This patient was given a diagnosis of xerosis of the feet, commonly called fissured or cracked heels. Scaling and fissuring are also common in tinea pedis, but the location is often between the toes and there are finer splits and scale.

Xerosis is severely dry skin with hyperkeratosis due to abnormal keratinization;¹ it leads to inflexibility and subsequent fissuring of the heel pads. The cracks can be painful and even bleed.

Although the condition is common, well-controlled trials and definitive evidence in the literature are sparse. The authors of one systematic review were unable to draw conclusions regarding the efficacy of various treatments due to wide variation in research methodologies and outcome measures; they did, however, note that urea-containing products (followed by ammonium lactate products) were studied the most.²

In clinical practice, frequently applied topical emollients are recommended. Exfoliating products, including prescription Lac-Hydrin (ammonium lactate 12% cream) and the over-the-counter version, Am-Lactin, may be helpful. Mechanical debridement with a file or pumice stone can be used (with caution) to reduce the hyperkeratotic plaques. If these measures fail, topical steroids may be added to the emollients. In addition, patients have used cyanoacrylate glues to hold the fissures together with a reported reduction in pain.³

This patient had already tried standard topical emollients. She was prescribed ammonium lactate cream to be used as an exfoliating moisturizer topically twice daily along with triamcinolone acetonide (TAC) 0.1% ointment to be applied twice daily. She was instructed to wean off the TAC once the xerosis was controlled with the ammonium lactate cream.

‌

Photo and text courtesy of Daniel Stulberg, MD, FAAFP, Professor and Chair, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker, MD School of Medicine, Kalamazoo.

This patient was given a diagnosis of xerosis of the feet, commonly called fissured or cracked heels. Scaling and fissuring are also common in tinea pedis, but the location is often between the toes and there are finer splits and scale.

Xerosis is severely dry skin with hyperkeratosis due to abnormal keratinization;¹ it leads to inflexibility and subsequent fissuring of the heel pads. The cracks can be painful and even bleed.

Although the condition is common, well-controlled trials and definitive evidence in the literature are sparse. The authors of one systematic review were unable to draw conclusions regarding the efficacy of various treatments due to wide variation in research methodologies and outcome measures; they did, however, note that urea-containing products (followed by ammonium lactate products) were studied the most.²

In clinical practice, frequently applied topical emollients are recommended. Exfoliating products, including prescription Lac-Hydrin (ammonium lactate 12% cream) and the over-the-counter version, Am-Lactin, may be helpful. Mechanical debridement with a file or pumice stone can be used (with caution) to reduce the hyperkeratotic plaques. If these measures fail, topical steroids may be added to the emollients. In addition, patients have used cyanoacrylate glues to hold the fissures together with a reported reduction in pain.³

This patient had already tried standard topical emollients. She was prescribed ammonium lactate cream to be used as an exfoliating moisturizer topically twice daily along with triamcinolone acetonide (TAC) 0.1% ointment to be applied twice daily. She was instructed to wean off the TAC once the xerosis was controlled with the ammonium lactate cream.

‌

Photo and text courtesy of Daniel Stulberg, MD, FAAFP, Professor and Chair, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker, MD School of Medicine, Kalamazoo.

This patient was given a diagnosis of xerosis of the feet, commonly called fissured or cracked heels. Scaling and fissuring are also common in tinea pedis, but the location is often between the toes and there are finer splits and scale.

Xerosis is severely dry skin with hyperkeratosis due to abnormal keratinization;¹ it leads to inflexibility and subsequent fissuring of the heel pads. The cracks can be painful and even bleed.

Although the condition is common, well-controlled trials and definitive evidence in the literature are sparse. The authors of one systematic review were unable to draw conclusions regarding the efficacy of various treatments due to wide variation in research methodologies and outcome measures; they did, however, note that urea-containing products (followed by ammonium lactate products) were studied the most.²

In clinical practice, frequently applied topical emollients are recommended. Exfoliating products, including prescription Lac-Hydrin (ammonium lactate 12% cream) and the over-the-counter version, Am-Lactin, may be helpful. Mechanical debridement with a file or pumice stone can be used (with caution) to reduce the hyperkeratotic plaques. If these measures fail, topical steroids may be added to the emollients. In addition, patients have used cyanoacrylate glues to hold the fissures together with a reported reduction in pain.³

This patient had already tried standard topical emollients. She was prescribed ammonium lactate cream to be used as an exfoliating moisturizer topically twice daily along with triamcinolone acetonide (TAC) 0.1% ointment to be applied twice daily. She was instructed to wean off the TAC once the xerosis was controlled with the ammonium lactate cream.

