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To save on drug costs, insurer wants to steer you to ‘preferred’ pharmacies
One of California’s largest insurers has proposed a change in the benefits of commercial plans next year that would require consumers to pay more for drugs at pharmacies outside an established network.
Blue Shield of California wants to create “a tiered pharmacy network” in its 2018 small- and large-group plans, according to preliminary proposals the company submitted to the California Department of Managed Health Care (DMHC), a state health insurance regulator.
If the proposal is approved by the department before the end of the year, it would affect the coverage of more than 1.8 million consumers, based on 2015 numbers from the regulator.
Under Blue Shield’s proposal, consumers still would have a broad selection of pharmacies, but they would have to choose a “preferred” pharmacy to maintain this year’s copayment amount. Outside of that network, consumers could pay up to $50 more for the same prescription, the company document says.
The move is part of a larger trend among insurers and other health care payers to narrow networks of providers to keep costs down, experts say. Consumers already are familiar with insurers steering them toward certain physicians and hospitals to save money. And narrower pharmacy networks are increasingly common in Medicare and employer-sponsored health coverage.
The Blue Shield proposal would expand pharmacy networks to commercial plans – something California regulators say insurers under their purview aren’t currently doing.
Nationally, insurers and their pharmaceutical benefit managers have been known to selectively contract with pharmacies, although it’s difficult to say how common that practice is.
Pharmacy chain CVS Health expects to dispense tens of millions fewer prescriptions in 2017 as a result of being excluded from health plan pharmacy networks around the nation, according to news media reports. And late last year, because CVS was not included in a Blue Cross of Alabama network, hundreds of thousands of customers were notified that they should switch to a preferred pharmacy if they wanted lower prices.
Raymond Brown, a clinical pharmacy leader at Mercer, a New York-based employee benefits consulting firm, says every health care payer – government, employers, and insurers – scrutinizes the pharmaceutical supply chain to find places to control rising drug costs.
“They’re saying, ‘What else can we do?’ ” he said. “To say ‘Can we do something on the distribution side?’ … I think is a natural additional step.”
Blue Shield of California spokeswoman Molly Weedn said the preferred pharmacy network proposal is an effort to “stabilize the increasingly high cost of drugs for our members.” Blue Shield of California already has preferred pharmacies in its Medicare plans, including CVS/Target, Walmart, Costco, and Safeway/Albertsons and some independent pharmacies. The insurer’s latest proposal would use that same network of pharmacies in its state-regulated commercial market.
But some patient advocates and pharmacists say pharmacy networks can confuse consumers and interfere with patient care.
Another major California insurer, Anthem Blue Cross, joined Blue Shield of California in proposing to create preferred pharmacy networks in Covered California policies for 2018.
But in a letter in December to the health insurance marketplace, attorneys for low-income consumers and other advocacy groups objected. “We reject the allowance of tiered pharmacies as the right solution to our shared concerns about the ever-escalating prices of prescription drugs,” the letter said.
Covered California staff decided not to allow the change in the 2018 health insurance marketplace, spokeswoman Amy Palmer said, because it wouldn’t have considerably brought down health care costs.
Advocates with Consumers Union, which hasn’t taken a position on the most recent Blue Shield proposal, say pharmacy networks could create more complexity for lower-income people in an already complicated health insurance system, one that faces more uncertainty under an Obamacare repeal.
“It’s really not a good time to add one more layer of information that [patients] have to deal with,” said Betsy Imholz, special projects director at Consumers Union. “People will be befuddled.”
Imholz said creating economic incentives to steer patients toward network pharmacies could inconvenience the most vulnerable patients. If the preferred pharmacy is farther away, or in a rural area, lower-income patients dependent on public transit could have a harder time reaching the preferred pharmacy, she said.
“It’s going to add to your costs and your time, and if you have a medical condition, to get to … the cheaper tier of pharmacy, that can be a real burden,” Imholz said.
Many pharmacists don’t like narrow pharmacy networks, either.
Jon Roth, CEO of the California Pharmacists Association, says creating preferred pharmacies can sever long-term relationships that pharmacists have with patients.
Pharmacists “may know everything about [a patient’s] health history, their medication use” and help patients “adhere to their medication instructions,” Roth said. “It’s very distressing.”
But Blue Shield, in its proposals to the DMHC, said its pharmacy network idea is intended to make “health care affordable for all Californians.” And the company suggests that almost all of its commercial plan members live close to a preferred pharmacy.
Still, Katie Keith, a policy consultant and contributor to a recent report on pharmacy access, says the preferred pharmacy approach is not a panacea for rising drug prices.
“It’s not going to solve everything or even get close to solving the whole problem,” Keith said. “It’s a trend to keep an eye on, but I’m not sure how far this will go.”
This story was produced by Kaiser Health News, which publishes California Healthline, an editorially independent service of the California Health Care Foundation. Kaiser Health News is a national health policy news service that is part of the nonpartisan Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation.
One of California’s largest insurers has proposed a change in the benefits of commercial plans next year that would require consumers to pay more for drugs at pharmacies outside an established network.
Blue Shield of California wants to create “a tiered pharmacy network” in its 2018 small- and large-group plans, according to preliminary proposals the company submitted to the California Department of Managed Health Care (DMHC), a state health insurance regulator.
If the proposal is approved by the department before the end of the year, it would affect the coverage of more than 1.8 million consumers, based on 2015 numbers from the regulator.
Under Blue Shield’s proposal, consumers still would have a broad selection of pharmacies, but they would have to choose a “preferred” pharmacy to maintain this year’s copayment amount. Outside of that network, consumers could pay up to $50 more for the same prescription, the company document says.
The move is part of a larger trend among insurers and other health care payers to narrow networks of providers to keep costs down, experts say. Consumers already are familiar with insurers steering them toward certain physicians and hospitals to save money. And narrower pharmacy networks are increasingly common in Medicare and employer-sponsored health coverage.
The Blue Shield proposal would expand pharmacy networks to commercial plans – something California regulators say insurers under their purview aren’t currently doing.
Nationally, insurers and their pharmaceutical benefit managers have been known to selectively contract with pharmacies, although it’s difficult to say how common that practice is.
Pharmacy chain CVS Health expects to dispense tens of millions fewer prescriptions in 2017 as a result of being excluded from health plan pharmacy networks around the nation, according to news media reports. And late last year, because CVS was not included in a Blue Cross of Alabama network, hundreds of thousands of customers were notified that they should switch to a preferred pharmacy if they wanted lower prices.
Raymond Brown, a clinical pharmacy leader at Mercer, a New York-based employee benefits consulting firm, says every health care payer – government, employers, and insurers – scrutinizes the pharmaceutical supply chain to find places to control rising drug costs.
“They’re saying, ‘What else can we do?’ ” he said. “To say ‘Can we do something on the distribution side?’ … I think is a natural additional step.”
Blue Shield of California spokeswoman Molly Weedn said the preferred pharmacy network proposal is an effort to “stabilize the increasingly high cost of drugs for our members.” Blue Shield of California already has preferred pharmacies in its Medicare plans, including CVS/Target, Walmart, Costco, and Safeway/Albertsons and some independent pharmacies. The insurer’s latest proposal would use that same network of pharmacies in its state-regulated commercial market.
But some patient advocates and pharmacists say pharmacy networks can confuse consumers and interfere with patient care.
Another major California insurer, Anthem Blue Cross, joined Blue Shield of California in proposing to create preferred pharmacy networks in Covered California policies for 2018.
But in a letter in December to the health insurance marketplace, attorneys for low-income consumers and other advocacy groups objected. “We reject the allowance of tiered pharmacies as the right solution to our shared concerns about the ever-escalating prices of prescription drugs,” the letter said.
Covered California staff decided not to allow the change in the 2018 health insurance marketplace, spokeswoman Amy Palmer said, because it wouldn’t have considerably brought down health care costs.
Advocates with Consumers Union, which hasn’t taken a position on the most recent Blue Shield proposal, say pharmacy networks could create more complexity for lower-income people in an already complicated health insurance system, one that faces more uncertainty under an Obamacare repeal.
“It’s really not a good time to add one more layer of information that [patients] have to deal with,” said Betsy Imholz, special projects director at Consumers Union. “People will be befuddled.”
Imholz said creating economic incentives to steer patients toward network pharmacies could inconvenience the most vulnerable patients. If the preferred pharmacy is farther away, or in a rural area, lower-income patients dependent on public transit could have a harder time reaching the preferred pharmacy, she said.
“It’s going to add to your costs and your time, and if you have a medical condition, to get to … the cheaper tier of pharmacy, that can be a real burden,” Imholz said.
Many pharmacists don’t like narrow pharmacy networks, either.
Jon Roth, CEO of the California Pharmacists Association, says creating preferred pharmacies can sever long-term relationships that pharmacists have with patients.
Pharmacists “may know everything about [a patient’s] health history, their medication use” and help patients “adhere to their medication instructions,” Roth said. “It’s very distressing.”
But Blue Shield, in its proposals to the DMHC, said its pharmacy network idea is intended to make “health care affordable for all Californians.” And the company suggests that almost all of its commercial plan members live close to a preferred pharmacy.
Still, Katie Keith, a policy consultant and contributor to a recent report on pharmacy access, says the preferred pharmacy approach is not a panacea for rising drug prices.
“It’s not going to solve everything or even get close to solving the whole problem,” Keith said. “It’s a trend to keep an eye on, but I’m not sure how far this will go.”
This story was produced by Kaiser Health News, which publishes California Healthline, an editorially independent service of the California Health Care Foundation. Kaiser Health News is a national health policy news service that is part of the nonpartisan Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation.
One of California’s largest insurers has proposed a change in the benefits of commercial plans next year that would require consumers to pay more for drugs at pharmacies outside an established network.
Blue Shield of California wants to create “a tiered pharmacy network” in its 2018 small- and large-group plans, according to preliminary proposals the company submitted to the California Department of Managed Health Care (DMHC), a state health insurance regulator.
If the proposal is approved by the department before the end of the year, it would affect the coverage of more than 1.8 million consumers, based on 2015 numbers from the regulator.
Under Blue Shield’s proposal, consumers still would have a broad selection of pharmacies, but they would have to choose a “preferred” pharmacy to maintain this year’s copayment amount. Outside of that network, consumers could pay up to $50 more for the same prescription, the company document says.
The move is part of a larger trend among insurers and other health care payers to narrow networks of providers to keep costs down, experts say. Consumers already are familiar with insurers steering them toward certain physicians and hospitals to save money. And narrower pharmacy networks are increasingly common in Medicare and employer-sponsored health coverage.
The Blue Shield proposal would expand pharmacy networks to commercial plans – something California regulators say insurers under their purview aren’t currently doing.
Nationally, insurers and their pharmaceutical benefit managers have been known to selectively contract with pharmacies, although it’s difficult to say how common that practice is.
Pharmacy chain CVS Health expects to dispense tens of millions fewer prescriptions in 2017 as a result of being excluded from health plan pharmacy networks around the nation, according to news media reports. And late last year, because CVS was not included in a Blue Cross of Alabama network, hundreds of thousands of customers were notified that they should switch to a preferred pharmacy if they wanted lower prices.
Raymond Brown, a clinical pharmacy leader at Mercer, a New York-based employee benefits consulting firm, says every health care payer – government, employers, and insurers – scrutinizes the pharmaceutical supply chain to find places to control rising drug costs.
“They’re saying, ‘What else can we do?’ ” he said. “To say ‘Can we do something on the distribution side?’ … I think is a natural additional step.”
Blue Shield of California spokeswoman Molly Weedn said the preferred pharmacy network proposal is an effort to “stabilize the increasingly high cost of drugs for our members.” Blue Shield of California already has preferred pharmacies in its Medicare plans, including CVS/Target, Walmart, Costco, and Safeway/Albertsons and some independent pharmacies. The insurer’s latest proposal would use that same network of pharmacies in its state-regulated commercial market.
But some patient advocates and pharmacists say pharmacy networks can confuse consumers and interfere with patient care.
Another major California insurer, Anthem Blue Cross, joined Blue Shield of California in proposing to create preferred pharmacy networks in Covered California policies for 2018.
But in a letter in December to the health insurance marketplace, attorneys for low-income consumers and other advocacy groups objected. “We reject the allowance of tiered pharmacies as the right solution to our shared concerns about the ever-escalating prices of prescription drugs,” the letter said.
