: Although advances have been made in the rapid intervention of OHCAs, there are no population-based, age-adjusted studies of the cognitive and neurologic outcomes of long-term survivors when the “chain of survival” is used (rapid emergency services, bystander CPR, early defibrillation, and advanced care).

Study design: Prospective population-based, age-adjusted study.

Setting: Single hospital in Olmsted County, Minn.

Synopsis: Of 332 OHCA patients, 47 survivors were enrolled for neurologic and neuropsychological testing at least six months after a near-death experience (median time since arrest, 7.8 years). Neurologic examination did not reveal any focal deficits related to the event, but long-term survivors had lower scores on measures of long-term memory and learning efficiency (P=0.001). Nearly all survivors were functionally independent at the time of testing. Interestingly, there was no correlation between prolonged call-to-shock time and cognitive ability, suggesting that there is a possibility of positive neurologic outcomes with a call-to-shock time as late as 10 minutes in OHCA. Older age was also not identified as a negative prognostic factor.

A limitation of the study was the small sample size, though larger populations of survivors are difficult to find. The precise meaning of “cognitive impairment” was also controversial and should be better defined for any future studies.

Bottom line: Long-term survivors of OHCA from VF have long-term memory impairment compared with the normal population at the same age and education level.

Citation: Mateen FJ, Josephs KA, Trenerry MR, et al. Long-term cognitive outcomes following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Neurology. 2011;77:1438-1445.

In This Edition

Literature At A Glance

A guide to this month’s studies

1. Hospitalist views on readmission prevention
2. Characteristics of hospital ICU readmission
3. Effect of clopidogrel on bleeding outcomes in vascular surgery
4. Time-versus tissue-based diagnosis of TIA
5. ETT versus ETT with imaging for the diagnosis of CAD in women
6. Effect of high urine output with adequate hydration on contrast-induced nephropathy
7. Stroke rate in CABG patients with severe carotid artery stenosis
8. Effect of cardiac arrest on long-term cognition

Hospitalists View Readmissions as Potentially Preventable by Team-Based Care

Clinical question: How do front-line hospitalists perceive the preventability of early hospital readmissions?

Background: Hospital readmission has received national attention as an indicator of poor healthcare quality and unnecessary costs. While some studies suggest that some readmissions are preventable, the exact number is unknown. Understanding preventability and the views of front-line clinicians might help hospitalists balance multifactorial compromise between throughput and length of stay.

Study design: Retrospective cohort study.

Setting: Two community tertiary-care hospitals and two suburban hospitals staffed by a single hospitalist group in Portland, Ore.

Synopsis: A group of 17 hospitalists analyzed the inpatient and outpatient charts of 300 consecutive patients readmitted within 21 days of discharge using a structured data collection tool to record patient characteristics, process measures, and perceived preventability of the readmission. Patients were either discharged by internal-medicine hospitalists or had an internal-medicine consultation during their initial stay.

Characteristics of readmitted patients and initial hospital stays were similar to those previously reported in other studies. More than 60% of readmissions were deemed preventable (15%) or possibly preventable (46%). As prevention strategies for these readmissions, hospitalists most frequently suggested interventions under their control, such as longer initial hospital stay (23%). Other potential interventions focused on system approaches, including outpatient appointments, case management, palliative care, and home health.

In most cases (96%), the reviewer was not the discharging hospitalist. Only six hospitalists performed 83% of the reviews, and inter-reviewer reliability was not assessed. Other limitations included confounding biases, such as timing of review, source hospital reviewed, reviewer optimism, and previous primary-care experience of reviewer.

Bottom line: Prevention of hospital readmissions will require a balance between increased length of stay and system-based team approaches beyond the direct control of hospitalists.

Citation: Koekkoek D, Bayley KB, Brown A, Rustvold DL. Hospitalists assess the causes of early hospital readmissions. J Hosp Med. 2011;6:383-388.

Patients with Complex, Severe Illnesses and Persistent Physiologic Abnormalities Have Higher Risk of Intensive-Care-Unit Readmission

Clinical question: Which patient characteristics increase the risk for intensive-care-unit (ICU) readmission?

Background: Patients are often discharged from the ICU based on subjective criteria, workload, and bed demand, making ICU readmission a tempting quality indicator. Studies have examined institutional characteristics leading to ICU readmission, but few have shown how patient case mix affects longer lengths of ICU and hospital stays and higher in-hospital mortality.

Study design: Retrospective observational cohort study using a large, multi-institutional U.S. database.

Setting: Computerized data collection and analysis system from 97 intensive- and cardiac-care units at 35 hospitals in the United States.

Synopsis: Patient-level characteristics and outcomes of 229,375 initial ICU admissions from 2001 to 2009 were compared for patients with and without ICU readmission using the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) IV database (Cerner Corporation, Kansas City, Mo.). Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified potential characteristics increasing the risk for ICU readmission. Case-mix adjusted outcomes for mortality and length of stay were calculated.

A total of 13,980 (6.1%) patients were readmitted to the ICUs. Characteristics associated with ICU readmission were similar to those previously reported. In addition to illness severity at initial admission, readmission was associated with complications, poor response to therapy, or persistent physiologic abnormalities at ICU discharge. Patients who were readmitted to the ICU had a risk-adjusted, fourfold greater probability of in-hospital mortality and a 2.5-fold increase in length of hospital stay.

Data were obtained solely from hospitals with an APACHE system, and included only one hospital from the Northeast. Not all ICUs from a single-study hospital were included. DNR orders were not available in the database for analysis.

Bottom line: Persistent physiologic derangements at ICU discharge are as influential on ICU readmission and poor outcomes as other known risk factors, potentially warranting slightly longer ICU stays for these specific patients.

Citation: Kramer AA, Higgins TL, Zimmerman JE. Intensive care unit readmissions in U.S. hospitals: patient characteristics, risk factors, and outcomes. Crit Care Med. 2012;40:3-10.

Clopidogrel Might Not Worsen Bleeding Complications During Surgery

Clinical question: Does clopidogrel cause bleeding complications during vascular surgery?

Background: There is no consensus and few large trials to decide if preoperative clopidogrel use causes bleeding complications in vascular surgeries.

Study design: Prospective.

Setting: New England academic and community centers.

Synopsis: The authors enrolled 10,406 patients from 15 academic and community centers in New England. These patients underwent carotid endarterectomy, lower-extremity bypass, and abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Ruptured aortic aneurysms were excluded. The use of aspirin, clopidogrel, both, or no anti-platelet therapy within 48 hours before surgery was recorded. The outcomes measured were postoperative bleeding requiring reoperation and the need for packed red blood cell transfusions.

Clopidogrel therapy (n=229) compared with no anti-platelet therapy (n=2,010) did well when measured by reoperation (clopidogrel 0.9%, none 1.5%, P=0.74), incidence of transfusion (clopidogrel 0%, none 18%, P=0.1), and volume of transfusion (clopidogrel 0 units, none 0.7 units, P=0.1). However, the significance, especially for reoperation, is not impressive.

The power of the study could be improved with more clopidogrel users. Another limitation is that the aspirin and clopidogrel platelet effect lasts longer than the 48-hour cutoff. As there were more bleeding complications in the no-anti-platelet group, there is a concern for bias in how the patients were selected and treated.

Bottom line: Clopidogrel might be safe to continue in vascular surgeries, but larger and more valid studies are needed.

Citation: Stone DH, Goodney PP, Schanzer A, et al. Clopidogrel is not associated with major bleeding complications during peripheral arterial surgery. J Vasc Surg. 2011;54:779-784.

Tissue-Defined TIAs Have Better Prognostic Benefits Than Time-Defined TIAs

Citation: Is risk stratification for recurrent stroke better when brain imaging is performed after a transient ischemic attack (TIA)?

Background: The presence of a TIA is a known risk factor for recurrent stroke. There is debate in changing the definition of TIA from time-based to tissue-based. However, it is not known if this will improve management.

Study design: Multicenter observation cohort.

Setting: Twelve independent international research centers.

Synopsis: The current definition of a TIA is a neurological deficit that resolves within 24 hours. To determine the urgency of an admission and work-up, the ABCD2 score (age, blood pressure, clinical symptoms, duration, and diabetes) is often used as a prognostic tool for recurrent stroke. The authors enrolled 4,574 patients with the traditional diagnosis of TIA. In addition to calculating their ABCD2 score, they were then classified as tissue-positive (infarction) or tissue-negative per MRI or CT. At both seven and 90 days after TIA, both imaging modalities when combined with ABCD2 were able to identify risk for recurrent stroke better than if they were used alone.

Limitations included the images being interpreted by their individual healthcare centers and that the stroke centers had lower recurrent rates of stroke compared with community centers. If only a CT can be used, it should be noted that the sensitivity is lower when compared with an MRI in this study.

Bottom line: This categorization of tissue- or non-tissue-positive TIAs improved the prognostic information provided by the ABCD2 score and might improve management decisions.

Citation: Giles MF, Albers GW, Amarenco P, et al. Early stroke risk and ABCD2 score performance in tissue- vs time-defined TIA: a multicenter study. Neurology. 2011;77:1222-1228.

ETT Comparable to MPI as Initial Diagnostic Test for Women Suspected of CAD

Clinical question: Is the exercise treadmill test (ETT) equivalent to myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) as an initial diagnostic test for low-risk women capable of exercising with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD)?

Background: To date, the evidence base for diagnostic testing in women with suspected CAD has been limited, with no randomized trials to guide appropriate clinical decision-making in the choice of noninvasive testing strategies. The aim of this trial was to provide comparative-effectiveness data for women capable of performing exercise testing with regard to whether the addition of imaging to standard ETT provided incremental clinical benefit over index ETT alone.

Study design: Prospective randomized.

Settings: Forty-three cardiology practices across the U.S.

Synopsis: A total of 824 women 40 years of age or older with intermediate pretest CAD likelihood were randomized to ETT or MPI. All the women included in the study were symptomatic with suspected CAD, had an interpretable ECG, and were >5 on DASI (Duke Activity Status Index). A total of 17 primary end points were confirmed, including three nonfatal myocardial infarctions, one heart failure hospitalization, 12 acute coronary syndrome hospitalizations, and only one sudden cardiac death reported in 772 women.

At two years, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE)-free survival was identical (98%) for women randomized to the ETT or exercise MPI arm (P=0.59). The observed two-year MACE rate was 1.7% for ETT and 2.3% for exercise MPI. For secondary end points, the overall rate of hospitalization for chest pain was 3%. By randomization, the two-year rate of hospitalization for chest pain symptoms was 3% for women in the ETT arm and 4% for those in the exercise MPI arm (P=0.39). An additional six women died from non-cardiac causes (ETT arm, 0.5%; exercise MPI arm, 1%; P=0.39).

Bottom line: ETT is of comparable diagnostic efficacy to MPI as an initial diagnostic test for women suspected of CAD, capable of exercising, based on two-year outcome of cardiac death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or hospital admission for acute coronary syndrome or heart failure.

Citation: Shaw LJ, Mieres JH, Hendel RH, et al. Comparative effectiveness of exercise electrocardiography with or without myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography in women with suspected coronary artery disease: results from the What Is the Optimal Method for Ischemia Evaluation in Women (WOMEN) trial. Circulation. 2011;124:1239-1249.

Controlled Forced Diuresis Is More Effective in High-Risk Patients for CI-AKI Prevention

Clinical question: Is a system of hydration that creates high urine output while maintaining fluid balance better than routine hydration in high-risk patients for preventing contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI)?

Background: Hydration with sodium bicarbonate solution and administration of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) help prevent CI-AKI in low- to medium-risk patients. A recent study (PRINCE) suggests that increasing the urine flow rate (≥150 mL/hr) reduces the toxic effect of contrast, but this regimen requires forced diuresis with high doses of furosemide that may result in further renal damage due to negative fluid balance. The RenalGuard system (PLC Medical Systems Inc., Franklin, Mass.) can simultaneously achieve high urine output and maintain fluid balance.

Study design: Randomized, investigator-driven, open-label study comparing two different hydration strategies.

Setting: Multicenter trial in Italy involving patients with chronic kidney disease scheduled for angiography who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria for high risk of developing CI-AKI.

Synopsis: The study included 292 patients randomized to receive sodium bicarbonate solution (control group) versus hydration with saline controlled by the RenalGuard system with furosemide. Both groups received NAC, though at different doses and routes of administration. CI-AKI occurred in 20.5% (30 of 146) in the control group versus 11% (16 of 146) in the RenalGuard group.