‌

Photo and text courtesy of Daniel Stulberg, MD, FAAFP, Professor and Chair, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker, MD School of Medicine, Kalamazoo.

TOPLINE:

High and low levels of HDL cholesterol but not levels of LDL cholesterol are associated with an increased risk for dementia in older adults, a new study found.

METHODOLOGY:

• Electronic health record and survey data on 184,367 Kaiser Permanente Northern California participants (median age, 69.5 years) with no history of dementia were taken.
• Cholesterol levels were measured within 2 years of survey completion.

TAKEAWAY:

• There were 25,214 incident cases of dementia reported over an average follow-up of 8.77 years.
• Dementia risk was significantly higher in people with low HDL cholesterol (11-41 mg/dL; adjusted hazard ratio, 1.07; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.11) and high HDL cholesterol (> 65 mg/dL; aHR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.11-1.20).
• The study demonstrates an association between low and high levels of “good” cholesterol but not a causal link.
• There was no significant association between LDL cholesterol and dementia risk.

IN PRACTICE:

“These results support the conclusion that some lipoproteins may be modifiable risk factors for dementia, even in late life,” the authors wrote.

SOURCE:

The study was conducted by Erin L. Ferguson, MPH, department of epidemiology & biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, and was funded by the National Institutes of Health. It was published online in Neurology.

LIMITATIONS:

There were no adjustments for apo E status and confounding and selection bias.

DISCLOSURES:

The authors report no relevant disclosures.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

High and low levels of HDL cholesterol but not levels of LDL cholesterol are associated with an increased risk for dementia in older adults, a new study found.

METHODOLOGY:

• Electronic health record and survey data on 184,367 Kaiser Permanente Northern California participants (median age, 69.5 years) with no history of dementia were taken.
• Cholesterol levels were measured within 2 years of survey completion.

TAKEAWAY:

• There were 25,214 incident cases of dementia reported over an average follow-up of 8.77 years.
• Dementia risk was significantly higher in people with low HDL cholesterol (11-41 mg/dL; adjusted hazard ratio, 1.07; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.11) and high HDL cholesterol (> 65 mg/dL; aHR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.11-1.20).
• The study demonstrates an association between low and high levels of “good” cholesterol but not a causal link.
• There was no significant association between LDL cholesterol and dementia risk.

IN PRACTICE:

“These results support the conclusion that some lipoproteins may be modifiable risk factors for dementia, even in late life,” the authors wrote.

SOURCE:

The study was conducted by Erin L. Ferguson, MPH, department of epidemiology & biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, and was funded by the National Institutes of Health. It was published online in Neurology.

LIMITATIONS:

There were no adjustments for apo E status and confounding and selection bias.

DISCLOSURES:

The authors report no relevant disclosures.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

High and low levels of HDL cholesterol but not levels of LDL cholesterol are associated with an increased risk for dementia in older adults, a new study found.

METHODOLOGY:

• Electronic health record and survey data on 184,367 Kaiser Permanente Northern California participants (median age, 69.5 years) with no history of dementia were taken.
• Cholesterol levels were measured within 2 years of survey completion.

TAKEAWAY:

• There were 25,214 incident cases of dementia reported over an average follow-up of 8.77 years.
• Dementia risk was significantly higher in people with low HDL cholesterol (11-41 mg/dL; adjusted hazard ratio, 1.07; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.11) and high HDL cholesterol (> 65 mg/dL; aHR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.11-1.20).
• The study demonstrates an association between low and high levels of “good” cholesterol but not a causal link.
• There was no significant association between LDL cholesterol and dementia risk.

IN PRACTICE:

“These results support the conclusion that some lipoproteins may be modifiable risk factors for dementia, even in late life,” the authors wrote.

SOURCE:

The study was conducted by Erin L. Ferguson, MPH, department of epidemiology & biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, and was funded by the National Institutes of Health. It was published online in Neurology.

LIMITATIONS:

There were no adjustments for apo E status and confounding and selection bias.

DISCLOSURES:

The authors report no relevant disclosures.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

The newly approved respiratory syncytial virus vaccine administered during pregnancy substantially reduces the clinical and economic burden of lower respiratory tract disease caused by RSV, according to research presented at an annual scientific meeting on infectious diseases.

“With RSV maternal vaccination that is associated with clinical efficacy of 69% against severe RSV disease at 6 months, we estimated that up to 200,000 cases can be averted, and that is associated with almost $800 million in total,” presenting author Amy W. Law, PharmD, director of global value and evidence at Pfizer, pointed out during a news briefing.

