VANCOUVER – A retrospective analysis of women who became pregnant after undergoing laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation (Lap-RFA) of symptomatic myomas found no evidence that the procedure negatively impacted pregnancy or birth outcomes, according to Jay Berman, MD.

The procedure is a minimally invasive alternative to myomectomy, hysterectomy, and other surgical techniques, with minimal scarring and quick recovery. But the pivotal trials excluded women who were planning to become pregnant, and the Food and Drug Administration recommends against its use in women planning a future pregnancy because of the lack of safety and efficacy data in that population.

The procedure, which gained FDA approval in 2016, combines laparoscopic ultrasound with targeted radiofrequency to heat fibroids, which then shrink over the next few months. “There have been a lot of questions from infertility specialists regarding whether Lap-RFA can be applied to their patients because there’s very little scarring and a quick return to work. It’s really a very nice outpatient procedure for dealing with fibroids,” Dr. Berman said in an interview.

There is natural concern, however, because clinicians are uncomfortable exposing women to a pregnancy risk. “I think there’s concern from many gynecologists and reproductive endocrinologists on the pregnancy outcomes following fibroid therapy, whatever that happens to be – traditional open laparoscopic myomectomy, robotic myomectomy, all of those kinds of therapies. We were interested in looking at pregnancy outcomes following [RFA for fibroids] and whether or not C-sections would need to be recommended, similar to what you see following myomectomy, where if you enter the cavity or go through more than half of the myometrium, you recommend a C-section for that patient in subsequent pregnancies,” said Dr. Berman, who is a professor of obstetrics and gynecology at Wayne State University, Detroit.

Early case studies, mostly done in Mexico and Guatemala, found the uteri of women to be normal following Lap-RFA, he said.

The results of this study are encouraging, but are far from the final word, as the data are retrospective and small. Acessa, which provided statistical analysis for the current work, is planning a prospective study. “I don’t think there’s enough to say that the labeling should be changed, but we’re moving in that direction. There needs to be a lot more information,” Dr. Berman said at the meeting sponsored by AAGL.

The study combined data from two randomized, controlled trials in the United States and Germany; six cohort studies in the United States, Germany, and Latin America; and commercial procedures performed in the United States. The researchers relied on standardized case reports that focused primarily on maternal and infant safety, and the mode of delivery. They collected data from 38 women (mean age, 36 years) who had fibroids types 1-6 that were of a maximum 0.2-13 cm in diameter. In 19 cases, it was 5.5 cm or smaller. The number of fibroids treated ranged from 1 to 31; 19 women had one or two fibroids treated.

There were a total of 43 pregnancies, 32 of which resulted in full-term live births (74%) and there was 1 preterm birth (2.3%). All infants were healthy, and there 19 vaginal births and 13 C-sections. The reasons for the C-sections were previous C-sections or obstetric indications, such as unusual bleeding, nonprogression of labor, or abnormal fetal heartbeat. There were eight spontaneous abortions (19%) and one therapeutic abortion (2.3%), and one pregnancy was ongoing (2.3%).

Dr. Berman has been a consultant for Acessa Health, Bayer, Boston Scientific, Medtronic, and Abbvie. He has been on the speakers bureau for Acessa, Merck, Boston Scientific, Medtronic, Abbvie, and Lupin. He has performed contracted research for Acessa, Bayer, Allergan, and Obseva.

VANCOUVER – A retrospective analysis of women who became pregnant after undergoing laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation (Lap-RFA) of symptomatic myomas found no evidence that the procedure negatively impacted pregnancy or birth outcomes, according to Jay Berman, MD.

The procedure is a minimally invasive alternative to myomectomy, hysterectomy, and other surgical techniques, with minimal scarring and quick recovery. But the pivotal trials excluded women who were planning to become pregnant, and the Food and Drug Administration recommends against its use in women planning a future pregnancy because of the lack of safety and efficacy data in that population.

The procedure, which gained FDA approval in 2016, combines laparoscopic ultrasound with targeted radiofrequency to heat fibroids, which then shrink over the next few months. “There have been a lot of questions from infertility specialists regarding whether Lap-RFA can be applied to their patients because there’s very little scarring and a quick return to work. It’s really a very nice outpatient procedure for dealing with fibroids,” Dr. Berman said in an interview.

There is natural concern, however, because clinicians are uncomfortable exposing women to a pregnancy risk. “I think there’s concern from many gynecologists and reproductive endocrinologists on the pregnancy outcomes following fibroid therapy, whatever that happens to be – traditional open laparoscopic myomectomy, robotic myomectomy, all of those kinds of therapies. We were interested in looking at pregnancy outcomes following [RFA for fibroids] and whether or not C-sections would need to be recommended, similar to what you see following myomectomy, where if you enter the cavity or go through more than half of the myometrium, you recommend a C-section for that patient in subsequent pregnancies,” said Dr. Berman, who is a professor of obstetrics and gynecology at Wayne State University, Detroit.

Early case studies, mostly done in Mexico and Guatemala, found the uteri of women to be normal following Lap-RFA, he said.

The results of this study are encouraging, but are far from the final word, as the data are retrospective and small. Acessa, which provided statistical analysis for the current work, is planning a prospective study. “I don’t think there’s enough to say that the labeling should be changed, but we’re moving in that direction. There needs to be a lot more information,” Dr. Berman said at the meeting sponsored by AAGL.

The study combined data from two randomized, controlled trials in the United States and Germany; six cohort studies in the United States, Germany, and Latin America; and commercial procedures performed in the United States. The researchers relied on standardized case reports that focused primarily on maternal and infant safety, and the mode of delivery. They collected data from 38 women (mean age, 36 years) who had fibroids types 1-6 that were of a maximum 0.2-13 cm in diameter. In 19 cases, it was 5.5 cm or smaller. The number of fibroids treated ranged from 1 to 31; 19 women had one or two fibroids treated.

There were a total of 43 pregnancies, 32 of which resulted in full-term live births (74%) and there was 1 preterm birth (2.3%). All infants were healthy, and there 19 vaginal births and 13 C-sections. The reasons for the C-sections were previous C-sections or obstetric indications, such as unusual bleeding, nonprogression of labor, or abnormal fetal heartbeat. There were eight spontaneous abortions (19%) and one therapeutic abortion (2.3%), and one pregnancy was ongoing (2.3%).

Dr. Berman has been a consultant for Acessa Health, Bayer, Boston Scientific, Medtronic, and Abbvie. He has been on the speakers bureau for Acessa, Merck, Boston Scientific, Medtronic, Abbvie, and Lupin. He has performed contracted research for Acessa, Bayer, Allergan, and Obseva.

VANCOUVER – A retrospective analysis of women who became pregnant after undergoing laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation (Lap-RFA) of symptomatic myomas found no evidence that the procedure negatively impacted pregnancy or birth outcomes, according to Jay Berman, MD.

The procedure is a minimally invasive alternative to myomectomy, hysterectomy, and other surgical techniques, with minimal scarring and quick recovery. But the pivotal trials excluded women who were planning to become pregnant, and the Food and Drug Administration recommends against its use in women planning a future pregnancy because of the lack of safety and efficacy data in that population.

The procedure, which gained FDA approval in 2016, combines laparoscopic ultrasound with targeted radiofrequency to heat fibroids, which then shrink over the next few months. “There have been a lot of questions from infertility specialists regarding whether Lap-RFA can be applied to their patients because there’s very little scarring and a quick return to work. It’s really a very nice outpatient procedure for dealing with fibroids,” Dr. Berman said in an interview.

There is natural concern, however, because clinicians are uncomfortable exposing women to a pregnancy risk. “I think there’s concern from many gynecologists and reproductive endocrinologists on the pregnancy outcomes following fibroid therapy, whatever that happens to be – traditional open laparoscopic myomectomy, robotic myomectomy, all of those kinds of therapies. We were interested in looking at pregnancy outcomes following [RFA for fibroids] and whether or not C-sections would need to be recommended, similar to what you see following myomectomy, where if you enter the cavity or go through more than half of the myometrium, you recommend a C-section for that patient in subsequent pregnancies,” said Dr. Berman, who is a professor of obstetrics and gynecology at Wayne State University, Detroit.

Early case studies, mostly done in Mexico and Guatemala, found the uteri of women to be normal following Lap-RFA, he said.

The results of this study are encouraging, but are far from the final word, as the data are retrospective and small. Acessa, which provided statistical analysis for the current work, is planning a prospective study. “I don’t think there’s enough to say that the labeling should be changed, but we’re moving in that direction. There needs to be a lot more information,” Dr. Berman said at the meeting sponsored by AAGL.

The study combined data from two randomized, controlled trials in the United States and Germany; six cohort studies in the United States, Germany, and Latin America; and commercial procedures performed in the United States. The researchers relied on standardized case reports that focused primarily on maternal and infant safety, and the mode of delivery. They collected data from 38 women (mean age, 36 years) who had fibroids types 1-6 that were of a maximum 0.2-13 cm in diameter. In 19 cases, it was 5.5 cm or smaller. The number of fibroids treated ranged from 1 to 31; 19 women had one or two fibroids treated.

There were a total of 43 pregnancies, 32 of which resulted in full-term live births (74%) and there was 1 preterm birth (2.3%). All infants were healthy, and there 19 vaginal births and 13 C-sections. The reasons for the C-sections were previous C-sections or obstetric indications, such as unusual bleeding, nonprogression of labor, or abnormal fetal heartbeat. There were eight spontaneous abortions (19%) and one therapeutic abortion (2.3%), and one pregnancy was ongoing (2.3%).

Dr. Berman has been a consultant for Acessa Health, Bayer, Boston Scientific, Medtronic, and Abbvie. He has been on the speakers bureau for Acessa, Merck, Boston Scientific, Medtronic, Abbvie, and Lupin. He has performed contracted research for Acessa, Bayer, Allergan, and Obseva.

CASE Pregnant woman with chronic opioid use and HIV, recently diagnosed with HCV 

A 34-year-old primigravid woman at 35 weeks' gestation has a history of chronic opioid use. She previously was diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and has been treated with a 3-drug combination antiretroviral regimen. Her most recent HIV viral load was 750 copies/mL. Three weeks ago, she tested positive for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Liver function tests showed mild elevations in transaminase levels. The viral genotype is 1, and the viral load is 2.6 million copies/mL. 
 

How should this patient be delivered? Should she be encouraged to breastfeed her neonate? 

The scope of HCV infection 

Hepatitis C virus is a positive-sense, enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the Flaviviridae family.¹ There are 7 confirmed major genotypes of HCV and 67 confirmed subtypes.² HCV possesses several important virulence factors. First, the virus's replication is prone to frequent mutations because its RNA polymerase lacks proofreading activity, resulting in significant genetic diversity. The great degree of heterogeneity among HCV leads to high antigenic variability, which is one of the main reasons there is not yet a vaccine for HCV.³ Additionally, HCV's genomic plasticity plays a role in the emergence of drug-resistant variants.⁴ 

Virus transmission. Worldwide, approximately 130 to 170 million people are infected with HCV.⁵ HCV infections are caused primarily by exposure to infected blood, through sharing needles for intravenous drug injection and through receiving a blood transfusion.⁶ Other routes of transmission include exposure through sexual contact, occupational injury, and perinatal acquisition. 

The risk of acquiring HCV varies for each of these transmission mechanisms. Blood transfusion is no longer a common mechanism of transmission in places where blood donations are screened for HCV antibodies and viral RNA. Additionally, unintentional needle-stick injury is the only occupational risk factor associated with HCV infection, and health care workers do not have a greater prevalence of HCV than the general population. Moreover, sexual transmission is not a particularly efficient mechanism for spread of HCV.⁷ Therefore, unsafe intravenous injections are now the leading cause of HCV infection.⁶ 

Consequences of HCV infection. Once infected with HCV, about 25% of people spontaneously clear the virus and approximately 75% progress to chronic HCV infection.⁵ The consequences of long-term infection with HCV include end-stage liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. 

Approximately 30% of people infected with HCV will develop cirrhosis and another 2% will develop hepatocellular carcinoma.⁸ Liver transplant is the only treatment option for patients with decompensated cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma as a result of HCV infection. Currently, HCV infection is the leading indication for liver transplant in the United States.⁹ 

Continue to: Risk of perinatal HCV transmission...

Risk of perinatal HCV transmission 

Approximately 1% to 8% of pregnant women worldwide are infected with HCV.¹⁰ In the United States, 1% to 2.5% of pregnant women are infected.¹¹ Of these, about 6% transmit the infection to their offspring. The risk of HCV vertical transmission increases to about 11% if the mother is co-infected with HIV.¹² Vertical transmission is the primary method by which children become infected with HCV.¹³ 

Several risk factors increase the likelihood of HCV transmission from mother to child, including HIV co-infection, internal fetal monitoring, and longer duration of membrane rupture.¹⁴ The effect that mode of delivery has on vertical transmission rates, however, is still debated, and a Cochrane Review found that there were no randomized controlled trials assessing the effect of mode of delivery on mother-to-infant HCV transmission.¹⁵ 

Serology and genotyping used in diagnosis 

The serological enzyme immunoassay is the first test used in screening for HCV infection. Currently, third- and fourth-generation enzyme immunoassays are used in the United States.¹⁶ However, even these newer serological assays cannot consistently and precisely distinguish between acute and chronic HCV infections.¹⁷ After the initial diagnosis is made with serology, it usually is confirmed by assays that detect the virus's genomic RNA in the patient's serum or plasma. 

The patient's HCV genotype should be identified so that the best treatment options can be determined. HCV genotyping can be accomplished using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) amplification. Three different RT-qPCR assessments usually are performed using different primers and probes specific to different genotypes of HCV. While direct sequencing of the HCV genome also can be performed, this method is usually not used clinically due to its technical complexity.¹⁶ 

Modern treatments are effective 

Introduced in 2011, direct-acting antiviral therapies are now the recommended treatment for HCV infection. These drugs inhibit the virus's replication by targeting different proteins involved in the HCV replication cycle. They are remarkably successful and have achieved sustained virologic response (SVR) rates greater than 90%.¹¹ The World Health Organization recommends several pangenotypic (that is, agents that work against all genotypes) direct-acting antiviral regimens for the treatment of chronic HCV infection in adults without cirrhosis (TABLE 1).^18,19 

Unfortunately, experience with these drugs in pregnant women is lacking. Many direct-acting antiviral agents have not been tested systematically in pregnant women, and, accordingly, most information about their effects in pregnant women comes from animal models.¹¹ 

Continue to: Perinatal transmission rates and effect of mode of delivery...

Perinatal transmission rates and effect of mode of delivery 

We compiled data from 11 studies that reported the perinatal transmission rate of HCV associated with various modes of delivery. These studies were selected from a MEDLINE literature review from 1999 to 2019. The studies were screened first by title and, subsequently, by abstract. Inclusion was restricted to randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and case-control studies written in English. Study quality was assessed as good, fair, or poor based on the study design, sample size, and statistical analyses performed. The results from the total population of each study are reported in TABLE 2.^14,20-29 

Three studies separated data based on the mother's HIV status. The perinatal transmission rates of HCV for mothers co-infected with HIV are reported in TABLE 3.^23,27 The results for HIV-negative mothers are reported in TABLE 4.^14,23 

Finally, 2 studies grouped mothers according to their HCV viral load. All of the mothers in these studies were anti-HCV antibody positive, and the perinatal transmission rates for the total study populations were reported previously in TABLE 2. The results for mothers who had detectable HCV RNA are reported in TABLE 5.^20,21 High viral load was defined as 
≥ 2.5 x 10⁶ Eq/mL in the study by Okamoto and colleagues, which is equivalent to ≥ 6.0 x 10⁵ IU/mL in the study by Murakami and colleagues due to the different assays that were used.^20,21 The perinatal transmission rates for mothers with a high viral load are presented in TABLE 6.^20,21

Continue to: For most, CD does not reduce HCV transmission...

For most, CD does not reduce HCV transmission 

Nine of the 11 studies found that the mode of delivery did not have a statistically significant impact on the vertical transmission rate of HCV in the total study populations.^14,22-29 The remaining 2 studies found that the perinatal transmission rate of HCV was lower with cesarean delivery (CD) than with vaginal delivery.^20,21 When considered together, the results of these 11 studies indicate that CD does not provide a significant reduction in the HCV transmission rate in the general population. 

Our review confirms the findings of others, including a systematic review by the US Preventive Services Task Force.30 That investigation also failed to demonstrate any measurable increase in risk of HCV transmission as a result of breastfeeding. 

Cesarean delivery may benefit 2 groups. Careful assessment of these studies, however, suggests that 2 select groups of patients with HCV may benefit from CD: 

• mothers co-infected with HIV, and 
• mothers with high viral loads of HCV. 