Covered California staff decided not to allow the change in the 2018 health insurance marketplace, spokeswoman Amy Palmer said, because it wouldn’t have considerably brought down health care costs.
Advocates with Consumers Union, which hasn’t taken a position on the most recent Blue Shield proposal, say pharmacy networks could create more complexity for lower-income people in an already complicated health insurance system, one that faces more uncertainty under an Obamacare repeal.
“It’s really not a good time to add one more layer of information that [patients] have to deal with,” said Betsy Imholz, special projects director at Consumers Union. “People will be befuddled.”
Imholz said creating economic incentives to steer patients toward network pharmacies could inconvenience the most vulnerable patients. If the preferred pharmacy is farther away, or in a rural area, lower-income patients dependent on public transit could have a harder time reaching the preferred pharmacy, she said.
“It’s going to add to your costs and your time, and if you have a medical condition, to get to … the cheaper tier of pharmacy, that can be a real burden,” Imholz said.
Many pharmacists don’t like narrow pharmacy networks, either.
Jon Roth, CEO of the California Pharmacists Association, says creating preferred pharmacies can sever long-term relationships that pharmacists have with patients.
Pharmacists “may know everything about [a patient’s] health history, their medication use” and help patients “adhere to their medication instructions,” Roth said. “It’s very distressing.”
But Blue Shield, in its proposals to the DMHC, said its pharmacy network idea is intended to make “health care affordable for all Californians.” And the company suggests that almost all of its commercial plan members live close to a preferred pharmacy.
Still, Katie Keith, a policy consultant and contributor to a recent report on pharmacy access, says the preferred pharmacy approach is not a panacea for rising drug prices.
“It’s not going to solve everything or even get close to solving the whole problem,” Keith said. “It’s a trend to keep an eye on, but I’m not sure how far this will go.”
This story was produced by Kaiser Health News, which publishes California Healthline, an editorially independent service of the California Health Care Foundation. Kaiser Health News is a national health policy news service that is part of the nonpartisan Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation.
Catching up with our CHEST Past Presidents
Where are they now? What have they been up to? CHEST’s Past Presidents each forged the way for the many successes of the American College of Chest Physicians, leading to enhanced patient care around the globe. Their outstanding leadership and vision are evidenced today in many of CHEST’s strategic initiatives. Let’s check in with Dr. Mathers.
President 2008-2009
It was a great honor to be inaugurated as President of the American College of Chest Physicians at the 2008 Annual Meeting in Philadelphia. My chosen vocation was community-based private practice, and from my early years in practice, I found the opportunity to interact with the clinically oriented scholars of CHEST invaluable. My wife Susan and I fondly remember activities with staff, others in leadership, and their families. My immediate goals for my presidential year were to ensure the financial security of the College, in light of the evolving restrictions on industry funding, and to raise the profile of telemedicine for the care of patients with chronic conditions and the critically ill. However, that year is probably most remembered for the unanticipated need to formulate a step-down agreement with then-CEO Alvin Lever, who had served the College for the preceding 17 years.
Early in my practice, I became interested in addressing federal policies that interfered with the ability to provide state-of-the-art care to my patient population. My first committee appointment with CHEST was the Government Relations Committee. Our activities were closely coordinated with the National Association for Medical Direction of Respiratory Care (NAMDRC) and the American Thoracic Society. During my year as Immediate Past President of the College, I was approached by NAMDRC and invited to write their monthly publication, The Washington Watchline. I have continued to enjoy that opportunity, as well as interacting with their membership. When called upon by NAMDRC, I travel to Washington, DC, to meet with Medicare staff to discuss policy issues important in the care of pulmonary patients.
Where are they now? What have they been up to? CHEST’s Past Presidents each forged the way for the many successes of the American College of Chest Physicians, leading to enhanced patient care around the globe. Their outstanding leadership and vision are evidenced today in many of CHEST’s strategic initiatives. Let’s check in with Dr. Mathers.
President 2008-2009
It was a great honor to be inaugurated as President of the American College of Chest Physicians at the 2008 Annual Meeting in Philadelphia. My chosen vocation was community-based private practice, and from my early years in practice, I found the opportunity to interact with the clinically oriented scholars of CHEST invaluable. My wife Susan and I fondly remember activities with staff, others in leadership, and their families. My immediate goals for my presidential year were to ensure the financial security of the College, in light of the evolving restrictions on industry funding, and to raise the profile of telemedicine for the care of patients with chronic conditions and the critically ill. However, that year is probably most remembered for the unanticipated need to formulate a step-down agreement with then-CEO Alvin Lever, who had served the College for the preceding 17 years.
Early in my practice, I became interested in addressing federal policies that interfered with the ability to provide state-of-the-art care to my patient population. My first committee appointment with CHEST was the Government Relations Committee. Our activities were closely coordinated with the National Association for Medical Direction of Respiratory Care (NAMDRC) and the American Thoracic Society. During my year as Immediate Past President of the College, I was approached by NAMDRC and invited to write their monthly publication, The Washington Watchline. I have continued to enjoy that opportunity, as well as interacting with their membership. When called upon by NAMDRC, I travel to Washington, DC, to meet with Medicare staff to discuss policy issues important in the care of pulmonary patients.
Where are they now? What have they been up to? CHEST’s Past Presidents each forged the way for the many successes of the American College of Chest Physicians, leading to enhanced patient care around the globe. Their outstanding leadership and vision are evidenced today in many of CHEST’s strategic initiatives. Let’s check in with Dr. Mathers.
President 2008-2009
It was a great honor to be inaugurated as President of the American College of Chest Physicians at the 2008 Annual Meeting in Philadelphia. My chosen vocation was community-based private practice, and from my early years in practice, I found the opportunity to interact with the clinically oriented scholars of CHEST invaluable. My wife Susan and I fondly remember activities with staff, others in leadership, and their families. My immediate goals for my presidential year were to ensure the financial security of the College, in light of the evolving restrictions on industry funding, and to raise the profile of telemedicine for the care of patients with chronic conditions and the critically ill. However, that year is probably most remembered for the unanticipated need to formulate a step-down agreement with then-CEO Alvin Lever, who had served the College for the preceding 17 years.
Early in my practice, I became interested in addressing federal policies that interfered with the ability to provide state-of-the-art care to my patient population. My first committee appointment with CHEST was the Government Relations Committee. Our activities were closely coordinated with the National Association for Medical Direction of Respiratory Care (NAMDRC) and the American Thoracic Society. During my year as Immediate Past President of the College, I was approached by NAMDRC and invited to write their monthly publication, The Washington Watchline. I have continued to enjoy that opportunity, as well as interacting with their membership. When called upon by NAMDRC, I travel to Washington, DC, to meet with Medicare staff to discuss policy issues important in the care of pulmonary patients.
This month in CHEST Editor’s picks
G iants Chest Medicine
Paul M. O’Byrne, MBBCh, FCCP. By S.E. Wenzel, MD.
O riginal Research
Prevalence and Localization of Pulmonary Embolism in Unexplained Acute Exacerbations of COPD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. By F.E. Aleva, MD, et al.
Commentary
The American College of Radiology Lung Imaging Reporting and Data System: Potential Drawbacks and Need for Revision. By H. J. Mehta, MD, et al.
Special Feature
Improving the Management of COPD in Women. By C.R. Jenkins, MD, et al.
G iants Chest Medicine
Paul M. O’Byrne, MBBCh, FCCP. By S.E. Wenzel, MD.
O riginal Research
Prevalence and Localization of Pulmonary Embolism in Unexplained Acute Exacerbations of COPD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. By F.E. Aleva, MD, et al.
Commentary
The American College of Radiology Lung Imaging Reporting and Data System: Potential Drawbacks and Need for Revision. By H. J. Mehta, MD, et al.
Special Feature
Improving the Management of COPD in Women. By C.R. Jenkins, MD, et al.
G iants Chest Medicine
Paul M. O’Byrne, MBBCh, FCCP. By S.E. Wenzel, MD.
O riginal Research
Prevalence and Localization of Pulmonary Embolism in Unexplained Acute Exacerbations of COPD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. By F.E. Aleva, MD, et al.
Commentary
The American College of Radiology Lung Imaging Reporting and Data System: Potential Drawbacks and Need for Revision. By H. J. Mehta, MD, et al.
Special Feature
Improving the Management of COPD in Women. By C.R. Jenkins, MD, et al.
MACRA: What every hospitalist needs to know
In April 2015, President Obama signed the bipartisan Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act (MACRA) into law, effectively altering the future of the Medicare payment system for providers. MACRA not only removed the Sustainable Growth Rate, but also encouraged quality measure development, expanded the use of Medicare data, and locked provider payment rates to near zero growth.
For Medicare payments, MACRA created the Quality Payment Program, which breaks down clinical payments into two pathways: the Merit-Based Incentive Payment System (MIPS) combining current pay-for-performance programs into one consolidated payment system, and Alternative Payment Models (APMs), incentivizing payment models that move away from a fee-for-service system.
Both pathways incur risk, as well as rewards:
• MIPS. –4% penalty up to 12% positive adjustment in year 1 based on 2017 data reported and collected by the CMS, growing over time to include payment adjustments from –9% to +27% in future years.
• APMs. If the provider is eligible, a 5% payment increase from 2019 to 2024, with no reporting requirements, and exemption from MIPS.
Who is included in the program?
All clinicians who receive Medicare Physician Fee Schedule payments, including physicians, physician assistants, and nurse practitioners, will be affected by this program. The only providers who are exempt from the program are those who fall under low-volume thresholds (either less than $30,000 in Medicare Part B charges or less than 101 Medicare patients) or those in their first year with Medicare.
What is MIPS?
MIPS requires reporting in four categories that determine a physician’s payment adjustment:
• Quality, which replaces the Physician Quality Reporting System (PQRS).
• Cost, which replaces the value-based modifier.
• Advancing Care Information (ACI), which replaces the meaningful use program.
• Improvement activities, a new category, but one in which hospitalists should excel, as they are already participating in many of the activities.
Each category is given relative weight, which the CMS will adjust in the first few years of the program.
Note that in the first year (2017), cost will be calculated, but not used to determine payment amount, hence this category gets a 0% weighting. Also, there are significant differences between how most providers’ MIPS score will be calculated with respect to category weights, and how this will be done for hospitalists.
In addition to cost, the ACI will not play a role in the 2019 performance scores for hospitalists. However, hospitalists who practice in noninpatient settings, such as skilled nursing facilities or ambulatory clinics, will be subject to the ACI unless they apply for exceptions.
The quality category requires physicians to report on 6 of the 271 measures available. Hospitalists can report from the hospitalist-specific specialty set for which the Society of Hospital Medicine (SHM) was successful in advocating. Although continued cooperation between the CMS and SHM is necessary to fine-tune the measures, below are those that the SHM believes are reportable by, and most relevant to, hospitalists.
The improvement activities category will determine 15% of hospitalists’ performance in the MIPS. To receive full credit for this category, hospitalists must report on activities totaling 40 points. There are 92 available activities across eight different categories – 20 points for those that have a “high” weight determination and 10 points for those with medium weight.
In 2017, the CMS will calculate the cost category for providers, but it will not be counted toward the overall score. The data will still be collected based on Medicare Part A and Part B costs and will be reported to groups. Over time, this category will increase in scoring weight.
The Advancing Care Information category replaces the meaningful use program. This category will still promote EHR use, but hospitalists should be exempt from this category because of their “hospital-based” practice setting. This exemption is the reason why the quality category counts for 85% of the hospitalists’ score.
What is the APM Track?
The Alternative Payment Model pathway will be difficult for hospitalists to participate in, given its current criteria. Only advanced APMs will qualify, and for an APM to qualify as advanced, its clinicians/groups must use certified EHR technology, tie clinician payments to quality measures, and bear greater than nominal financial risk for outcomes and expenses, or qualify as a medical home. A provider must also meet rather high patient or payment thresholds coming from the model (greater than 25% of Medicare payments or greater than 20% of patients as part of an APM) in order to qualify.
Nominal financial risk is defined as either meeting revenue standards (at risk of losing 7% of its own revenues when Medicare expenditures are higher than expected) or benchmark-based standards (at risk of repaying the CMS up to a maximum of 3% of total Medicare expenditures).