“RSV is associated with a significant burden in the U.S. and this newly approved and recommended maternal RSV vaccine can have substantial impact in easing some of that burden,” Dr. Law explained.

This study is “particularly timely as we head into RSV peak season,” said briefing moderator Natasha Halasa, MD, MPH, professor of pediatrics, division of pediatric infectious diseases at Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn.

The challenge, said Dr. Halasa, is that uptake of maternal vaccines and vaccines in general is “not optimal,” making increased awareness of this new maternal RSV vaccine important.
 

Strong efficacy data

Most children are infected with RSV at least once by the time they reach age 2 years. Very young children are at particular risk of severe complications, such as pneumonia or bronchitis.

As reported previously by this news organization, in the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study, Pfizer’s maternal RSV vaccine had an almost 82% efficacy against severe RSV infection in infants from birth through the first 90 days of life.

The vaccine also had a 69% efficacy against severe disease through the first 6 months of life. As part of the trial, a total of 7,400 women received a single dose of the vaccine in the late second or third trimester of their pregnancy. There were no signs of safety issues for the mothers or infants.

Based on the results, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the vaccine, known as Abrysvo, in August, to be given between weeks 32 and 36 of pregnancy.
 

New modeling study

Dr. Law and colleagues modeled the potential public health impact – both clinical and economic – of the maternal RSV vaccine among the population of all pregnant women and their infants born during a 12-month period in the United States. The model focused on severe RSV disease in babies that required medical attention.

According to their model, without widespread use of the maternal RSV vaccine, 48,246 hospitalizations, 144,495 emergency department encounters, and 399,313 outpatient clinic visits related to RSV are projected to occur annually among the U.S. birth cohort of 3.7 million infants younger than 12 months.

With widespread use of the vaccine, annual hospitalizations resulting from infant RSV would fall by 51%, emergency department encounters would decline by 32%, and outpatient clinic visits by 32% – corresponding to a decrease in direct medical costs of about $692 million and indirect nonmedical costs of roughly $110 million.

Dr. Law highlighted two important caveats to the data. “The protections are based on the year-round administration of the vaccine to pregnant women at 32 to 36 weeks’ gestational age, and this is also assuming 100% uptake. Of course, in reality, that most likely is not the case,” she told the briefing.

Dr. Halasa noted that the peak age for severe RSV illness is 3 months and it’s tough to identify infants at highest risk for severe RSV.

Nearly 80% of infants with RSV who are hospitalized do not have an underlying medical condition, “so we don’t even know who those high-risk infants are. That’s why having this vaccine is so exciting,” she told the briefing.

Dr. Halasa said it’s also important to note that infants with severe RSV typically make not just one but multiple visits to the clinic or emergency department, leading to missed days of work for the parent, not to mention the “emotional burden of having your otherwise healthy newborn or young infant in the hospital.”

In addition to Pfizer’s maternal RSV vaccine, the FDA in July approved AstraZeneca’s monoclonal antibody nirsevimab (Beyfortus) for the prevention of RSV in neonates and infants entering their first RSV season, and in children up to 24 months who remain vulnerable to severe RSV disease through their second RSV season.

The study was funded by Pfizer. Dr. Law is employed by Pfizer. Dr. Halasa has received grant and research support from Merck.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

The newly approved respiratory syncytial virus vaccine administered during pregnancy substantially reduces the clinical and economic burden of lower respiratory tract disease caused by RSV, according to research presented at an annual scientific meeting on infectious diseases.

“With RSV maternal vaccination that is associated with clinical efficacy of 69% against severe RSV disease at 6 months, we estimated that up to 200,000 cases can be averted, and that is associated with almost $800 million in total,” presenting author Amy W. Law, PharmD, director of global value and evidence at Pfizer, pointed out during a news briefing.

“RSV is associated with a significant burden in the U.S. and this newly approved and recommended maternal RSV vaccine can have substantial impact in easing some of that burden,” Dr. Law explained.

This study is “particularly timely as we head into RSV peak season,” said briefing moderator Natasha Halasa, MD, MPH, professor of pediatrics, division of pediatric infectious diseases at Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn.

The challenge, said Dr. Halasa, is that uptake of maternal vaccines and vaccines in general is “not optimal,” making increased awareness of this new maternal RSV vaccine important.
 

Strong efficacy data

Most children are infected with RSV at least once by the time they reach age 2 years. Very young children are at particular risk of severe complications, such as pneumonia or bronchitis.