In both of these populations, the vertical transmission rate of HCV was significantly reduced with CD compared with vaginal delivery. Therefore, CD should be strongly considered in mothers with HCV who are co-infected with HIV and/or in mothers who have a high viral load of HCV. 

CASE Our recommendation for mode of delivery 

The patient in our case scenario has both HIV infection and a very high HCV viral load. We would therefore recommend a planned CD at 38 to 39 weeks' gestation, prior to the onset of labor or membrane rupture. Although HCV infection is not a contraindication to breastfeeding, the mother's HIV infection is a distinct contraindication. 

CASE Pregnant woman with chronic opioid use and HIV, recently diagnosed with HCV 

A 34-year-old primigravid woman at 35 weeks' gestation has a history of chronic opioid use. She previously was diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and has been treated with a 3-drug combination antiretroviral regimen. Her most recent HIV viral load was 750 copies/mL. Three weeks ago, she tested positive for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Liver function tests showed mild elevations in transaminase levels. The viral genotype is 1, and the viral load is 2.6 million copies/mL. 
 

How should this patient be delivered? Should she be encouraged to breastfeed her neonate? 

The scope of HCV infection 

Hepatitis C virus is a positive-sense, enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the Flaviviridae family.¹ There are 7 confirmed major genotypes of HCV and 67 confirmed subtypes.² HCV possesses several important virulence factors. First, the virus's replication is prone to frequent mutations because its RNA polymerase lacks proofreading activity, resulting in significant genetic diversity. The great degree of heterogeneity among HCV leads to high antigenic variability, which is one of the main reasons there is not yet a vaccine for HCV.³ Additionally, HCV's genomic plasticity plays a role in the emergence of drug-resistant variants.⁴ 

Virus transmission. Worldwide, approximately 130 to 170 million people are infected with HCV.⁵ HCV infections are caused primarily by exposure to infected blood, through sharing needles for intravenous drug injection and through receiving a blood transfusion.⁶ Other routes of transmission include exposure through sexual contact, occupational injury, and perinatal acquisition. 

The risk of acquiring HCV varies for each of these transmission mechanisms. Blood transfusion is no longer a common mechanism of transmission in places where blood donations are screened for HCV antibodies and viral RNA. Additionally, unintentional needle-stick injury is the only occupational risk factor associated with HCV infection, and health care workers do not have a greater prevalence of HCV than the general population. Moreover, sexual transmission is not a particularly efficient mechanism for spread of HCV.⁷ Therefore, unsafe intravenous injections are now the leading cause of HCV infection.⁶ 

Consequences of HCV infection. Once infected with HCV, about 25% of people spontaneously clear the virus and approximately 75% progress to chronic HCV infection.⁵ The consequences of long-term infection with HCV include end-stage liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. 

Approximately 30% of people infected with HCV will develop cirrhosis and another 2% will develop hepatocellular carcinoma.⁸ Liver transplant is the only treatment option for patients with decompensated cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma as a result of HCV infection. Currently, HCV infection is the leading indication for liver transplant in the United States.⁹ 

Continue to: Risk of perinatal HCV transmission...

Risk of perinatal HCV transmission 

Approximately 1% to 8% of pregnant women worldwide are infected with HCV.¹⁰ In the United States, 1% to 2.5% of pregnant women are infected.¹¹ Of these, about 6% transmit the infection to their offspring. The risk of HCV vertical transmission increases to about 11% if the mother is co-infected with HIV.¹² Vertical transmission is the primary method by which children become infected with HCV.¹³ 

Several risk factors increase the likelihood of HCV transmission from mother to child, including HIV co-infection, internal fetal monitoring, and longer duration of membrane rupture.¹⁴ The effect that mode of delivery has on vertical transmission rates, however, is still debated, and a Cochrane Review found that there were no randomized controlled trials assessing the effect of mode of delivery on mother-to-infant HCV transmission.¹⁵ 

Serology and genotyping used in diagnosis 

The serological enzyme immunoassay is the first test used in screening for HCV infection. Currently, third- and fourth-generation enzyme immunoassays are used in the United States.¹⁶ However, even these newer serological assays cannot consistently and precisely distinguish between acute and chronic HCV infections.¹⁷ After the initial diagnosis is made with serology, it usually is confirmed by assays that detect the virus's genomic RNA in the patient's serum or plasma. 

The patient's HCV genotype should be identified so that the best treatment options can be determined. HCV genotyping can be accomplished using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) amplification. Three different RT-qPCR assessments usually are performed using different primers and probes specific to different genotypes of HCV. While direct sequencing of the HCV genome also can be performed, this method is usually not used clinically due to its technical complexity.¹⁶ 

Modern treatments are effective 

Introduced in 2011, direct-acting antiviral therapies are now the recommended treatment for HCV infection. These drugs inhibit the virus's replication by targeting different proteins involved in the HCV replication cycle. They are remarkably successful and have achieved sustained virologic response (SVR) rates greater than 90%.¹¹ The World Health Organization recommends several pangenotypic (that is, agents that work against all genotypes) direct-acting antiviral regimens for the treatment of chronic HCV infection in adults without cirrhosis (TABLE 1).^18,19 

Unfortunately, experience with these drugs in pregnant women is lacking. Many direct-acting antiviral agents have not been tested systematically in pregnant women, and, accordingly, most information about their effects in pregnant women comes from animal models.¹¹ 

Continue to: Perinatal transmission rates and effect of mode of delivery...

Perinatal transmission rates and effect of mode of delivery 

We compiled data from 11 studies that reported the perinatal transmission rate of HCV associated with various modes of delivery. These studies were selected from a MEDLINE literature review from 1999 to 2019. The studies were screened first by title and, subsequently, by abstract. Inclusion was restricted to randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and case-control studies written in English. Study quality was assessed as good, fair, or poor based on the study design, sample size, and statistical analyses performed. The results from the total population of each study are reported in TABLE 2.^14,20-29 

Three studies separated data based on the mother's HIV status. The perinatal transmission rates of HCV for mothers co-infected with HIV are reported in TABLE 3.^23,27 The results for HIV-negative mothers are reported in TABLE 4.^14,23 

Finally, 2 studies grouped mothers according to their HCV viral load. All of the mothers in these studies were anti-HCV antibody positive, and the perinatal transmission rates for the total study populations were reported previously in TABLE 2. The results for mothers who had detectable HCV RNA are reported in TABLE 5.^20,21 High viral load was defined as 
≥ 2.5 x 10⁶ Eq/mL in the study by Okamoto and colleagues, which is equivalent to ≥ 6.0 x 10⁵ IU/mL in the study by Murakami and colleagues due to the different assays that were used.^20,21 The perinatal transmission rates for mothers with a high viral load are presented in TABLE 6.^20,21

Continue to: For most, CD does not reduce HCV transmission...

For most, CD does not reduce HCV transmission 

Nine of the 11 studies found that the mode of delivery did not have a statistically significant impact on the vertical transmission rate of HCV in the total study populations.^14,22-29 The remaining 2 studies found that the perinatal transmission rate of HCV was lower with cesarean delivery (CD) than with vaginal delivery.^20,21 When considered together, the results of these 11 studies indicate that CD does not provide a significant reduction in the HCV transmission rate in the general population. 

Our review confirms the findings of others, including a systematic review by the US Preventive Services Task Force.30 That investigation also failed to demonstrate any measurable increase in risk of HCV transmission as a result of breastfeeding. 

Cesarean delivery may benefit 2 groups. Careful assessment of these studies, however, suggests that 2 select groups of patients with HCV may benefit from CD: 

• mothers co-infected with HIV, and 
• mothers with high viral loads of HCV. 

In both of these populations, the vertical transmission rate of HCV was significantly reduced with CD compared with vaginal delivery. Therefore, CD should be strongly considered in mothers with HCV who are co-infected with HIV and/or in mothers who have a high viral load of HCV. 

CASE Our recommendation for mode of delivery 

The patient in our case scenario has both HIV infection and a very high HCV viral load. We would therefore recommend a planned CD at 38 to 39 weeks' gestation, prior to the onset of labor or membrane rupture. Although HCV infection is not a contraindication to breastfeeding, the mother's HIV infection is a distinct contraindication. 

CASE Pregnant woman with chronic opioid use and HIV, recently diagnosed with HCV 

A 34-year-old primigravid woman at 35 weeks' gestation has a history of chronic opioid use. She previously was diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and has been treated with a 3-drug combination antiretroviral regimen. Her most recent HIV viral load was 750 copies/mL. Three weeks ago, she tested positive for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Liver function tests showed mild elevations in transaminase levels. The viral genotype is 1, and the viral load is 2.6 million copies/mL. 
 

How should this patient be delivered? Should she be encouraged to breastfeed her neonate? 

The scope of HCV infection 

Hepatitis C virus is a positive-sense, enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the Flaviviridae family.¹ There are 7 confirmed major genotypes of HCV and 67 confirmed subtypes.² HCV possesses several important virulence factors. First, the virus's replication is prone to frequent mutations because its RNA polymerase lacks proofreading activity, resulting in significant genetic diversity. The great degree of heterogeneity among HCV leads to high antigenic variability, which is one of the main reasons there is not yet a vaccine for HCV.³ Additionally, HCV's genomic plasticity plays a role in the emergence of drug-resistant variants.⁴ 

Virus transmission. Worldwide, approximately 130 to 170 million people are infected with HCV.⁵ HCV infections are caused primarily by exposure to infected blood, through sharing needles for intravenous drug injection and through receiving a blood transfusion.⁶ Other routes of transmission include exposure through sexual contact, occupational injury, and perinatal acquisition. 

The risk of acquiring HCV varies for each of these transmission mechanisms. Blood transfusion is no longer a common mechanism of transmission in places where blood donations are screened for HCV antibodies and viral RNA. Additionally, unintentional needle-stick injury is the only occupational risk factor associated with HCV infection, and health care workers do not have a greater prevalence of HCV than the general population. Moreover, sexual transmission is not a particularly efficient mechanism for spread of HCV.⁷ Therefore, unsafe intravenous injections are now the leading cause of HCV infection.⁶ 

Consequences of HCV infection. Once infected with HCV, about 25% of people spontaneously clear the virus and approximately 75% progress to chronic HCV infection.⁵ The consequences of long-term infection with HCV include end-stage liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. 

Approximately 30% of people infected with HCV will develop cirrhosis and another 2% will develop hepatocellular carcinoma.⁸ Liver transplant is the only treatment option for patients with decompensated cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma as a result of HCV infection. Currently, HCV infection is the leading indication for liver transplant in the United States.⁹ 

Continue to: Risk of perinatal HCV transmission...

Risk of perinatal HCV transmission 

Approximately 1% to 8% of pregnant women worldwide are infected with HCV.¹⁰ In the United States, 1% to 2.5% of pregnant women are infected.¹¹ Of these, about 6% transmit the infection to their offspring. The risk of HCV vertical transmission increases to about 11% if the mother is co-infected with HIV.¹² Vertical transmission is the primary method by which children become infected with HCV.¹³ 

Several risk factors increase the likelihood of HCV transmission from mother to child, including HIV co-infection, internal fetal monitoring, and longer duration of membrane rupture.¹⁴ The effect that mode of delivery has on vertical transmission rates, however, is still debated, and a Cochrane Review found that there were no randomized controlled trials assessing the effect of mode of delivery on mother-to-infant HCV transmission.¹⁵ 

Serology and genotyping used in diagnosis 

The serological enzyme immunoassay is the first test used in screening for HCV infection. Currently, third- and fourth-generation enzyme immunoassays are used in the United States.¹⁶ However, even these newer serological assays cannot consistently and precisely distinguish between acute and chronic HCV infections.¹⁷ After the initial diagnosis is made with serology, it usually is confirmed by assays that detect the virus's genomic RNA in the patient's serum or plasma. 

The patient's HCV genotype should be identified so that the best treatment options can be determined. HCV genotyping can be accomplished using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) amplification. Three different RT-qPCR assessments usually are performed using different primers and probes specific to different genotypes of HCV. While direct sequencing of the HCV genome also can be performed, this method is usually not used clinically due to its technical complexity.¹⁶ 

Modern treatments are effective 

Introduced in 2011, direct-acting antiviral therapies are now the recommended treatment for HCV infection. These drugs inhibit the virus's replication by targeting different proteins involved in the HCV replication cycle. They are remarkably successful and have achieved sustained virologic response (SVR) rates greater than 90%.¹¹ The World Health Organization recommends several pangenotypic (that is, agents that work against all genotypes) direct-acting antiviral regimens for the treatment of chronic HCV infection in adults without cirrhosis (TABLE 1).^18,19 

Unfortunately, experience with these drugs in pregnant women is lacking. Many direct-acting antiviral agents have not been tested systematically in pregnant women, and, accordingly, most information about their effects in pregnant women comes from animal models.¹¹ 

Continue to: Perinatal transmission rates and effect of mode of delivery...

Perinatal transmission rates and effect of mode of delivery 

We compiled data from 11 studies that reported the perinatal transmission rate of HCV associated with various modes of delivery. These studies were selected from a MEDLINE literature review from 1999 to 2019. The studies were screened first by title and, subsequently, by abstract. Inclusion was restricted to randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and case-control studies written in English. Study quality was assessed as good, fair, or poor based on the study design, sample size, and statistical analyses performed. The results from the total population of each study are reported in TABLE 2.^14,20-29 

Three studies separated data based on the mother's HIV status. The perinatal transmission rates of HCV for mothers co-infected with HIV are reported in TABLE 3.^23,27 The results for HIV-negative mothers are reported in TABLE 4.^14,23 

Finally, 2 studies grouped mothers according to their HCV viral load. All of the mothers in these studies were anti-HCV antibody positive, and the perinatal transmission rates for the total study populations were reported previously in TABLE 2. The results for mothers who had detectable HCV RNA are reported in TABLE 5.^20,21 High viral load was defined as 
≥ 2.5 x 10⁶ Eq/mL in the study by Okamoto and colleagues, which is equivalent to ≥ 6.0 x 10⁵ IU/mL in the study by Murakami and colleagues due to the different assays that were used.^20,21 The perinatal transmission rates for mothers with a high viral load are presented in TABLE 6.^20,21

Continue to: For most, CD does not reduce HCV transmission...

For most, CD does not reduce HCV transmission 

Nine of the 11 studies found that the mode of delivery did not have a statistically significant impact on the vertical transmission rate of HCV in the total study populations.^14,22-29 The remaining 2 studies found that the perinatal transmission rate of HCV was lower with cesarean delivery (CD) than with vaginal delivery.^20,21 When considered together, the results of these 11 studies indicate that CD does not provide a significant reduction in the HCV transmission rate in the general population. 

Our review confirms the findings of others, including a systematic review by the US Preventive Services Task Force.30 That investigation also failed to demonstrate any measurable increase in risk of HCV transmission as a result of breastfeeding. 

Cesarean delivery may benefit 2 groups. Careful assessment of these studies, however, suggests that 2 select groups of patients with HCV may benefit from CD: 

• mothers co-infected with HIV, and 
• mothers with high viral loads of HCV. 

In both of these populations, the vertical transmission rate of HCV was significantly reduced with CD compared with vaginal delivery. Therefore, CD should be strongly considered in mothers with HCV who are co-infected with HIV and/or in mothers who have a high viral load of HCV. 

CASE Our recommendation for mode of delivery 

The patient in our case scenario has both HIV infection and a very high HCV viral load. We would therefore recommend a planned CD at 38 to 39 weeks' gestation, prior to the onset of labor or membrane rupture. Although HCV infection is not a contraindication to breastfeeding, the mother's HIV infection is a distinct contraindication. 

Earlier onset of atopic dermatitis in children could signify more difficult to control and persistent disease, according to a study published in the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.

LucaLorenzelli/Thinkstock

Atopic dermatitis most commonly arises in infancy but also can emerge in later childhood and even adolescence, leading to a distinction between early- and late-onset disease, wrote Joy Wan, MD, of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, and coauthors.

“Early-onset, mid-onset, and late-onset AD appear to differ in the presence of active disease over time; however, whether these groups also differ in terms of the severity of AD is unknown,” they wrote.

In this observational cohort study, 8,015 individuals with childhood-onset atopic dermatitis – 53% of whom were female – were assessed twice-yearly for up to 10 years. Nearly three-quarters (72%) of the group had early-onset atopic dermatitis – defined as onset before 2 years of age – while 19% had mid-onset disease (3-7 years) and 9% had late-onset disease (8-17 years).

The study found that older age of onset was associated with better control, such that for each additional year of age at the onset of disease, there was a 7% reduction in the odds of poorer control of disease. Those who had mid-onset disease had a 29% lower odds of poorer control compared with those with early-onset, while those with late-onset disease had a 49% lower odds of poorer control.