Many hospitalists are participating in the Bundled Payments for Care Improvement (BPCI) model, but in its current form, it does not qualify as an APM for 2017 reporting.
The CMS has indicated that new voluntary bundled payment models that meet advanced APM criteria will be developed, but as of 2017, the list of APMs is slim, including only the Comprehensive ESRD Care, Comprehensive Primary Care Plus, Next Generation ACO, Shared Savings Program Tracks 2 and 3, and Oncology Care models.
Interested in learning more?
The SHM is working relentlessly in advocating on the behalf of hospitalists, and is constantly developing resources that will better prepare hospitalists for success within this program. If you are interested in learning more, check out the following resources:
• The SHM’s MACRA for Hospitalists website. Learn more about MACRA and its impact on hospitalists at www.macraforhm.org.
• The SHM’s annual meeting. A health policy track has been approved for HM17, including two sessions May 4 from 7:45 a.m.–8:35 a.m., “Hot Topics in Health Policy for Hospitalists,” and from 8:45 a.m.–9:40 a.m., “The Impact of the New Administration on Health Care Reform.” A MACRA-specific session will be held May 4 from 9:50 a.m.–10:45 a.m., “Tips for MIPS and Beyond,” as well as an Advocacy and Public Policy Special Interest Forum on May 2 from 4:30 p.m.–5:25 p.m.
• HMX. Join the advocacy and public policy community on HMX to learn more about dynamic changes in public policy and be a part of the conversation.
• Connect with SHM staff. Email Josh Boswell, SHM’s director of government relations, at [email protected].
• The CMS website. An easy to navigate site, the CMS’s MACRA-specific site, qpp.cms.gov, has additional resources and educational tools.
Dr. Lenchus is associate professor of clinical medicine, anesthesiology, and radiology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, and associate director, University of Miami/Jackson Memorial Hospital Center for Patient Safety, Miami.
Dr. Dutta is interim division chief, division of hospital medicine; medical director, attending/APP directed services; and assistant professor, department of internal medicine, Rush Medical College in Chicago.
Dr. Afsar-Manesh is chief quality officer, department of medicine, UCLA Health in Los Angeles, and treasurer of SHM’s board of directors.
All three are members of SHM’s Public Policy Committee.
In April 2015, President Obama signed the bipartisan Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act (MACRA) into law, effectively altering the future of the Medicare payment system for providers. MACRA not only removed the Sustainable Growth Rate, but also encouraged quality measure development, expanded the use of Medicare data, and locked provider payment rates to near zero growth.
For Medicare payments, MACRA created the Quality Payment Program, which breaks down clinical payments into two pathways: the Merit-Based Incentive Payment System (MIPS) combining current pay-for-performance programs into one consolidated payment system, and Alternative Payment Models (APMs), incentivizing payment models that move away from a fee-for-service system.
Both pathways incur risk, as well as rewards:
• MIPS. –4% penalty up to 12% positive adjustment in year 1 based on 2017 data reported and collected by the CMS, growing over time to include payment adjustments from –9% to +27% in future years.
• APMs. If the provider is eligible, a 5% payment increase from 2019 to 2024, with no reporting requirements, and exemption from MIPS.
Who is included in the program?
All clinicians who receive Medicare Physician Fee Schedule payments, including physicians, physician assistants, and nurse practitioners, will be affected by this program. The only providers who are exempt from the program are those who fall under low-volume thresholds (either less than $30,000 in Medicare Part B charges or less than 101 Medicare patients) or those in their first year with Medicare.
What is MIPS?
MIPS requires reporting in four categories that determine a physician’s payment adjustment:
• Quality, which replaces the Physician Quality Reporting System (PQRS).
• Cost, which replaces the value-based modifier.
• Advancing Care Information (ACI), which replaces the meaningful use program.
• Improvement activities, a new category, but one in which hospitalists should excel, as they are already participating in many of the activities.
Each category is given relative weight, which the CMS will adjust in the first few years of the program.
Note that in the first year (2017), cost will be calculated, but not used to determine payment amount, hence this category gets a 0% weighting. Also, there are significant differences between how most providers’ MIPS score will be calculated with respect to category weights, and how this will be done for hospitalists.
In addition to cost, the ACI will not play a role in the 2019 performance scores for hospitalists. However, hospitalists who practice in noninpatient settings, such as skilled nursing facilities or ambulatory clinics, will be subject to the ACI unless they apply for exceptions.
The quality category requires physicians to report on 6 of the 271 measures available. Hospitalists can report from the hospitalist-specific specialty set for which the Society of Hospital Medicine (SHM) was successful in advocating. Although continued cooperation between the CMS and SHM is necessary to fine-tune the measures, below are those that the SHM believes are reportable by, and most relevant to, hospitalists.
The improvement activities category will determine 15% of hospitalists’ performance in the MIPS. To receive full credit for this category, hospitalists must report on activities totaling 40 points. There are 92 available activities across eight different categories – 20 points for those that have a “high” weight determination and 10 points for those with medium weight.
In 2017, the CMS will calculate the cost category for providers, but it will not be counted toward the overall score. The data will still be collected based on Medicare Part A and Part B costs and will be reported to groups. Over time, this category will increase in scoring weight.
The Advancing Care Information category replaces the meaningful use program. This category will still promote EHR use, but hospitalists should be exempt from this category because of their “hospital-based” practice setting. This exemption is the reason why the quality category counts for 85% of the hospitalists’ score.
What is the APM Track?
The Alternative Payment Model pathway will be difficult for hospitalists to participate in, given its current criteria. Only advanced APMs will qualify, and for an APM to qualify as advanced, its clinicians/groups must use certified EHR technology, tie clinician payments to quality measures, and bear greater than nominal financial risk for outcomes and expenses, or qualify as a medical home. A provider must also meet rather high patient or payment thresholds coming from the model (greater than 25% of Medicare payments or greater than 20% of patients as part of an APM) in order to qualify.
Nominal financial risk is defined as either meeting revenue standards (at risk of losing 7% of its own revenues when Medicare expenditures are higher than expected) or benchmark-based standards (at risk of repaying the CMS up to a maximum of 3% of total Medicare expenditures).
Many hospitalists are participating in the Bundled Payments for Care Improvement (BPCI) model, but in its current form, it does not qualify as an APM for 2017 reporting.
The CMS has indicated that new voluntary bundled payment models that meet advanced APM criteria will be developed, but as of 2017, the list of APMs is slim, including only the Comprehensive ESRD Care, Comprehensive Primary Care Plus, Next Generation ACO, Shared Savings Program Tracks 2 and 3, and Oncology Care models.
Interested in learning more?
The SHM is working relentlessly in advocating on the behalf of hospitalists, and is constantly developing resources that will better prepare hospitalists for success within this program. If you are interested in learning more, check out the following resources:
• The SHM’s MACRA for Hospitalists website. Learn more about MACRA and its impact on hospitalists at www.macraforhm.org.
• The SHM’s annual meeting. A health policy track has been approved for HM17, including two sessions May 4 from 7:45 a.m.–8:35 a.m., “Hot Topics in Health Policy for Hospitalists,” and from 8:45 a.m.–9:40 a.m., “The Impact of the New Administration on Health Care Reform.” A MACRA-specific session will be held May 4 from 9:50 a.m.–10:45 a.m., “Tips for MIPS and Beyond,” as well as an Advocacy and Public Policy Special Interest Forum on May 2 from 4:30 p.m.–5:25 p.m.
• HMX. Join the advocacy and public policy community on HMX to learn more about dynamic changes in public policy and be a part of the conversation.
• Connect with SHM staff. Email Josh Boswell, SHM’s director of government relations, at [email protected].
• The CMS website. An easy to navigate site, the CMS’s MACRA-specific site, qpp.cms.gov, has additional resources and educational tools.
Dr. Lenchus is associate professor of clinical medicine, anesthesiology, and radiology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, and associate director, University of Miami/Jackson Memorial Hospital Center for Patient Safety, Miami.
Dr. Dutta is interim division chief, division of hospital medicine; medical director, attending/APP directed services; and assistant professor, department of internal medicine, Rush Medical College in Chicago.
Dr. Afsar-Manesh is chief quality officer, department of medicine, UCLA Health in Los Angeles, and treasurer of SHM’s board of directors.
All three are members of SHM’s Public Policy Committee.
In April 2015, President Obama signed the bipartisan Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act (MACRA) into law, effectively altering the future of the Medicare payment system for providers. MACRA not only removed the Sustainable Growth Rate, but also encouraged quality measure development, expanded the use of Medicare data, and locked provider payment rates to near zero growth.
For Medicare payments, MACRA created the Quality Payment Program, which breaks down clinical payments into two pathways: the Merit-Based Incentive Payment System (MIPS) combining current pay-for-performance programs into one consolidated payment system, and Alternative Payment Models (APMs), incentivizing payment models that move away from a fee-for-service system.
Both pathways incur risk, as well as rewards:
• MIPS. –4% penalty up to 12% positive adjustment in year 1 based on 2017 data reported and collected by the CMS, growing over time to include payment adjustments from –9% to +27% in future years.
• APMs. If the provider is eligible, a 5% payment increase from 2019 to 2024, with no reporting requirements, and exemption from MIPS.
Who is included in the program?
All clinicians who receive Medicare Physician Fee Schedule payments, including physicians, physician assistants, and nurse practitioners, will be affected by this program. The only providers who are exempt from the program are those who fall under low-volume thresholds (either less than $30,000 in Medicare Part B charges or less than 101 Medicare patients) or those in their first year with Medicare.
What is MIPS?
MIPS requires reporting in four categories that determine a physician’s payment adjustment:
• Quality, which replaces the Physician Quality Reporting System (PQRS).
• Cost, which replaces the value-based modifier.
• Advancing Care Information (ACI), which replaces the meaningful use program.
• Improvement activities, a new category, but one in which hospitalists should excel, as they are already participating in many of the activities.
Each category is given relative weight, which the CMS will adjust in the first few years of the program.
Note that in the first year (2017), cost will be calculated, but not used to determine payment amount, hence this category gets a 0% weighting. Also, there are significant differences between how most providers’ MIPS score will be calculated with respect to category weights, and how this will be done for hospitalists.
In addition to cost, the ACI will not play a role in the 2019 performance scores for hospitalists. However, hospitalists who practice in noninpatient settings, such as skilled nursing facilities or ambulatory clinics, will be subject to the ACI unless they apply for exceptions.
The quality category requires physicians to report on 6 of the 271 measures available. Hospitalists can report from the hospitalist-specific specialty set for which the Society of Hospital Medicine (SHM) was successful in advocating. Although continued cooperation between the CMS and SHM is necessary to fine-tune the measures, below are those that the SHM believes are reportable by, and most relevant to, hospitalists.
The improvement activities category will determine 15% of hospitalists’ performance in the MIPS. To receive full credit for this category, hospitalists must report on activities totaling 40 points. There are 92 available activities across eight different categories – 20 points for those that have a “high” weight determination and 10 points for those with medium weight.
In 2017, the CMS will calculate the cost category for providers, but it will not be counted toward the overall score. The data will still be collected based on Medicare Part A and Part B costs and will be reported to groups. Over time, this category will increase in scoring weight.
The Advancing Care Information category replaces the meaningful use program. This category will still promote EHR use, but hospitalists should be exempt from this category because of their “hospital-based” practice setting. This exemption is the reason why the quality category counts for 85% of the hospitalists’ score.
What is the APM Track?
The Alternative Payment Model pathway will be difficult for hospitalists to participate in, given its current criteria. Only advanced APMs will qualify, and for an APM to qualify as advanced, its clinicians/groups must use certified EHR technology, tie clinician payments to quality measures, and bear greater than nominal financial risk for outcomes and expenses, or qualify as a medical home. A provider must also meet rather high patient or payment thresholds coming from the model (greater than 25% of Medicare payments or greater than 20% of patients as part of an APM) in order to qualify.
Nominal financial risk is defined as either meeting revenue standards (at risk of losing 7% of its own revenues when Medicare expenditures are higher than expected) or benchmark-based standards (at risk of repaying the CMS up to a maximum of 3% of total Medicare expenditures).
Many hospitalists are participating in the Bundled Payments for Care Improvement (BPCI) model, but in its current form, it does not qualify as an APM for 2017 reporting.