As reported previously by this news organization, in the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study, Pfizer’s maternal RSV vaccine had an almost 82% efficacy against severe RSV infection in infants from birth through the first 90 days of life.

The vaccine also had a 69% efficacy against severe disease through the first 6 months of life. As part of the trial, a total of 7,400 women received a single dose of the vaccine in the late second or third trimester of their pregnancy. There were no signs of safety issues for the mothers or infants.

Based on the results, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the vaccine, known as Abrysvo, in August, to be given between weeks 32 and 36 of pregnancy.
 

New modeling study

Dr. Law and colleagues modeled the potential public health impact – both clinical and economic – of the maternal RSV vaccine among the population of all pregnant women and their infants born during a 12-month period in the United States. The model focused on severe RSV disease in babies that required medical attention.

According to their model, without widespread use of the maternal RSV vaccine, 48,246 hospitalizations, 144,495 emergency department encounters, and 399,313 outpatient clinic visits related to RSV are projected to occur annually among the U.S. birth cohort of 3.7 million infants younger than 12 months.

With widespread use of the vaccine, annual hospitalizations resulting from infant RSV would fall by 51%, emergency department encounters would decline by 32%, and outpatient clinic visits by 32% – corresponding to a decrease in direct medical costs of about $692 million and indirect nonmedical costs of roughly $110 million.

Dr. Law highlighted two important caveats to the data. “The protections are based on the year-round administration of the vaccine to pregnant women at 32 to 36 weeks’ gestational age, and this is also assuming 100% uptake. Of course, in reality, that most likely is not the case,” she told the briefing.

Dr. Halasa noted that the peak age for severe RSV illness is 3 months and it’s tough to identify infants at highest risk for severe RSV.

Nearly 80% of infants with RSV who are hospitalized do not have an underlying medical condition, “so we don’t even know who those high-risk infants are. That’s why having this vaccine is so exciting,” she told the briefing.

Dr. Halasa said it’s also important to note that infants with severe RSV typically make not just one but multiple visits to the clinic or emergency department, leading to missed days of work for the parent, not to mention the “emotional burden of having your otherwise healthy newborn or young infant in the hospital.”

In addition to Pfizer’s maternal RSV vaccine, the FDA in July approved AstraZeneca’s monoclonal antibody nirsevimab (Beyfortus) for the prevention of RSV in neonates and infants entering their first RSV season, and in children up to 24 months who remain vulnerable to severe RSV disease through their second RSV season.

The study was funded by Pfizer. Dr. Law is employed by Pfizer. Dr. Halasa has received grant and research support from Merck.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

The newly approved respiratory syncytial virus vaccine administered during pregnancy substantially reduces the clinical and economic burden of lower respiratory tract disease caused by RSV, according to research presented at an annual scientific meeting on infectious diseases.

“With RSV maternal vaccination that is associated with clinical efficacy of 69% against severe RSV disease at 6 months, we estimated that up to 200,000 cases can be averted, and that is associated with almost $800 million in total,” presenting author Amy W. Law, PharmD, director of global value and evidence at Pfizer, pointed out during a news briefing.

“RSV is associated with a significant burden in the U.S. and this newly approved and recommended maternal RSV vaccine can have substantial impact in easing some of that burden,” Dr. Law explained.

This study is “particularly timely as we head into RSV peak season,” said briefing moderator Natasha Halasa, MD, MPH, professor of pediatrics, division of pediatric infectious diseases at Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn.

The challenge, said Dr. Halasa, is that uptake of maternal vaccines and vaccines in general is “not optimal,” making increased awareness of this new maternal RSV vaccine important.
 

Strong efficacy data

Most children are infected with RSV at least once by the time they reach age 2 years. Very young children are at particular risk of severe complications, such as pneumonia or bronchitis.

As reported previously by this news organization, in the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study, Pfizer’s maternal RSV vaccine had an almost 82% efficacy against severe RSV infection in infants from birth through the first 90 days of life.

The vaccine also had a 69% efficacy against severe disease through the first 6 months of life. As part of the trial, a total of 7,400 women received a single dose of the vaccine in the late second or third trimester of their pregnancy. There were no signs of safety issues for the mothers or infants.

Based on the results, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the vaccine, known as Abrysvo, in August, to be given between weeks 32 and 36 of pregnancy.
 

New modeling study

Dr. Law and colleagues modeled the potential public health impact – both clinical and economic – of the maternal RSV vaccine among the population of all pregnant women and their infants born during a 12-month period in the United States. The model focused on severe RSV disease in babies that required medical attention.