The likelihood of atopic dermatitis persisting beyond childhood also appeared to be linked to the age of onset. Those with mid-onset disease had a 55% lower odds of persistent atopic dermatitis, compared with those with early-onset disease, while those with late-onset disease had an 81% lower odds.

“In all 3 groups, the proportion of subjects reporting persistent AD generally declined with older age, and the differences among the 3 onset age groups were most pronounced from early adolescence onward,” the authors wrote.

They noted that there was considerable research currently focused on identifying distinct atopic dermatitis phenotypes and endotypes, and their evidence on the different disease course for early-, mid-, and late-onset disease supported this idea of disease subtypes.

“However, additional research is needed to understand whether and how early-, mid-, and late-onset AD differ molecularly or immunologically, and whether they respond differentially to treatment,” they wrote. They also suggested that the timing of onset could help identify patients who were at greater risk of persistent or poorly controlled disease, and who benefits from more intensive monitoring or treatment.

The study was partly supported by the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases and the Dermatology Foundation. Three authors declared funding, consultancies, or advisory board positions with the pharmaceutical sector. No other conflicts of interest were declared.

SOURCE: Wan J et al. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019 Dec;81(6):1292-9.

Earlier onset of atopic dermatitis in children could signify more difficult to control and persistent disease, according to a study published in the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.

LucaLorenzelli/Thinkstock

Atopic dermatitis most commonly arises in infancy but also can emerge in later childhood and even adolescence, leading to a distinction between early- and late-onset disease, wrote Joy Wan, MD, of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, and coauthors.

“Early-onset, mid-onset, and late-onset AD appear to differ in the presence of active disease over time; however, whether these groups also differ in terms of the severity of AD is unknown,” they wrote.

In this observational cohort study, 8,015 individuals with childhood-onset atopic dermatitis – 53% of whom were female – were assessed twice-yearly for up to 10 years. Nearly three-quarters (72%) of the group had early-onset atopic dermatitis – defined as onset before 2 years of age – while 19% had mid-onset disease (3-7 years) and 9% had late-onset disease (8-17 years).

The study found that older age of onset was associated with better control, such that for each additional year of age at the onset of disease, there was a 7% reduction in the odds of poorer control of disease. Those who had mid-onset disease had a 29% lower odds of poorer control compared with those with early-onset, while those with late-onset disease had a 49% lower odds of poorer control.

The likelihood of atopic dermatitis persisting beyond childhood also appeared to be linked to the age of onset. Those with mid-onset disease had a 55% lower odds of persistent atopic dermatitis, compared with those with early-onset disease, while those with late-onset disease had an 81% lower odds.

“In all 3 groups, the proportion of subjects reporting persistent AD generally declined with older age, and the differences among the 3 onset age groups were most pronounced from early adolescence onward,” the authors wrote.

They noted that there was considerable research currently focused on identifying distinct atopic dermatitis phenotypes and endotypes, and their evidence on the different disease course for early-, mid-, and late-onset disease supported this idea of disease subtypes.

“However, additional research is needed to understand whether and how early-, mid-, and late-onset AD differ molecularly or immunologically, and whether they respond differentially to treatment,” they wrote. They also suggested that the timing of onset could help identify patients who were at greater risk of persistent or poorly controlled disease, and who benefits from more intensive monitoring or treatment.

The study was partly supported by the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases and the Dermatology Foundation. Three authors declared funding, consultancies, or advisory board positions with the pharmaceutical sector. No other conflicts of interest were declared.

SOURCE: Wan J et al. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019 Dec;81(6):1292-9.

Earlier onset of atopic dermatitis in children could signify more difficult to control and persistent disease, according to a study published in the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.

LucaLorenzelli/Thinkstock

Atopic dermatitis most commonly arises in infancy but also can emerge in later childhood and even adolescence, leading to a distinction between early- and late-onset disease, wrote Joy Wan, MD, of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, and coauthors.

“Early-onset, mid-onset, and late-onset AD appear to differ in the presence of active disease over time; however, whether these groups also differ in terms of the severity of AD is unknown,” they wrote.

In this observational cohort study, 8,015 individuals with childhood-onset atopic dermatitis – 53% of whom were female – were assessed twice-yearly for up to 10 years. Nearly three-quarters (72%) of the group had early-onset atopic dermatitis – defined as onset before 2 years of age – while 19% had mid-onset disease (3-7 years) and 9% had late-onset disease (8-17 years).

The study found that older age of onset was associated with better control, such that for each additional year of age at the onset of disease, there was a 7% reduction in the odds of poorer control of disease. Those who had mid-onset disease had a 29% lower odds of poorer control compared with those with early-onset, while those with late-onset disease had a 49% lower odds of poorer control.

The likelihood of atopic dermatitis persisting beyond childhood also appeared to be linked to the age of onset. Those with mid-onset disease had a 55% lower odds of persistent atopic dermatitis, compared with those with early-onset disease, while those with late-onset disease had an 81% lower odds.

“In all 3 groups, the proportion of subjects reporting persistent AD generally declined with older age, and the differences among the 3 onset age groups were most pronounced from early adolescence onward,” the authors wrote.

They noted that there was considerable research currently focused on identifying distinct atopic dermatitis phenotypes and endotypes, and their evidence on the different disease course for early-, mid-, and late-onset disease supported this idea of disease subtypes.

“However, additional research is needed to understand whether and how early-, mid-, and late-onset AD differ molecularly or immunologically, and whether they respond differentially to treatment,” they wrote. They also suggested that the timing of onset could help identify patients who were at greater risk of persistent or poorly controlled disease, and who benefits from more intensive monitoring or treatment.

The study was partly supported by the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases and the Dermatology Foundation. Three authors declared funding, consultancies, or advisory board positions with the pharmaceutical sector. No other conflicts of interest were declared.

SOURCE: Wan J et al. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019 Dec;81(6):1292-9.

A new guideline has been published to update the 2007 guidelines for the management of adults with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).

The practice guideline was jointly written by an ad hoc committee of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. CAP refers to a pneumonia infection that was acquired by a patient in his or her community. Decisions about which antibiotics to use to treat this kind of infection are based on risk factors for resistant organisms and the severity of illness.
 

Pathogens

Traditionally, CAP is caused by common bacterial pathogens that include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Legionella species, Chlamydia pneumonia, and Moraxella catarrhalis. Risk factors for multidrug resistant pathogens such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa include previous infection with MRSA or P. aeruginosa, recent hospitalization, and requiring parenteral antibiotics in the last 90 days.

Defining severe community-acquired pneumonia

The health care–associated pneumonia, or HCAP, classification should no longer be used to determine empiric treatment. The recommendations for which antibiotics to use are linked to the severity of illness. Previously the site of treatment drove antibiotic selection, but since decision about the site of care can be affected by many considerations, the guidelines recommend using the CAP severity criteria. Severe CAP includes either one major or at least three minor criteria.

Major criteria are:

• Septic shock requiring vasopressors.
• Respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation.

Minor criteria are:

• Respiratory rate greater than or equal to 30 breaths/min.
• Ratio of arterial O₂ partial pressure to fractional inspired O₂ less than or equal to 250.
• Multilobar infiltrates.
• Confusion/disorientation.
• Uremia (blood urea nitrogen level greater than or equal to 20 mg/dL).
• Leukopenia (white blood cell count less than 4,000 cells/mcL).
• Thrombocytopenia (platelet count less than 100,000 mcL)
• Hypothermia (core temperature less than 36º C).
• Hypotension requiring aggressive fluid resuscitation.

Management and diagnostic testing

Clinicians should use the Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI) and clinical judgment to guide the site of treatment for patients. Gram stain, sputum, and blood culture should not be routinely obtained in an outpatient setting. Legionella antigen should not be routinely obtained unless indicated by epidemiological factors. During influenza season, a rapid influenza assay, preferably a nucleic acid amplification test, should be obtained to help guide treatment.

For patients with severe CAP or risk factors for MRSA or P. aeruginosa, gram stain and culture and Legionella antigen should be obtained to manage antibiotic choices. Also, blood cultures should be obtained for these patients.

Empiric antibiotic therapy should be initiated based on clinical judgment and radiographic confirmation of CAP. Serum procalcitonin should not be used to assess initiation of antibiotic therapy.
 

Empiric antibiotic therapy

Healthy adults without comorbidities should be treated with monotherapy of either:

• Amoxicillin 1 g three times daily.
• OR doxycycline 100 mg twice daily.
• OR a macrolide (azithromycin 500 mg on first day then 250 mg daily or clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily or clarithromycin extended release 1,000 mg daily) only in areas with pneumococcal resistance to macrolides less than 25%.

Adults with comorbidities such as chronic heart, lung, liver, or renal disease; diabetes mellitus; alcoholism; malignancy; or asplenia should be treated with:

• Amoxicillin/clavulanate 500 mg/125 mg three times daily, or amoxicillin/ clavulanate 875 mg/125 mg twice daily, or 2,000 mg/125 mg twice daily, or a cephalosporin (cefpodoxime 200 mg twice daily or cefuroxime 500 mg twice daily); and a macrolide (azithromycin 500 mg on first day then 250 mg daily, clarithromycin [500 mg twice daily or extended release 1,000 mg once daily]), or doxycycline 100 mg twice daily. (Some experts recommend that the first dose of doxycycline should be 200 mg.)
• OR monotherapy with respiratory fluoroquinolone (levofloxacin 750 mg daily, moxifloxacin 400 mg daily, or gemifloxacin 320 mg daily).

Inpatient pneumonia that is not severe, without risk factors for resistant organisms should be treated with:

• Beta-lactam (ampicillin 1 sulbactam 1.5-3 g every 6 h, cefotaxime 1-2 g every 8 h, ceftriaxone 1-2 g daily, or ceftaroline 600 mg every 12 h) and a macrolide (azithromycin 500 mg daily or clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily).
• OR monotherapy with a respiratory fluoroquinolone (levofloxacin 750 mg daily, moxifloxacin 400 mg daily).

If there is a contraindication for the use of both a macrolide and a fluoroquinolone, then doxycycline can be used instead.

Severe inpatient pneumonia without risk factors for resistant organisms should be treated with combination therapy of either (agents and doses the same as above):

• Beta-lactam and macrolide.
• OR fluoroquinolone and beta-lactam.

It is recommended to not routinely add anaerobic coverage for suspected aspiration pneumonia unless lung abscess or empyema is suspected. Clinicians should identify risk factors for MRSA or P. aeruginosa before adding additional agents.

Duration of antibiotic therapy is determined by the patient achieving clinical stability with no less than 5 days of antibiotics. In adults with symptom resolution within 5-7 days, no additional follow-up chest imaging is recommended. If patients test positive for influenza, then anti-influenza treatment such as oseltamivir should be used in addition to antibiotics regardless of length of influenza symptoms before presentation.
 

The bottom line

CAP treatment should be based on severity of illness and risk factors for resistant organisms. Blood and sputum cultures are recommended only for patients with severe pneumonia. There have been important changes in the recommendations for antibiotic treatment of CAP, with high-dose amoxicillin recommended for most patients with CAP who are treated as outpatients. Patients who exhibit clinical stability should be treated for at least 5 days and do not require follow up imaging studies.

For a podcast of this guideline, go to iTunes and download the Infectious Diseases Society of America guideline podcast.

 

Reference

Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-e67.

Tina Chuong, DO, is a second-year resident in the family medicine residency program at Abington (Pa.) Jefferson Health. Dr. Skolnik is professor of family and community medicine at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, and an associate director of the family medicine residency program at Abington Jefferson Health.

A new guideline has been published to update the 2007 guidelines for the management of adults with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).

The practice guideline was jointly written by an ad hoc committee of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. CAP refers to a pneumonia infection that was acquired by a patient in his or her community. Decisions about which antibiotics to use to treat this kind of infection are based on risk factors for resistant organisms and the severity of illness.
 

Pathogens

Traditionally, CAP is caused by common bacterial pathogens that include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Legionella species, Chlamydia pneumonia, and Moraxella catarrhalis. Risk factors for multidrug resistant pathogens such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa include previous infection with MRSA or P. aeruginosa, recent hospitalization, and requiring parenteral antibiotics in the last 90 days.

Defining severe community-acquired pneumonia

The health care–associated pneumonia, or HCAP, classification should no longer be used to determine empiric treatment. The recommendations for which antibiotics to use are linked to the severity of illness. Previously the site of treatment drove antibiotic selection, but since decision about the site of care can be affected by many considerations, the guidelines recommend using the CAP severity criteria. Severe CAP includes either one major or at least three minor criteria.

Major criteria are:

• Septic shock requiring vasopressors.
• Respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation.

Minor criteria are:

• Respiratory rate greater than or equal to 30 breaths/min.
• Ratio of arterial O₂ partial pressure to fractional inspired O₂ less than or equal to 250.
• Multilobar infiltrates.
• Confusion/disorientation.
• Uremia (blood urea nitrogen level greater than or equal to 20 mg/dL).
• Leukopenia (white blood cell count less than 4,000 cells/mcL).
• Thrombocytopenia (platelet count less than 100,000 mcL)
• Hypothermia (core temperature less than 36º C).
• Hypotension requiring aggressive fluid resuscitation.

Management and diagnostic testing

Clinicians should use the Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI) and clinical judgment to guide the site of treatment for patients. Gram stain, sputum, and blood culture should not be routinely obtained in an outpatient setting. Legionella antigen should not be routinely obtained unless indicated by epidemiological factors. During influenza season, a rapid influenza assay, preferably a nucleic acid amplification test, should be obtained to help guide treatment.

For patients with severe CAP or risk factors for MRSA or P. aeruginosa, gram stain and culture and Legionella antigen should be obtained to manage antibiotic choices. Also, blood cultures should be obtained for these patients.

Empiric antibiotic therapy should be initiated based on clinical judgment and radiographic confirmation of CAP. Serum procalcitonin should not be used to assess initiation of antibiotic therapy.
 

Empiric antibiotic therapy

Healthy adults without comorbidities should be treated with monotherapy of either:

• Amoxicillin 1 g three times daily.
• OR doxycycline 100 mg twice daily.
• OR a macrolide (azithromycin 500 mg on first day then 250 mg daily or clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily or clarithromycin extended release 1,000 mg daily) only in areas with pneumococcal resistance to macrolides less than 25%.

Adults with comorbidities such as chronic heart, lung, liver, or renal disease; diabetes mellitus; alcoholism; malignancy; or asplenia should be treated with:

• Amoxicillin/clavulanate 500 mg/125 mg three times daily, or amoxicillin/ clavulanate 875 mg/125 mg twice daily, or 2,000 mg/125 mg twice daily, or a cephalosporin (cefpodoxime 200 mg twice daily or cefuroxime 500 mg twice daily); and a macrolide (azithromycin 500 mg on first day then 250 mg daily, clarithromycin [500 mg twice daily or extended release 1,000 mg once daily]), or doxycycline 100 mg twice daily. (Some experts recommend that the first dose of doxycycline should be 200 mg.)
• OR monotherapy with respiratory fluoroquinolone (levofloxacin 750 mg daily, moxifloxacin 400 mg daily, or gemifloxacin 320 mg daily).

Inpatient pneumonia that is not severe, without risk factors for resistant organisms should be treated with:

• Beta-lactam (ampicillin 1 sulbactam 1.5-3 g every 6 h, cefotaxime 1-2 g every 8 h, ceftriaxone 1-2 g daily, or ceftaroline 600 mg every 12 h) and a macrolide (azithromycin 500 mg daily or clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily).
• OR monotherapy with a respiratory fluoroquinolone (levofloxacin 750 mg daily, moxifloxacin 400 mg daily).

If there is a contraindication for the use of both a macrolide and a fluoroquinolone, then doxycycline can be used instead.

Severe inpatient pneumonia without risk factors for resistant organisms should be treated with combination therapy of either (agents and doses the same as above):

• Beta-lactam and macrolide.
• OR fluoroquinolone and beta-lactam.

It is recommended to not routinely add anaerobic coverage for suspected aspiration pneumonia unless lung abscess or empyema is suspected. Clinicians should identify risk factors for MRSA or P. aeruginosa before adding additional agents.

Duration of antibiotic therapy is determined by the patient achieving clinical stability with no less than 5 days of antibiotics. In adults with symptom resolution within 5-7 days, no additional follow-up chest imaging is recommended. If patients test positive for influenza, then anti-influenza treatment such as oseltamivir should be used in addition to antibiotics regardless of length of influenza symptoms before presentation.
 

The bottom line

CAP treatment should be based on severity of illness and risk factors for resistant organisms. Blood and sputum cultures are recommended only for patients with severe pneumonia. There have been important changes in the recommendations for antibiotic treatment of CAP, with high-dose amoxicillin recommended for most patients with CAP who are treated as outpatients. Patients who exhibit clinical stability should be treated for at least 5 days and do not require follow up imaging studies.