The CMS has indicated that new voluntary bundled payment models that meet advanced APM criteria will be developed, but as of 2017, the list of APMs is slim, including only the Comprehensive ESRD Care, Comprehensive Primary Care Plus, Next Generation ACO, Shared Savings Program Tracks 2 and 3, and Oncology Care models.
Interested in learning more?
The SHM is working relentlessly in advocating on the behalf of hospitalists, and is constantly developing resources that will better prepare hospitalists for success within this program. If you are interested in learning more, check out the following resources:
• The SHM’s MACRA for Hospitalists website. Learn more about MACRA and its impact on hospitalists at www.macraforhm.org.
• The SHM’s annual meeting. A health policy track has been approved for HM17, including two sessions May 4 from 7:45 a.m.–8:35 a.m., “Hot Topics in Health Policy for Hospitalists,” and from 8:45 a.m.–9:40 a.m., “The Impact of the New Administration on Health Care Reform.” A MACRA-specific session will be held May 4 from 9:50 a.m.–10:45 a.m., “Tips for MIPS and Beyond,” as well as an Advocacy and Public Policy Special Interest Forum on May 2 from 4:30 p.m.–5:25 p.m.
• HMX. Join the advocacy and public policy community on HMX to learn more about dynamic changes in public policy and be a part of the conversation.
• Connect with SHM staff. Email Josh Boswell, SHM’s director of government relations, at [email protected].
• The CMS website. An easy to navigate site, the CMS’s MACRA-specific site, qpp.cms.gov, has additional resources and educational tools.
Dr. Lenchus is associate professor of clinical medicine, anesthesiology, and radiology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, and associate director, University of Miami/Jackson Memorial Hospital Center for Patient Safety, Miami.
Dr. Dutta is interim division chief, division of hospital medicine; medical director, attending/APP directed services; and assistant professor, department of internal medicine, Rush Medical College in Chicago.
Dr. Afsar-Manesh is chief quality officer, department of medicine, UCLA Health in Los Angeles, and treasurer of SHM’s board of directors.
All three are members of SHM’s Public Policy Committee.
Five-day treatment of ear infections
In December 2016, the results of a randomized, controlled trial of 5-day vs. 10-day amoxicillin/clavulanate treatment of acute otitis media (AOM) in children aged 6-23 months was reported by Hoberman et al. in the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM).1 Predefined criteria for clinical failure were used that considered both symptoms and signs of AOM, assessed on days 12-14 after start of treatment with 5 vs. 10 days of treatment with the antibiotic. The conclusion reached was clear: The clinical failure rate for the 5-day regimen was 34% vs. 16% in the 10-day group, supporting a preference for the 10-day treatment.
I was surprised. The clinical failure rate for the 5-day regimen seemed very high for treatment with amoxicillin/clavulanate. If it is 34% with amoxicillin/clavulanate, then what would it have been with amoxicillin, as recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics?
So, why did the systematic review conclude that there was a minimal difference between shortened treatments and the standard 10-day when the NEJM study reported such a striking difference?
In Rochester, N.Y., we have been conducting a longitudinal, prospective study of AOM that is NIH-sponsored to better understand the immune response to AOM, especially in otitis-prone children.3,4 In that study we are treating all children aged 6-23 months with amoxicillin/clavulanate using the same dose as used in the study by Hoberman et al. We have two exceptions: If the child has a second AOM within 30 days of a prior episode or they have an eardrum rupture, we treat for 10 days.5 Our clinical failure rate is 6%. Why is the failure rate in Rochester so much lower than that in Pittsburgh and Bardstown, Ky., where the Hoberman et al. study was done?
One possibility is an important difference in our study design, compared with that of the NEJM study. All the children in our prospective study have a tympanocentesis to confirm the clinical diagnosis, and our research has shown that tympanocentesis results in immediate relief of ear pain and reduces the frequency of antibiotic treatment failure about twofold, compared with children diagnosed and treated by the same physicians in the same clinic practice.6 So, if the tympanocentesis is factored out of the equation, the Rochester clinical failure comes out to 14% for 5-day treatment. Why would the children in Rochester not getting a tympanocentesis, being treated with the same antibiotic, same dose, and same definition of clinical failure, during the same time frame, and having the same bacteria with the same antibiotic resistance rates have a clinical failure rate of 14%, compared with the 34% in the NEJM study?
Next question: How does a clinical failure rate of 34% fit according to past studies of shortened course antibiotic treatment of AOM? Besides the systematic review and meta-analysis noted above, in many countries outside the United States the 5-day regimen is standard, so, if health care providers were seeing a 34% failure rate, that would have been noticeable for sure.8 So, if health care providers were seeing a 34% failure rate, would that not have been noticeable? And would not a 16% failure rate, nearly 1 of 5 cases, be noticeable for children treated for 10 days?
Was there something different about the children who were in the Hoberman et al. study and the children treated in countries outside the United States and in our practice in Rochester? My group has collaborated and published on studies of AOM with the Pittsburgh and Kentucky groups, and we have not found significant site to site differences in outcomes, demonstrating that a population difference is unlikely.9-11
Next question: How does a clinical failure rate of 16% fit according to past studies of 10 days’ antibiotic treatment of AOM? It is on target with the meta-analysis and two other recent studies in the NEJM.12,13 However, if the failure rate was 16% with amoxicillin/clavulanate (which is effective against beta-lactamase–producing Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis, whereas amoxicillin is not), then the predicted failure rate with amoxicillin for 10 days should be double (34%) or triple (51%) had amoxicillin been used as recommended by the AAP in light of the bacterial resistance of otopathogens. That calculation is based on the prevalence of beta-lactamase–producing H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis in the Pittsburgh and Kentucky populations, the same prevalence seen in the Rochester population.” 14
So, I conclude that this wonderful study does not convince me to change my practice from standard use of 5-day amoxicillin/clavulanate treatment of AOM. Besides, outside of a study setting, most parents don’t give the full 10-day treatment. They stop when their child seems normal (a few days after starting treatment) and save the remainder of the medicine in the refrigerator for the next illness to save a trip to the doctor. Plus, in this column, I did not even get into the issue of disturbing the microbiome with longer courses of antibiotic treatment, a topic for a future discussion.
References
1. N Engl J Med. 2016 Dec 22;375(25):2446-56.
2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Sep 8;(9):CD001095.
3. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2016 Sep;35(9):1027-32.
4. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2016 Sep;35(9):1033-9.
5. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2001 Apr;124(4):381-7.
6. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2013 May;32(5):473-8.
7. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006 Mar;25(3):211-8.
8. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000 Sep;19(9):929-37.
9. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1999 Aug;18(8):741-4.
10. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2008 Nov;47(9):901-6.
11. Drugs. 2012 Oct 22;72(15):1991-7.
12. N Engl J Med. 2011 Jan 13;364(2):105-15.
13. N Engl J Med. 2011 Jan 13;364(2):116-26.
14. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2016 Aug;35(8):901-6.
Dr. Pichichero, a specialist in pediatric infectious diseases, is director of the Research Institute, Rochester (N.Y.) General Hospital. He is also a pediatrician at Legacy Pediatrics in Rochester. He has no disclosures.
In December 2016, the results of a randomized, controlled trial of 5-day vs. 10-day amoxicillin/clavulanate treatment of acute otitis media (AOM) in children aged 6-23 months was reported by Hoberman et al. in the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM).1 Predefined criteria for clinical failure were used that considered both symptoms and signs of AOM, assessed on days 12-14 after start of treatment with 5 vs. 10 days of treatment with the antibiotic. The conclusion reached was clear: The clinical failure rate for the 5-day regimen was 34% vs. 16% in the 10-day group, supporting a preference for the 10-day treatment.
I was surprised. The clinical failure rate for the 5-day regimen seemed very high for treatment with amoxicillin/clavulanate. If it is 34% with amoxicillin/clavulanate, then what would it have been with amoxicillin, as recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics?
So, why did the systematic review conclude that there was a minimal difference between shortened treatments and the standard 10-day when the NEJM study reported such a striking difference?
In Rochester, N.Y., we have been conducting a longitudinal, prospective study of AOM that is NIH-sponsored to better understand the immune response to AOM, especially in otitis-prone children.3,4 In that study we are treating all children aged 6-23 months with amoxicillin/clavulanate using the same dose as used in the study by Hoberman et al. We have two exceptions: If the child has a second AOM within 30 days of a prior episode or they have an eardrum rupture, we treat for 10 days.5 Our clinical failure rate is 6%. Why is the failure rate in Rochester so much lower than that in Pittsburgh and Bardstown, Ky., where the Hoberman et al. study was done?
One possibility is an important difference in our study design, compared with that of the NEJM study. All the children in our prospective study have a tympanocentesis to confirm the clinical diagnosis, and our research has shown that tympanocentesis results in immediate relief of ear pain and reduces the frequency of antibiotic treatment failure about twofold, compared with children diagnosed and treated by the same physicians in the same clinic practice.6 So, if the tympanocentesis is factored out of the equation, the Rochester clinical failure comes out to 14% for 5-day treatment. Why would the children in Rochester not getting a tympanocentesis, being treated with the same antibiotic, same dose, and same definition of clinical failure, during the same time frame, and having the same bacteria with the same antibiotic resistance rates have a clinical failure rate of 14%, compared with the 34% in the NEJM study?
Next question: How does a clinical failure rate of 34% fit according to past studies of shortened course antibiotic treatment of AOM? Besides the systematic review and meta-analysis noted above, in many countries outside the United States the 5-day regimen is standard, so, if health care providers were seeing a 34% failure rate, that would have been noticeable for sure.8 So, if health care providers were seeing a 34% failure rate, would that not have been noticeable? And would not a 16% failure rate, nearly 1 of 5 cases, be noticeable for children treated for 10 days?
Was there something different about the children who were in the Hoberman et al. study and the children treated in countries outside the United States and in our practice in Rochester? My group has collaborated and published on studies of AOM with the Pittsburgh and Kentucky groups, and we have not found significant site to site differences in outcomes, demonstrating that a population difference is unlikely.9-11
Next question: How does a clinical failure rate of 16% fit according to past studies of 10 days’ antibiotic treatment of AOM? It is on target with the meta-analysis and two other recent studies in the NEJM.12,13 However, if the failure rate was 16% with amoxicillin/clavulanate (which is effective against beta-lactamase–producing Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis, whereas amoxicillin is not), then the predicted failure rate with amoxicillin for 10 days should be double (34%) or triple (51%) had amoxicillin been used as recommended by the AAP in light of the bacterial resistance of otopathogens. That calculation is based on the prevalence of beta-lactamase–producing H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis in the Pittsburgh and Kentucky populations, the same prevalence seen in the Rochester population.” 14
So, I conclude that this wonderful study does not convince me to change my practice from standard use of 5-day amoxicillin/clavulanate treatment of AOM. Besides, outside of a study setting, most parents don’t give the full 10-day treatment. They stop when their child seems normal (a few days after starting treatment) and save the remainder of the medicine in the refrigerator for the next illness to save a trip to the doctor. Plus, in this column, I did not even get into the issue of disturbing the microbiome with longer courses of antibiotic treatment, a topic for a future discussion.
References
1. N Engl J Med. 2016 Dec 22;375(25):2446-56.
2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Sep 8;(9):CD001095.
3. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2016 Sep;35(9):1027-32.
4. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2016 Sep;35(9):1033-9.
5. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2001 Apr;124(4):381-7.
6. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2013 May;32(5):473-8.
7. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006 Mar;25(3):211-8.
8. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000 Sep;19(9):929-37.
9. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1999 Aug;18(8):741-4.
10. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2008 Nov;47(9):901-6.
11. Drugs. 2012 Oct 22;72(15):1991-7.
12. N Engl J Med. 2011 Jan 13;364(2):105-15.
13. N Engl J Med. 2011 Jan 13;364(2):116-26.
14. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2016 Aug;35(8):901-6.
Dr. Pichichero, a specialist in pediatric infectious diseases, is director of the Research Institute, Rochester (N.Y.) General Hospital. He is also a pediatrician at Legacy Pediatrics in Rochester. He has no disclosures.