Bottom line: Controlled forced diuresis to achieve high urine flow rate is more effective than conventional hydration with sodium bicarbonate solution in high-risk patients for preventing CI-AKI. Larger studies are needed to confirm and define the role of the RenalGuard system.

Citation: Briguori C, Visconti G, Focaccio A, et al. Renal insufficiency after contrast media administration trial II (REMEDIAL II). Circulation. 2011;124:1260-1269.

Severe Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Stenosis Does Not Increase Stroke or Mortality Risks after CAB Surgery

Clinical question: What is the risk for stroke in patients with asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis (CAS) who are undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)?

Background: Stroke occurs as a complication of CABG in approximately 2% of patients. The vast majority occur within the first 24 hours of surgery and are associated with a high mortality rate.

Study design: Retrospective cohort.

Setting: A single institution in Washington, D.C.

Synopsis: Data were collected on 878 consecutive patients who had undergone carotid ultrasound before CABG over a six-year period. Patients with severe CAS of >75% (n=117) were compared with those with <75% stenosis (n=761) to assess the rates of in-hospital stroke and mortality.

Patients with severe CAS had similar rates of stroke compared with those without severe CAS (3.4% vs. 3.6%). Additionally, there was no difference in the incidence of in-hospital complications or mortality between the two groups.

Bottom line: The cause of stroke after CABG is complex and multifactorial, but severe CAS alone appears to not be the biggest risk factor for stroke in patients undergoing CABG.

Citation: Mahmoudi M, Hill PC, Xue Z, et al. Patients with severe asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis do not have a higher risk of stroke and mortality after coronary artery bypass surgery. Stroke. 2011;42:2801-2805.

Cardiac Arrest Survivors Have Long-Term Memory Deficits

Clinical question: Are there any lasting cognitive deficits in patients surviving out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) from ventricular fibrillation (VF)?

Background: Although advances have been made in the rapid intervention of OHCAs, there are no population-based, age-adjusted studies of the cognitive and neurologic outcomes of long-term survivors when the “chain of survival” is used (rapid emergency services, bystander CPR, early defibrillation, and advanced care).

Study design: Prospective population-based, age-adjusted study.

Setting: Single hospital in Olmsted County, Minn.

Synopsis: Of 332 OHCA patients, 47 survivors were enrolled for neurologic and neuropsychological testing at least six months after a near-death experience (median time since arrest, 7.8 years). Neurologic examination did not reveal any focal deficits related to the event, but long-term survivors had lower scores on measures of long-term memory and learning efficiency (P=0.001). Nearly all survivors were functionally independent at the time of testing. Interestingly, there was no correlation between prolonged call-to-shock time and cognitive ability, suggesting that there is a possibility of positive neurologic outcomes with a call-to-shock time as late as 10 minutes in OHCA. Older age was also not identified as a negative prognostic factor.

A limitation of the study was the small sample size, though larger populations of survivors are difficult to find. The precise meaning of “cognitive impairment” was also controversial and should be better defined for any future studies.

Bottom line: Long-term survivors of OHCA from VF have long-term memory impairment compared with the normal population at the same age and education level.

Citation: Mateen FJ, Josephs KA, Trenerry MR, et al. Long-term cognitive outcomes following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Neurology. 2011;77:1438-1445.

In This Edition

Literature At A Glance

A guide to this month’s studies

1. Hospitalist views on readmission prevention
2. Characteristics of hospital ICU readmission
3. Effect of clopidogrel on bleeding outcomes in vascular surgery
4. Time-versus tissue-based diagnosis of TIA
5. ETT versus ETT with imaging for the diagnosis of CAD in women
6. Effect of high urine output with adequate hydration on contrast-induced nephropathy
7. Stroke rate in CABG patients with severe carotid artery stenosis
8. Effect of cardiac arrest on long-term cognition

Hospitalists View Readmissions as Potentially Preventable by Team-Based Care

Clinical question: How do front-line hospitalists perceive the preventability of early hospital readmissions?

Background: Hospital readmission has received national attention as an indicator of poor healthcare quality and unnecessary costs. While some studies suggest that some readmissions are preventable, the exact number is unknown. Understanding preventability and the views of front-line clinicians might help hospitalists balance multifactorial compromise between throughput and length of stay.

Study design: Retrospective cohort study.

Setting: Two community tertiary-care hospitals and two suburban hospitals staffed by a single hospitalist group in Portland, Ore.

Synopsis: A group of 17 hospitalists analyzed the inpatient and outpatient charts of 300 consecutive patients readmitted within 21 days of discharge using a structured data collection tool to record patient characteristics, process measures, and perceived preventability of the readmission. Patients were either discharged by internal-medicine hospitalists or had an internal-medicine consultation during their initial stay.

Characteristics of readmitted patients and initial hospital stays were similar to those previously reported in other studies. More than 60% of readmissions were deemed preventable (15%) or possibly preventable (46%). As prevention strategies for these readmissions, hospitalists most frequently suggested interventions under their control, such as longer initial hospital stay (23%). Other potential interventions focused on system approaches, including outpatient appointments, case management, palliative care, and home health.

In most cases (96%), the reviewer was not the discharging hospitalist. Only six hospitalists performed 83% of the reviews, and inter-reviewer reliability was not assessed. Other limitations included confounding biases, such as timing of review, source hospital reviewed, reviewer optimism, and previous primary-care experience of reviewer.

Bottom line: Prevention of hospital readmissions will require a balance between increased length of stay and system-based team approaches beyond the direct control of hospitalists.

Citation: Koekkoek D, Bayley KB, Brown A, Rustvold DL. Hospitalists assess the causes of early hospital readmissions. J Hosp Med. 2011;6:383-388.

Patients with Complex, Severe Illnesses and Persistent Physiologic Abnormalities Have Higher Risk of Intensive-Care-Unit Readmission

Clinical question: Which patient characteristics increase the risk for intensive-care-unit (ICU) readmission?

Background: Patients are often discharged from the ICU based on subjective criteria, workload, and bed demand, making ICU readmission a tempting quality indicator. Studies have examined institutional characteristics leading to ICU readmission, but few have shown how patient case mix affects longer lengths of ICU and hospital stays and higher in-hospital mortality.

Study design: Retrospective observational cohort study using a large, multi-institutional U.S. database.

Setting: Computerized data collection and analysis system from 97 intensive- and cardiac-care units at 35 hospitals in the United States.

Synopsis: Patient-level characteristics and outcomes of 229,375 initial ICU admissions from 2001 to 2009 were compared for patients with and without ICU readmission using the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) IV database (Cerner Corporation, Kansas City, Mo.). Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified potential characteristics increasing the risk for ICU readmission. Case-mix adjusted outcomes for mortality and length of stay were calculated.

A total of 13,980 (6.1%) patients were readmitted to the ICUs. Characteristics associated with ICU readmission were similar to those previously reported. In addition to illness severity at initial admission, readmission was associated with complications, poor response to therapy, or persistent physiologic abnormalities at ICU discharge. Patients who were readmitted to the ICU had a risk-adjusted, fourfold greater probability of in-hospital mortality and a 2.5-fold increase in length of hospital stay.

Data were obtained solely from hospitals with an APACHE system, and included only one hospital from the Northeast. Not all ICUs from a single-study hospital were included. DNR orders were not available in the database for analysis.

Bottom line: Persistent physiologic derangements at ICU discharge are as influential on ICU readmission and poor outcomes as other known risk factors, potentially warranting slightly longer ICU stays for these specific patients.

Citation: Kramer AA, Higgins TL, Zimmerman JE. Intensive care unit readmissions in U.S. hospitals: patient characteristics, risk factors, and outcomes. Crit Care Med. 2012;40:3-10.

Clopidogrel Might Not Worsen Bleeding Complications During Surgery

Clinical question: Does clopidogrel cause bleeding complications during vascular surgery?

Background: There is no consensus and few large trials to decide if preoperative clopidogrel use causes bleeding complications in vascular surgeries.

Study design: Prospective.

Setting: New England academic and community centers.

Synopsis: The authors enrolled 10,406 patients from 15 academic and community centers in New England. These patients underwent carotid endarterectomy, lower-extremity bypass, and abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Ruptured aortic aneurysms were excluded. The use of aspirin, clopidogrel, both, or no anti-platelet therapy within 48 hours before surgery was recorded. The outcomes measured were postoperative bleeding requiring reoperation and the need for packed red blood cell transfusions.

Clopidogrel therapy (n=229) compared with no anti-platelet therapy (n=2,010) did well when measured by reoperation (clopidogrel 0.9%, none 1.5%, P=0.74), incidence of transfusion (clopidogrel 0%, none 18%, P=0.1), and volume of transfusion (clopidogrel 0 units, none 0.7 units, P=0.1). However, the significance, especially for reoperation, is not impressive.

The power of the study could be improved with more clopidogrel users. Another limitation is that the aspirin and clopidogrel platelet effect lasts longer than the 48-hour cutoff. As there were more bleeding complications in the no-anti-platelet group, there is a concern for bias in how the patients were selected and treated.

Bottom line: Clopidogrel might be safe to continue in vascular surgeries, but larger and more valid studies are needed.

Citation: Stone DH, Goodney PP, Schanzer A, et al. Clopidogrel is not associated with major bleeding complications during peripheral arterial surgery. J Vasc Surg. 2011;54:779-784.

Tissue-Defined TIAs Have Better Prognostic Benefits Than Time-Defined TIAs

Citation: Is risk stratification for recurrent stroke better when brain imaging is performed after a transient ischemic attack (TIA)?

Background: The presence of a TIA is a known risk factor for recurrent stroke. There is debate in changing the definition of TIA from time-based to tissue-based. However, it is not known if this will improve management.

Study design: Multicenter observation cohort.

Setting: Twelve independent international research centers.

Synopsis: The current definition of a TIA is a neurological deficit that resolves within 24 hours. To determine the urgency of an admission and work-up, the ABCD2 score (age, blood pressure, clinical symptoms, duration, and diabetes) is often used as a prognostic tool for recurrent stroke. The authors enrolled 4,574 patients with the traditional diagnosis of TIA. In addition to calculating their ABCD2 score, they were then classified as tissue-positive (infarction) or tissue-negative per MRI or CT. At both seven and 90 days after TIA, both imaging modalities when combined with ABCD2 were able to identify risk for recurrent stroke better than if they were used alone.

Limitations included the images being interpreted by their individual healthcare centers and that the stroke centers had lower recurrent rates of stroke compared with community centers. If only a CT can be used, it should be noted that the sensitivity is lower when compared with an MRI in this study.

Bottom line: This categorization of tissue- or non-tissue-positive TIAs improved the prognostic information provided by the ABCD2 score and might improve management decisions.

Citation: Giles MF, Albers GW, Amarenco P, et al. Early stroke risk and ABCD2 score performance in tissue- vs time-defined TIA: a multicenter study. Neurology. 2011;77:1222-1228.

ETT Comparable to MPI as Initial Diagnostic Test for Women Suspected of CAD

Clinical question: Is the exercise treadmill test (ETT) equivalent to myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) as an initial diagnostic test for low-risk women capable of exercising with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD)?

Background: To date, the evidence base for diagnostic testing in women with suspected CAD has been limited, with no randomized trials to guide appropriate clinical decision-making in the choice of noninvasive testing strategies. The aim of this trial was to provide comparative-effectiveness data for women capable of performing exercise testing with regard to whether the addition of imaging to standard ETT provided incremental clinical benefit over index ETT alone.

Study design: Prospective randomized.

Settings: Forty-three cardiology practices across the U.S.

Synopsis: A total of 824 women 40 years of age or older with intermediate pretest CAD likelihood were randomized to ETT or MPI. All the women included in the study were symptomatic with suspected CAD, had an interpretable ECG, and were >5 on DASI (Duke Activity Status Index). A total of 17 primary end points were confirmed, including three nonfatal myocardial infarctions, one heart failure hospitalization, 12 acute coronary syndrome hospitalizations, and only one sudden cardiac death reported in 772 women.

At two years, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE)-free survival was identical (98%) for women randomized to the ETT or exercise MPI arm (P=0.59). The observed two-year MACE rate was 1.7% for ETT and 2.3% for exercise MPI. For secondary end points, the overall rate of hospitalization for chest pain was 3%. By randomization, the two-year rate of hospitalization for chest pain symptoms was 3% for women in the ETT arm and 4% for those in the exercise MPI arm (P=0.39). An additional six women died from non-cardiac causes (ETT arm, 0.5%; exercise MPI arm, 1%; P=0.39).