For a podcast of this guideline, go to iTunes and download the Infectious Diseases Society of America guideline podcast.

 

Reference

Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-e67.

Tina Chuong, DO, is a second-year resident in the family medicine residency program at Abington (Pa.) Jefferson Health. Dr. Skolnik is professor of family and community medicine at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, and an associate director of the family medicine residency program at Abington Jefferson Health.

A new guideline has been published to update the 2007 guidelines for the management of adults with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).

The practice guideline was jointly written by an ad hoc committee of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. CAP refers to a pneumonia infection that was acquired by a patient in his or her community. Decisions about which antibiotics to use to treat this kind of infection are based on risk factors for resistant organisms and the severity of illness.
 

Pathogens

Traditionally, CAP is caused by common bacterial pathogens that include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Legionella species, Chlamydia pneumonia, and Moraxella catarrhalis. Risk factors for multidrug resistant pathogens such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa include previous infection with MRSA or P. aeruginosa, recent hospitalization, and requiring parenteral antibiotics in the last 90 days.

Defining severe community-acquired pneumonia

The health care–associated pneumonia, or HCAP, classification should no longer be used to determine empiric treatment. The recommendations for which antibiotics to use are linked to the severity of illness. Previously the site of treatment drove antibiotic selection, but since decision about the site of care can be affected by many considerations, the guidelines recommend using the CAP severity criteria. Severe CAP includes either one major or at least three minor criteria.

Major criteria are:

• Septic shock requiring vasopressors.
• Respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation.

Minor criteria are:

• Respiratory rate greater than or equal to 30 breaths/min.
• Ratio of arterial O₂ partial pressure to fractional inspired O₂ less than or equal to 250.
• Multilobar infiltrates.
• Confusion/disorientation.
• Uremia (blood urea nitrogen level greater than or equal to 20 mg/dL).
• Leukopenia (white blood cell count less than 4,000 cells/mcL).
• Thrombocytopenia (platelet count less than 100,000 mcL)
• Hypothermia (core temperature less than 36º C).
• Hypotension requiring aggressive fluid resuscitation.

Management and diagnostic testing

Clinicians should use the Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI) and clinical judgment to guide the site of treatment for patients. Gram stain, sputum, and blood culture should not be routinely obtained in an outpatient setting. Legionella antigen should not be routinely obtained unless indicated by epidemiological factors. During influenza season, a rapid influenza assay, preferably a nucleic acid amplification test, should be obtained to help guide treatment.

For patients with severe CAP or risk factors for MRSA or P. aeruginosa, gram stain and culture and Legionella antigen should be obtained to manage antibiotic choices. Also, blood cultures should be obtained for these patients.

Empiric antibiotic therapy should be initiated based on clinical judgment and radiographic confirmation of CAP. Serum procalcitonin should not be used to assess initiation of antibiotic therapy.
 

Empiric antibiotic therapy

Healthy adults without comorbidities should be treated with monotherapy of either:

• Amoxicillin 1 g three times daily.
• OR doxycycline 100 mg twice daily.
• OR a macrolide (azithromycin 500 mg on first day then 250 mg daily or clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily or clarithromycin extended release 1,000 mg daily) only in areas with pneumococcal resistance to macrolides less than 25%.

Adults with comorbidities such as chronic heart, lung, liver, or renal disease; diabetes mellitus; alcoholism; malignancy; or asplenia should be treated with:

• Amoxicillin/clavulanate 500 mg/125 mg three times daily, or amoxicillin/ clavulanate 875 mg/125 mg twice daily, or 2,000 mg/125 mg twice daily, or a cephalosporin (cefpodoxime 200 mg twice daily or cefuroxime 500 mg twice daily); and a macrolide (azithromycin 500 mg on first day then 250 mg daily, clarithromycin [500 mg twice daily or extended release 1,000 mg once daily]), or doxycycline 100 mg twice daily. (Some experts recommend that the first dose of doxycycline should be 200 mg.)
• OR monotherapy with respiratory fluoroquinolone (levofloxacin 750 mg daily, moxifloxacin 400 mg daily, or gemifloxacin 320 mg daily).

Inpatient pneumonia that is not severe, without risk factors for resistant organisms should be treated with:

• Beta-lactam (ampicillin 1 sulbactam 1.5-3 g every 6 h, cefotaxime 1-2 g every 8 h, ceftriaxone 1-2 g daily, or ceftaroline 600 mg every 12 h) and a macrolide (azithromycin 500 mg daily or clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily).
• OR monotherapy with a respiratory fluoroquinolone (levofloxacin 750 mg daily, moxifloxacin 400 mg daily).

If there is a contraindication for the use of both a macrolide and a fluoroquinolone, then doxycycline can be used instead.

Severe inpatient pneumonia without risk factors for resistant organisms should be treated with combination therapy of either (agents and doses the same as above):

• Beta-lactam and macrolide.
• OR fluoroquinolone and beta-lactam.

It is recommended to not routinely add anaerobic coverage for suspected aspiration pneumonia unless lung abscess or empyema is suspected. Clinicians should identify risk factors for MRSA or P. aeruginosa before adding additional agents.

Duration of antibiotic therapy is determined by the patient achieving clinical stability with no less than 5 days of antibiotics. In adults with symptom resolution within 5-7 days, no additional follow-up chest imaging is recommended. If patients test positive for influenza, then anti-influenza treatment such as oseltamivir should be used in addition to antibiotics regardless of length of influenza symptoms before presentation.
 

The bottom line

CAP treatment should be based on severity of illness and risk factors for resistant organisms. Blood and sputum cultures are recommended only for patients with severe pneumonia. There have been important changes in the recommendations for antibiotic treatment of CAP, with high-dose amoxicillin recommended for most patients with CAP who are treated as outpatients. Patients who exhibit clinical stability should be treated for at least 5 days and do not require follow up imaging studies.

For a podcast of this guideline, go to iTunes and download the Infectious Diseases Society of America guideline podcast.

 

Reference

Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-e67.

Tina Chuong, DO, is a second-year resident in the family medicine residency program at Abington (Pa.) Jefferson Health. Dr. Skolnik is professor of family and community medicine at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, and an associate director of the family medicine residency program at Abington Jefferson Health.

PHILADELPHIA – Elagolix has emerged as an effective second-tier treatment option for patients with dysmenorrhea attributed to endometriosis, Charles E. Miller, MD, said at the annual meeting of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine.

Jeff Craven/MDedge News

Although clinicians need prior authorization and evidence of treatment failure before prescribing Elagolix, the drug is a viable option as a second-tier treatment for patients with endometriosis-associated dysmenorrhea, said Dr. Miller, director of minimally invasive gynecologic surgery at Advocate Lutheran General Hospital in Park Ridge, Ill. “We have a drug that is very effective, that has a very low adverse event profile, and is tolerated by the vast majority of our patients.”

First-line options

NSAIDs are first-line treatment for endometriosis-related dysmenorrhea, with acetaminophen used in cases where NSAIDs are contraindicated or cause side effects such as gastrointestinal issues. Hormonal contraceptives also can be used as first-line treatment, divided into estrogen/progestin and progestin-only options that can be combined. Evidence from the literature has shown oral pills decrease pain, compared with placebo, but the decrease is not dose dependent, said Dr. Miller.

“We also know that if you use it continuously or prolonged, we find that there is going to be greater success with dysmenorrhea, and that ultimately you would use a higher-dose pill because of the greater risk of breakthrough when using a lesser dose in a continuous fashion,” he said. “Obviously if you’re not having menses, you’re not going to have dysmenorrhea.”

Other estrogen/progestin hormonal contraception such as the vaginal ring or transdermal patch also have been shown to decrease dysmenorrhea from endometriosis, with one study showing a reduction from 17% to 6% in moderate to severe dysmenorrhea in patients using the vaginal ring, compared with patients receiving oral contraceptives. In a separate randomized, controlled trial, “dysmenorrhea was more common in patch users, so it doesn’t appear that the patch is quite as effective in terms of reducing dysmenorrhea,” said Dr. Miller (JAMA. 2001 May 9. doi: 10.1001/jama.285.18.2347).

Compared with combination hormone therapy, there has been less research conducted on progestin-only hormone contraceptives on reducing dysmenorrhea from endometriosis. For example, there is little evidence for depot medroxyprogesterone acetate in reducing dysmenorrhea, but rather with it causing amenorrhea; one study showed a 50% amenorrhea rate at 1 year. “The disadvantage, however, in our infertile population is ultimately getting the menses back,” said Dr. Miller.

IUDs using levonorgestrel appear comparable with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists in reducing endometriosis-related pain; in one study, most women treated with either of these had visual analogue scores of less than 3 at 6 months of treatment. Between 68% and 75% of women with dysmenorrhea who receive an implantable contraceptive device with etonogestrel report decreased pain, and one meta-analysis reported 75% of women had “complete resolution of dysmenorrhea.” Concerning progestin-only pills, they can be used for endometriosis-related dysmenorrhea, but they are “problematic in that there’s a lot of breakthrough bleeding, and often times that is associated with pain,” said Dr. Miller.

Second-tier options

Injectable GnRH agonists are effective options as second-tier treatments for endometriosis-related dysmenorrhea, but patients are at risk of developing postmenopausal symptoms such as hot flashes, insomnia, spotting, and decreased libido. “One advantage to that is, over the years and particularly something that I’ve done with my endometriosis-related dysmenorrhea, is to utilize add-back with these patients,” said Dr. Miller, who noted that patients on 2.5 mg of norethindrone acetate and 0.5 mg of ethinyl estradiol“do very well” with that combination of add-back therapy.

Elagolix is the most recent second-tier treatment option for these patients, and was studied in the Elaris EM-I and Elaris EM-II trials in a once-daily dose of 150 mg and a twice-daily dose of 200 mg. In Elaris EM-1, 76% of patients in the 200-mg elagolix group had a clinical response, compared with 46% in the 150-mg group and 20% in the placebo group (N Engl J Med. 2017 Jul 6. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1700089). However, patients should not be on elagolix at 200 mg for more than 6 months, while patients receiving elagolix at 150 mg can stay on the treatment for up to 2 years.

Patients taking elagolix also showed postmenopausal symptoms, with 24% in the 150-mg group and 46% in the 200-mg group experiencing hot flashes, compared with 9% of patients in the placebo group. While 6% of patients in the 150-mg group and 10% in the 200-mg group discontinued because of adverse events, 1% and 3% of patients in the 150-mg and 200-mg group discontinued because of hot flashes or night sweats, respectively. “Symptoms are well tolerated, far different than in comparison with leuprolide acetate and GnRH agonists,” said Dr. Miller.

There also is a benefit to how patients recover from bone mineral density (BMD) changes after remaining on elagolix, Dr. Miller noted. In patients who received elagolix for 12 months at doses of 150 mg and 200 mg, there was an increase in lumbar spine BMD recovered 6 months after discontinuation, with patients in the 150-mg group experiencing a recovery close to baseline BMD levels. Among patients who discontinued treatment, there also was a quick resumption in menses for both groups: 87% of patients in the 150 mg group and 88% of patients in the 200-mg group who discontinued treatment after 6 months had resumed menses by 2 months after discontinuation, while 95% of patients in the 150-mg and 91% in the 200-mg group who discontinued after 12 months resumed menses by 2 months after discontinuation.

Dr. Miller reported relationships with AbbVie, Allergan, Blue Seas Med Spa, Espiner Medical, Gynesonics, Halt Medical, Hologic, Karl Storz, Medtronic, and Richard Wolf in the form of consultancies, grants, speakers’ bureau appointments, stock options, royalties, and ownership interests.

PHILADELPHIA – Elagolix has emerged as an effective second-tier treatment option for patients with dysmenorrhea attributed to endometriosis, Charles E. Miller, MD, said at the annual meeting of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine.

Jeff Craven/MDedge News

Although clinicians need prior authorization and evidence of treatment failure before prescribing Elagolix, the drug is a viable option as a second-tier treatment for patients with endometriosis-associated dysmenorrhea, said Dr. Miller, director of minimally invasive gynecologic surgery at Advocate Lutheran General Hospital in Park Ridge, Ill. “We have a drug that is very effective, that has a very low adverse event profile, and is tolerated by the vast majority of our patients.”

First-line options

NSAIDs are first-line treatment for endometriosis-related dysmenorrhea, with acetaminophen used in cases where NSAIDs are contraindicated or cause side effects such as gastrointestinal issues. Hormonal contraceptives also can be used as first-line treatment, divided into estrogen/progestin and progestin-only options that can be combined. Evidence from the literature has shown oral pills decrease pain, compared with placebo, but the decrease is not dose dependent, said Dr. Miller.

“We also know that if you use it continuously or prolonged, we find that there is going to be greater success with dysmenorrhea, and that ultimately you would use a higher-dose pill because of the greater risk of breakthrough when using a lesser dose in a continuous fashion,” he said. “Obviously if you’re not having menses, you’re not going to have dysmenorrhea.”

Other estrogen/progestin hormonal contraception such as the vaginal ring or transdermal patch also have been shown to decrease dysmenorrhea from endometriosis, with one study showing a reduction from 17% to 6% in moderate to severe dysmenorrhea in patients using the vaginal ring, compared with patients receiving oral contraceptives. In a separate randomized, controlled trial, “dysmenorrhea was more common in patch users, so it doesn’t appear that the patch is quite as effective in terms of reducing dysmenorrhea,” said Dr. Miller (JAMA. 2001 May 9. doi: 10.1001/jama.285.18.2347).

Compared with combination hormone therapy, there has been less research conducted on progestin-only hormone contraceptives on reducing dysmenorrhea from endometriosis. For example, there is little evidence for depot medroxyprogesterone acetate in reducing dysmenorrhea, but rather with it causing amenorrhea; one study showed a 50% amenorrhea rate at 1 year. “The disadvantage, however, in our infertile population is ultimately getting the menses back,” said Dr. Miller.

IUDs using levonorgestrel appear comparable with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists in reducing endometriosis-related pain; in one study, most women treated with either of these had visual analogue scores of less than 3 at 6 months of treatment. Between 68% and 75% of women with dysmenorrhea who receive an implantable contraceptive device with etonogestrel report decreased pain, and one meta-analysis reported 75% of women had “complete resolution of dysmenorrhea.” Concerning progestin-only pills, they can be used for endometriosis-related dysmenorrhea, but they are “problematic in that there’s a lot of breakthrough bleeding, and often times that is associated with pain,” said Dr. Miller.

Second-tier options

Injectable GnRH agonists are effective options as second-tier treatments for endometriosis-related dysmenorrhea, but patients are at risk of developing postmenopausal symptoms such as hot flashes, insomnia, spotting, and decreased libido. “One advantage to that is, over the years and particularly something that I’ve done with my endometriosis-related dysmenorrhea, is to utilize add-back with these patients,” said Dr. Miller, who noted that patients on 2.5 mg of norethindrone acetate and 0.5 mg of ethinyl estradiol“do very well” with that combination of add-back therapy.

Elagolix is the most recent second-tier treatment option for these patients, and was studied in the Elaris EM-I and Elaris EM-II trials in a once-daily dose of 150 mg and a twice-daily dose of 200 mg. In Elaris EM-1, 76% of patients in the 200-mg elagolix group had a clinical response, compared with 46% in the 150-mg group and 20% in the placebo group (N Engl J Med. 2017 Jul 6. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1700089). However, patients should not be on elagolix at 200 mg for more than 6 months, while patients receiving elagolix at 150 mg can stay on the treatment for up to 2 years.

Patients taking elagolix also showed postmenopausal symptoms, with 24% in the 150-mg group and 46% in the 200-mg group experiencing hot flashes, compared with 9% of patients in the placebo group. While 6% of patients in the 150-mg group and 10% in the 200-mg group discontinued because of adverse events, 1% and 3% of patients in the 150-mg and 200-mg group discontinued because of hot flashes or night sweats, respectively. “Symptoms are well tolerated, far different than in comparison with leuprolide acetate and GnRH agonists,” said Dr. Miller.

There also is a benefit to how patients recover from bone mineral density (BMD) changes after remaining on elagolix, Dr. Miller noted. In patients who received elagolix for 12 months at doses of 150 mg and 200 mg, there was an increase in lumbar spine BMD recovered 6 months after discontinuation, with patients in the 150-mg group experiencing a recovery close to baseline BMD levels. Among patients who discontinued treatment, there also was a quick resumption in menses for both groups: 87% of patients in the 150 mg group and 88% of patients in the 200-mg group who discontinued treatment after 6 months had resumed menses by 2 months after discontinuation, while 95% of patients in the 150-mg and 91% in the 200-mg group who discontinued after 12 months resumed menses by 2 months after discontinuation.