In December 2016, the results of a randomized, controlled trial of 5-day vs. 10-day amoxicillin/clavulanate treatment of acute otitis media (AOM) in children aged 6-23 months was reported by Hoberman et al. in the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM).1 Predefined criteria for clinical failure were used that considered both symptoms and signs of AOM, assessed on days 12-14 after start of treatment with 5 vs. 10 days of treatment with the antibiotic. The conclusion reached was clear: The clinical failure rate for the 5-day regimen was 34% vs. 16% in the 10-day group, supporting a preference for the 10-day treatment.
I was surprised. The clinical failure rate for the 5-day regimen seemed very high for treatment with amoxicillin/clavulanate. If it is 34% with amoxicillin/clavulanate, then what would it have been with amoxicillin, as recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics?
So, why did the systematic review conclude that there was a minimal difference between shortened treatments and the standard 10-day when the NEJM study reported such a striking difference?
In Rochester, N.Y., we have been conducting a longitudinal, prospective study of AOM that is NIH-sponsored to better understand the immune response to AOM, especially in otitis-prone children.3,4 In that study we are treating all children aged 6-23 months with amoxicillin/clavulanate using the same dose as used in the study by Hoberman et al. We have two exceptions: If the child has a second AOM within 30 days of a prior episode or they have an eardrum rupture, we treat for 10 days.5 Our clinical failure rate is 6%. Why is the failure rate in Rochester so much lower than that in Pittsburgh and Bardstown, Ky., where the Hoberman et al. study was done?
One possibility is an important difference in our study design, compared with that of the NEJM study. All the children in our prospective study have a tympanocentesis to confirm the clinical diagnosis, and our research has shown that tympanocentesis results in immediate relief of ear pain and reduces the frequency of antibiotic treatment failure about twofold, compared with children diagnosed and treated by the same physicians in the same clinic practice.6 So, if the tympanocentesis is factored out of the equation, the Rochester clinical failure comes out to 14% for 5-day treatment. Why would the children in Rochester not getting a tympanocentesis, being treated with the same antibiotic, same dose, and same definition of clinical failure, during the same time frame, and having the same bacteria with the same antibiotic resistance rates have a clinical failure rate of 14%, compared with the 34% in the NEJM study?
Next question: How does a clinical failure rate of 34% fit according to past studies of shortened course antibiotic treatment of AOM? Besides the systematic review and meta-analysis noted above, in many countries outside the United States the 5-day regimen is standard, so, if health care providers were seeing a 34% failure rate, that would have been noticeable for sure.8 So, if health care providers were seeing a 34% failure rate, would that not have been noticeable? And would not a 16% failure rate, nearly 1 of 5 cases, be noticeable for children treated for 10 days?
Was there something different about the children who were in the Hoberman et al. study and the children treated in countries outside the United States and in our practice in Rochester? My group has collaborated and published on studies of AOM with the Pittsburgh and Kentucky groups, and we have not found significant site to site differences in outcomes, demonstrating that a population difference is unlikely.9-11
Next question: How does a clinical failure rate of 16% fit according to past studies of 10 days’ antibiotic treatment of AOM? It is on target with the meta-analysis and two other recent studies in the NEJM.12,13 However, if the failure rate was 16% with amoxicillin/clavulanate (which is effective against beta-lactamase–producing Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis, whereas amoxicillin is not), then the predicted failure rate with amoxicillin for 10 days should be double (34%) or triple (51%) had amoxicillin been used as recommended by the AAP in light of the bacterial resistance of otopathogens. That calculation is based on the prevalence of beta-lactamase–producing H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis in the Pittsburgh and Kentucky populations, the same prevalence seen in the Rochester population.” 14
So, I conclude that this wonderful study does not convince me to change my practice from standard use of 5-day amoxicillin/clavulanate treatment of AOM. Besides, outside of a study setting, most parents don’t give the full 10-day treatment. They stop when their child seems normal (a few days after starting treatment) and save the remainder of the medicine in the refrigerator for the next illness to save a trip to the doctor. Plus, in this column, I did not even get into the issue of disturbing the microbiome with longer courses of antibiotic treatment, a topic for a future discussion.
References
1. N Engl J Med. 2016 Dec 22;375(25):2446-56.
2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Sep 8;(9):CD001095.
3. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2016 Sep;35(9):1027-32.
4. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2016 Sep;35(9):1033-9.
5. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2001 Apr;124(4):381-7.
6. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2013 May;32(5):473-8.
7. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006 Mar;25(3):211-8.
8. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000 Sep;19(9):929-37.
9. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1999 Aug;18(8):741-4.
10. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2008 Nov;47(9):901-6.
11. Drugs. 2012 Oct 22;72(15):1991-7.
12. N Engl J Med. 2011 Jan 13;364(2):105-15.
13. N Engl J Med. 2011 Jan 13;364(2):116-26.
14. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2016 Aug;35(8):901-6.
Dr. Pichichero, a specialist in pediatric infectious diseases, is director of the Research Institute, Rochester (N.Y.) General Hospital. He is also a pediatrician at Legacy Pediatrics in Rochester. He has no disclosures.
Ticagrelor improves platelet reactivity, but not clinical outcomes, in Chinese stroke patients
HOUSTON – The combination of ticagrelor and aspirin reduced the incidence of high on-treatment platelet reactivity compared with clopidogrel plus aspirin in an interim analysis of a trial of patients with minor acute ischemic stroke or high-risk transient ischemic attack, but was associated with more treatment-limiting side effects.
Significantly more patients taking the ticagrelor combination dropped out because of dyspnea and minor bleeding, Yilong Wang, MD, said at the International Stroke Conference, sponsored by the American Heart Association. Although the ticagrelor combination also prevented a few more recurrent strokes than did clopidogrel plus aspirin, the difference was not statistically significant.
Dr. Wang of Beijing Tiantan Hospital reported the results as part of an interim safety and efficacy analysis of the Platelet Reactivity in Acute Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack (PRINCE) trial.
“Ticagrelor has been shown to be more effective in acute coronary syndromes than clopidogrel, regardless of genotype, as it is primarily metabolized by the cytochrome P3A4 enzyme,” Dr. Wang said. “In the SOCRATES Asian substudy, we saw a trend of better efficacy in reducing the risk of subsequent vascular events in the ticagrelor group. But there are limited data on the safety and efficacy of ticagrelor, compared with clopidogrel, over background aspirin in stroke patients.”
PRINCE sought to determine the safety of ticagrelor plus aspirin and their effect on platelet reactivity and clinical outcomes in Asian patients who had experienced a minor stroke or high-risk transient ischemic attack (TIA). The 90-day trial is being conducted in 26 centers in China. Its primary endpoints are P2Y12 reaction units (PRU) and the number of patients with high on-treatment platelet reactivity. Secondary outcomes were the incidence of stroke at 90 days, and a composite vascular outcome of any stroke, heart attack, or vascular death within 90 days.
The primary safety outcomes were major and minor bleeding, intracerebral hemorrhage, and total mortality. The study’s researchers hope to enroll 952 patients. The interim analysis was conducted in 476 who have completed the treatment and follow-up period.
The ticagrelor group (237) received an initial loading dose of 180 mg with 100-300 mg aspirin on day 1, followed by 180 mg ticagrelor plus 100 mg aspirin for 21 days. Thereafter, they discontinued the aspirin and continued with 180 mg ticagrelor.
The clopidogrel group (239) received a 300-mg clopidogrel loading dose plus 100-300 mg aspirin on day 1, followed by 75 mg clopidogrel and 100 mg aspirin daily for 21 days. Thereafter they discontinued the aspirin and took 75 mg clopidogrel daily.
Patients were a median of 60 years old. Most (75%) were male. The median blood pressure was 152/90; 60% were hypertensive. About a quarter had diabetes. The qualifying stroke was a TIA in 22%; the rest had a minor ischemic stroke. The median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score was 2.
Platelet function was measured at baseline and 2 hours after the initial loading dose, and then again at 24 hours, and at 7, 21, and 90 days.
The baseline PRU was about 250 in each group. Two hours after the loading dose, it dropped significantly more among those taking ticagrelor than in those on clopidogrel (45.7 vs. 222.32). It remained significantly lower at every time point. At 90 days, the PRU favored ticagrelor (69 vs. 175).
Ticagrelor was also associated with significantly less high on-treatment platelet reactivity at every time point. The final separation at 90 days significantly favored ticagrelor (13% vs. 30%).
Clinical endpoints numerically favored ticagrelor, although none of the findings were statistically significant. Any stroke occurred in 4.6% of the ticagrelor group and 7.5% of the clopidogrel group. The rate of ischemic stroke was 4.2% and 6.7%, respectively.
There were three deaths: two in the ticagrelor and one in the clopidogrel group, and three major bleeds in each group. There was no significant difference in minor bleeding or intracerebral hemorrhage. However, ticagrelor was associated with significantly more incidents of minimal bleeding (17% vs. 7%). This difference drove the final, statistically significant doubling of bleeding risk associated with ticagrelor (hazard ratio, 2.26).
There were 49 adverse events leading to dropouts. Most of these were due to bleeding, which was significantly higher in those taking ticagrelor (12 vs. 5 events). Dyspnea was the next-leading cause of study dropout (5 vs. 1 case). The remainder of the dropouts were due to study noncompliance and patient decisions.
The study will continue, Dr. Wang noted.
PRINCE is being sponsored by the Chinese government. Dr. Wang had no financial disclosures. AstraZeneca is providing the study drug at no charge, and is not otherwise involved in the trial.
[email protected]
On Twitter @alz_gal
HOUSTON – The combination of ticagrelor and aspirin reduced the incidence of high on-treatment platelet reactivity compared with clopidogrel plus aspirin in an interim analysis of a trial of patients with minor acute ischemic stroke or high-risk transient ischemic attack, but was associated with more treatment-limiting side effects.
Significantly more patients taking the ticagrelor combination dropped out because of dyspnea and minor bleeding, Yilong Wang, MD, said at the International Stroke Conference, sponsored by the American Heart Association. Although the ticagrelor combination also prevented a few more recurrent strokes than did clopidogrel plus aspirin, the difference was not statistically significant.
Dr. Wang of Beijing Tiantan Hospital reported the results as part of an interim safety and efficacy analysis of the Platelet Reactivity in Acute Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack (PRINCE) trial.
“Ticagrelor has been shown to be more effective in acute coronary syndromes than clopidogrel, regardless of genotype, as it is primarily metabolized by the cytochrome P3A4 enzyme,” Dr. Wang said. “In the SOCRATES Asian substudy, we saw a trend of better efficacy in reducing the risk of subsequent vascular events in the ticagrelor group. But there are limited data on the safety and efficacy of ticagrelor, compared with clopidogrel, over background aspirin in stroke patients.”
PRINCE sought to determine the safety of ticagrelor plus aspirin and their effect on platelet reactivity and clinical outcomes in Asian patients who had experienced a minor stroke or high-risk transient ischemic attack (TIA). The 90-day trial is being conducted in 26 centers in China. Its primary endpoints are P2Y12 reaction units (PRU) and the number of patients with high on-treatment platelet reactivity. Secondary outcomes were the incidence of stroke at 90 days, and a composite vascular outcome of any stroke, heart attack, or vascular death within 90 days.
The primary safety outcomes were major and minor bleeding, intracerebral hemorrhage, and total mortality. The study’s researchers hope to enroll 952 patients. The interim analysis was conducted in 476 who have completed the treatment and follow-up period.
The ticagrelor group (237) received an initial loading dose of 180 mg with 100-300 mg aspirin on day 1, followed by 180 mg ticagrelor plus 100 mg aspirin for 21 days. Thereafter, they discontinued the aspirin and continued with 180 mg ticagrelor.
The clopidogrel group (239) received a 300-mg clopidogrel loading dose plus 100-300 mg aspirin on day 1, followed by 75 mg clopidogrel and 100 mg aspirin daily for 21 days. Thereafter they discontinued the aspirin and took 75 mg clopidogrel daily.
Patients were a median of 60 years old. Most (75%) were male. The median blood pressure was 152/90; 60% were hypertensive. About a quarter had diabetes. The qualifying stroke was a TIA in 22%; the rest had a minor ischemic stroke. The median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score was 2.
Platelet function was measured at baseline and 2 hours after the initial loading dose, and then again at 24 hours, and at 7, 21, and 90 days.