Bottom line: ETT is of comparable diagnostic efficacy to MPI as an initial diagnostic test for women suspected of CAD, capable of exercising, based on two-year outcome of cardiac death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or hospital admission for acute coronary syndrome or heart failure.

Citation: Shaw LJ, Mieres JH, Hendel RH, et al. Comparative effectiveness of exercise electrocardiography with or without myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography in women with suspected coronary artery disease: results from the What Is the Optimal Method for Ischemia Evaluation in Women (WOMEN) trial. Circulation. 2011;124:1239-1249.

Controlled Forced Diuresis Is More Effective in High-Risk Patients for CI-AKI Prevention

Clinical question: Is a system of hydration that creates high urine output while maintaining fluid balance better than routine hydration in high-risk patients for preventing contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI)?

Background: Hydration with sodium bicarbonate solution and administration of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) help prevent CI-AKI in low- to medium-risk patients. A recent study (PRINCE) suggests that increasing the urine flow rate (≥150 mL/hr) reduces the toxic effect of contrast, but this regimen requires forced diuresis with high doses of furosemide that may result in further renal damage due to negative fluid balance. The RenalGuard system (PLC Medical Systems Inc., Franklin, Mass.) can simultaneously achieve high urine output and maintain fluid balance.

Study design: Randomized, investigator-driven, open-label study comparing two different hydration strategies.

Setting: Multicenter trial in Italy involving patients with chronic kidney disease scheduled for angiography who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria for high risk of developing CI-AKI.

Synopsis: The study included 292 patients randomized to receive sodium bicarbonate solution (control group) versus hydration with saline controlled by the RenalGuard system with furosemide. Both groups received NAC, though at different doses and routes of administration. CI-AKI occurred in 20.5% (30 of 146) in the control group versus 11% (16 of 146) in the RenalGuard group.

Bottom line: Controlled forced diuresis to achieve high urine flow rate is more effective than conventional hydration with sodium bicarbonate solution in high-risk patients for preventing CI-AKI. Larger studies are needed to confirm and define the role of the RenalGuard system.

Citation: Briguori C, Visconti G, Focaccio A, et al. Renal insufficiency after contrast media administration trial II (REMEDIAL II). Circulation. 2011;124:1260-1269.

Severe Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Stenosis Does Not Increase Stroke or Mortality Risks after CAB Surgery

Clinical question: What is the risk for stroke in patients with asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis (CAS) who are undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)?

Background: Stroke occurs as a complication of CABG in approximately 2% of patients. The vast majority occur within the first 24 hours of surgery and are associated with a high mortality rate.

Study design: Retrospective cohort.

Setting: A single institution in Washington, D.C.

Synopsis: Data were collected on 878 consecutive patients who had undergone carotid ultrasound before CABG over a six-year period. Patients with severe CAS of >75% (n=117) were compared with those with <75% stenosis (n=761) to assess the rates of in-hospital stroke and mortality.

Patients with severe CAS had similar rates of stroke compared with those without severe CAS (3.4% vs. 3.6%). Additionally, there was no difference in the incidence of in-hospital complications or mortality between the two groups.

Bottom line: The cause of stroke after CABG is complex and multifactorial, but severe CAS alone appears to not be the biggest risk factor for stroke in patients undergoing CABG.

Citation: Mahmoudi M, Hill PC, Xue Z, et al. Patients with severe asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis do not have a higher risk of stroke and mortality after coronary artery bypass surgery. Stroke. 2011;42:2801-2805.

Cardiac Arrest Survivors Have Long-Term Memory Deficits

Clinical question: Are there any lasting cognitive deficits in patients surviving out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) from ventricular fibrillation (VF)?

Background: Although advances have been made in the rapid intervention of OHCAs, there are no population-based, age-adjusted studies of the cognitive and neurologic outcomes of long-term survivors when the “chain of survival” is used (rapid emergency services, bystander CPR, early defibrillation, and advanced care).

Study design: Prospective population-based, age-adjusted study.

Setting: Single hospital in Olmsted County, Minn.

Synopsis: Of 332 OHCA patients, 47 survivors were enrolled for neurologic and neuropsychological testing at least six months after a near-death experience (median time since arrest, 7.8 years). Neurologic examination did not reveal any focal deficits related to the event, but long-term survivors had lower scores on measures of long-term memory and learning efficiency (P=0.001). Nearly all survivors were functionally independent at the time of testing. Interestingly, there was no correlation between prolonged call-to-shock time and cognitive ability, suggesting that there is a possibility of positive neurologic outcomes with a call-to-shock time as late as 10 minutes in OHCA. Older age was also not identified as a negative prognostic factor.

A limitation of the study was the small sample size, though larger populations of survivors are difficult to find. The precise meaning of “cognitive impairment” was also controversial and should be better defined for any future studies.

Bottom line: Long-term survivors of OHCA from VF have long-term memory impairment compared with the normal population at the same age and education level.

Citation: Mateen FJ, Josephs KA, Trenerry MR, et al. Long-term cognitive outcomes following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Neurology. 2011;77:1438-1445.

Last September, Seattle Children’s Hospital hosted a “graduation day” party for one of its longtime patients, Robyn Nichols.

Robyn first entered the hospital as a 21-month-old after a major car accident that left her a quadriplegic and ventilator-dependent. She was in a coma for nine weeks and spent many days and nights in the children’s hospital. Now 20 years old, she’s ready to be cared for in an adult hospital when the need arises.

Her mother, Amy Thompson, wrote a letter thanking the staff for their dedication. And while she’s sad to say goodbye, she’s grateful for their efforts in overseeing the shift in Robyn’s care to adult specialists.

“If I were to let a doctor know one thing about transitioning a pediatric [patient] to adult care, [it] is for them to recognize how scary it is for the patient as well as the family,” Thompson says. “After being in the adult world with a special-needs adult daughter for a couple of months, I want to go back [to the children’s hospital]. The unknown, when you are talking life and death, can be terrorizing.”

As pediatric patients with chronic medical conditions enter adolescence and the young adult years, proper transitions can make a significant difference in their inpatient and outpatient care. And with thoughtful collaboration, hospitalists can deliver solutions that lead to good outcomes.

“A safe transition provides a great deal of relief and comfort to the families of these patients,” says Moises Auron, MD, FAAP, FACP, assistant professor of medicine and pediatrics at The Cleveland Clinic.

Delayed Dangers

Anticipating a maturing adolescent’s care needs is paramount. Chronic diseases diagnosed in childhood often lead to complications in the teen years and early adulthood. Over time, more complex treatments might be necessary. For instance, Dr. Auron says, a patient living with diabetes since age 5 could require a kidney transplant at age 25.

Childhood cancer survivors also tend to encounter major health challenges as adults, according to an Oct. 13, 2011, report in the New England Journal of Medicine. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common pediatric cancer, with a cure rate surpassing 70%. However, adult survivors of childhood leukemia have heightened risks of secondary cancers, cardiovascular disease, and other chronic illnesses.¹

Assembling transitions-of-care teams is one way that hospitals can help coordinate services for such patients. As these patients mature and “quit seeing their pediatrician, they don’t usually see anybody,” says W. Benjamin Rothwell, MD, associate director of the “med-peds” residency at Tulane University School of Medicine in New Orleans. “At that point, they kind of fall off the map, so to speak, until they present to the hospital acutely ill.”

click for large version

New Orleans has a large population of pediatric patients with sickle-cell anemia, a genetic disease that is more prevalent in blacks. Dr. Rothwell says he and his colleagues strive to transition these patients between the ages of 16 and 26. “The goal,” he says, “is to try to catch people in that 10-year span.”

Other conditions that add to the complexity of care for hospitalists include cerebral palsy, chromosomal abnormalities, congenital heart disease, and pregnancy in teenagers with chronic illnesses. Adult hospitalists might not be fully prepared to deal with developmentally disabled patients.

In such cases, “the family member or caregiver is a trusted ally in knowing what’s going on,” says Susan Hunt, MD, a hospitalist at Seattle Children’s Hospital and University of Washington Medical Center. “It may not be typical for adult providers to expect that kind of communication.” When put into this situation, hospitalists can enlist the caregiver’s input—for instance, asking, “How does your child show pain?”

When patients rely on medical devices, such as a gastric feeding tube, tracheotomy, or wheelchair, it helps to know where the family or previous facility obtained the specific equipment in case a replacement becomes necessary. Staying on top of the patient’s insurance coverage also is vital in a transition, Dr. Hunt says.

Communication should flow easily between providers in inpatient and outpatient settings, as adolescents with chronic conditions are “aging out of the pediatric system,” says Allen Friedland, MD, program director of the combined med-peds residency at Christiana Care Health System in Newark, Del.

Soon they are “thrust into the adult world, which has an entirely different paradigm,” Dr. Friedland says. Among the challenges is linking a hospital’s electronic health records to interface with the information given to the outpatient physicians overseeing a patient’s care.

Christiana Care Health System has collaborated with Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children in nearby Wilmington, Del., to transition patients with complex medical conditions into adult care. Nemours is providing comprehensive summaries, which indicate the types of subspecialty care that a patient could require in the future. “We sort of take some of the mystery out,” Dr. Friedland says. “We really anticipate the issues.”

The worst mistake you can make is to put off planning for the transition. When families are in crisis, they return to what they know, so they are likely to show up in your pediatric emergency room even though their child is now 19 or 20 years old.

—Emily Chapman, MD, pediatric hospitalist, Children’s Hospitals & Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis

Meanwhile, Christiana Care started an outpatient primary-care practice staffed by two physicians, a social worker, and a psychologist liaison. They coordinate with a physician and social worker at Nemours. Secure email also helps facilitate discussions about transitions of care between the pediatric and adult settings.

The teams have access to the transition-care practice providers for round-the-clock consultations, and Dr. Friedland assists in admitting patients to the most appropriate level of hospitalized care. “When a person goes to the ED,” he explains, “there’s already a set of expectations and orders.”

The Choice Is Yours

When staying in the hospital, some patients feel more comfortable on a pediatric floor, others in an adult environment. That’s why Keely Dwyer-Matzky, MD, and Amy Blatt, MD, both Med-Peds hospitalists, created an educational video for adolescent patients at the University of Rochester Medical Center in New York.

“There’s a lot of fear about transitioning, not knowing what it’s going to be like, what the expectations are, or the feeling of the floor itself,” Dr. Dwyer-Matzky says. The video informs viewers about the importance of keeping medical summaries of their problems and speaking up for themselves at visits to their doctors’ offices. It also mentions that the Rochester facility gives adolescents the option to tour an adult floor.

click for large version

“There are a lot of variables,” says Shelley W. Collins, MD, chief of the pediatric hospitalist division at the University of Florida at Gainesville. “If their cognitive level allows them to be participants in their own care, then I think we have obligation to ask them what their preference is.”

The state law that governs where an HM group practices also factors into the equation. In an emergency, a court order could be obtained if a procedure is deemed necessary and a legal guardian has not been established or the patient will not consent, Dr. Collins says of Florida law. “But we prefer to have a patient agree to it. In fact, we like and require the assent of a teenage patient, who can give it in addition to the consent of the parents.”

Dr. Collins and her colleague Arwa Saidi, MD, a pediatric cardiologist, propose “a transition checklist” for hospitalists to review and update every time a pediatric or adolescent patient with a chronic condition arrives at the hospital. This aggregate of information becomes part of the medical record for hospitalists to consult in the future.

Adolescents can present with adult-related problems such as heart disease or stroke. These are the sorts of issues that pediatric hospitalist may not be as comfortable handling. Meanwhile, adult hospitalists encounter child-related issues that don’t normally enter their territory.

For instance, with a patient admitted to the hospital for an asthma flare or diabetic ketoacidosis, adult hospitalists might be unaware of school rules pertaining to inhalers and insulin injections, says Weijen Chang, MD, FAAP, FACP, a hospitalist experienced in treating both adult and pediatric patients at the University of California at San Diego (UCSD).

“They’re not used to interacting with school systems in regards to someone’s health care,” says Dr. Chang, a Team Hospitalist member. “The best solution, as always, is education.”