Dr. Miller reported relationships with AbbVie, Allergan, Blue Seas Med Spa, Espiner Medical, Gynesonics, Halt Medical, Hologic, Karl Storz, Medtronic, and Richard Wolf in the form of consultancies, grants, speakers’ bureau appointments, stock options, royalties, and ownership interests.

PHILADELPHIA – Elagolix has emerged as an effective second-tier treatment option for patients with dysmenorrhea attributed to endometriosis, Charles E. Miller, MD, said at the annual meeting of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine.

Jeff Craven/MDedge News

Although clinicians need prior authorization and evidence of treatment failure before prescribing Elagolix, the drug is a viable option as a second-tier treatment for patients with endometriosis-associated dysmenorrhea, said Dr. Miller, director of minimally invasive gynecologic surgery at Advocate Lutheran General Hospital in Park Ridge, Ill. “We have a drug that is very effective, that has a very low adverse event profile, and is tolerated by the vast majority of our patients.”

First-line options

NSAIDs are first-line treatment for endometriosis-related dysmenorrhea, with acetaminophen used in cases where NSAIDs are contraindicated or cause side effects such as gastrointestinal issues. Hormonal contraceptives also can be used as first-line treatment, divided into estrogen/progestin and progestin-only options that can be combined. Evidence from the literature has shown oral pills decrease pain, compared with placebo, but the decrease is not dose dependent, said Dr. Miller.

“We also know that if you use it continuously or prolonged, we find that there is going to be greater success with dysmenorrhea, and that ultimately you would use a higher-dose pill because of the greater risk of breakthrough when using a lesser dose in a continuous fashion,” he said. “Obviously if you’re not having menses, you’re not going to have dysmenorrhea.”

Other estrogen/progestin hormonal contraception such as the vaginal ring or transdermal patch also have been shown to decrease dysmenorrhea from endometriosis, with one study showing a reduction from 17% to 6% in moderate to severe dysmenorrhea in patients using the vaginal ring, compared with patients receiving oral contraceptives. In a separate randomized, controlled trial, “dysmenorrhea was more common in patch users, so it doesn’t appear that the patch is quite as effective in terms of reducing dysmenorrhea,” said Dr. Miller (JAMA. 2001 May 9. doi: 10.1001/jama.285.18.2347).

Compared with combination hormone therapy, there has been less research conducted on progestin-only hormone contraceptives on reducing dysmenorrhea from endometriosis. For example, there is little evidence for depot medroxyprogesterone acetate in reducing dysmenorrhea, but rather with it causing amenorrhea; one study showed a 50% amenorrhea rate at 1 year. “The disadvantage, however, in our infertile population is ultimately getting the menses back,” said Dr. Miller.

IUDs using levonorgestrel appear comparable with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists in reducing endometriosis-related pain; in one study, most women treated with either of these had visual analogue scores of less than 3 at 6 months of treatment. Between 68% and 75% of women with dysmenorrhea who receive an implantable contraceptive device with etonogestrel report decreased pain, and one meta-analysis reported 75% of women had “complete resolution of dysmenorrhea.” Concerning progestin-only pills, they can be used for endometriosis-related dysmenorrhea, but they are “problematic in that there’s a lot of breakthrough bleeding, and often times that is associated with pain,” said Dr. Miller.

Second-tier options

Injectable GnRH agonists are effective options as second-tier treatments for endometriosis-related dysmenorrhea, but patients are at risk of developing postmenopausal symptoms such as hot flashes, insomnia, spotting, and decreased libido. “One advantage to that is, over the years and particularly something that I’ve done with my endometriosis-related dysmenorrhea, is to utilize add-back with these patients,” said Dr. Miller, who noted that patients on 2.5 mg of norethindrone acetate and 0.5 mg of ethinyl estradiol“do very well” with that combination of add-back therapy.

Elagolix is the most recent second-tier treatment option for these patients, and was studied in the Elaris EM-I and Elaris EM-II trials in a once-daily dose of 150 mg and a twice-daily dose of 200 mg. In Elaris EM-1, 76% of patients in the 200-mg elagolix group had a clinical response, compared with 46% in the 150-mg group and 20% in the placebo group (N Engl J Med. 2017 Jul 6. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1700089). However, patients should not be on elagolix at 200 mg for more than 6 months, while patients receiving elagolix at 150 mg can stay on the treatment for up to 2 years.

Patients taking elagolix also showed postmenopausal symptoms, with 24% in the 150-mg group and 46% in the 200-mg group experiencing hot flashes, compared with 9% of patients in the placebo group. While 6% of patients in the 150-mg group and 10% in the 200-mg group discontinued because of adverse events, 1% and 3% of patients in the 150-mg and 200-mg group discontinued because of hot flashes or night sweats, respectively. “Symptoms are well tolerated, far different than in comparison with leuprolide acetate and GnRH agonists,” said Dr. Miller.

There also is a benefit to how patients recover from bone mineral density (BMD) changes after remaining on elagolix, Dr. Miller noted. In patients who received elagolix for 12 months at doses of 150 mg and 200 mg, there was an increase in lumbar spine BMD recovered 6 months after discontinuation, with patients in the 150-mg group experiencing a recovery close to baseline BMD levels. Among patients who discontinued treatment, there also was a quick resumption in menses for both groups: 87% of patients in the 150 mg group and 88% of patients in the 200-mg group who discontinued treatment after 6 months had resumed menses by 2 months after discontinuation, while 95% of patients in the 150-mg and 91% in the 200-mg group who discontinued after 12 months resumed menses by 2 months after discontinuation.

Dr. Miller reported relationships with AbbVie, Allergan, Blue Seas Med Spa, Espiner Medical, Gynesonics, Halt Medical, Hologic, Karl Storz, Medtronic, and Richard Wolf in the form of consultancies, grants, speakers’ bureau appointments, stock options, royalties, and ownership interests.

If cleanliness is next to godliness, then the average soldier in the American Civil War lived just down the street from hell. In a land at war, before the formal tenets of germ theory had spread beyond the confines of Louis Pasteur’s laboratory in France, the lack of basic hygiene, both cultural and situational, coupled to an almost complete lack of curative therapies created an appalling death toll. Waterborne diseases in particular spared neither general nor private, and neither doctor nor nurse.

Library of Congress

“Of all the adversities that Union and Confederate soldiers confronted, none was more deadly or more prevalent than contaminated water,” according to Jeffrey S. Sartin, MD, in his survey of Civil War diseases.¹

The Union Army records list 1,765,000 cases of diarrhea or dysentery with 45,000 deaths and 149,000 cases of typhoid fever with 35,000 deaths. Add to these the 1,316,000 cases of malaria (borne by mosquitoes breeding in the waters) with its 10,000 deaths, and it is easy to see how the battlefield itself took second place in service to the grim reaper. (Overall, there were roughly two deaths from disease for every one from wounds.)

The chief waterborne plague, infectious diarrhea – including bacterial, amoebic, and other parasites – as well as cholera and typhoid, was an all-year-long problem, and, with the typical wry humor of soldiers, these maladies were given popular names, including the “Tennessee trots” and the “Virginia quick-step.”

Unsanitary conditions in the camps were primarily to blame, and this problem of sanitation was obvious to many observers at the time.

Despite a lack of knowledge of germ theory, doctors were fully aware of the relationship of unsanitary conditions to disease, even if they ascribed the link to miasmas or particles of filth.

Hospitals, which were under more strict control than the regular army camps, were meticulous about the placement of latrines and about keeping high standards of cleanliness among the patients, including routine washing. However, this was insufficient for complete protection, because what passed for clean in the absence of the knowledge of bacterial contamination was often totally ineffective. As one Civil War surgeon stated: “We operated in old bloodstained and often pus-stained coats, we used undisinfected instruments from undisinfected plush-lined cases. If a sponge (if they had sponges) or instrument fell on the floor it was washed and squeezed in a basin of water and used as if it was clean.”²

Overall, efforts at what passed for sanitation remained a constant goal and constant struggle in the field.

After the First Battle of Bull Run, Women’s Central Association of Relief President Henry W. Bellows met with Secretary of War Simon Cameron to discuss the abysmal sanitary conditions witnessed by WCAR volunteers. This meeting led to the creation of what would become the U.S. Sanitary Commission, which was approved by President Abraham Lincoln on June 13, 1861.

Library of Congress

The U.S. Sanitary Commission served as a means for funneling civilian assistance to the military, with volunteers providing assistance in the organization of military hospitals and camps and aiding in the transportation of the wounded. However, despite these efforts, the setup of army camps and the behavior of the soldiers were not often directed toward proper sanitation. “The principal causes of disease, however, in our camps were the same that we have always to deplore and find it so difficult to remedy, simply because citizens suddenly called to the field cannot comprehend that men in masses require the attention of their officers to enforce certain hygienic conditions without which health cannot be preserved.”³

Breaches of sanitation were common in the confines of the camps, despite regulations designed to protect the soldiers. According to one U.S. Army surgeon of the time: “Especially [needed] was policing of the latrines. The trench is generally too shallow, the daily covering ... with dirt is entirely neglected. Large numbers of the men will not use the sinks [latrines], ... but instead every clump of bushes, every fence border in the vicinity.” Another pointed out that, after the Battle of Seven Pines, “the only water was infiltrated with the decaying animal matter of the battlefield.” Commenting on the placement of latrines in one encampment, another surgeon described how “the sink [latrine] is the ground in the vicinity, which slopes down to the stream, from which all water from the camp is obtained.”⁴

Treatment for diarrhea and dysentery was varied. Opiates were one of the most common treatments for diarrhea, whether in an alcohol solution as laudanum or in pill form, with belladonna being used to treat intestinal cramps, according to Glenna R. Schroeder-Lein in her book “The Encyclopedia of Civil War Medicine.” However, useless or damaging treatments were also prescribed, including the use of calomel (a mercury compound), turpentine, castor oil, and quinine.⁵

Acute diarrhea and dysentery illnesses occurred in at least 641/1,000 troops per year in the Union army. And even though the death rate was comparatively low (20/1,000 cases), it frequently led to chronic diarrhea, which was responsible for 288 deaths per 1,000 cases, and was the third highest cause of medical discharge after gunshot wounds and tuberculosis, according to Ms. Schroeder-Lein.

Although the American Civil War was the last major conflict before the spread of the knowledge of germ theory, the struggle to prevent the spread of waterborne diseases under wartime conditions remains ongoing. Hygiene is difficult under conditions of abject poverty and especially under conditions of armed conflict, and until the era of curative antibiotics there was no recourse.

Antibiotics are not the final solution for antibiotic resistance in intestinal disease pathogens, as outlined in a recent CDC report, is an increasing problem.⁶ For example, nontyphoidal Salmonella causes an estimated 1.35 million infections, 26,500 hospitalizations, and 420 deaths each year in the United States, with 16% of strains being resistant to at least one essential antibiotic. On a global scale, according to the World Health Organization, poor sanitation causes up to 432,000 diarrheal deaths annually and is linked to the transmission of other diseases like cholera, dysentery, typhoid, hepatitis A, and polio.⁷

With regard to actual epidemics, the world is only a hygienic crisis away from a major outbreak of dysentery (the last occurring between 1969 and 1972, when 20,000 people in Central America died), according to researchers who have detected antibiotic resistance in all but 1% of circulating Shigella dysenteriae strains surveyed since the 1990s. “This bacterium is still in circulation, and could be responsible for future epidemics if conditions should prove favorable – such as a large gathering of people without access to drinking water or treatment of human waste,” wrote François-Xavier Weill of the Pasteur Institute’s Enteric Bacterial Pathogens Unit.⁸

[email protected]

References

1. Sartin JS. Clin Infec Dis. 1993;16:580-4. (Correction published in 2002).

2. Civil War Battlefield Surgery. eHistory. The Ohio State University.

3. “Myths About Antiseptics and Camp Life – George Wunderlich,” published online Oct. 11, 2011. http://civilwarscholars.com/2011/10/myths-about-antiseptics-and-camp-life-george-wunderlich/

4. Dorwart BB. “Death is in the Breeze: Disease during the American Civil War” (The National Museum of the American Civil War Press, 2009).

5. Glenna R, Schroeder-Lein GR. “The Encyclopedia of Civil War Medicine” (New York: M. E. Sharpe, 2008).

6. “Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States 2019” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

7. “New report exposes horror of working conditions for millions of sanitation workers in the developing world,” World Health Organization. 2019 Nov 14.

8. Grant B. Origins of Dysentery. The Scientist. Published online March 22, 2016.

Mark Lesney is the managing editor of MDedge.com/IDPractioner. He has a PhD in plant virology and a PhD in the history of science, with a focus on the history of biotechnology and medicine. He has served as an adjunct assistant professor of the department of biochemistry and molecular & cellular biology at Georgetown University, Washington.

If cleanliness is next to godliness, then the average soldier in the American Civil War lived just down the street from hell. In a land at war, before the formal tenets of germ theory had spread beyond the confines of Louis Pasteur’s laboratory in France, the lack of basic hygiene, both cultural and situational, coupled to an almost complete lack of curative therapies created an appalling death toll. Waterborne diseases in particular spared neither general nor private, and neither doctor nor nurse.

Library of Congress

“Of all the adversities that Union and Confederate soldiers confronted, none was more deadly or more prevalent than contaminated water,” according to Jeffrey S. Sartin, MD, in his survey of Civil War diseases.¹

The Union Army records list 1,765,000 cases of diarrhea or dysentery with 45,000 deaths and 149,000 cases of typhoid fever with 35,000 deaths. Add to these the 1,316,000 cases of malaria (borne by mosquitoes breeding in the waters) with its 10,000 deaths, and it is easy to see how the battlefield itself took second place in service to the grim reaper. (Overall, there were roughly two deaths from disease for every one from wounds.)

The chief waterborne plague, infectious diarrhea – including bacterial, amoebic, and other parasites – as well as cholera and typhoid, was an all-year-long problem, and, with the typical wry humor of soldiers, these maladies were given popular names, including the “Tennessee trots” and the “Virginia quick-step.”

Unsanitary conditions in the camps were primarily to blame, and this problem of sanitation was obvious to many observers at the time.

Despite a lack of knowledge of germ theory, doctors were fully aware of the relationship of unsanitary conditions to disease, even if they ascribed the link to miasmas or particles of filth.

Hospitals, which were under more strict control than the regular army camps, were meticulous about the placement of latrines and about keeping high standards of cleanliness among the patients, including routine washing. However, this was insufficient for complete protection, because what passed for clean in the absence of the knowledge of bacterial contamination was often totally ineffective. As one Civil War surgeon stated: “We operated in old bloodstained and often pus-stained coats, we used undisinfected instruments from undisinfected plush-lined cases. If a sponge (if they had sponges) or instrument fell on the floor it was washed and squeezed in a basin of water and used as if it was clean.”²

Overall, efforts at what passed for sanitation remained a constant goal and constant struggle in the field.

After the First Battle of Bull Run, Women’s Central Association of Relief President Henry W. Bellows met with Secretary of War Simon Cameron to discuss the abysmal sanitary conditions witnessed by WCAR volunteers. This meeting led to the creation of what would become the U.S. Sanitary Commission, which was approved by President Abraham Lincoln on June 13, 1861.

Library of Congress

The U.S. Sanitary Commission served as a means for funneling civilian assistance to the military, with volunteers providing assistance in the organization of military hospitals and camps and aiding in the transportation of the wounded. However, despite these efforts, the setup of army camps and the behavior of the soldiers were not often directed toward proper sanitation. “The principal causes of disease, however, in our camps were the same that we have always to deplore and find it so difficult to remedy, simply because citizens suddenly called to the field cannot comprehend that men in masses require the attention of their officers to enforce certain hygienic conditions without which health cannot be preserved.”³

Breaches of sanitation were common in the confines of the camps, despite regulations designed to protect the soldiers. According to one U.S. Army surgeon of the time: “Especially [needed] was policing of the latrines. The trench is generally too shallow, the daily covering ... with dirt is entirely neglected. Large numbers of the men will not use the sinks [latrines], ... but instead every clump of bushes, every fence border in the vicinity.” Another pointed out that, after the Battle of Seven Pines, “the only water was infiltrated with the decaying animal matter of the battlefield.” Commenting on the placement of latrines in one encampment, another surgeon described how “the sink [latrine] is the ground in the vicinity, which slopes down to the stream, from which all water from the camp is obtained.”⁴

Treatment for diarrhea and dysentery was varied. Opiates were one of the most common treatments for diarrhea, whether in an alcohol solution as laudanum or in pill form, with belladonna being used to treat intestinal cramps, according to Glenna R. Schroeder-Lein in her book “The Encyclopedia of Civil War Medicine.” However, useless or damaging treatments were also prescribed, including the use of calomel (a mercury compound), turpentine, castor oil, and quinine.⁵

Acute diarrhea and dysentery illnesses occurred in at least 641/1,000 troops per year in the Union army. And even though the death rate was comparatively low (20/1,000 cases), it frequently led to chronic diarrhea, which was responsible for 288 deaths per 1,000 cases, and was the third highest cause of medical discharge after gunshot wounds and tuberculosis, according to Ms. Schroeder-Lein.