The baseline PRU was about 250 in each group. Two hours after the loading dose, it dropped significantly more among those taking ticagrelor than in those on clopidogrel (45.7 vs. 222.32). It remained significantly lower at every time point. At 90 days, the PRU favored ticagrelor (69 vs. 175).
Ticagrelor was also associated with significantly less high on-treatment platelet reactivity at every time point. The final separation at 90 days significantly favored ticagrelor (13% vs. 30%).
Clinical endpoints numerically favored ticagrelor, although none of the findings were statistically significant. Any stroke occurred in 4.6% of the ticagrelor group and 7.5% of the clopidogrel group. The rate of ischemic stroke was 4.2% and 6.7%, respectively.
There were three deaths: two in the ticagrelor and one in the clopidogrel group, and three major bleeds in each group. There was no significant difference in minor bleeding or intracerebral hemorrhage. However, ticagrelor was associated with significantly more incidents of minimal bleeding (17% vs. 7%). This difference drove the final, statistically significant doubling of bleeding risk associated with ticagrelor (hazard ratio, 2.26).
There were 49 adverse events leading to dropouts. Most of these were due to bleeding, which was significantly higher in those taking ticagrelor (12 vs. 5 events). Dyspnea was the next-leading cause of study dropout (5 vs. 1 case). The remainder of the dropouts were due to study noncompliance and patient decisions.
The study will continue, Dr. Wang noted.
PRINCE is being sponsored by the Chinese government. Dr. Wang had no financial disclosures. AstraZeneca is providing the study drug at no charge, and is not otherwise involved in the trial.
[email protected]
On Twitter @alz_gal
HOUSTON – The combination of ticagrelor and aspirin reduced the incidence of high on-treatment platelet reactivity compared with clopidogrel plus aspirin in an interim analysis of a trial of patients with minor acute ischemic stroke or high-risk transient ischemic attack, but was associated with more treatment-limiting side effects.
Significantly more patients taking the ticagrelor combination dropped out because of dyspnea and minor bleeding, Yilong Wang, MD, said at the International Stroke Conference, sponsored by the American Heart Association. Although the ticagrelor combination also prevented a few more recurrent strokes than did clopidogrel plus aspirin, the difference was not statistically significant.
Dr. Wang of Beijing Tiantan Hospital reported the results as part of an interim safety and efficacy analysis of the Platelet Reactivity in Acute Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack (PRINCE) trial.
“Ticagrelor has been shown to be more effective in acute coronary syndromes than clopidogrel, regardless of genotype, as it is primarily metabolized by the cytochrome P3A4 enzyme,” Dr. Wang said. “In the SOCRATES Asian substudy, we saw a trend of better efficacy in reducing the risk of subsequent vascular events in the ticagrelor group. But there are limited data on the safety and efficacy of ticagrelor, compared with clopidogrel, over background aspirin in stroke patients.”
PRINCE sought to determine the safety of ticagrelor plus aspirin and their effect on platelet reactivity and clinical outcomes in Asian patients who had experienced a minor stroke or high-risk transient ischemic attack (TIA). The 90-day trial is being conducted in 26 centers in China. Its primary endpoints are P2Y12 reaction units (PRU) and the number of patients with high on-treatment platelet reactivity. Secondary outcomes were the incidence of stroke at 90 days, and a composite vascular outcome of any stroke, heart attack, or vascular death within 90 days.
The primary safety outcomes were major and minor bleeding, intracerebral hemorrhage, and total mortality. The study’s researchers hope to enroll 952 patients. The interim analysis was conducted in 476 who have completed the treatment and follow-up period.
The ticagrelor group (237) received an initial loading dose of 180 mg with 100-300 mg aspirin on day 1, followed by 180 mg ticagrelor plus 100 mg aspirin for 21 days. Thereafter, they discontinued the aspirin and continued with 180 mg ticagrelor.
The clopidogrel group (239) received a 300-mg clopidogrel loading dose plus 100-300 mg aspirin on day 1, followed by 75 mg clopidogrel and 100 mg aspirin daily for 21 days. Thereafter they discontinued the aspirin and took 75 mg clopidogrel daily.
Patients were a median of 60 years old. Most (75%) were male. The median blood pressure was 152/90; 60% were hypertensive. About a quarter had diabetes. The qualifying stroke was a TIA in 22%; the rest had a minor ischemic stroke. The median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score was 2.
Platelet function was measured at baseline and 2 hours after the initial loading dose, and then again at 24 hours, and at 7, 21, and 90 days.
The baseline PRU was about 250 in each group. Two hours after the loading dose, it dropped significantly more among those taking ticagrelor than in those on clopidogrel (45.7 vs. 222.32). It remained significantly lower at every time point. At 90 days, the PRU favored ticagrelor (69 vs. 175).
Ticagrelor was also associated with significantly less high on-treatment platelet reactivity at every time point. The final separation at 90 days significantly favored ticagrelor (13% vs. 30%).
Clinical endpoints numerically favored ticagrelor, although none of the findings were statistically significant. Any stroke occurred in 4.6% of the ticagrelor group and 7.5% of the clopidogrel group. The rate of ischemic stroke was 4.2% and 6.7%, respectively.
There were three deaths: two in the ticagrelor and one in the clopidogrel group, and three major bleeds in each group. There was no significant difference in minor bleeding or intracerebral hemorrhage. However, ticagrelor was associated with significantly more incidents of minimal bleeding (17% vs. 7%). This difference drove the final, statistically significant doubling of bleeding risk associated with ticagrelor (hazard ratio, 2.26).
There were 49 adverse events leading to dropouts. Most of these were due to bleeding, which was significantly higher in those taking ticagrelor (12 vs. 5 events). Dyspnea was the next-leading cause of study dropout (5 vs. 1 case). The remainder of the dropouts were due to study noncompliance and patient decisions.
The study will continue, Dr. Wang noted.
PRINCE is being sponsored by the Chinese government. Dr. Wang had no financial disclosures. AstraZeneca is providing the study drug at no charge, and is not otherwise involved in the trial.
[email protected]
On Twitter @alz_gal
AT THE INTERNATIONAL STROKE CONFERENCE
Key clinical point:
Major finding: At 90 days, P2Y12 reaction units favored ticagrelor (69 vs. 175).
Data source: The interim analysis of the PRINCE trial comprised 476 patients with minor acute ischemic stroke or high-risk transient ischemic attack.
Disclosures: PRINCE is being sponsored by the Chinese government. Dr. Wang had no financial disclosures. AstraZeneca is providing the study drug at no charge, and is not otherwise involved in the trial.
President’s report Strategic planning, travel ban, CHEST 2017
Dear Colleagues,
It doesn’t seem possible, but I have just completed the first quarter of my term as your 79th President and recently returned from chairing my first board meeting – a scary experience to be sure. All in all, it went well. We officially offered Steve Welch the position of Executive Vice President, thereby ushering in one of our own to lead the organization. Steve has successfully served as CHEST’s interim EVP/CEO since May 2016, after 22 years of service with this organization, most recently as Senior Vice President of Publications and Digital Content. I am utterly and completely confident in our choice and want you to know he has the full backing of the board, the Past Presidents, and nearly every doctor he has come in contact with.
One of our strategic areas of focus for the past 5 years is how we serve our international members. CHEST is now truly a global organization. Our international membership continues to grow, and that impacts all areas of the College. In 2016, we provided education for more than 4,300 international members through our national meeting and courses provided all around the globe. In addition, the College has, in partnership with Chinese CHEST leadership and ministry of health officials, led the effort to begin the first pulmonary and critical care fellowship training programs in China. This was an amazing undertaking. The first four graduates were introduced and honored at CHEST 2016, and 20 more are scheduled to graduate next year. An additional 25 more fellowship training programs are to start this next year, and the Chinese National Health and Family Planning Commission recently approved the program as one of only three official fellowship training programs in China. I firmly believe we will look back on this endeavor as one of the greatest accomplishments in our organization’s long and storied history. Countless lives of patients with pulmonary diseases and critical illness are likely to be saved or extended in that country because of this work.
This brings me to CHEST’s position on the travel ban recently imposed and currently on hold in the United States. We, along with 11 other medical societies, sent a letter to the Secretary of Homeland Security underscoring our concern for such a ban, as it could most definitely adversely affect health-care delivery worldwide in ways not previously contemplated. For example, international medical graduates reportedly make up 25% of our physician workforce and provide a disproportionate amount of care to underserved communities. Should we not allow them to come and train here, we could be putting patients in those areas at risk. The ban could result in patients who need specialized health care being denied entrance to the country. We worry that our global physician colleagues will be unable to travel to the United States for educational programs meant to provide them with the tools they need to care for their patients back home. I encourage you to read the full letter if you are interested.
On a brighter note, the program committee is busy planning CHEST 2017, which will be held in Toronto, Oct 28 to Nov 1. Our theme is Team-Based: Patient-Centered. Our advanced practice providers, critical care nurses, and respiratory therapists, among others, will participate in the planning and help shape different aspects of the program. We encourage our physician members to invite a friend, and come and enjoy the meeting. The traditional CHEST program with simulation and interactive, interdisciplinary symposia will be back by popular demand. There will be something in this meeting for everyone. I would be remiss if I didn’t mention that we are working closely with the American Board of Internal Medicine on Maintenance of Certification (MOC) and getting credit by using CHEST products, such as CHEST SEEK, e-learning modules, and live learning opportunities. In fact, CHEST 2016 made getting MOC points easy. Much of the program this year will qualify for MOC, and I would encourage you to take advantage of it. For those who I have had the pleasure of working with and hearing from this year, I thank you for your comments, welcome all opinions, and hope to hear from any member who has something CHEST-related on their mind.
Gerard A. Silvestri, MD, MS, FCCP
President
Dear Colleagues,
It doesn’t seem possible, but I have just completed the first quarter of my term as your 79th President and recently returned from chairing my first board meeting – a scary experience to be sure. All in all, it went well. We officially offered Steve Welch the position of Executive Vice President, thereby ushering in one of our own to lead the organization. Steve has successfully served as CHEST’s interim EVP/CEO since May 2016, after 22 years of service with this organization, most recently as Senior Vice President of Publications and Digital Content. I am utterly and completely confident in our choice and want you to know he has the full backing of the board, the Past Presidents, and nearly every doctor he has come in contact with.
One of our strategic areas of focus for the past 5 years is how we serve our international members. CHEST is now truly a global organization. Our international membership continues to grow, and that impacts all areas of the College. In 2016, we provided education for more than 4,300 international members through our national meeting and courses provided all around the globe. In addition, the College has, in partnership with Chinese CHEST leadership and ministry of health officials, led the effort to begin the first pulmonary and critical care fellowship training programs in China. This was an amazing undertaking. The first four graduates were introduced and honored at CHEST 2016, and 20 more are scheduled to graduate next year. An additional 25 more fellowship training programs are to start this next year, and the Chinese National Health and Family Planning Commission recently approved the program as one of only three official fellowship training programs in China. I firmly believe we will look back on this endeavor as one of the greatest accomplishments in our organization’s long and storied history. Countless lives of patients with pulmonary diseases and critical illness are likely to be saved or extended in that country because of this work.
This brings me to CHEST’s position on the travel ban recently imposed and currently on hold in the United States. We, along with 11 other medical societies, sent a letter to the Secretary of Homeland Security underscoring our concern for such a ban, as it could most definitely adversely affect health-care delivery worldwide in ways not previously contemplated. For example, international medical graduates reportedly make up 25% of our physician workforce and provide a disproportionate amount of care to underserved communities. Should we not allow them to come and train here, we could be putting patients in those areas at risk. The ban could result in patients who need specialized health care being denied entrance to the country. We worry that our global physician colleagues will be unable to travel to the United States for educational programs meant to provide them with the tools they need to care for their patients back home. I encourage you to read the full letter if you are interested.
On a brighter note, the program committee is busy planning CHEST 2017, which will be held in Toronto, Oct 28 to Nov 1. Our theme is Team-Based: Patient-Centered. Our advanced practice providers, critical care nurses, and respiratory therapists, among others, will participate in the planning and help shape different aspects of the program. We encourage our physician members to invite a friend, and come and enjoy the meeting. The traditional CHEST program with simulation and interactive, interdisciplinary symposia will be back by popular demand. There will be something in this meeting for everyone. I would be remiss if I didn’t mention that we are working closely with the American Board of Internal Medicine on Maintenance of Certification (MOC) and getting credit by using CHEST products, such as CHEST SEEK, e-learning modules, and live learning opportunities. In fact, CHEST 2016 made getting MOC points easy. Much of the program this year will qualify for MOC, and I would encourage you to take advantage of it. For those who I have had the pleasure of working with and hearing from this year, I thank you for your comments, welcome all opinions, and hope to hear from any member who has something CHEST-related on their mind.