In April, hospitalists trained in both internal medicine and pediatrics will convene at SHM’s annual meeting in San Diego to educate their peers in managing difficult and unfamiliar situations. (The April 4 workshop, “Demystifying Medical Care of Adults with Chronic Diseases of Childhood: What the Hospitalist Should Know,” has limited seating; visit www.hospitalmedicine2012.org to register.)

At UCSD-affiliated Rady Children’s Hospital, hospitalists encountered a patient who was very agitated and combative toward staff. That wasn’t so unusual, except that the patient was quite large in size. “They were uncomfortable with the physical nature of the interaction,” Dr. Chang says.

The physicians and nurses on a pediatric floor also might not be comfortable with obstetrics, and they might lack the equipment for monitoring fetal heart tones and other vitals. In this case, a pregnant teen would be best served in an adult hospital. On the flip side, an adult hospital might not have a blood pressure cuff small enough for some adolescent patients, says Heather Toth, MD, program director of the med-peds residency at the Medical College of Wisconsin in Milwaukee. Collaboration between adult and pediatric providers is essential in ironing out these types of kinks.

Ironing out these types of kinks is crucial. “The worst mistake you can make is to put off planning for the transition,” says Emily Chapman, MD, a pediatric hospitalist at Children’s Hospitals & Clinics of Minnesota in Minneapolis. “When families are in crisis, they return to what they know, so they are likely to show up in your pediatric emergency room even though their child is now 19 or 20 years old.”

That’s why Dr. Chapman recommends introducing the family to a new health provider for a “get-acquainted visit,” she says. “The medical history can be reviewed, and the patient and doctor can begin to build a relationship.” Once that initial rapport has been established, in crisis, “they’re much more likely to seek out the new provider rather than fall back on their old support system.”

Dr. Chapman was part of a team that assisted with the move to adult care for a Down syndrome patient whom she had known since the patient was about 7 years old. “As he approached about the age of 16, we worked on transitioning his care over a few years period of time,” she explains, “to involve him with adult specialists and adult primary care that could manage him as he got older.”

However, Dr. Chapman cautions against switching the patient’s providers all at once. Instead, she says, “You would change an element of the team, have some period of overlap with the old players and new players, before transitioning the rest of the team.”

Susan Kreimer is a freelance medical writer based in New York.

Reference

1. Diller L. Adult primary care after childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:1417-1424.

Last September, Seattle Children’s Hospital hosted a “graduation day” party for one of its longtime patients, Robyn Nichols.

Robyn first entered the hospital as a 21-month-old after a major car accident that left her a quadriplegic and ventilator-dependent. She was in a coma for nine weeks and spent many days and nights in the children’s hospital. Now 20 years old, she’s ready to be cared for in an adult hospital when the need arises.

Her mother, Amy Thompson, wrote a letter thanking the staff for their dedication. And while she’s sad to say goodbye, she’s grateful for their efforts in overseeing the shift in Robyn’s care to adult specialists.

“If I were to let a doctor know one thing about transitioning a pediatric [patient] to adult care, [it] is for them to recognize how scary it is for the patient as well as the family,” Thompson says. “After being in the adult world with a special-needs adult daughter for a couple of months, I want to go back [to the children’s hospital]. The unknown, when you are talking life and death, can be terrorizing.”

As pediatric patients with chronic medical conditions enter adolescence and the young adult years, proper transitions can make a significant difference in their inpatient and outpatient care. And with thoughtful collaboration, hospitalists can deliver solutions that lead to good outcomes.

“A safe transition provides a great deal of relief and comfort to the families of these patients,” says Moises Auron, MD, FAAP, FACP, assistant professor of medicine and pediatrics at The Cleveland Clinic.

Delayed Dangers

Anticipating a maturing adolescent’s care needs is paramount. Chronic diseases diagnosed in childhood often lead to complications in the teen years and early adulthood. Over time, more complex treatments might be necessary. For instance, Dr. Auron says, a patient living with diabetes since age 5 could require a kidney transplant at age 25.

Childhood cancer survivors also tend to encounter major health challenges as adults, according to an Oct. 13, 2011, report in the New England Journal of Medicine. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common pediatric cancer, with a cure rate surpassing 70%. However, adult survivors of childhood leukemia have heightened risks of secondary cancers, cardiovascular disease, and other chronic illnesses.¹

Assembling transitions-of-care teams is one way that hospitals can help coordinate services for such patients. As these patients mature and “quit seeing their pediatrician, they don’t usually see anybody,” says W. Benjamin Rothwell, MD, associate director of the “med-peds” residency at Tulane University School of Medicine in New Orleans. “At that point, they kind of fall off the map, so to speak, until they present to the hospital acutely ill.”

click for large version

New Orleans has a large population of pediatric patients with sickle-cell anemia, a genetic disease that is more prevalent in blacks. Dr. Rothwell says he and his colleagues strive to transition these patients between the ages of 16 and 26. “The goal,” he says, “is to try to catch people in that 10-year span.”

Other conditions that add to the complexity of care for hospitalists include cerebral palsy, chromosomal abnormalities, congenital heart disease, and pregnancy in teenagers with chronic illnesses. Adult hospitalists might not be fully prepared to deal with developmentally disabled patients.

In such cases, “the family member or caregiver is a trusted ally in knowing what’s going on,” says Susan Hunt, MD, a hospitalist at Seattle Children’s Hospital and University of Washington Medical Center. “It may not be typical for adult providers to expect that kind of communication.” When put into this situation, hospitalists can enlist the caregiver’s input—for instance, asking, “How does your child show pain?”

When patients rely on medical devices, such as a gastric feeding tube, tracheotomy, or wheelchair, it helps to know where the family or previous facility obtained the specific equipment in case a replacement becomes necessary. Staying on top of the patient’s insurance coverage also is vital in a transition, Dr. Hunt says.

Communication should flow easily between providers in inpatient and outpatient settings, as adolescents with chronic conditions are “aging out of the pediatric system,” says Allen Friedland, MD, program director of the combined med-peds residency at Christiana Care Health System in Newark, Del.

Soon they are “thrust into the adult world, which has an entirely different paradigm,” Dr. Friedland says. Among the challenges is linking a hospital’s electronic health records to interface with the information given to the outpatient physicians overseeing a patient’s care.

Christiana Care Health System has collaborated with Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children in nearby Wilmington, Del., to transition patients with complex medical conditions into adult care. Nemours is providing comprehensive summaries, which indicate the types of subspecialty care that a patient could require in the future. “We sort of take some of the mystery out,” Dr. Friedland says. “We really anticipate the issues.”

The worst mistake you can make is to put off planning for the transition. When families are in crisis, they return to what they know, so they are likely to show up in your pediatric emergency room even though their child is now 19 or 20 years old.

—Emily Chapman, MD, pediatric hospitalist, Children’s Hospitals & Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis

Meanwhile, Christiana Care started an outpatient primary-care practice staffed by two physicians, a social worker, and a psychologist liaison. They coordinate with a physician and social worker at Nemours. Secure email also helps facilitate discussions about transitions of care between the pediatric and adult settings.

The teams have access to the transition-care practice providers for round-the-clock consultations, and Dr. Friedland assists in admitting patients to the most appropriate level of hospitalized care. “When a person goes to the ED,” he explains, “there’s already a set of expectations and orders.”

The Choice Is Yours

When staying in the hospital, some patients feel more comfortable on a pediatric floor, others in an adult environment. That’s why Keely Dwyer-Matzky, MD, and Amy Blatt, MD, both Med-Peds hospitalists, created an educational video for adolescent patients at the University of Rochester Medical Center in New York.

“There’s a lot of fear about transitioning, not knowing what it’s going to be like, what the expectations are, or the feeling of the floor itself,” Dr. Dwyer-Matzky says. The video informs viewers about the importance of keeping medical summaries of their problems and speaking up for themselves at visits to their doctors’ offices. It also mentions that the Rochester facility gives adolescents the option to tour an adult floor.

click for large version

“There are a lot of variables,” says Shelley W. Collins, MD, chief of the pediatric hospitalist division at the University of Florida at Gainesville. “If their cognitive level allows them to be participants in their own care, then I think we have obligation to ask them what their preference is.”

The state law that governs where an HM group practices also factors into the equation. In an emergency, a court order could be obtained if a procedure is deemed necessary and a legal guardian has not been established or the patient will not consent, Dr. Collins says of Florida law. “But we prefer to have a patient agree to it. In fact, we like and require the assent of a teenage patient, who can give it in addition to the consent of the parents.”

Dr. Collins and her colleague Arwa Saidi, MD, a pediatric cardiologist, propose “a transition checklist” for hospitalists to review and update every time a pediatric or adolescent patient with a chronic condition arrives at the hospital. This aggregate of information becomes part of the medical record for hospitalists to consult in the future.

Adolescents can present with adult-related problems such as heart disease or stroke. These are the sorts of issues that pediatric hospitalist may not be as comfortable handling. Meanwhile, adult hospitalists encounter child-related issues that don’t normally enter their territory.

For instance, with a patient admitted to the hospital for an asthma flare or diabetic ketoacidosis, adult hospitalists might be unaware of school rules pertaining to inhalers and insulin injections, says Weijen Chang, MD, FAAP, FACP, a hospitalist experienced in treating both adult and pediatric patients at the University of California at San Diego (UCSD).

“They’re not used to interacting with school systems in regards to someone’s health care,” says Dr. Chang, a Team Hospitalist member. “The best solution, as always, is education.”

In April, hospitalists trained in both internal medicine and pediatrics will convene at SHM’s annual meeting in San Diego to educate their peers in managing difficult and unfamiliar situations. (The April 4 workshop, “Demystifying Medical Care of Adults with Chronic Diseases of Childhood: What the Hospitalist Should Know,” has limited seating; visit www.hospitalmedicine2012.org to register.)

At UCSD-affiliated Rady Children’s Hospital, hospitalists encountered a patient who was very agitated and combative toward staff. That wasn’t so unusual, except that the patient was quite large in size. “They were uncomfortable with the physical nature of the interaction,” Dr. Chang says.

The physicians and nurses on a pediatric floor also might not be comfortable with obstetrics, and they might lack the equipment for monitoring fetal heart tones and other vitals. In this case, a pregnant teen would be best served in an adult hospital. On the flip side, an adult hospital might not have a blood pressure cuff small enough for some adolescent patients, says Heather Toth, MD, program director of the med-peds residency at the Medical College of Wisconsin in Milwaukee. Collaboration between adult and pediatric providers is essential in ironing out these types of kinks.

Ironing out these types of kinks is crucial. “The worst mistake you can make is to put off planning for the transition,” says Emily Chapman, MD, a pediatric hospitalist at Children’s Hospitals & Clinics of Minnesota in Minneapolis. “When families are in crisis, they return to what they know, so they are likely to show up in your pediatric emergency room even though their child is now 19 or 20 years old.”

That’s why Dr. Chapman recommends introducing the family to a new health provider for a “get-acquainted visit,” she says. “The medical history can be reviewed, and the patient and doctor can begin to build a relationship.” Once that initial rapport has been established, in crisis, “they’re much more likely to seek out the new provider rather than fall back on their old support system.”

Dr. Chapman was part of a team that assisted with the move to adult care for a Down syndrome patient whom she had known since the patient was about 7 years old. “As he approached about the age of 16, we worked on transitioning his care over a few years period of time,” she explains, “to involve him with adult specialists and adult primary care that could manage him as he got older.”

However, Dr. Chapman cautions against switching the patient’s providers all at once. Instead, she says, “You would change an element of the team, have some period of overlap with the old players and new players, before transitioning the rest of the team.”

Susan Kreimer is a freelance medical writer based in New York.

Reference

1. Diller L. Adult primary care after childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:1417-1424.

Last September, Seattle Children’s Hospital hosted a “graduation day” party for one of its longtime patients, Robyn Nichols.

Robyn first entered the hospital as a 21-month-old after a major car accident that left her a quadriplegic and ventilator-dependent. She was in a coma for nine weeks and spent many days and nights in the children’s hospital. Now 20 years old, she’s ready to be cared for in an adult hospital when the need arises.

Her mother, Amy Thompson, wrote a letter thanking the staff for their dedication. And while she’s sad to say goodbye, she’s grateful for their efforts in overseeing the shift in Robyn’s care to adult specialists.

“If I were to let a doctor know one thing about transitioning a pediatric [patient] to adult care, [it] is for them to recognize how scary it is for the patient as well as the family,” Thompson says. “After being in the adult world with a special-needs adult daughter for a couple of months, I want to go back [to the children’s hospital]. The unknown, when you are talking life and death, can be terrorizing.”