Although the American Civil War was the last major conflict before the spread of the knowledge of germ theory, the struggle to prevent the spread of waterborne diseases under wartime conditions remains ongoing. Hygiene is difficult under conditions of abject poverty and especially under conditions of armed conflict, and until the era of curative antibiotics there was no recourse.

Antibiotics are not the final solution for antibiotic resistance in intestinal disease pathogens, as outlined in a recent CDC report, is an increasing problem.⁶ For example, nontyphoidal Salmonella causes an estimated 1.35 million infections, 26,500 hospitalizations, and 420 deaths each year in the United States, with 16% of strains being resistant to at least one essential antibiotic. On a global scale, according to the World Health Organization, poor sanitation causes up to 432,000 diarrheal deaths annually and is linked to the transmission of other diseases like cholera, dysentery, typhoid, hepatitis A, and polio.⁷

With regard to actual epidemics, the world is only a hygienic crisis away from a major outbreak of dysentery (the last occurring between 1969 and 1972, when 20,000 people in Central America died), according to researchers who have detected antibiotic resistance in all but 1% of circulating Shigella dysenteriae strains surveyed since the 1990s. “This bacterium is still in circulation, and could be responsible for future epidemics if conditions should prove favorable – such as a large gathering of people without access to drinking water or treatment of human waste,” wrote François-Xavier Weill of the Pasteur Institute’s Enteric Bacterial Pathogens Unit.⁸

[email protected]

References

1. Sartin JS. Clin Infec Dis. 1993;16:580-4. (Correction published in 2002).

2. Civil War Battlefield Surgery. eHistory. The Ohio State University.

3. “Myths About Antiseptics and Camp Life – George Wunderlich,” published online Oct. 11, 2011. http://civilwarscholars.com/2011/10/myths-about-antiseptics-and-camp-life-george-wunderlich/

4. Dorwart BB. “Death is in the Breeze: Disease during the American Civil War” (The National Museum of the American Civil War Press, 2009).

5. Glenna R, Schroeder-Lein GR. “The Encyclopedia of Civil War Medicine” (New York: M. E. Sharpe, 2008).

6. “Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States 2019” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

7. “New report exposes horror of working conditions for millions of sanitation workers in the developing world,” World Health Organization. 2019 Nov 14.

8. Grant B. Origins of Dysentery. The Scientist. Published online March 22, 2016.

Mark Lesney is the managing editor of MDedge.com/IDPractioner. He has a PhD in plant virology and a PhD in the history of science, with a focus on the history of biotechnology and medicine. He has served as an adjunct assistant professor of the department of biochemistry and molecular & cellular biology at Georgetown University, Washington.

If cleanliness is next to godliness, then the average soldier in the American Civil War lived just down the street from hell. In a land at war, before the formal tenets of germ theory had spread beyond the confines of Louis Pasteur’s laboratory in France, the lack of basic hygiene, both cultural and situational, coupled to an almost complete lack of curative therapies created an appalling death toll. Waterborne diseases in particular spared neither general nor private, and neither doctor nor nurse.

Library of Congress

“Of all the adversities that Union and Confederate soldiers confronted, none was more deadly or more prevalent than contaminated water,” according to Jeffrey S. Sartin, MD, in his survey of Civil War diseases.¹

The Union Army records list 1,765,000 cases of diarrhea or dysentery with 45,000 deaths and 149,000 cases of typhoid fever with 35,000 deaths. Add to these the 1,316,000 cases of malaria (borne by mosquitoes breeding in the waters) with its 10,000 deaths, and it is easy to see how the battlefield itself took second place in service to the grim reaper. (Overall, there were roughly two deaths from disease for every one from wounds.)

The chief waterborne plague, infectious diarrhea – including bacterial, amoebic, and other parasites – as well as cholera and typhoid, was an all-year-long problem, and, with the typical wry humor of soldiers, these maladies were given popular names, including the “Tennessee trots” and the “Virginia quick-step.”

Unsanitary conditions in the camps were primarily to blame, and this problem of sanitation was obvious to many observers at the time.

Despite a lack of knowledge of germ theory, doctors were fully aware of the relationship of unsanitary conditions to disease, even if they ascribed the link to miasmas or particles of filth.

Hospitals, which were under more strict control than the regular army camps, were meticulous about the placement of latrines and about keeping high standards of cleanliness among the patients, including routine washing. However, this was insufficient for complete protection, because what passed for clean in the absence of the knowledge of bacterial contamination was often totally ineffective. As one Civil War surgeon stated: “We operated in old bloodstained and often pus-stained coats, we used undisinfected instruments from undisinfected plush-lined cases. If a sponge (if they had sponges) or instrument fell on the floor it was washed and squeezed in a basin of water and used as if it was clean.”²

Overall, efforts at what passed for sanitation remained a constant goal and constant struggle in the field.

After the First Battle of Bull Run, Women’s Central Association of Relief President Henry W. Bellows met with Secretary of War Simon Cameron to discuss the abysmal sanitary conditions witnessed by WCAR volunteers. This meeting led to the creation of what would become the U.S. Sanitary Commission, which was approved by President Abraham Lincoln on June 13, 1861.

Library of Congress

The U.S. Sanitary Commission served as a means for funneling civilian assistance to the military, with volunteers providing assistance in the organization of military hospitals and camps and aiding in the transportation of the wounded. However, despite these efforts, the setup of army camps and the behavior of the soldiers were not often directed toward proper sanitation. “The principal causes of disease, however, in our camps were the same that we have always to deplore and find it so difficult to remedy, simply because citizens suddenly called to the field cannot comprehend that men in masses require the attention of their officers to enforce certain hygienic conditions without which health cannot be preserved.”³

Breaches of sanitation were common in the confines of the camps, despite regulations designed to protect the soldiers. According to one U.S. Army surgeon of the time: “Especially [needed] was policing of the latrines. The trench is generally too shallow, the daily covering ... with dirt is entirely neglected. Large numbers of the men will not use the sinks [latrines], ... but instead every clump of bushes, every fence border in the vicinity.” Another pointed out that, after the Battle of Seven Pines, “the only water was infiltrated with the decaying animal matter of the battlefield.” Commenting on the placement of latrines in one encampment, another surgeon described how “the sink [latrine] is the ground in the vicinity, which slopes down to the stream, from which all water from the camp is obtained.”⁴

Treatment for diarrhea and dysentery was varied. Opiates were one of the most common treatments for diarrhea, whether in an alcohol solution as laudanum or in pill form, with belladonna being used to treat intestinal cramps, according to Glenna R. Schroeder-Lein in her book “The Encyclopedia of Civil War Medicine.” However, useless or damaging treatments were also prescribed, including the use of calomel (a mercury compound), turpentine, castor oil, and quinine.⁵

Acute diarrhea and dysentery illnesses occurred in at least 641/1,000 troops per year in the Union army. And even though the death rate was comparatively low (20/1,000 cases), it frequently led to chronic diarrhea, which was responsible for 288 deaths per 1,000 cases, and was the third highest cause of medical discharge after gunshot wounds and tuberculosis, according to Ms. Schroeder-Lein.

Although the American Civil War was the last major conflict before the spread of the knowledge of germ theory, the struggle to prevent the spread of waterborne diseases under wartime conditions remains ongoing. Hygiene is difficult under conditions of abject poverty and especially under conditions of armed conflict, and until the era of curative antibiotics there was no recourse.

Antibiotics are not the final solution for antibiotic resistance in intestinal disease pathogens, as outlined in a recent CDC report, is an increasing problem.⁶ For example, nontyphoidal Salmonella causes an estimated 1.35 million infections, 26,500 hospitalizations, and 420 deaths each year in the United States, with 16% of strains being resistant to at least one essential antibiotic. On a global scale, according to the World Health Organization, poor sanitation causes up to 432,000 diarrheal deaths annually and is linked to the transmission of other diseases like cholera, dysentery, typhoid, hepatitis A, and polio.⁷

With regard to actual epidemics, the world is only a hygienic crisis away from a major outbreak of dysentery (the last occurring between 1969 and 1972, when 20,000 people in Central America died), according to researchers who have detected antibiotic resistance in all but 1% of circulating Shigella dysenteriae strains surveyed since the 1990s. “This bacterium is still in circulation, and could be responsible for future epidemics if conditions should prove favorable – such as a large gathering of people without access to drinking water or treatment of human waste,” wrote François-Xavier Weill of the Pasteur Institute’s Enteric Bacterial Pathogens Unit.⁸

[email protected]

References

1. Sartin JS. Clin Infec Dis. 1993;16:580-4. (Correction published in 2002).

2. Civil War Battlefield Surgery. eHistory. The Ohio State University.

3. “Myths About Antiseptics and Camp Life – George Wunderlich,” published online Oct. 11, 2011. http://civilwarscholars.com/2011/10/myths-about-antiseptics-and-camp-life-george-wunderlich/

4. Dorwart BB. “Death is in the Breeze: Disease during the American Civil War” (The National Museum of the American Civil War Press, 2009).

5. Glenna R, Schroeder-Lein GR. “The Encyclopedia of Civil War Medicine” (New York: M. E. Sharpe, 2008).

6. “Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States 2019” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

7. “New report exposes horror of working conditions for millions of sanitation workers in the developing world,” World Health Organization. 2019 Nov 14.

8. Grant B. Origins of Dysentery. The Scientist. Published online March 22, 2016.

Mark Lesney is the managing editor of MDedge.com/IDPractioner. He has a PhD in plant virology and a PhD in the history of science, with a focus on the history of biotechnology and medicine. He has served as an adjunct assistant professor of the department of biochemistry and molecular & cellular biology at Georgetown University, Washington.

ATLANTA – Ixekizumab (Taltz) provided significantly greater improvement in joint and skin symptoms, compared with adalimumab (Humira), in biologic-naive patients with active psoriatic arthritis (PsA), according to final 52-week safety and efficacy results from the randomized SPIRIT-H2H study.

The high-affinity monoclonal antibody against interleukin-17A also performed at least as well as the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)–inhibitor adalimumab across multiple PsA domains and regardless of methotrexate use, Josef Smolen, MD, reported during a late-breaking abstract session at the annual meeting of the American College of Rheumatology.

Multiple biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) are available for the treatment of PsA, but few studies have directly compared their efficacy and safety, said Dr. Smolen of the Medical University of Vienna. He noted that the SPIRIT-H2H study aimed to compare ixekizumab and adalimumab and also to address “one of the most clinically relevant questions for clinicians,” which relates to the efficacy of bDMARDs with and without concomitant methotrexate.

Ixekizumab is approved for adults with active PsA and moderate to severe plaque psoriasis, but TNF inhibitors like adalimumab have long been considered the gold standard for PsA treatment, he explained.

Of 283 patients with PsA randomized to receive ixekizumab and 283 randomized to receive adalimumab, 87% and 84%, respectively, completed week 52 of the head-to-head, open-label study comparing the bDMARDs. Treatment with ixekizumab achieved the primary endpoint of simultaneous improvement of 50% on ACR response criteria (ACR50) and 100% on the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI100) in 39% of patients, which was significantly higher than the rate of 26% with adalimumab, Dr. Smolen said.

Ixekizumab also performed at least as well as adalimumab for the secondary outcome measures of ACR50 response (50% in both groups) and PASI100 response (64% vs. 41%), as well as for all other outcomes measures, including multiple musculoskeletal PsA domains, he said.

“Remarkably ... at 1 year, more than one-third of the patients achieved an ACR70 in both groups, and half of the patients achieved an ACR50,” he added, noting that the ACR100 responses were in line with previous investigations.

Stratification by methotrexate use showed that the simultaneous ACR50 and PASI100 response rates were improved with ixekizumab versus adalimumab both in users and nonusers of methotrexate (39% vs. 30% and 40% vs. 20%, respectively). This finding highlights the ongoing debate about whether TNF inhibitors should or should not be used with methotrexate for PsA.

“This study was not adequately powered to say that, but there is some indication, and I think that this is food for thought for future further analysis because the data in the literature are discrepant in this respect,” Dr. Smolen said.

In non-methotrexate users in SPIRIT-H2H, the ACR20 responses were 53% with ixekinumab vs. 40% with adalimumab, ACR50 responses were 72% vs. 60%, and ACR70 responses were 41% vs. 27%, respectively, he said noting that the difference for ACR70 was statistically significant, and that the ACR70 response with ixekinumab was about the same as the ACR50 for adalimumab.

As for ACR20, ACR50, and ACR70 responses in methotrexate users, “the lines criss-crossed” early on, he said, but all were “slightly superior” with adalimumab than with ixekizumab at 52 weeks (75% vs. 68%, 56% vs. 48%, and 39% vs. 32%, respectively).

Study participants had a mean age of 48 years and had active PsA with at least 3/66 tender joints, at least 3/68 swollen joints, at least 3% psoriasis body surface area involvement, no prior treatment with bDMARDs, and prior inadequate response to one or more conventional synthetic DMARDs. Treatment was dosed according to drug labeling through 52 weeks.

The safety profiles of both agents were consistent with previous reports; treatment-emergent adverse events occurred in 73.9% of ixekizumab and 68.6% of adalimumab patients, and serious adverse events occurred in 4.2% and 12.4%, respectively.

“On the other hand, ixekizumab had more injection site reactions: 11% vs. close to 4%,” he said, noting that 4.2% of the ixekizumab patients and 7.4% of the adalimumab patients discontinued treatment because of adverse events. No deaths occurred in either group.

As reported previously in Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, ixekizumab was superior to adalimumab for simultaneous achievement of ACR50 and PASI100 at 24 weeks, and these final 52-week results confirm those results, he said.

The study was funded by Eli Lilly, which markets ixekizumab. Dr. Smolen reported research grants and/or honoraria from Eli Lilly and AbbVie, which markets adalimumab, as well as many other pharmaceutical companies.

[email protected]

SOURCE: Smolen J et al. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2019;71(suppl 10), Abstract L20.

ATLANTA – Ixekizumab (Taltz) provided significantly greater improvement in joint and skin symptoms, compared with adalimumab (Humira), in biologic-naive patients with active psoriatic arthritis (PsA), according to final 52-week safety and efficacy results from the randomized SPIRIT-H2H study.

The high-affinity monoclonal antibody against interleukin-17A also performed at least as well as the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)–inhibitor adalimumab across multiple PsA domains and regardless of methotrexate use, Josef Smolen, MD, reported during a late-breaking abstract session at the annual meeting of the American College of Rheumatology.

Multiple biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) are available for the treatment of PsA, but few studies have directly compared their efficacy and safety, said Dr. Smolen of the Medical University of Vienna. He noted that the SPIRIT-H2H study aimed to compare ixekizumab and adalimumab and also to address “one of the most clinically relevant questions for clinicians,” which relates to the efficacy of bDMARDs with and without concomitant methotrexate.

Ixekizumab is approved for adults with active PsA and moderate to severe plaque psoriasis, but TNF inhibitors like adalimumab have long been considered the gold standard for PsA treatment, he explained.

Of 283 patients with PsA randomized to receive ixekizumab and 283 randomized to receive adalimumab, 87% and 84%, respectively, completed week 52 of the head-to-head, open-label study comparing the bDMARDs. Treatment with ixekizumab achieved the primary endpoint of simultaneous improvement of 50% on ACR response criteria (ACR50) and 100% on the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI100) in 39% of patients, which was significantly higher than the rate of 26% with adalimumab, Dr. Smolen said.

Ixekizumab also performed at least as well as adalimumab for the secondary outcome measures of ACR50 response (50% in both groups) and PASI100 response (64% vs. 41%), as well as for all other outcomes measures, including multiple musculoskeletal PsA domains, he said.

“Remarkably ... at 1 year, more than one-third of the patients achieved an ACR70 in both groups, and half of the patients achieved an ACR50,” he added, noting that the ACR100 responses were in line with previous investigations.

Stratification by methotrexate use showed that the simultaneous ACR50 and PASI100 response rates were improved with ixekizumab versus adalimumab both in users and nonusers of methotrexate (39% vs. 30% and 40% vs. 20%, respectively). This finding highlights the ongoing debate about whether TNF inhibitors should or should not be used with methotrexate for PsA.