Gerard A. Silvestri, MD, MS, FCCP
President
Dear Colleagues,
It doesn’t seem possible, but I have just completed the first quarter of my term as your 79th President and recently returned from chairing my first board meeting – a scary experience to be sure. All in all, it went well. We officially offered Steve Welch the position of Executive Vice President, thereby ushering in one of our own to lead the organization. Steve has successfully served as CHEST’s interim EVP/CEO since May 2016, after 22 years of service with this organization, most recently as Senior Vice President of Publications and Digital Content. I am utterly and completely confident in our choice and want you to know he has the full backing of the board, the Past Presidents, and nearly every doctor he has come in contact with.
One of our strategic areas of focus for the past 5 years is how we serve our international members. CHEST is now truly a global organization. Our international membership continues to grow, and that impacts all areas of the College. In 2016, we provided education for more than 4,300 international members through our national meeting and courses provided all around the globe. In addition, the College has, in partnership with Chinese CHEST leadership and ministry of health officials, led the effort to begin the first pulmonary and critical care fellowship training programs in China. This was an amazing undertaking. The first four graduates were introduced and honored at CHEST 2016, and 20 more are scheduled to graduate next year. An additional 25 more fellowship training programs are to start this next year, and the Chinese National Health and Family Planning Commission recently approved the program as one of only three official fellowship training programs in China. I firmly believe we will look back on this endeavor as one of the greatest accomplishments in our organization’s long and storied history. Countless lives of patients with pulmonary diseases and critical illness are likely to be saved or extended in that country because of this work.
This brings me to CHEST’s position on the travel ban recently imposed and currently on hold in the United States. We, along with 11 other medical societies, sent a letter to the Secretary of Homeland Security underscoring our concern for such a ban, as it could most definitely adversely affect health-care delivery worldwide in ways not previously contemplated. For example, international medical graduates reportedly make up 25% of our physician workforce and provide a disproportionate amount of care to underserved communities. Should we not allow them to come and train here, we could be putting patients in those areas at risk. The ban could result in patients who need specialized health care being denied entrance to the country. We worry that our global physician colleagues will be unable to travel to the United States for educational programs meant to provide them with the tools they need to care for their patients back home. I encourage you to read the full letter if you are interested.
On a brighter note, the program committee is busy planning CHEST 2017, which will be held in Toronto, Oct 28 to Nov 1. Our theme is Team-Based: Patient-Centered. Our advanced practice providers, critical care nurses, and respiratory therapists, among others, will participate in the planning and help shape different aspects of the program. We encourage our physician members to invite a friend, and come and enjoy the meeting. The traditional CHEST program with simulation and interactive, interdisciplinary symposia will be back by popular demand. There will be something in this meeting for everyone. I would be remiss if I didn’t mention that we are working closely with the American Board of Internal Medicine on Maintenance of Certification (MOC) and getting credit by using CHEST products, such as CHEST SEEK, e-learning modules, and live learning opportunities. In fact, CHEST 2016 made getting MOC points easy. Much of the program this year will qualify for MOC, and I would encourage you to take advantage of it. For those who I have had the pleasure of working with and hearing from this year, I thank you for your comments, welcome all opinions, and hope to hear from any member who has something CHEST-related on their mind.
Gerard A. Silvestri, MD, MS, FCCP
President
Cosmetic Treatments for Skin of Color: Report From the AAD Meeting
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Update on Confocal Microscopy and Skin Cancer Imaging: Report from the AAD Meeting
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The video associated with this article is no longer available on this site. Please view all of our videos on the MDedge YouTube channel
The video associated with this article is no longer available on this site. Please view all of our videos on the MDedge YouTube channel
Lung cancer pathways reduce cost of care without compromising outcomes
ORLANDO – Implementation of clinical pathways aimed at improving appropriate, evidence-based care for patients with metastatic non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) reduces costs without negatively affecting survival, the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute’s experience suggests.
“At Dana-Farber ... we have looked toward pathways as a potential tool to help manage complexity and resource utilization,” senior author David M. Jackman, MD, explained at a symposium on quality care sponsored by the American Society of Clinical Oncology. “We see pathways as a patient-centered platform that provides real-time decision-making support across the continuum of cancer care. We think that these should be based on preemptive decision making, reflect current standards of care, incorporate feedback from which we can learn from our practice patterns, and support clinical research.”
After the customized Dana-Farber Lung Pathways were implemented in 2014, the cost of outpatient care per patient in the first year after diagnosis fell by about $17,000, or 25%, primarily driven by reduced use of antineoplastic agents, according to data reported at the symposium and simultaneously published (J Oncol Pract. 2017 Mar 4. doi: 10.1200/JOP.2017.021741). Meanwhile, median survival remained at about 11 months, even trending slightly upward.
“Frankly, I’d like to think that we were delivering reasonable and expert care prior to 2014, so I did not anticipate that we were going to see a major change in terms of improvement in survival. But it is important for us to make sure that as we implemented Pathways, there was certainly no decrease in such care,”said Dr. Jackman, medical director of Clinical Pathways at Dana-Farber and an assistant professor of medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston.
He and his colleagues plan to expand Pathways to cover the full spectrum of cancer care at their center, encompassing medical, radiation, and surgical oncology, he said.
“We also think that pathways can have a major impact on things like symptom management and survivorship care,” he added. “And as we work to embed all of our trials within our Pathways system, and as we push to have our trials in our satellites and in our network affiliates, we hope that this combination of activity can help move us from being not just a good care network, but also a research network.”
The pathways will still have to address some of the thornier issues related to the value of care, Dr. Jackman acknowledged “It’s incredibly easy for us to look at two equivalent therapies in terms of toxicity and efficacy and pick the cheaper one. The harder conversations are to come, that is, what if something is x dollars more expensive and only improves things by a small number of months, is it really worth it?
“Finally, we hope that pathways can be an area for innovation, not used solely to manage costs and to make decisions based on yesteryear, but also to help us move forward and to be the watering hole where everybody comes, as we build out our system that is looking granularly at genomics in order to help match patients with trial opportunities, and for researchers, to help them find specific patients for their trials,” he said. “Pathways can potentially be the nexus where everyone comes and where doctors are informed in real time about opportunities for their patients.”
More evidence of benefit
The Dana-Farber study adds to others showing that the benefits of pathways are real and reproducible, according to invited discussant Thomas J. Smith, MD, professor of oncology and palliative medicine at Johns Hopkins Medicine in Baltimore.
“More importantly, I think, for patients, who are getting hit with these bills and might have a 20% copay, it’s going to reduce their copays and for all the right reasons,” Dr. Smith concluded.
Pathways development
In developing the pathways, Dana-Farber began with lung cancer in part because the center sees a high volume of patients with the disease. In addition, decision making for this malignancy is complex, and there was considerable variation in oncologists’ practices.
“Our platform exists as an independent web-based system that currently lives outside of our EMR. Physicians can access this in real time, in the clinic room with the patient if they so choose,” Dr. Jackman explained. “From our EMR, we are flagged every time a provider orders a new start [of therapy], whether it’s IV chemo, oral chemo, or hormonal therapy. From our vendor, we receive granular treatment decision information made within the pathways system – information about the provider and site, information about the patients, their disease, and the line of therapy, as well as other important factors that drive decision making. Finally, from our clinical trials system interface, we can confirm trial enrollment data.”
Oncologists are free to leave the suggested pathway if their clinical judgment favors an alternate course, according to Dr. Jackman.
“We always want our physicians to feel comfortable treating the patients in front of them however they see best fit. If that means an off-pathway therapy, we want them to have the freedom to do that,” he said. “But we think one of the major tools of the pathways is to help capture the reasons why. So if they think it’s warranted and appropriate, go ahead, go off pathway, but tell us why you are doing it so we can learn from it.”
Using Pathways has not proved burdensome, according to Dr. Jackman. Navigating through the system requires about a minute or two, and use is required only when a patient is starting a new therapy, which typically occurs less than once per half-day clinic session.
Study details
In the study, he and colleagues compared costs of care in the first year after diagnosis of stage IV NSCLC between 160 patients treated at Dana-Farber in 2012 (before Pathways implementation) and 210 patients treated there in 2014 (after Pathways implementation).
“It should be noted that because we are a free-standing outpatient cancer center, all of the costs that we were able to gather are intramural and therefore related only to outpatient activities,” he pointed out.
The total annual costs of care per patient, adjusted for potential confounders (age, sex, race, distance to the institute, clinical trial enrollment, and EGFR and ALK status) fell by $17,085 after implementation of Pathways, from $69,122 to $52,037 (P = .01), he reported.
The largest source of cost savings by far, accounting for 73% of the total, was reduced use of antineoplastic agents (chemotherapy, biologics, and other anticancer agents). Cost for this component fell from $44,237 per patient to $31,846 (P less than .01).
“The majority of this savings came through a reduction in the use of what we considered unwarranted use of combination chemotherapy,” Dr. Jackman said. “In the first-line setting, we specifically went after the regimen of carboplatin, pemetrexed, and bevacizumab; based on our interpretation of the PointBreak study, we felt that that regimen did not bring additional efficacy but did essentially double drug costs. In going after that, we reduced not only use of that but also the subsequent use of pemetrexed plus bevacizumab maintenance. In the second-line setting, with the implementation of Pathways, we saw a decrease in the use of inappropriate platinum-based doublet therapy in those patients who had previously progressed on a platinum-based doublet.”
Median overall survival did not decrease and in fact increased slightly, from 10.7 months before Pathways implementation to 11.2 months afterward (P = .08). Corresponding 1-year rates of survival were 52% and 64%.
“We stand on the shoulders of those who came before us, who have also shown savings associated with implementation of pathways,” concluded Dr. Jackman. “But we hope that we add our voice and our data to this argument that pathways, I think, are a reasonable tool as we try to manage complexity and resource utilization. In addition, we do so without impinging upon clinical outcomes.”
The study was limited by its inclusion of only outpatient costs at Dana-Farber, he acknowledged. “You and we would be very interested in being able to know whether our Pathways implementation affected ED [emergency department] visits or hospitalizations. To that end, we are working with some of our regional payers to try to transparently share data around outcomes, costs, and usage, so that we can learn more in this regard.”
Dr. Jackman disclosed that he is an adviser or consultant to Bayer, Celgene, CVS Caremark, Genentech, and Lilly.
ORLANDO – Implementation of clinical pathways aimed at improving appropriate, evidence-based care for patients with metastatic non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) reduces costs without negatively affecting survival, the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute’s experience suggests.
“At Dana-Farber ... we have looked toward pathways as a potential tool to help manage complexity and resource utilization,” senior author David M. Jackman, MD, explained at a symposium on quality care sponsored by the American Society of Clinical Oncology. “We see pathways as a patient-centered platform that provides real-time decision-making support across the continuum of cancer care. We think that these should be based on preemptive decision making, reflect current standards of care, incorporate feedback from which we can learn from our practice patterns, and support clinical research.”
After the customized Dana-Farber Lung Pathways were implemented in 2014, the cost of outpatient care per patient in the first year after diagnosis fell by about $17,000, or 25%, primarily driven by reduced use of antineoplastic agents, according to data reported at the symposium and simultaneously published (J Oncol Pract. 2017 Mar 4. doi: 10.1200/JOP.2017.021741). Meanwhile, median survival remained at about 11 months, even trending slightly upward.
“Frankly, I’d like to think that we were delivering reasonable and expert care prior to 2014, so I did not anticipate that we were going to see a major change in terms of improvement in survival. But it is important for us to make sure that as we implemented Pathways, there was certainly no decrease in such care,”said Dr. Jackman, medical director of Clinical Pathways at Dana-Farber and an assistant professor of medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston.
He and his colleagues plan to expand Pathways to cover the full spectrum of cancer care at their center, encompassing medical, radiation, and surgical oncology, he said.