As pediatric patients with chronic medical conditions enter adolescence and the young adult years, proper transitions can make a significant difference in their inpatient and outpatient care. And with thoughtful collaboration, hospitalists can deliver solutions that lead to good outcomes.

“A safe transition provides a great deal of relief and comfort to the families of these patients,” says Moises Auron, MD, FAAP, FACP, assistant professor of medicine and pediatrics at The Cleveland Clinic.

Delayed Dangers

Anticipating a maturing adolescent’s care needs is paramount. Chronic diseases diagnosed in childhood often lead to complications in the teen years and early adulthood. Over time, more complex treatments might be necessary. For instance, Dr. Auron says, a patient living with diabetes since age 5 could require a kidney transplant at age 25.

Childhood cancer survivors also tend to encounter major health challenges as adults, according to an Oct. 13, 2011, report in the New England Journal of Medicine. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common pediatric cancer, with a cure rate surpassing 70%. However, adult survivors of childhood leukemia have heightened risks of secondary cancers, cardiovascular disease, and other chronic illnesses.¹

Assembling transitions-of-care teams is one way that hospitals can help coordinate services for such patients. As these patients mature and “quit seeing their pediatrician, they don’t usually see anybody,” says W. Benjamin Rothwell, MD, associate director of the “med-peds” residency at Tulane University School of Medicine in New Orleans. “At that point, they kind of fall off the map, so to speak, until they present to the hospital acutely ill.”

click for large version

New Orleans has a large population of pediatric patients with sickle-cell anemia, a genetic disease that is more prevalent in blacks. Dr. Rothwell says he and his colleagues strive to transition these patients between the ages of 16 and 26. “The goal,” he says, “is to try to catch people in that 10-year span.”

Other conditions that add to the complexity of care for hospitalists include cerebral palsy, chromosomal abnormalities, congenital heart disease, and pregnancy in teenagers with chronic illnesses. Adult hospitalists might not be fully prepared to deal with developmentally disabled patients.

In such cases, “the family member or caregiver is a trusted ally in knowing what’s going on,” says Susan Hunt, MD, a hospitalist at Seattle Children’s Hospital and University of Washington Medical Center. “It may not be typical for adult providers to expect that kind of communication.” When put into this situation, hospitalists can enlist the caregiver’s input—for instance, asking, “How does your child show pain?”

When patients rely on medical devices, such as a gastric feeding tube, tracheotomy, or wheelchair, it helps to know where the family or previous facility obtained the specific equipment in case a replacement becomes necessary. Staying on top of the patient’s insurance coverage also is vital in a transition, Dr. Hunt says.

Communication should flow easily between providers in inpatient and outpatient settings, as adolescents with chronic conditions are “aging out of the pediatric system,” says Allen Friedland, MD, program director of the combined med-peds residency at Christiana Care Health System in Newark, Del.

Soon they are “thrust into the adult world, which has an entirely different paradigm,” Dr. Friedland says. Among the challenges is linking a hospital’s electronic health records to interface with the information given to the outpatient physicians overseeing a patient’s care.

Christiana Care Health System has collaborated with Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children in nearby Wilmington, Del., to transition patients with complex medical conditions into adult care. Nemours is providing comprehensive summaries, which indicate the types of subspecialty care that a patient could require in the future. “We sort of take some of the mystery out,” Dr. Friedland says. “We really anticipate the issues.”

The worst mistake you can make is to put off planning for the transition. When families are in crisis, they return to what they know, so they are likely to show up in your pediatric emergency room even though their child is now 19 or 20 years old.

—Emily Chapman, MD, pediatric hospitalist, Children’s Hospitals & Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis

Meanwhile, Christiana Care started an outpatient primary-care practice staffed by two physicians, a social worker, and a psychologist liaison. They coordinate with a physician and social worker at Nemours. Secure email also helps facilitate discussions about transitions of care between the pediatric and adult settings.

The teams have access to the transition-care practice providers for round-the-clock consultations, and Dr. Friedland assists in admitting patients to the most appropriate level of hospitalized care. “When a person goes to the ED,” he explains, “there’s already a set of expectations and orders.”

The Choice Is Yours

When staying in the hospital, some patients feel more comfortable on a pediatric floor, others in an adult environment. That’s why Keely Dwyer-Matzky, MD, and Amy Blatt, MD, both Med-Peds hospitalists, created an educational video for adolescent patients at the University of Rochester Medical Center in New York.

“There’s a lot of fear about transitioning, not knowing what it’s going to be like, what the expectations are, or the feeling of the floor itself,” Dr. Dwyer-Matzky says. The video informs viewers about the importance of keeping medical summaries of their problems and speaking up for themselves at visits to their doctors’ offices. It also mentions that the Rochester facility gives adolescents the option to tour an adult floor.

click for large version

“There are a lot of variables,” says Shelley W. Collins, MD, chief of the pediatric hospitalist division at the University of Florida at Gainesville. “If their cognitive level allows them to be participants in their own care, then I think we have obligation to ask them what their preference is.”

The state law that governs where an HM group practices also factors into the equation. In an emergency, a court order could be obtained if a procedure is deemed necessary and a legal guardian has not been established or the patient will not consent, Dr. Collins says of Florida law. “But we prefer to have a patient agree to it. In fact, we like and require the assent of a teenage patient, who can give it in addition to the consent of the parents.”

Dr. Collins and her colleague Arwa Saidi, MD, a pediatric cardiologist, propose “a transition checklist” for hospitalists to review and update every time a pediatric or adolescent patient with a chronic condition arrives at the hospital. This aggregate of information becomes part of the medical record for hospitalists to consult in the future.

Adolescents can present with adult-related problems such as heart disease or stroke. These are the sorts of issues that pediatric hospitalist may not be as comfortable handling. Meanwhile, adult hospitalists encounter child-related issues that don’t normally enter their territory.

For instance, with a patient admitted to the hospital for an asthma flare or diabetic ketoacidosis, adult hospitalists might be unaware of school rules pertaining to inhalers and insulin injections, says Weijen Chang, MD, FAAP, FACP, a hospitalist experienced in treating both adult and pediatric patients at the University of California at San Diego (UCSD).

“They’re not used to interacting with school systems in regards to someone’s health care,” says Dr. Chang, a Team Hospitalist member. “The best solution, as always, is education.”

In April, hospitalists trained in both internal medicine and pediatrics will convene at SHM’s annual meeting in San Diego to educate their peers in managing difficult and unfamiliar situations. (The April 4 workshop, “Demystifying Medical Care of Adults with Chronic Diseases of Childhood: What the Hospitalist Should Know,” has limited seating; visit www.hospitalmedicine2012.org to register.)

At UCSD-affiliated Rady Children’s Hospital, hospitalists encountered a patient who was very agitated and combative toward staff. That wasn’t so unusual, except that the patient was quite large in size. “They were uncomfortable with the physical nature of the interaction,” Dr. Chang says.

The physicians and nurses on a pediatric floor also might not be comfortable with obstetrics, and they might lack the equipment for monitoring fetal heart tones and other vitals. In this case, a pregnant teen would be best served in an adult hospital. On the flip side, an adult hospital might not have a blood pressure cuff small enough for some adolescent patients, says Heather Toth, MD, program director of the med-peds residency at the Medical College of Wisconsin in Milwaukee. Collaboration between adult and pediatric providers is essential in ironing out these types of kinks.

Ironing out these types of kinks is crucial. “The worst mistake you can make is to put off planning for the transition,” says Emily Chapman, MD, a pediatric hospitalist at Children’s Hospitals & Clinics of Minnesota in Minneapolis. “When families are in crisis, they return to what they know, so they are likely to show up in your pediatric emergency room even though their child is now 19 or 20 years old.”

That’s why Dr. Chapman recommends introducing the family to a new health provider for a “get-acquainted visit,” she says. “The medical history can be reviewed, and the patient and doctor can begin to build a relationship.” Once that initial rapport has been established, in crisis, “they’re much more likely to seek out the new provider rather than fall back on their old support system.”

Dr. Chapman was part of a team that assisted with the move to adult care for a Down syndrome patient whom she had known since the patient was about 7 years old. “As he approached about the age of 16, we worked on transitioning his care over a few years period of time,” she explains, “to involve him with adult specialists and adult primary care that could manage him as he got older.”

However, Dr. Chapman cautions against switching the patient’s providers all at once. Instead, she says, “You would change an element of the team, have some period of overlap with the old players and new players, before transitioning the rest of the team.”

Susan Kreimer is a freelance medical writer based in New York.

Reference

1. Diller L. Adult primary care after childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:1417-1424.

Dr. Conway

Dr. Ornstein

Dr. Wachter

Dr. Glasheen

SHM’s annual meeting will bring some of the top thinkers in healthcare and HM to San Diego in April to present the ideas hospitalists will be talking about for the next year. In fact, with their experience in healthcare policy, this year’s presenters will frame the conversations that hospitalists will have at HM13, outside of Washington, D.C.

HM12’s featured speakers include:

Patrick H. Conway, MD, MSc, FAAP, SFHM, chief medical officer and director of the Office of Clinical Standards and Quality for the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS);

Norman J. Ornstein, PhD, MA, resident scholar, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research; and

Robert M. Wachter, MD, MHM, professor and associate chairman of medicine, University of California at San Francisco.

“The featured speakers at HM12 in San Diego are guaranteed to provoke conversation among hospitalists, other caregivers, and policymakers throughout the year and beyond,” says HM12 course director Jeff Glasheen, MD, SFHM. “This year’s lineup brings some of the best hospitalists, nonhospitalists, and perennial favorites to the podium. The breadth of their experience and their insight into providing the best care possible in the hospital will resonate with all of the hospitalists who come to the meeting—and will give them fresh new ideas to take back to their hospitals.”

Dr. Conway and Dr. Ornstein will present starting at 8:15 a.m. Monday, April 2 (visit www.hospitalmedicine2012.org for a complete schedule). Dr. Conway will address the implementation of the Affordable Care Act and how hospitalists can help lead the transformation of the healthcare system. Dr. Ornstein will immediately follow Dr. Conway with his featured address, “Making Health Policy in an Age of Dysfunctional Politics.”

As in years past, Dr. Wachter’s featured presentation will be one of HM12’s final events. His presentation, “The Great Physician, c. 2012: How Hospitalists Must Lead Efforts to Identify and Become This New Breed,” is set for noon Wednesday, April 4.

“If hospitalists really want to be part of the transformation of healthcare and lead their hospitals forward, the featured presentations at HM12 should be required courses,” Dr. Glasheen says.

Dr. Conway

Dr. Ornstein

Dr. Wachter

Dr. Glasheen

SHM’s annual meeting will bring some of the top thinkers in healthcare and HM to San Diego in April to present the ideas hospitalists will be talking about for the next year. In fact, with their experience in healthcare policy, this year’s presenters will frame the conversations that hospitalists will have at HM13, outside of Washington, D.C.

HM12’s featured speakers include:

Patrick H. Conway, MD, MSc, FAAP, SFHM, chief medical officer and director of the Office of Clinical Standards and Quality for the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS);

Norman J. Ornstein, PhD, MA, resident scholar, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research; and

Robert M. Wachter, MD, MHM, professor and associate chairman of medicine, University of California at San Francisco.

“The featured speakers at HM12 in San Diego are guaranteed to provoke conversation among hospitalists, other caregivers, and policymakers throughout the year and beyond,” says HM12 course director Jeff Glasheen, MD, SFHM. “This year’s lineup brings some of the best hospitalists, nonhospitalists, and perennial favorites to the podium. The breadth of their experience and their insight into providing the best care possible in the hospital will resonate with all of the hospitalists who come to the meeting—and will give them fresh new ideas to take back to their hospitals.”

Dr. Conway and Dr. Ornstein will present starting at 8:15 a.m. Monday, April 2 (visit www.hospitalmedicine2012.org for a complete schedule). Dr. Conway will address the implementation of the Affordable Care Act and how hospitalists can help lead the transformation of the healthcare system. Dr. Ornstein will immediately follow Dr. Conway with his featured address, “Making Health Policy in an Age of Dysfunctional Politics.”

As in years past, Dr. Wachter’s featured presentation will be one of HM12’s final events. His presentation, “The Great Physician, c. 2012: How Hospitalists Must Lead Efforts to Identify and Become This New Breed,” is set for noon Wednesday, April 4.