“This study was not adequately powered to say that, but there is some indication, and I think that this is food for thought for future further analysis because the data in the literature are discrepant in this respect,” Dr. Smolen said.

In non-methotrexate users in SPIRIT-H2H, the ACR20 responses were 53% with ixekinumab vs. 40% with adalimumab, ACR50 responses were 72% vs. 60%, and ACR70 responses were 41% vs. 27%, respectively, he said noting that the difference for ACR70 was statistically significant, and that the ACR70 response with ixekinumab was about the same as the ACR50 for adalimumab.

As for ACR20, ACR50, and ACR70 responses in methotrexate users, “the lines criss-crossed” early on, he said, but all were “slightly superior” with adalimumab than with ixekizumab at 52 weeks (75% vs. 68%, 56% vs. 48%, and 39% vs. 32%, respectively).

Study participants had a mean age of 48 years and had active PsA with at least 3/66 tender joints, at least 3/68 swollen joints, at least 3% psoriasis body surface area involvement, no prior treatment with bDMARDs, and prior inadequate response to one or more conventional synthetic DMARDs. Treatment was dosed according to drug labeling through 52 weeks.

The safety profiles of both agents were consistent with previous reports; treatment-emergent adverse events occurred in 73.9% of ixekizumab and 68.6% of adalimumab patients, and serious adverse events occurred in 4.2% and 12.4%, respectively.

“On the other hand, ixekizumab had more injection site reactions: 11% vs. close to 4%,” he said, noting that 4.2% of the ixekizumab patients and 7.4% of the adalimumab patients discontinued treatment because of adverse events. No deaths occurred in either group.

As reported previously in Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, ixekizumab was superior to adalimumab for simultaneous achievement of ACR50 and PASI100 at 24 weeks, and these final 52-week results confirm those results, he said.

The study was funded by Eli Lilly, which markets ixekizumab. Dr. Smolen reported research grants and/or honoraria from Eli Lilly and AbbVie, which markets adalimumab, as well as many other pharmaceutical companies.

[email protected]

SOURCE: Smolen J et al. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2019;71(suppl 10), Abstract L20.

ATLANTA – Ixekizumab (Taltz) provided significantly greater improvement in joint and skin symptoms, compared with adalimumab (Humira), in biologic-naive patients with active psoriatic arthritis (PsA), according to final 52-week safety and efficacy results from the randomized SPIRIT-H2H study.

The high-affinity monoclonal antibody against interleukin-17A also performed at least as well as the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)–inhibitor adalimumab across multiple PsA domains and regardless of methotrexate use, Josef Smolen, MD, reported during a late-breaking abstract session at the annual meeting of the American College of Rheumatology.

Multiple biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) are available for the treatment of PsA, but few studies have directly compared their efficacy and safety, said Dr. Smolen of the Medical University of Vienna. He noted that the SPIRIT-H2H study aimed to compare ixekizumab and adalimumab and also to address “one of the most clinically relevant questions for clinicians,” which relates to the efficacy of bDMARDs with and without concomitant methotrexate.

Ixekizumab is approved for adults with active PsA and moderate to severe plaque psoriasis, but TNF inhibitors like adalimumab have long been considered the gold standard for PsA treatment, he explained.

Of 283 patients with PsA randomized to receive ixekizumab and 283 randomized to receive adalimumab, 87% and 84%, respectively, completed week 52 of the head-to-head, open-label study comparing the bDMARDs. Treatment with ixekizumab achieved the primary endpoint of simultaneous improvement of 50% on ACR response criteria (ACR50) and 100% on the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI100) in 39% of patients, which was significantly higher than the rate of 26% with adalimumab, Dr. Smolen said.

Ixekizumab also performed at least as well as adalimumab for the secondary outcome measures of ACR50 response (50% in both groups) and PASI100 response (64% vs. 41%), as well as for all other outcomes measures, including multiple musculoskeletal PsA domains, he said.

“Remarkably ... at 1 year, more than one-third of the patients achieved an ACR70 in both groups, and half of the patients achieved an ACR50,” he added, noting that the ACR100 responses were in line with previous investigations.

Stratification by methotrexate use showed that the simultaneous ACR50 and PASI100 response rates were improved with ixekizumab versus adalimumab both in users and nonusers of methotrexate (39% vs. 30% and 40% vs. 20%, respectively). This finding highlights the ongoing debate about whether TNF inhibitors should or should not be used with methotrexate for PsA.

“This study was not adequately powered to say that, but there is some indication, and I think that this is food for thought for future further analysis because the data in the literature are discrepant in this respect,” Dr. Smolen said.

In non-methotrexate users in SPIRIT-H2H, the ACR20 responses were 53% with ixekinumab vs. 40% with adalimumab, ACR50 responses were 72% vs. 60%, and ACR70 responses were 41% vs. 27%, respectively, he said noting that the difference for ACR70 was statistically significant, and that the ACR70 response with ixekinumab was about the same as the ACR50 for adalimumab.

As for ACR20, ACR50, and ACR70 responses in methotrexate users, “the lines criss-crossed” early on, he said, but all were “slightly superior” with adalimumab than with ixekizumab at 52 weeks (75% vs. 68%, 56% vs. 48%, and 39% vs. 32%, respectively).

Study participants had a mean age of 48 years and had active PsA with at least 3/66 tender joints, at least 3/68 swollen joints, at least 3% psoriasis body surface area involvement, no prior treatment with bDMARDs, and prior inadequate response to one or more conventional synthetic DMARDs. Treatment was dosed according to drug labeling through 52 weeks.

The safety profiles of both agents were consistent with previous reports; treatment-emergent adverse events occurred in 73.9% of ixekizumab and 68.6% of adalimumab patients, and serious adverse events occurred in 4.2% and 12.4%, respectively.

“On the other hand, ixekizumab had more injection site reactions: 11% vs. close to 4%,” he said, noting that 4.2% of the ixekizumab patients and 7.4% of the adalimumab patients discontinued treatment because of adverse events. No deaths occurred in either group.

As reported previously in Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, ixekizumab was superior to adalimumab for simultaneous achievement of ACR50 and PASI100 at 24 weeks, and these final 52-week results confirm those results, he said.

The study was funded by Eli Lilly, which markets ixekizumab. Dr. Smolen reported research grants and/or honoraria from Eli Lilly and AbbVie, which markets adalimumab, as well as many other pharmaceutical companies.

[email protected]

SOURCE: Smolen J et al. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2019;71(suppl 10), Abstract L20.

Women with ADHD, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), or both report higher rates of chronic pain, which should be accounted for in the treatment received, new research shows.

In some cases, treating the ADHD might lower the pain, reported Karin Asztély of the Sahlgrenska Academy Institute of Neuroscience, Göteborg, Sweden, and associates. The study was published in the Journal of Pain Research.

The research included 77 Swedish women with ADHD, ASD, or both from a larger prospective longitudinal study. From 2015 to 2018, when the women were aged 19-37 years, they were contacted by mail and phone, and interviewed about symptoms of pain. This included chronic widespread or regional symptoms of pain; widespread pain was pain that lasted more than 3 months and was described both above and below the waist, on both sides of the body, and in the axial skeleton. Any pain that lasted more than 3 months but did not meet those other requirements was listed as chronic regional pain.

Chronic pain of any kind was reported by 59 participants (76.6%). Chronic widespread pain was reported by 25 participants (32.5%), and chronic regional pain was reported by 34 (44.2%), both of which were higher than those seen in a cross-sectional survey, which showed prevalences of 11.9% and 23.9% of Swedish participants, respectively (J Rheumatol. 2001 Jun;28[6]:1369-77).

Among the limitations of the latest study is the small sample size and the absence of healthy controls; however, the researchers thought this was compensated for by the comparisons with previous research.

“Our findings highlight the importance of the health care professionals to address pain problems in this patient group and possible unrecognized ASD and/or ADHD in women with chronic pain,” they concluded.

The investigators reported no conflicts of interest.

[email protected]

SOURCE: Asztély et al. J Pain Res. 2019 Oct 18;12:2925-32.

Women with ADHD, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), or both report higher rates of chronic pain, which should be accounted for in the treatment received, new research shows.

In some cases, treating the ADHD might lower the pain, reported Karin Asztély of the Sahlgrenska Academy Institute of Neuroscience, Göteborg, Sweden, and associates. The study was published in the Journal of Pain Research.

The research included 77 Swedish women with ADHD, ASD, or both from a larger prospective longitudinal study. From 2015 to 2018, when the women were aged 19-37 years, they were contacted by mail and phone, and interviewed about symptoms of pain. This included chronic widespread or regional symptoms of pain; widespread pain was pain that lasted more than 3 months and was described both above and below the waist, on both sides of the body, and in the axial skeleton. Any pain that lasted more than 3 months but did not meet those other requirements was listed as chronic regional pain.

Chronic pain of any kind was reported by 59 participants (76.6%). Chronic widespread pain was reported by 25 participants (32.5%), and chronic regional pain was reported by 34 (44.2%), both of which were higher than those seen in a cross-sectional survey, which showed prevalences of 11.9% and 23.9% of Swedish participants, respectively (J Rheumatol. 2001 Jun;28[6]:1369-77).

Among the limitations of the latest study is the small sample size and the absence of healthy controls; however, the researchers thought this was compensated for by the comparisons with previous research.

“Our findings highlight the importance of the health care professionals to address pain problems in this patient group and possible unrecognized ASD and/or ADHD in women with chronic pain,” they concluded.

The investigators reported no conflicts of interest.

[email protected]

SOURCE: Asztély et al. J Pain Res. 2019 Oct 18;12:2925-32.

Women with ADHD, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), or both report higher rates of chronic pain, which should be accounted for in the treatment received, new research shows.

In some cases, treating the ADHD might lower the pain, reported Karin Asztély of the Sahlgrenska Academy Institute of Neuroscience, Göteborg, Sweden, and associates. The study was published in the Journal of Pain Research.

The research included 77 Swedish women with ADHD, ASD, or both from a larger prospective longitudinal study. From 2015 to 2018, when the women were aged 19-37 years, they were contacted by mail and phone, and interviewed about symptoms of pain. This included chronic widespread or regional symptoms of pain; widespread pain was pain that lasted more than 3 months and was described both above and below the waist, on both sides of the body, and in the axial skeleton. Any pain that lasted more than 3 months but did not meet those other requirements was listed as chronic regional pain.

Chronic pain of any kind was reported by 59 participants (76.6%). Chronic widespread pain was reported by 25 participants (32.5%), and chronic regional pain was reported by 34 (44.2%), both of which were higher than those seen in a cross-sectional survey, which showed prevalences of 11.9% and 23.9% of Swedish participants, respectively (J Rheumatol. 2001 Jun;28[6]:1369-77).

Among the limitations of the latest study is the small sample size and the absence of healthy controls; however, the researchers thought this was compensated for by the comparisons with previous research.

“Our findings highlight the importance of the health care professionals to address pain problems in this patient group and possible unrecognized ASD and/or ADHD in women with chronic pain,” they concluded.

The investigators reported no conflicts of interest.

[email protected]

SOURCE: Asztély et al. J Pain Res. 2019 Oct 18;12:2925-32.

SAN ANTONIO – Patients aged over age 75 years who are hospitalized for management of inflammatory bowel disease have a four to five times greater risk of inpatient mortality than those who are younger, Jeffrey Schwartz, MD, reported at the annual meeting of the American College of Gastroenterology.

Bruce Jancin/MDedge News

The magnitude of the age-related increased risk highlighted in this large national study was strikingly larger than the differential inpatient mortality between geriatric and nongeriatric patients hospitalized for conditions other than inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It’s a finding that reveals a major unmet need for improved systems of care for elderly hospitalized IBD patients, according to Dr. Schwartz, an internal medicine resident at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston.

“Given the high prevalence of IBD patients that require inpatient admission, as well as the rapidly aging nature of the U.S. population, it’s our hope that this study will provide some insight to drive efforts to improve standardized guideline-directed therapy and propose interventions to help close what I think is a very important gap in clinical care,” he said.

It’s well established that a second peak of IBD diagnoses occurs in 50- to 70-year-olds. At present, roughly 30% of all individuals carrying the diagnosis of IBD are over age 65, and with the graying of the baby-boomer population, this proportion is climbing.

Dr. Schwartz presented a study of the National Inpatient Sample for 2016, which is a representative sample comprising 20% of all U.S. hospital discharges for that year, the most recent year for which the data are available. The study population included all 71,040 patients hospitalized for acute management of Crohn’s disease or its immediate complications, of whom 10,095 were aged over age 75 years, as well as the 35,950 patients hospitalized for ulcerative colitis, 8,285 of whom were over 75.

Inpatient mortality occurred in 1.5% of the geriatric admissions, compared with 0.2% of nongeriatric admissions for Crohn’s disease. Similarly, the inpatient mortality rate in geriatric patients with ulcerative colitis was 1.0% versus 0.1% in patients under age 75 hospitalized for ulcerative colitis.

There are lots of reasons why the management of geriatric patients with IBD is particularly challenging, Dr. Schwartz noted. They have a higher burden of comorbid conditions, worse nutritional status, and increased risks of infection and cancer. In a regression analysis that attempted to control for such confounders using the Elixhauser mortality index, the nongeriatric Crohn’s disease patients were an adjusted 75% less likely to die in the hospital than those who were older. Nongeriatric ulcerative colitis patients were 81% less likely to die than geriatric patients with the disease. In contrast, nongeriatric patients admitted for reasons other than IBD had only an adjusted 50% lower risk of inpatient mortality than those who were older than 75.

Of note, in this analysis adjusted for confounders, there was no difference between geriatric and nongeriatric IBD patients in terms of resource utilization as reflected in average length of stay and hospital charges, Dr. Schwartz continued.

Asked if he could shed light on any specific complications that drove the age-related disparity in inpatient mortality in the IBD population, the physician replied that he and his coinvestigators were thwarted in their effort to do so because the inpatient mortality of 1.0%-1.5% was so low that further breakdown as to causes of death would have been statistically unreliable. It might be possible to do so successfully by combining several years of National Inpatient Sample data. That being said, it’s reasonable to hypothesize that cardiovascular complications are an important contributor, he added.

Dr. Schwartz reported having no financial conflicts regarding his study, conducted free of commercial support.

[email protected]

SAN ANTONIO – Patients aged over age 75 years who are hospitalized for management of inflammatory bowel disease have a four to five times greater risk of inpatient mortality than those who are younger, Jeffrey Schwartz, MD, reported at the annual meeting of the American College of Gastroenterology.

Bruce Jancin/MDedge News

The magnitude of the age-related increased risk highlighted in this large national study was strikingly larger than the differential inpatient mortality between geriatric and nongeriatric patients hospitalized for conditions other than inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It’s a finding that reveals a major unmet need for improved systems of care for elderly hospitalized IBD patients, according to Dr. Schwartz, an internal medicine resident at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston.

“Given the high prevalence of IBD patients that require inpatient admission, as well as the rapidly aging nature of the U.S. population, it’s our hope that this study will provide some insight to drive efforts to improve standardized guideline-directed therapy and propose interventions to help close what I think is a very important gap in clinical care,” he said.

It’s well established that a second peak of IBD diagnoses occurs in 50- to 70-year-olds. At present, roughly 30% of all individuals carrying the diagnosis of IBD are over age 65, and with the graying of the baby-boomer population, this proportion is climbing.

Dr. Schwartz presented a study of the National Inpatient Sample for 2016, which is a representative sample comprising 20% of all U.S. hospital discharges for that year, the most recent year for which the data are available. The study population included all 71,040 patients hospitalized for acute management of Crohn’s disease or its immediate complications, of whom 10,095 were aged over age 75 years, as well as the 35,950 patients hospitalized for ulcerative colitis, 8,285 of whom were over 75.

Inpatient mortality occurred in 1.5% of the geriatric admissions, compared with 0.2% of nongeriatric admissions for Crohn’s disease. Similarly, the inpatient mortality rate in geriatric patients with ulcerative colitis was 1.0% versus 0.1% in patients under age 75 hospitalized for ulcerative colitis.

There are lots of reasons why the management of geriatric patients with IBD is particularly challenging, Dr. Schwartz noted. They have a higher burden of comorbid conditions, worse nutritional status, and increased risks of infection and cancer. In a regression analysis that attempted to control for such confounders using the Elixhauser mortality index, the nongeriatric Crohn’s disease patients were an adjusted 75% less likely to die in the hospital than those who were older. Nongeriatric ulcerative colitis patients were 81% less likely to die than geriatric patients with the disease. In contrast, nongeriatric patients admitted for reasons other than IBD had only an adjusted 50% lower risk of inpatient mortality than those who were older than 75.

Of note, in this analysis adjusted for confounders, there was no difference between geriatric and nongeriatric IBD patients in terms of resource utilization as reflected in average length of stay and hospital charges, Dr. Schwartz continued.