“We also think that pathways can have a major impact on things like symptom management and survivorship care,” he added. “And as we work to embed all of our trials within our Pathways system, and as we push to have our trials in our satellites and in our network affiliates, we hope that this combination of activity can help move us from being not just a good care network, but also a research network.”
The pathways will still have to address some of the thornier issues related to the value of care, Dr. Jackman acknowledged “It’s incredibly easy for us to look at two equivalent therapies in terms of toxicity and efficacy and pick the cheaper one. The harder conversations are to come, that is, what if something is x dollars more expensive and only improves things by a small number of months, is it really worth it?
“Finally, we hope that pathways can be an area for innovation, not used solely to manage costs and to make decisions based on yesteryear, but also to help us move forward and to be the watering hole where everybody comes, as we build out our system that is looking granularly at genomics in order to help match patients with trial opportunities, and for researchers, to help them find specific patients for their trials,” he said. “Pathways can potentially be the nexus where everyone comes and where doctors are informed in real time about opportunities for their patients.”
More evidence of benefit
The Dana-Farber study adds to others showing that the benefits of pathways are real and reproducible, according to invited discussant Thomas J. Smith, MD, professor of oncology and palliative medicine at Johns Hopkins Medicine in Baltimore.
“More importantly, I think, for patients, who are getting hit with these bills and might have a 20% copay, it’s going to reduce their copays and for all the right reasons,” Dr. Smith concluded.
Pathways development
In developing the pathways, Dana-Farber began with lung cancer in part because the center sees a high volume of patients with the disease. In addition, decision making for this malignancy is complex, and there was considerable variation in oncologists’ practices.
“Our platform exists as an independent web-based system that currently lives outside of our EMR. Physicians can access this in real time, in the clinic room with the patient if they so choose,” Dr. Jackman explained. “From our EMR, we are flagged every time a provider orders a new start [of therapy], whether it’s IV chemo, oral chemo, or hormonal therapy. From our vendor, we receive granular treatment decision information made within the pathways system – information about the provider and site, information about the patients, their disease, and the line of therapy, as well as other important factors that drive decision making. Finally, from our clinical trials system interface, we can confirm trial enrollment data.”
Oncologists are free to leave the suggested pathway if their clinical judgment favors an alternate course, according to Dr. Jackman.
“We always want our physicians to feel comfortable treating the patients in front of them however they see best fit. If that means an off-pathway therapy, we want them to have the freedom to do that,” he said. “But we think one of the major tools of the pathways is to help capture the reasons why. So if they think it’s warranted and appropriate, go ahead, go off pathway, but tell us why you are doing it so we can learn from it.”
Using Pathways has not proved burdensome, according to Dr. Jackman. Navigating through the system requires about a minute or two, and use is required only when a patient is starting a new therapy, which typically occurs less than once per half-day clinic session.
Study details
In the study, he and colleagues compared costs of care in the first year after diagnosis of stage IV NSCLC between 160 patients treated at Dana-Farber in 2012 (before Pathways implementation) and 210 patients treated there in 2014 (after Pathways implementation).
“It should be noted that because we are a free-standing outpatient cancer center, all of the costs that we were able to gather are intramural and therefore related only to outpatient activities,” he pointed out.
The total annual costs of care per patient, adjusted for potential confounders (age, sex, race, distance to the institute, clinical trial enrollment, and EGFR and ALK status) fell by $17,085 after implementation of Pathways, from $69,122 to $52,037 (P = .01), he reported.
The largest source of cost savings by far, accounting for 73% of the total, was reduced use of antineoplastic agents (chemotherapy, biologics, and other anticancer agents). Cost for this component fell from $44,237 per patient to $31,846 (P less than .01).
“The majority of this savings came through a reduction in the use of what we considered unwarranted use of combination chemotherapy,” Dr. Jackman said. “In the first-line setting, we specifically went after the regimen of carboplatin, pemetrexed, and bevacizumab; based on our interpretation of the PointBreak study, we felt that that regimen did not bring additional efficacy but did essentially double drug costs. In going after that, we reduced not only use of that but also the subsequent use of pemetrexed plus bevacizumab maintenance. In the second-line setting, with the implementation of Pathways, we saw a decrease in the use of inappropriate platinum-based doublet therapy in those patients who had previously progressed on a platinum-based doublet.”
Median overall survival did not decrease and in fact increased slightly, from 10.7 months before Pathways implementation to 11.2 months afterward (P = .08). Corresponding 1-year rates of survival were 52% and 64%.
“We stand on the shoulders of those who came before us, who have also shown savings associated with implementation of pathways,” concluded Dr. Jackman. “But we hope that we add our voice and our data to this argument that pathways, I think, are a reasonable tool as we try to manage complexity and resource utilization. In addition, we do so without impinging upon clinical outcomes.”
The study was limited by its inclusion of only outpatient costs at Dana-Farber, he acknowledged. “You and we would be very interested in being able to know whether our Pathways implementation affected ED [emergency department] visits or hospitalizations. To that end, we are working with some of our regional payers to try to transparently share data around outcomes, costs, and usage, so that we can learn more in this regard.”
Dr. Jackman disclosed that he is an adviser or consultant to Bayer, Celgene, CVS Caremark, Genentech, and Lilly.
ORLANDO – Implementation of clinical pathways aimed at improving appropriate, evidence-based care for patients with metastatic non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) reduces costs without negatively affecting survival, the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute’s experience suggests.
“At Dana-Farber ... we have looked toward pathways as a potential tool to help manage complexity and resource utilization,” senior author David M. Jackman, MD, explained at a symposium on quality care sponsored by the American Society of Clinical Oncology. “We see pathways as a patient-centered platform that provides real-time decision-making support across the continuum of cancer care. We think that these should be based on preemptive decision making, reflect current standards of care, incorporate feedback from which we can learn from our practice patterns, and support clinical research.”
After the customized Dana-Farber Lung Pathways were implemented in 2014, the cost of outpatient care per patient in the first year after diagnosis fell by about $17,000, or 25%, primarily driven by reduced use of antineoplastic agents, according to data reported at the symposium and simultaneously published (J Oncol Pract. 2017 Mar 4. doi: 10.1200/JOP.2017.021741). Meanwhile, median survival remained at about 11 months, even trending slightly upward.
“Frankly, I’d like to think that we were delivering reasonable and expert care prior to 2014, so I did not anticipate that we were going to see a major change in terms of improvement in survival. But it is important for us to make sure that as we implemented Pathways, there was certainly no decrease in such care,”said Dr. Jackman, medical director of Clinical Pathways at Dana-Farber and an assistant professor of medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston.
He and his colleagues plan to expand Pathways to cover the full spectrum of cancer care at their center, encompassing medical, radiation, and surgical oncology, he said.
“We also think that pathways can have a major impact on things like symptom management and survivorship care,” he added. “And as we work to embed all of our trials within our Pathways system, and as we push to have our trials in our satellites and in our network affiliates, we hope that this combination of activity can help move us from being not just a good care network, but also a research network.”
The pathways will still have to address some of the thornier issues related to the value of care, Dr. Jackman acknowledged “It’s incredibly easy for us to look at two equivalent therapies in terms of toxicity and efficacy and pick the cheaper one. The harder conversations are to come, that is, what if something is x dollars more expensive and only improves things by a small number of months, is it really worth it?
“Finally, we hope that pathways can be an area for innovation, not used solely to manage costs and to make decisions based on yesteryear, but also to help us move forward and to be the watering hole where everybody comes, as we build out our system that is looking granularly at genomics in order to help match patients with trial opportunities, and for researchers, to help them find specific patients for their trials,” he said. “Pathways can potentially be the nexus where everyone comes and where doctors are informed in real time about opportunities for their patients.”
More evidence of benefit
The Dana-Farber study adds to others showing that the benefits of pathways are real and reproducible, according to invited discussant Thomas J. Smith, MD, professor of oncology and palliative medicine at Johns Hopkins Medicine in Baltimore.
“More importantly, I think, for patients, who are getting hit with these bills and might have a 20% copay, it’s going to reduce their copays and for all the right reasons,” Dr. Smith concluded.
Pathways development
In developing the pathways, Dana-Farber began with lung cancer in part because the center sees a high volume of patients with the disease. In addition, decision making for this malignancy is complex, and there was considerable variation in oncologists’ practices.
“Our platform exists as an independent web-based system that currently lives outside of our EMR. Physicians can access this in real time, in the clinic room with the patient if they so choose,” Dr. Jackman explained. “From our EMR, we are flagged every time a provider orders a new start [of therapy], whether it’s IV chemo, oral chemo, or hormonal therapy. From our vendor, we receive granular treatment decision information made within the pathways system – information about the provider and site, information about the patients, their disease, and the line of therapy, as well as other important factors that drive decision making. Finally, from our clinical trials system interface, we can confirm trial enrollment data.”
Oncologists are free to leave the suggested pathway if their clinical judgment favors an alternate course, according to Dr. Jackman.
“We always want our physicians to feel comfortable treating the patients in front of them however they see best fit. If that means an off-pathway therapy, we want them to have the freedom to do that,” he said. “But we think one of the major tools of the pathways is to help capture the reasons why. So if they think it’s warranted and appropriate, go ahead, go off pathway, but tell us why you are doing it so we can learn from it.”
Using Pathways has not proved burdensome, according to Dr. Jackman. Navigating through the system requires about a minute or two, and use is required only when a patient is starting a new therapy, which typically occurs less than once per half-day clinic session.
Study details
In the study, he and colleagues compared costs of care in the first year after diagnosis of stage IV NSCLC between 160 patients treated at Dana-Farber in 2012 (before Pathways implementation) and 210 patients treated there in 2014 (after Pathways implementation).
“It should be noted that because we are a free-standing outpatient cancer center, all of the costs that we were able to gather are intramural and therefore related only to outpatient activities,” he pointed out.
The total annual costs of care per patient, adjusted for potential confounders (age, sex, race, distance to the institute, clinical trial enrollment, and EGFR and ALK status) fell by $17,085 after implementation of Pathways, from $69,122 to $52,037 (P = .01), he reported.
The largest source of cost savings by far, accounting for 73% of the total, was reduced use of antineoplastic agents (chemotherapy, biologics, and other anticancer agents). Cost for this component fell from $44,237 per patient to $31,846 (P less than .01).
“The majority of this savings came through a reduction in the use of what we considered unwarranted use of combination chemotherapy,” Dr. Jackman said. “In the first-line setting, we specifically went after the regimen of carboplatin, pemetrexed, and bevacizumab; based on our interpretation of the PointBreak study, we felt that that regimen did not bring additional efficacy but did essentially double drug costs. In going after that, we reduced not only use of that but also the subsequent use of pemetrexed plus bevacizumab maintenance. In the second-line setting, with the implementation of Pathways, we saw a decrease in the use of inappropriate platinum-based doublet therapy in those patients who had previously progressed on a platinum-based doublet.”
Median overall survival did not decrease and in fact increased slightly, from 10.7 months before Pathways implementation to 11.2 months afterward (P = .08). Corresponding 1-year rates of survival were 52% and 64%.
“We stand on the shoulders of those who came before us, who have also shown savings associated with implementation of pathways,” concluded Dr. Jackman. “But we hope that we add our voice and our data to this argument that pathways, I think, are a reasonable tool as we try to manage complexity and resource utilization. In addition, we do so without impinging upon clinical outcomes.”
The study was limited by its inclusion of only outpatient costs at Dana-Farber, he acknowledged. “You and we would be very interested in being able to know whether our Pathways implementation affected ED [emergency department] visits or hospitalizations. To that end, we are working with some of our regional payers to try to transparently share data around outcomes, costs, and usage, so that we can learn more in this regard.”
Dr. Jackman disclosed that he is an adviser or consultant to Bayer, Celgene, CVS Caremark, Genentech, and Lilly.
AT THE QUALITY CARE SYMPOSIUM
Key clinical point:
Major finding: The annual cost of outpatient care per patient fell by $17,085, mainly because of reduced use of antineoplastic agents, whereas median survival remained at about 11 months.
Data source: A cohort study among patients with newly diagnosed metastatic NSCLC, comparing 160 treated before and 210 treated after pathways implementation.
Disclosures: Dr. Jackman disclosed that he is an adviser or consultant to Bayer, Celgene, CVS Caremark, Genentech, and Lilly.