“If hospitalists really want to be part of the transformation of healthcare and lead their hospitals forward, the featured presentations at HM12 should be required courses,” Dr. Glasheen says.

Dr. Conway

Dr. Ornstein

Dr. Wachter

Dr. Glasheen

SHM’s annual meeting will bring some of the top thinkers in healthcare and HM to San Diego in April to present the ideas hospitalists will be talking about for the next year. In fact, with their experience in healthcare policy, this year’s presenters will frame the conversations that hospitalists will have at HM13, outside of Washington, D.C.

HM12’s featured speakers include:

Patrick H. Conway, MD, MSc, FAAP, SFHM, chief medical officer and director of the Office of Clinical Standards and Quality for the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS);

Norman J. Ornstein, PhD, MA, resident scholar, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research; and

Robert M. Wachter, MD, MHM, professor and associate chairman of medicine, University of California at San Francisco.

“The featured speakers at HM12 in San Diego are guaranteed to provoke conversation among hospitalists, other caregivers, and policymakers throughout the year and beyond,” says HM12 course director Jeff Glasheen, MD, SFHM. “This year’s lineup brings some of the best hospitalists, nonhospitalists, and perennial favorites to the podium. The breadth of their experience and their insight into providing the best care possible in the hospital will resonate with all of the hospitalists who come to the meeting—and will give them fresh new ideas to take back to their hospitals.”

Dr. Conway and Dr. Ornstein will present starting at 8:15 a.m. Monday, April 2 (visit www.hospitalmedicine2012.org for a complete schedule). Dr. Conway will address the implementation of the Affordable Care Act and how hospitalists can help lead the transformation of the healthcare system. Dr. Ornstein will immediately follow Dr. Conway with his featured address, “Making Health Policy in an Age of Dysfunctional Politics.”

As in years past, Dr. Wachter’s featured presentation will be one of HM12’s final events. His presentation, “The Great Physician, c. 2012: How Hospitalists Must Lead Efforts to Identify and Become This New Breed,” is set for noon Wednesday, April 4.

“If hospitalists really want to be part of the transformation of healthcare and lead their hospitals forward, the featured presentations at HM12 should be required courses,” Dr. Glasheen says.

Every year, hospitalist group leaders across the country look forward to SHM’s annual State of Hospital Medicine report. The report provides thousands of data points that enable hospitalists to compare their own group’s productivity and compensation against national and regional averages.

And now, hospitalists can receive the 2012 report for free when they participate in the survey.

“This is the definitive tool for hospitalists to measure their compensation, practice models, and productivity against the most up-to-date information from hundreds of similar operations,” says Leslie Flores, SHM senior advisor of practice management.

The report will be somewhat different from the last two years; so, too, will submitting information for the survey. This year, SHM and MGMA will be conducting two separate but parallel surveys (MGMA will license the data from its survey to SHM), which will then be compiled into the State of Hospital Medicine report.

“The means for this year’s report will be different, but the end product—and its utility for hospitalist programs—will not differ greatly,” Flores says.

The report is a valuable tool for hospitalist group leaders because it contains national and regional data on:

• Hospitalist demographics;
• Practice and compensation models, including academic hospital medicine practices;
• Types of hospitals and patients served;
• Coverage models, including use of nonphysician practitioners (NPPs);
• Models of practice funding; and
• Comparisons of work RVUs by practice model.

Now is the time to start the survey, Flores says. In order to provide a data-rich report, the questionnaire requires more than just a few minutes to complete. The survey closes on March 9.

To begin, visit www.hospitalmedicine.org/survey

Every year, hospitalist group leaders across the country look forward to SHM’s annual State of Hospital Medicine report. The report provides thousands of data points that enable hospitalists to compare their own group’s productivity and compensation against national and regional averages.

And now, hospitalists can receive the 2012 report for free when they participate in the survey.

“This is the definitive tool for hospitalists to measure their compensation, practice models, and productivity against the most up-to-date information from hundreds of similar operations,” says Leslie Flores, SHM senior advisor of practice management.

The report will be somewhat different from the last two years; so, too, will submitting information for the survey. This year, SHM and MGMA will be conducting two separate but parallel surveys (MGMA will license the data from its survey to SHM), which will then be compiled into the State of Hospital Medicine report.

“The means for this year’s report will be different, but the end product—and its utility for hospitalist programs—will not differ greatly,” Flores says.

The report is a valuable tool for hospitalist group leaders because it contains national and regional data on:

• Hospitalist demographics;
• Practice and compensation models, including academic hospital medicine practices;
• Types of hospitals and patients served;
• Coverage models, including use of nonphysician practitioners (NPPs);
• Models of practice funding; and
• Comparisons of work RVUs by practice model.

Now is the time to start the survey, Flores says. In order to provide a data-rich report, the questionnaire requires more than just a few minutes to complete. The survey closes on March 9.

To begin, visit www.hospitalmedicine.org/survey

Every year, hospitalist group leaders across the country look forward to SHM’s annual State of Hospital Medicine report. The report provides thousands of data points that enable hospitalists to compare their own group’s productivity and compensation against national and regional averages.

And now, hospitalists can receive the 2012 report for free when they participate in the survey.

“This is the definitive tool for hospitalists to measure their compensation, practice models, and productivity against the most up-to-date information from hundreds of similar operations,” says Leslie Flores, SHM senior advisor of practice management.

The report will be somewhat different from the last two years; so, too, will submitting information for the survey. This year, SHM and MGMA will be conducting two separate but parallel surveys (MGMA will license the data from its survey to SHM), which will then be compiled into the State of Hospital Medicine report.

“The means for this year’s report will be different, but the end product—and its utility for hospitalist programs—will not differ greatly,” Flores says.

The report is a valuable tool for hospitalist group leaders because it contains national and regional data on:

• Hospitalist demographics;
• Practice and compensation models, including academic hospital medicine practices;
• Types of hospitals and patients served;
• Coverage models, including use of nonphysician practitioners (NPPs);
• Models of practice funding; and
• Comparisons of work RVUs by practice model.

Now is the time to start the survey, Flores says. In order to provide a data-rich report, the questionnaire requires more than just a few minutes to complete. The survey closes on March 9.

To begin, visit www.hospitalmedicine.org/survey

Faced with a looming 27% cut in Medicare physician payment rates and a one-year timeline to find a solution, 2011 was the year Congress was going to stop the vicious circle of short-term “doc fix” patches and finally put an end to the Sustainable Growth Rate (SGR) formula. A serious solution really did seem possible when the House Energy and Commerce Committee solicited ideas on how to solve the problem.

SHM and other healthcare groups responded, and there seemed to be genuine interest in acting on the various plans that were presented.

What happened?

In reality, 2011 became the year of deficit reduction (if not in actions, at least in words). Every discussion in Congress seemed to come back to the deficit. Hearings were held, countless bills were introduced, blame was cast, and, eventually, the powerful Joint Deficit Deduction Committee, or “supercommittee,” was charged with finding at least $1.5 trillion in savings. At one point, the committee was even urged to “go big” and come up with $4 trillion in savings.

The deficit-reduction-or-bust mentality suddenly made an SGR fix and its $300 billion price tag seem like a pretty hard sell.

Undaunted, groups representing caregivers tried to turn the focus on the deficit into an opportunity and even approached the supercommittee to resolve the SGR matter—an illogical step at first glance, but the reasoning did make long-term sense. The cost of fixing the SGR will only increase with time, and it is estimated that elimination will cost $600 billion in 2016. A timely fix will be cheaper, as delay will only serve to further increase the deficit.

In an effort to appeal to the deficit committee, SHM worked closely with U.S. Rep. Allyson Schwartz (D-Pa.) to develop and submit a framework for eliminating the SGR and eventually phasing out fee-for-service. Despite these efforts, the deficit committee failed, and lawmakers were left with limited time before the scheduled SGR payment cuts were to take effect on Jan. 1.

As 2011 came to a close, a short-term extension that would last until the end of February was all that Congress could agree to. The SGR cycle began anew.

The positive in all this is that, although an SGR replacement did not happen in 2011 and action in 2012 might turn out to be exceedingly difficult, there are now realistic replacement plans out there. For example, Schwartz is looking to introduce legislation based on her above-mentioned framework, but doing so will need broad support.

Moving forward, it will be imperative for societies like SHM and practitioners like hospitalists to keep pressure on Congress. Individual hospitalists will continue to play an important role by contacting their elected officials. This can be done through personal phone calls and letters, or by responding to SHM’s legislative action alerts. You can even act now by visiting SHM’s legislative action center.

For more public policy information and resources, visit www.hospitalmedicine.org/advocacy

Faced with a looming 27% cut in Medicare physician payment rates and a one-year timeline to find a solution, 2011 was the year Congress was going to stop the vicious circle of short-term “doc fix” patches and finally put an end to the Sustainable Growth Rate (SGR) formula. A serious solution really did seem possible when the House Energy and Commerce Committee solicited ideas on how to solve the problem.

SHM and other healthcare groups responded, and there seemed to be genuine interest in acting on the various plans that were presented.

What happened?

In reality, 2011 became the year of deficit reduction (if not in actions, at least in words). Every discussion in Congress seemed to come back to the deficit. Hearings were held, countless bills were introduced, blame was cast, and, eventually, the powerful Joint Deficit Deduction Committee, or “supercommittee,” was charged with finding at least $1.5 trillion in savings. At one point, the committee was even urged to “go big” and come up with $4 trillion in savings.

The deficit-reduction-or-bust mentality suddenly made an SGR fix and its $300 billion price tag seem like a pretty hard sell.

Undaunted, groups representing caregivers tried to turn the focus on the deficit into an opportunity and even approached the supercommittee to resolve the SGR matter—an illogical step at first glance, but the reasoning did make long-term sense. The cost of fixing the SGR will only increase with time, and it is estimated that elimination will cost $600 billion in 2016. A timely fix will be cheaper, as delay will only serve to further increase the deficit.

In an effort to appeal to the deficit committee, SHM worked closely with U.S. Rep. Allyson Schwartz (D-Pa.) to develop and submit a framework for eliminating the SGR and eventually phasing out fee-for-service. Despite these efforts, the deficit committee failed, and lawmakers were left with limited time before the scheduled SGR payment cuts were to take effect on Jan. 1.

As 2011 came to a close, a short-term extension that would last until the end of February was all that Congress could agree to. The SGR cycle began anew.

The positive in all this is that, although an SGR replacement did not happen in 2011 and action in 2012 might turn out to be exceedingly difficult, there are now realistic replacement plans out there. For example, Schwartz is looking to introduce legislation based on her above-mentioned framework, but doing so will need broad support.

Moving forward, it will be imperative for societies like SHM and practitioners like hospitalists to keep pressure on Congress. Individual hospitalists will continue to play an important role by contacting their elected officials. This can be done through personal phone calls and letters, or by responding to SHM’s legislative action alerts. You can even act now by visiting SHM’s legislative action center.

For more public policy information and resources, visit www.hospitalmedicine.org/advocacy

Faced with a looming 27% cut in Medicare physician payment rates and a one-year timeline to find a solution, 2011 was the year Congress was going to stop the vicious circle of short-term “doc fix” patches and finally put an end to the Sustainable Growth Rate (SGR) formula. A serious solution really did seem possible when the House Energy and Commerce Committee solicited ideas on how to solve the problem.

SHM and other healthcare groups responded, and there seemed to be genuine interest in acting on the various plans that were presented.

What happened?

In reality, 2011 became the year of deficit reduction (if not in actions, at least in words). Every discussion in Congress seemed to come back to the deficit. Hearings were held, countless bills were introduced, blame was cast, and, eventually, the powerful Joint Deficit Deduction Committee, or “supercommittee,” was charged with finding at least $1.5 trillion in savings. At one point, the committee was even urged to “go big” and come up with $4 trillion in savings.

The deficit-reduction-or-bust mentality suddenly made an SGR fix and its $300 billion price tag seem like a pretty hard sell.

Undaunted, groups representing caregivers tried to turn the focus on the deficit into an opportunity and even approached the supercommittee to resolve the SGR matter—an illogical step at first glance, but the reasoning did make long-term sense. The cost of fixing the SGR will only increase with time, and it is estimated that elimination will cost $600 billion in 2016. A timely fix will be cheaper, as delay will only serve to further increase the deficit.