Asked if he could shed light on any specific complications that drove the age-related disparity in inpatient mortality in the IBD population, the physician replied that he and his coinvestigators were thwarted in their effort to do so because the inpatient mortality of 1.0%-1.5% was so low that further breakdown as to causes of death would have been statistically unreliable. It might be possible to do so successfully by combining several years of National Inpatient Sample data. That being said, it’s reasonable to hypothesize that cardiovascular complications are an important contributor, he added.

Dr. Schwartz reported having no financial conflicts regarding his study, conducted free of commercial support.

[email protected]

SAN ANTONIO – Patients aged over age 75 years who are hospitalized for management of inflammatory bowel disease have a four to five times greater risk of inpatient mortality than those who are younger, Jeffrey Schwartz, MD, reported at the annual meeting of the American College of Gastroenterology.

Bruce Jancin/MDedge News

The magnitude of the age-related increased risk highlighted in this large national study was strikingly larger than the differential inpatient mortality between geriatric and nongeriatric patients hospitalized for conditions other than inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It’s a finding that reveals a major unmet need for improved systems of care for elderly hospitalized IBD patients, according to Dr. Schwartz, an internal medicine resident at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston.

“Given the high prevalence of IBD patients that require inpatient admission, as well as the rapidly aging nature of the U.S. population, it’s our hope that this study will provide some insight to drive efforts to improve standardized guideline-directed therapy and propose interventions to help close what I think is a very important gap in clinical care,” he said.

It’s well established that a second peak of IBD diagnoses occurs in 50- to 70-year-olds. At present, roughly 30% of all individuals carrying the diagnosis of IBD are over age 65, and with the graying of the baby-boomer population, this proportion is climbing.

Dr. Schwartz presented a study of the National Inpatient Sample for 2016, which is a representative sample comprising 20% of all U.S. hospital discharges for that year, the most recent year for which the data are available. The study population included all 71,040 patients hospitalized for acute management of Crohn’s disease or its immediate complications, of whom 10,095 were aged over age 75 years, as well as the 35,950 patients hospitalized for ulcerative colitis, 8,285 of whom were over 75.

Inpatient mortality occurred in 1.5% of the geriatric admissions, compared with 0.2% of nongeriatric admissions for Crohn’s disease. Similarly, the inpatient mortality rate in geriatric patients with ulcerative colitis was 1.0% versus 0.1% in patients under age 75 hospitalized for ulcerative colitis.

There are lots of reasons why the management of geriatric patients with IBD is particularly challenging, Dr. Schwartz noted. They have a higher burden of comorbid conditions, worse nutritional status, and increased risks of infection and cancer. In a regression analysis that attempted to control for such confounders using the Elixhauser mortality index, the nongeriatric Crohn’s disease patients were an adjusted 75% less likely to die in the hospital than those who were older. Nongeriatric ulcerative colitis patients were 81% less likely to die than geriatric patients with the disease. In contrast, nongeriatric patients admitted for reasons other than IBD had only an adjusted 50% lower risk of inpatient mortality than those who were older than 75.

Of note, in this analysis adjusted for confounders, there was no difference between geriatric and nongeriatric IBD patients in terms of resource utilization as reflected in average length of stay and hospital charges, Dr. Schwartz continued.

Asked if he could shed light on any specific complications that drove the age-related disparity in inpatient mortality in the IBD population, the physician replied that he and his coinvestigators were thwarted in their effort to do so because the inpatient mortality of 1.0%-1.5% was so low that further breakdown as to causes of death would have been statistically unreliable. It might be possible to do so successfully by combining several years of National Inpatient Sample data. That being said, it’s reasonable to hypothesize that cardiovascular complications are an important contributor, he added.

Dr. Schwartz reported having no financial conflicts regarding his study, conducted free of commercial support.

[email protected]

The 9-valent human papillomavirus vaccine (9vHPV) vaccine carries an extremely low rate of adverse events, most of which cannot be definitively tied to the vaccine, according to two large studies published simultaneously in Pediatrics.

MarianVejcik/Getty Images

“The body of evidence on the safety of 9vHPV now includes prelicensure clinical trial data on 15,000 study subjects, reassuring results from postlicensure near real-time sequential monitoring by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Vaccine Safety Datalink, on approximately 839 000 doses administered, and our review of VAERS [Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System] reports over a 3-year period, during which time approximately 28 million doses were distributed in the United States,” Tom T. Shimabukuro, MD, and colleagues reported in Pediatrics.

James G. Donahue, PhD, and colleagues, authors of the Vaccine Safety Datalink study published in the same issue, concluded much the same thing.

The new numbers bolster extant safety data on the vaccine, which was approved in 2015, wrote Dr. Donahue, an epidemiologist at the Marshfield (Wis.) Clinic Research Institute, and coauthors. “With this large observational study, we contribute reassuring postlicensure data that will help bolster the safety profile of 9vHPV. Although we detected several unexpected potential safety signals, none were confirmed after further evaluation.”

The Vaccine Safety Datalink study of 838,991 doses looked for safety signals in a prespecified group of potential events, including anaphylaxis, appendicitis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, pancreatitis, seizures, stroke, and venous thromboembolism.

Dr. Donahue and coauthors used real-time vaccination data and time-matched historical controls to evaluate any changes in expected disease rates, compared with those occurring in vaccine recipients.

Most doses in the study (76%) were given to children aged 9-17 years, with 48% going to girls. The remaining 24% of doses were given to persons aged 18-26 years, with 64% going to women.

The analysis found potential safety signals in allergic reactions (43 cases), appendicitis (30 cases), pancreatitis (8 cases), and syncope (67). None of these were confirmed after further investigation.

“The safety profile of 9vHPV is favorable and comparable to that of its predecessor, 4vHPV,” Dr. Donahue and associates concluded.

The VAERS analysis was similarly reassuring. It examined all reported adverse events, not predetermined events.

Among 28 million doses, there were 7,244 adverse event reports – a rate of about 1 event per 7 million doses. Of these, 97% were nonserious, wrote Dr. Shimabukuro, deputy director of the CDC’s Immunization Safety Office, and colleagues.

The vaccine manufacturer submitted 64% of these to VAERS; health care providers submitted 27%. Adverse events were reported from postvaccine day 0 to 2 years afterward. 9vHPV was the only vaccine given in 75% of reports. Coadministered vaccines included meningococcal conjugate (1,028); tetanus and diphtheria (Td) or Tdap (673); and hepatitis A (434).

There were nine reports of anaphylaxis (five males, four females); 9vHPV was the only vaccine administered in five cases. Three reports involved coadministration of meningococcal vaccine, two with hepatitis A, one with TDaP, and one with varicella.

There were eight reports of Guillain-Barré.

There were 17 reports of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, most of which (71%) did not meet diagnostic criteria. Five cases, however, did.

One possible case of complex regional pain syndrome was reported in a 13-year-old girl with comorbid anxiety.

There were two reports of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, both in boys. There were no reports of transverse myelitis or chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy.

Seven vaccine recipients died after vaccination. Five of these reports did not contain medical information or any proof-of-death confirmation. The other two were verified by autopsy. A 14-year-old girl who received a flu vaccination with 9vHPV died of a thoracic aorta dissection 7 days postvaccination. The other death was a 16-year-old boy who received a concurrent hepatitis A vaccine. Four days later, he died of a cerebellar hemorrhage.

“We did not identify any unusual or unexpected safety concerns in our review of 9vHPV reports to the VAERS; most (97%) reports were nonserious, and adverse events were analogous to those observed in the prelicensure clinical trials,” Dr. Shimabukuro and associates concluded.

Neither Dr. Shimabukuro nor Dr. Donahue had financial disclosures. Dr. Donahue’s study was funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. One coauthor had ties to several pharmaceutical companies. Dr. Shimabukuro’s study had no external funding. One coauthor is employed by Merck, but was not at the time of the study.

[email protected]

SOURCES: Shimabukuro T et al. Pediatrics. 2019 Nov 1. doi: 10.1542/peds.2019-1791; Donahue J et al. Pediatrics. 2019 Nov 1. doi: 10.1542/peds.2019-1808.

The 9-valent human papillomavirus vaccine (9vHPV) vaccine carries an extremely low rate of adverse events, most of which cannot be definitively tied to the vaccine, according to two large studies published simultaneously in Pediatrics.

MarianVejcik/Getty Images

“The body of evidence on the safety of 9vHPV now includes prelicensure clinical trial data on 15,000 study subjects, reassuring results from postlicensure near real-time sequential monitoring by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Vaccine Safety Datalink, on approximately 839 000 doses administered, and our review of VAERS [Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System] reports over a 3-year period, during which time approximately 28 million doses were distributed in the United States,” Tom T. Shimabukuro, MD, and colleagues reported in Pediatrics.

James G. Donahue, PhD, and colleagues, authors of the Vaccine Safety Datalink study published in the same issue, concluded much the same thing.

The new numbers bolster extant safety data on the vaccine, which was approved in 2015, wrote Dr. Donahue, an epidemiologist at the Marshfield (Wis.) Clinic Research Institute, and coauthors. “With this large observational study, we contribute reassuring postlicensure data that will help bolster the safety profile of 9vHPV. Although we detected several unexpected potential safety signals, none were confirmed after further evaluation.”

The Vaccine Safety Datalink study of 838,991 doses looked for safety signals in a prespecified group of potential events, including anaphylaxis, appendicitis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, pancreatitis, seizures, stroke, and venous thromboembolism.

Dr. Donahue and coauthors used real-time vaccination data and time-matched historical controls to evaluate any changes in expected disease rates, compared with those occurring in vaccine recipients.

Most doses in the study (76%) were given to children aged 9-17 years, with 48% going to girls. The remaining 24% of doses were given to persons aged 18-26 years, with 64% going to women.

The analysis found potential safety signals in allergic reactions (43 cases), appendicitis (30 cases), pancreatitis (8 cases), and syncope (67). None of these were confirmed after further investigation.

“The safety profile of 9vHPV is favorable and comparable to that of its predecessor, 4vHPV,” Dr. Donahue and associates concluded.

The VAERS analysis was similarly reassuring. It examined all reported adverse events, not predetermined events.

Among 28 million doses, there were 7,244 adverse event reports – a rate of about 1 event per 7 million doses. Of these, 97% were nonserious, wrote Dr. Shimabukuro, deputy director of the CDC’s Immunization Safety Office, and colleagues.

The vaccine manufacturer submitted 64% of these to VAERS; health care providers submitted 27%. Adverse events were reported from postvaccine day 0 to 2 years afterward. 9vHPV was the only vaccine given in 75% of reports. Coadministered vaccines included meningococcal conjugate (1,028); tetanus and diphtheria (Td) or Tdap (673); and hepatitis A (434).

There were nine reports of anaphylaxis (five males, four females); 9vHPV was the only vaccine administered in five cases. Three reports involved coadministration of meningococcal vaccine, two with hepatitis A, one with TDaP, and one with varicella.

There were eight reports of Guillain-Barré.

There were 17 reports of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, most of which (71%) did not meet diagnostic criteria. Five cases, however, did.

One possible case of complex regional pain syndrome was reported in a 13-year-old girl with comorbid anxiety.

There were two reports of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, both in boys. There were no reports of transverse myelitis or chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy.

Seven vaccine recipients died after vaccination. Five of these reports did not contain medical information or any proof-of-death confirmation. The other two were verified by autopsy. A 14-year-old girl who received a flu vaccination with 9vHPV died of a thoracic aorta dissection 7 days postvaccination. The other death was a 16-year-old boy who received a concurrent hepatitis A vaccine. Four days later, he died of a cerebellar hemorrhage.

“We did not identify any unusual or unexpected safety concerns in our review of 9vHPV reports to the VAERS; most (97%) reports were nonserious, and adverse events were analogous to those observed in the prelicensure clinical trials,” Dr. Shimabukuro and associates concluded.

Neither Dr. Shimabukuro nor Dr. Donahue had financial disclosures. Dr. Donahue’s study was funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. One coauthor had ties to several pharmaceutical companies. Dr. Shimabukuro’s study had no external funding. One coauthor is employed by Merck, but was not at the time of the study.

[email protected]

SOURCES: Shimabukuro T et al. Pediatrics. 2019 Nov 1. doi: 10.1542/peds.2019-1791; Donahue J et al. Pediatrics. 2019 Nov 1. doi: 10.1542/peds.2019-1808.

The 9-valent human papillomavirus vaccine (9vHPV) vaccine carries an extremely low rate of adverse events, most of which cannot be definitively tied to the vaccine, according to two large studies published simultaneously in Pediatrics.

MarianVejcik/Getty Images

“The body of evidence on the safety of 9vHPV now includes prelicensure clinical trial data on 15,000 study subjects, reassuring results from postlicensure near real-time sequential monitoring by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Vaccine Safety Datalink, on approximately 839 000 doses administered, and our review of VAERS [Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System] reports over a 3-year period, during which time approximately 28 million doses were distributed in the United States,” Tom T. Shimabukuro, MD, and colleagues reported in Pediatrics.

James G. Donahue, PhD, and colleagues, authors of the Vaccine Safety Datalink study published in the same issue, concluded much the same thing.

The new numbers bolster extant safety data on the vaccine, which was approved in 2015, wrote Dr. Donahue, an epidemiologist at the Marshfield (Wis.) Clinic Research Institute, and coauthors. “With this large observational study, we contribute reassuring postlicensure data that will help bolster the safety profile of 9vHPV. Although we detected several unexpected potential safety signals, none were confirmed after further evaluation.”

The Vaccine Safety Datalink study of 838,991 doses looked for safety signals in a prespecified group of potential events, including anaphylaxis, appendicitis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, pancreatitis, seizures, stroke, and venous thromboembolism.

Dr. Donahue and coauthors used real-time vaccination data and time-matched historical controls to evaluate any changes in expected disease rates, compared with those occurring in vaccine recipients.

Most doses in the study (76%) were given to children aged 9-17 years, with 48% going to girls. The remaining 24% of doses were given to persons aged 18-26 years, with 64% going to women.

The analysis found potential safety signals in allergic reactions (43 cases), appendicitis (30 cases), pancreatitis (8 cases), and syncope (67). None of these were confirmed after further investigation.

“The safety profile of 9vHPV is favorable and comparable to that of its predecessor, 4vHPV,” Dr. Donahue and associates concluded.

The VAERS analysis was similarly reassuring. It examined all reported adverse events, not predetermined events.

Among 28 million doses, there were 7,244 adverse event reports – a rate of about 1 event per 7 million doses. Of these, 97% were nonserious, wrote Dr. Shimabukuro, deputy director of the CDC’s Immunization Safety Office, and colleagues.

The vaccine manufacturer submitted 64% of these to VAERS; health care providers submitted 27%. Adverse events were reported from postvaccine day 0 to 2 years afterward. 9vHPV was the only vaccine given in 75% of reports. Coadministered vaccines included meningococcal conjugate (1,028); tetanus and diphtheria (Td) or Tdap (673); and hepatitis A (434).

There were nine reports of anaphylaxis (five males, four females); 9vHPV was the only vaccine administered in five cases. Three reports involved coadministration of meningococcal vaccine, two with hepatitis A, one with TDaP, and one with varicella.

There were eight reports of Guillain-Barré.

There were 17 reports of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, most of which (71%) did not meet diagnostic criteria. Five cases, however, did.

One possible case of complex regional pain syndrome was reported in a 13-year-old girl with comorbid anxiety.

There were two reports of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, both in boys. There were no reports of transverse myelitis or chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy.

Seven vaccine recipients died after vaccination. Five of these reports did not contain medical information or any proof-of-death confirmation. The other two were verified by autopsy. A 14-year-old girl who received a flu vaccination with 9vHPV died of a thoracic aorta dissection 7 days postvaccination. The other death was a 16-year-old boy who received a concurrent hepatitis A vaccine. Four days later, he died of a cerebellar hemorrhage.

“We did not identify any unusual or unexpected safety concerns in our review of 9vHPV reports to the VAERS; most (97%) reports were nonserious, and adverse events were analogous to those observed in the prelicensure clinical trials,” Dr. Shimabukuro and associates concluded.

Neither Dr. Shimabukuro nor Dr. Donahue had financial disclosures. Dr. Donahue’s study was funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. One coauthor had ties to several pharmaceutical companies. Dr. Shimabukuro’s study had no external funding. One coauthor is employed by Merck, but was not at the time of the study.

[email protected]

SOURCES: Shimabukuro T et al. Pediatrics. 2019 Nov 1. doi: 10.1542/peds.2019-1791; Donahue J et al. Pediatrics. 2019 Nov 1. doi: 10.1542/peds.2019-1808.