In an effort to appeal to the deficit committee, SHM worked closely with U.S. Rep. Allyson Schwartz (D-Pa.) to develop and submit a framework for eliminating the SGR and eventually phasing out fee-for-service. Despite these efforts, the deficit committee failed, and lawmakers were left with limited time before the scheduled SGR payment cuts were to take effect on Jan. 1.

As 2011 came to a close, a short-term extension that would last until the end of February was all that Congress could agree to. The SGR cycle began anew.

The positive in all this is that, although an SGR replacement did not happen in 2011 and action in 2012 might turn out to be exceedingly difficult, there are now realistic replacement plans out there. For example, Schwartz is looking to introduce legislation based on her above-mentioned framework, but doing so will need broad support.

Moving forward, it will be imperative for societies like SHM and practitioners like hospitalists to keep pressure on Congress. Individual hospitalists will continue to play an important role by contacting their elected officials. This can be done through personal phone calls and letters, or by responding to SHM’s legislative action alerts. You can even act now by visiting SHM’s legislative action center.

For more public policy information and resources, visit www.hospitalmedicine.org/advocacy

Dr. Demyun

March S. Demyun, MD, has accepted a position as program director of the newly developed hospitalist program at Wesley Medical Center in Hattiesburg, Miss. Dr. Demyun joined the hospital as an internist in 2005. The new team will consist of one other full-time hospitalist, a full-time nurse practitioner, and five other internists.

Dr. Valin

J.P. Valin, MD, has been selected as chief medical officer for Banner Medical Group’s Western region. Dr. Valin is chief of staff at McKee Medical Center in Loveland, Colo., as well as the director of McKee’s hospitalist program.

Sarah Swift, MD, has been appointed director of Central Vermont Medical Center’s hospitalist program in Berlin. Dr. Swift most recently served as an inpatient-attending physician at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania in the division of hospital medicine. She also was on the faculty of the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine in Philadelphia.

David Levy, MD, pulmonary disease physician and hospitalist at Beth Israel Medical Center-Kings Highway Division in Brooklyn, N.Y., was presented with the Nefesh Chaya Community Service Award by the Bikur Cholim of Flatbush for outstanding contributions to the community.

Dr. Gray

Jamie Gray, MD, was awarded the 2011 Rising Star Award by Vail Valley Medical Center in Vail, Colo., where she is vice president of the medical staff and an adult hospitalist. The award is for physicians who have been at the hospital for five or fewer years, and acknowledges a standout physician’s abilities in leadership, quality, community contributions, and the daily use of evidence-based medicine. Dr. Gray was chosen by her peers, physician leadership, and hospital administration.

Dr. Arora

Vineet Arora, MD, MPP, FACP, FHM, associate professor of medicine at the University of Chicago, was named one of the “20 People Who Make Healthcare Better 2011” by HealthLeaders Media. Dr. Arora was recognized for her research on sleep schedules for residents to improve quality and safety.

Dr. Demyun

March S. Demyun, MD, has accepted a position as program director of the newly developed hospitalist program at Wesley Medical Center in Hattiesburg, Miss. Dr. Demyun joined the hospital as an internist in 2005. The new team will consist of one other full-time hospitalist, a full-time nurse practitioner, and five other internists.

Dr. Valin

J.P. Valin, MD, has been selected as chief medical officer for Banner Medical Group’s Western region. Dr. Valin is chief of staff at McKee Medical Center in Loveland, Colo., as well as the director of McKee’s hospitalist program.

Sarah Swift, MD, has been appointed director of Central Vermont Medical Center’s hospitalist program in Berlin. Dr. Swift most recently served as an inpatient-attending physician at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania in the division of hospital medicine. She also was on the faculty of the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine in Philadelphia.

David Levy, MD, pulmonary disease physician and hospitalist at Beth Israel Medical Center-Kings Highway Division in Brooklyn, N.Y., was presented with the Nefesh Chaya Community Service Award by the Bikur Cholim of Flatbush for outstanding contributions to the community.

Dr. Gray

Jamie Gray, MD, was awarded the 2011 Rising Star Award by Vail Valley Medical Center in Vail, Colo., where she is vice president of the medical staff and an adult hospitalist. The award is for physicians who have been at the hospital for five or fewer years, and acknowledges a standout physician’s abilities in leadership, quality, community contributions, and the daily use of evidence-based medicine. Dr. Gray was chosen by her peers, physician leadership, and hospital administration.

Dr. Arora

Vineet Arora, MD, MPP, FACP, FHM, associate professor of medicine at the University of Chicago, was named one of the “20 People Who Make Healthcare Better 2011” by HealthLeaders Media. Dr. Arora was recognized for her research on sleep schedules for residents to improve quality and safety.

Dr. Demyun

March S. Demyun, MD, has accepted a position as program director of the newly developed hospitalist program at Wesley Medical Center in Hattiesburg, Miss. Dr. Demyun joined the hospital as an internist in 2005. The new team will consist of one other full-time hospitalist, a full-time nurse practitioner, and five other internists.

Dr. Valin

J.P. Valin, MD, has been selected as chief medical officer for Banner Medical Group’s Western region. Dr. Valin is chief of staff at McKee Medical Center in Loveland, Colo., as well as the director of McKee’s hospitalist program.

Sarah Swift, MD, has been appointed director of Central Vermont Medical Center’s hospitalist program in Berlin. Dr. Swift most recently served as an inpatient-attending physician at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania in the division of hospital medicine. She also was on the faculty of the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine in Philadelphia.

David Levy, MD, pulmonary disease physician and hospitalist at Beth Israel Medical Center-Kings Highway Division in Brooklyn, N.Y., was presented with the Nefesh Chaya Community Service Award by the Bikur Cholim of Flatbush for outstanding contributions to the community.

Dr. Gray

Jamie Gray, MD, was awarded the 2011 Rising Star Award by Vail Valley Medical Center in Vail, Colo., where she is vice president of the medical staff and an adult hospitalist. The award is for physicians who have been at the hospital for five or fewer years, and acknowledges a standout physician’s abilities in leadership, quality, community contributions, and the daily use of evidence-based medicine. Dr. Gray was chosen by her peers, physician leadership, and hospital administration.

Dr. Arora

Vineet Arora, MD, MPP, FACP, FHM, associate professor of medicine at the University of Chicago, was named one of the “20 People Who Make Healthcare Better 2011” by HealthLeaders Media. Dr. Arora was recognized for her research on sleep schedules for residents to improve quality and safety.

For some hospitalists, coding can be akin to what a humorist once said about the weather: Everyone grumbles about it, but no one ever does anything about it. But, like weather, good coding can have a profound effect on a hospitalist practice’s operations and revenues. Unlike the weather, hospitalists can now do something about it.

This month, SHM introduced CODE-H (Coding Optimally by Documenting Effectively for Hospitalists), a series of Web-based education sessions that will help hospitalists optimize their revenue streams through better coding. CODE-H will provide easy access to training and support on coding and documentation issues unique to hospitalists.

“Coding is an integral part of the day-to-day operations for hospitalists, but hospitalists rarely take the opportunity to improve their coding efforts,” says Barb Pierce, CCS-P, ACS-EM, who will be leading the first CODE-H session.

Pierce’s session will be presented live to subscribers on Feb. 1. It, along with all sessions, will be archived for on-demand use.

In addition to formal educational webinars, the series creates an opportunity for individuals with an interest in coding to interact with the webinar faculty and other hospitalists.

Subscribers are encouraged to share the wealth with others in their hospitalist practice. For the subscription price of $1,200, hospitalists get access to the full array of CODE-H resources and programs for up to 10 people in their practices. Additional participants from the same site can be added to the subscription for $50 each.

Hospitalists can register today at www.hospitalmedicine.org/codeh.

For some hospitalists, coding can be akin to what a humorist once said about the weather: Everyone grumbles about it, but no one ever does anything about it. But, like weather, good coding can have a profound effect on a hospitalist practice’s operations and revenues. Unlike the weather, hospitalists can now do something about it.

This month, SHM introduced CODE-H (Coding Optimally by Documenting Effectively for Hospitalists), a series of Web-based education sessions that will help hospitalists optimize their revenue streams through better coding. CODE-H will provide easy access to training and support on coding and documentation issues unique to hospitalists.

“Coding is an integral part of the day-to-day operations for hospitalists, but hospitalists rarely take the opportunity to improve their coding efforts,” says Barb Pierce, CCS-P, ACS-EM, who will be leading the first CODE-H session.

Pierce’s session will be presented live to subscribers on Feb. 1. It, along with all sessions, will be archived for on-demand use.

In addition to formal educational webinars, the series creates an opportunity for individuals with an interest in coding to interact with the webinar faculty and other hospitalists.

Subscribers are encouraged to share the wealth with others in their hospitalist practice. For the subscription price of $1,200, hospitalists get access to the full array of CODE-H resources and programs for up to 10 people in their practices. Additional participants from the same site can be added to the subscription for $50 each.

Hospitalists can register today at www.hospitalmedicine.org/codeh.

For some hospitalists, coding can be akin to what a humorist once said about the weather: Everyone grumbles about it, but no one ever does anything about it. But, like weather, good coding can have a profound effect on a hospitalist practice’s operations and revenues. Unlike the weather, hospitalists can now do something about it.

This month, SHM introduced CODE-H (Coding Optimally by Documenting Effectively for Hospitalists), a series of Web-based education sessions that will help hospitalists optimize their revenue streams through better coding. CODE-H will provide easy access to training and support on coding and documentation issues unique to hospitalists.

“Coding is an integral part of the day-to-day operations for hospitalists, but hospitalists rarely take the opportunity to improve their coding efforts,” says Barb Pierce, CCS-P, ACS-EM, who will be leading the first CODE-H session.

Pierce’s session will be presented live to subscribers on Feb. 1. It, along with all sessions, will be archived for on-demand use.

In addition to formal educational webinars, the series creates an opportunity for individuals with an interest in coding to interact with the webinar faculty and other hospitalists.

Subscribers are encouraged to share the wealth with others in their hospitalist practice. For the subscription price of $1,200, hospitalists get access to the full array of CODE-H resources and programs for up to 10 people in their practices. Additional participants from the same site can be added to the subscription for $50 each.

Hospitalists can register today at www.hospitalmedicine.org/codeh.

One of the most intriguing changes in hospitalist practice staffing over the past few years is the increase in the number of groups integrating nurse practitioners (NPs) and/or physician assistants (PAs) into workflows. When SHM surveyed HM groups in 2005, only 29% of respondents reported having NPs and/or PAs in their practices. In 2011, nearly half (49%) of respondents to the SHM-MGMA nonacademic survey have NPs/PAs in their practices; academic hospital medicine practices were only slightly lower, at 47%.

Of course, it is always important to keep in mind that the respondent pool for the SHM-MGMA surveys is broader than SHM’s historical survey base, which could lead to different results.

Nevertheless, my anecdotal experience from talking with hospitalists around the country, and the experience of SHM Practice Analysis Committee members, supports the conclusion that the proportion of practices using NPs/PAs is growing, and that the number of NPs/PAs per practice is also growing.

Last year, MGMA created new NP/PA specialties just for HM—“Nurse Practitioner: Hospitalist” and “Physician Assistant: Hospitalist.” Data were submitted for only 26 NPs and 23 PAs in these specialties—but hey, it’s a start. Very few practices submitted encounters or wRVUs for hospitalist NPs or PAs, so the only item for which enough data were submitted to report results was compensation, as shown in the table.

NPs in the sample were about evenly divided between hospital-employed and not hospital-employed; however, most of the PAs were hospital-employed. The only region in which enough of the NPs and PAs were located to separately report data was the Southern section. And the vast majority of both NPs and PAs in the sample worked in practices with a shift-based staffing model.

Practice Analysis Committee (PAC) member Scarlett Blue, RN, MSN, vice president of quality and clinical development at Atlanta-based Eagle Hospital Physicians, believes the growing number of NPs and PAs is an indication not only of the continued shortage of physician resources, but also of growing recognition of the value that NPs/PAs can bring to a hospitalist practice. She notes that although Eagle has had NPs/PAs in its practices for some time, the company recently responded to this growth by appointing a national director for hospitalist NP-PA services who is an acute-care nurse practitioner (ACNP) and a doctor of nursing practice (DNP).

Dan Fuller, president of IN Compass Health and a PAC member, concurs. “We’ve had varying success incorporating NPs and PAs so far,” he says. “But as a model, it makes sense. We need to find ways to extend the abilities of our physicians without sacrificing quality.”

The 2012 MGMA surveys are again requesting compensation and productivity data for hospitalist NPs and PAs, and we’re hoping for a robust response. SHM’s new, independent State of Hospital Medicine survey includes questions about NPs and PAs as well. The questionnaires, which only take a few minutes to complete, are available through March 9 at www.hospitalmedicine.org/survey.

Leslie Flores, SHM senior advisor, practice management

MGMA and SHM compensation and productivity surveys are available through March 9; to participate, visit www.hospitalmedicine.org/survey

One of the most intriguing changes in hospitalist practice staffing over the past few years is the increase in the number of groups integrating nurse practitioners (NPs) and/or physician assistants (PAs) into workflows. When SHM surveyed HM groups in 2005, only 29% of respondents reported having NPs and/or PAs in their practices. In 2011, nearly half (49%) of respondents to the SHM-MGMA nonacademic survey have NPs/PAs in their practices; academic hospital medicine practices were only slightly lower, at 47%.

Of course, it is always important to keep in mind that the respondent pool for the SHM-MGMA surveys is broader than SHM’s historical survey base, which could lead to different results.

Nevertheless, my anecdotal experience from talking with hospitalists around the country, and the experience of SHM Practice Analysis Committee members, supports the conclusion that the proportion of practices using NPs/PAs is growing, and that the number of NPs/PAs per practice is also growing.

Last year, MGMA created new NP/PA specialties just for HM—“Nurse Practitioner: Hospitalist” and “Physician Assistant: Hospitalist.” Data were submitted for only 26 NPs and 23 PAs in these specialties—but hey, it’s a start. Very few practices submitted encounters or wRVUs for hospitalist NPs or PAs, so the only item for which enough data were submitted to report results was compensation, as shown in the table.

NPs in the sample were about evenly divided between hospital-employed and not hospital-employed; however, most of the PAs were hospital-employed. The only region in which enough of the NPs and PAs were located to separately report data was the Southern section. And the vast majority of both NPs and PAs in the sample worked in practices with a shift-based staffing model.

Practice Analysis Committee (PAC) member Scarlett Blue, RN, MSN, vice president of quality and clinical development at Atlanta-based Eagle Hospital Physicians, believes the growing number of NPs and PAs is an indication not only of the continued shortage of physician resources, but also of growing recognition of the value that NPs/PAs can bring to a hospitalist practice. She notes that although Eagle has had NPs/PAs in its practices for some time, the company recently responded to this growth by appointing a national director for hospitalist NP-PA services who is an acute-care nurse practitioner (ACNP) and a doctor of nursing practice (DNP).

Dan Fuller, president of IN Compass Health and a PAC member, concurs. “We’ve had varying success incorporating NPs and PAs so far,” he says. “But as a model, it makes sense. We need to find ways to extend the abilities of our physicians without sacrificing quality.”

The 2012 MGMA surveys are again requesting compensation and productivity data for hospitalist NPs and PAs, and we’re hoping for a robust response. SHM’s new, independent State of Hospital Medicine survey includes questions about NPs and PAs as well. The questionnaires, which only take a few minutes to complete, are available through March 9 at www.hospitalmedicine.org/survey.

Leslie Flores, SHM senior advisor, practice management

MGMA and SHM compensation and productivity surveys are available through March 9; to participate, visit www.hospitalmedicine.org/survey

One of the most intriguing changes in hospitalist practice staffing over the past few years is the increase in the number of groups integrating nurse practitioners (NPs) and/or physician assistants (PAs) into workflows. When SHM surveyed HM groups in 2005, only 29% of respondents reported having NPs and/or PAs in their practices. In 2011, nearly half (49%) of respondents to the SHM-MGMA nonacademic survey have NPs/PAs in their practices; academic hospital medicine practices were only slightly lower, at 47%.

Of course, it is always important to keep in mind that the respondent pool for the SHM-MGMA surveys is broader than SHM’s historical survey base, which could lead to different results.

Nevertheless, my anecdotal experience from talking with hospitalists around the country, and the experience of SHM Practice Analysis Committee members, supports the conclusion that the proportion of practices using NPs/PAs is growing, and that the number of NPs/PAs per practice is also growing.

Last year, MGMA created new NP/PA specialties just for HM—“Nurse Practitioner: Hospitalist” and “Physician Assistant: Hospitalist.” Data were submitted for only 26 NPs and 23 PAs in these specialties—but hey, it’s a start. Very few practices submitted encounters or wRVUs for hospitalist NPs or PAs, so the only item for which enough data were submitted to report results was compensation, as shown in the table.

NPs in the sample were about evenly divided between hospital-employed and not hospital-employed; however, most of the PAs were hospital-employed. The only region in which enough of the NPs and PAs were located to separately report data was the Southern section. And the vast majority of both NPs and PAs in the sample worked in practices with a shift-based staffing model.

Practice Analysis Committee (PAC) member Scarlett Blue, RN, MSN, vice president of quality and clinical development at Atlanta-based Eagle Hospital Physicians, believes the growing number of NPs and PAs is an indication not only of the continued shortage of physician resources, but also of growing recognition of the value that NPs/PAs can bring to a hospitalist practice. She notes that although Eagle has had NPs/PAs in its practices for some time, the company recently responded to this growth by appointing a national director for hospitalist NP-PA services who is an acute-care nurse practitioner (ACNP) and a doctor of nursing practice (DNP).

Dan Fuller, president of IN Compass Health and a PAC member, concurs. “We’ve had varying success incorporating NPs and PAs so far,” he says. “But as a model, it makes sense. We need to find ways to extend the abilities of our physicians without sacrificing quality.”

The 2012 MGMA surveys are again requesting compensation and productivity data for hospitalist NPs and PAs, and we’re hoping for a robust response. SHM’s new, independent State of Hospital Medicine survey includes questions about NPs and PAs as well. The questionnaires, which only take a few minutes to complete, are available through March 9 at www.hospitalmedicine.org/survey.

Leslie Flores, SHM senior advisor, practice management

MGMA and SHM compensation and productivity surveys are available through March 9; to participate, visit www.hospitalmedicine.org/survey

Clinical question: What are the rates of serious bacterial infection (SBI) in infants with bronchiolitis?

Background: Fever is common in young infants with viral bronchiolitis. Infants younger than 90 days of age with clinical bronchiolitis and fever often are evaluated according to established guidelines for fever without source. The extent to which this work-up is necessary remains unclear, as rates for bacteremia, urinary tract infections (UTIs), and meningitis have not been precisely defined in this population.

Study design: Systematic review of the literature.

Synopsis: After a Medline database search including the terms serious bacterial infection, bacteremia, meningitis, urinary tract infection, bronchiolitis, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), studies and bibliographies were screened for articles that allowed for a calculation of site- and age-specific rates of SBI. Studies based in ICUs and studies of pneumonia were excluded. Eleven studies were analyzed.

The prevalence rate for UTI was 3.3% based on a random effects meta-analysis. Study design and setting did not appear to influence this rate; however, the prevalence of UTI was higher in RSV-positive infants as opposed to infants with clinical bronchiolitis. Rates for bacteremia were very low, and there were no reported cases of meningitis.

This study provides useful information to guide clinical decision-making in the setting of a young, febrile infant presenting with bronchiolitis. Nonselective work-up for SBI appeared to be routine in the studies reviewed; the yield of work-up for bacteremia was extremely low (and zero for meningitis). Thus, investigations of blood and cerebrospinal fluid might be unnecessary in the uncomplicated patient.

Although it appears that UTIs do occur with reasonable frequency in this population, a primary limitation of the review is that the studies analyzed primarily used urine culture as a means of diagnosis without publication of urinalysis results. This increases the likelihood that UTI rates are overestimated in this population, as asymptomatic bacteriuria is a potential confounder.

Bottom line: Serious bacterial infection is rare in febrile young infants with bronchiolitis.

Citation: Ralston S, Hill V, Waters A. Occult serious bacterial infection in infants younger than 60 to 90 days with bronchiolitis: a systematic review. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2011;165(10):951-956.

Reviewed by Pediatric Editor Mark Shen, MD, FHM, medical director of hospital medicine at Dell Children’s Medical Center, Austin, Texas.

Clinical question: What are the rates of serious bacterial infection (SBI) in infants with bronchiolitis?

Background: Fever is common in young infants with viral bronchiolitis. Infants younger than 90 days of age with clinical bronchiolitis and fever often are evaluated according to established guidelines for fever without source. The extent to which this work-up is necessary remains unclear, as rates for bacteremia, urinary tract infections (UTIs), and meningitis have not been precisely defined in this population.

Study design: Systematic review of the literature.

Synopsis: After a Medline database search including the terms serious bacterial infection, bacteremia, meningitis, urinary tract infection, bronchiolitis, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), studies and bibliographies were screened for articles that allowed for a calculation of site- and age-specific rates of SBI. Studies based in ICUs and studies of pneumonia were excluded. Eleven studies were analyzed.

The prevalence rate for UTI was 3.3% based on a random effects meta-analysis. Study design and setting did not appear to influence this rate; however, the prevalence of UTI was higher in RSV-positive infants as opposed to infants with clinical bronchiolitis. Rates for bacteremia were very low, and there were no reported cases of meningitis.

This study provides useful information to guide clinical decision-making in the setting of a young, febrile infant presenting with bronchiolitis. Nonselective work-up for SBI appeared to be routine in the studies reviewed; the yield of work-up for bacteremia was extremely low (and zero for meningitis). Thus, investigations of blood and cerebrospinal fluid might be unnecessary in the uncomplicated patient.

Although it appears that UTIs do occur with reasonable frequency in this population, a primary limitation of the review is that the studies analyzed primarily used urine culture as a means of diagnosis without publication of urinalysis results. This increases the likelihood that UTI rates are overestimated in this population, as asymptomatic bacteriuria is a potential confounder.

Bottom line: Serious bacterial infection is rare in febrile young infants with bronchiolitis.

Citation: Ralston S, Hill V, Waters A. Occult serious bacterial infection in infants younger than 60 to 90 days with bronchiolitis: a systematic review. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2011;165(10):951-956.

Reviewed by Pediatric Editor Mark Shen, MD, FHM, medical director of hospital medicine at Dell Children’s Medical Center, Austin, Texas.

Clinical question: What are the rates of serious bacterial infection (SBI) in infants with bronchiolitis?

Background: Fever is common in young infants with viral bronchiolitis. Infants younger than 90 days of age with clinical bronchiolitis and fever often are evaluated according to established guidelines for fever without source. The extent to which this work-up is necessary remains unclear, as rates for bacteremia, urinary tract infections (UTIs), and meningitis have not been precisely defined in this population.

Study design: Systematic review of the literature.

Synopsis: After a Medline database search including the terms serious bacterial infection, bacteremia, meningitis, urinary tract infection, bronchiolitis, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), studies and bibliographies were screened for articles that allowed for a calculation of site- and age-specific rates of SBI. Studies based in ICUs and studies of pneumonia were excluded. Eleven studies were analyzed.

The prevalence rate for UTI was 3.3% based on a random effects meta-analysis. Study design and setting did not appear to influence this rate; however, the prevalence of UTI was higher in RSV-positive infants as opposed to infants with clinical bronchiolitis. Rates for bacteremia were very low, and there were no reported cases of meningitis.

This study provides useful information to guide clinical decision-making in the setting of a young, febrile infant presenting with bronchiolitis. Nonselective work-up for SBI appeared to be routine in the studies reviewed; the yield of work-up for bacteremia was extremely low (and zero for meningitis). Thus, investigations of blood and cerebrospinal fluid might be unnecessary in the uncomplicated patient.

Although it appears that UTIs do occur with reasonable frequency in this population, a primary limitation of the review is that the studies analyzed primarily used urine culture as a means of diagnosis without publication of urinalysis results. This increases the likelihood that UTI rates are overestimated in this population, as asymptomatic bacteriuria is a potential confounder.

Bottom line: Serious bacterial infection is rare in febrile young infants with bronchiolitis.

Citation: Ralston S, Hill V, Waters A. Occult serious bacterial infection in infants younger than 60 to 90 days with bronchiolitis: a systematic review. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2011;165(10):951-956.

Reviewed by Pediatric Editor Mark Shen, MD, FHM, medical director of hospital medicine at Dell Children’s Medical Center, Austin, Texas.