According to their model, without widespread use of the maternal RSV vaccine, 48,246 hospitalizations, 144,495 emergency department encounters, and 399,313 outpatient clinic visits related to RSV are projected to occur annually among the U.S. birth cohort of 3.7 million infants younger than 12 months.

With widespread use of the vaccine, annual hospitalizations resulting from infant RSV would fall by 51%, emergency department encounters would decline by 32%, and outpatient clinic visits by 32% – corresponding to a decrease in direct medical costs of about $692 million and indirect nonmedical costs of roughly $110 million.

Dr. Law highlighted two important caveats to the data. “The protections are based on the year-round administration of the vaccine to pregnant women at 32 to 36 weeks’ gestational age, and this is also assuming 100% uptake. Of course, in reality, that most likely is not the case,” she told the briefing.

Dr. Halasa noted that the peak age for severe RSV illness is 3 months and it’s tough to identify infants at highest risk for severe RSV.

Nearly 80% of infants with RSV who are hospitalized do not have an underlying medical condition, “so we don’t even know who those high-risk infants are. That’s why having this vaccine is so exciting,” she told the briefing.

Dr. Halasa said it’s also important to note that infants with severe RSV typically make not just one but multiple visits to the clinic or emergency department, leading to missed days of work for the parent, not to mention the “emotional burden of having your otherwise healthy newborn or young infant in the hospital.”

In addition to Pfizer’s maternal RSV vaccine, the FDA in July approved AstraZeneca’s monoclonal antibody nirsevimab (Beyfortus) for the prevention of RSV in neonates and infants entering their first RSV season, and in children up to 24 months who remain vulnerable to severe RSV disease through their second RSV season.

The study was funded by Pfizer. Dr. Law is employed by Pfizer. Dr. Halasa has received grant and research support from Merck.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

It’s still early days for a potential transcatheter technique that tones down sympathetic activation mediating blood volume shifts to the heart and lungs. Such volume transfers can contribute to congestion and acute decompensation in some patients with heart failure. But a randomized trial with negative overall results still may have moved the novel procedure a modest step forward.

The procedure, right-sided splanchnic-nerve ablation for volume management (SAVM), failed to show significant effects on hemodynamics, exercise capacity, natriuretic peptides, or quality of life in a trial covering a broad population of patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).

The study, called REBALANCE-HF, compared ablation of the right greater splanchnic nerve with a sham version of the procedure for any effects on hemodynamic or functional outcomes.

But a secondary analysis identified a subgroup of patients, more than half the total, with a profile of features characterizing them, researchers say, as a group likely to respond favorably to SAVM.

Among such “potential responders,” those undergoing SAVM trended better than patients receiving the sham procedure with respect to hemodynamic, functional, natriuretic peptide, and quality of life endpoints.

The potential predictors of SAVM success included elevated or preserved cardiac output and pulse pressure with exercise or on standing up; appropriate heart-rate exercise responses; and little or no echocardiographic evidence of diastolic dysfunction.

The panel of features might potentially identify patients more likely to respond to the procedure and perhaps sharpen entry criteria in future clinical trials, Marat Fudim, MD, MHS, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C., said in an interview.

Dr. Fudim presented the REBALANCE-HF findings at the annual meeting of the Heart Failure Society of America.
 

How SAVM works

Sympathetic activation can lead to acute or chronic constriction of vessels in the splanchnic bed within the upper and lower abdomen, one of the body’s largest blood reservoirs, Dr. Fudim explained. Resulting volume shifts to the general circulation, and therefore the heart and lungs, are a normal exercise response that, in HF, can fall out of balance and excessively raise cardiac filling pressure.

Lessened sympathetic tone after unilateral GNS ablation can promote splanchnic venous dilation that reduces intrathoracic blood volume, potentially averting congestion, and decompensation, observed Kavita Sharma, MD, invited discussant for Dr. Fudim’s presentation.

The trial’s potential-responder cohort “seemed able to augment cardiac output in response to stress” and to “maintain or augment their orthostatic pulse pressure,” more effectively than the other participants, said Dr. Sharma, of Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore.

Although the trial was overall negative for 1-month change in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), the primary efficacy endpoint, Dr. Sharma said, it confirmed SAVM as a safe procedure in HFpEF and “ensured its replicability and technical success.”

Future studies should explore ways to characterize unlikely SAVM responders, she proposed. “I would argue these patients are probably more important than even the responders.”

Yet it’s unknown why, for example, cardiac output wouldn’t increase with exercise in a patient with HFpEF. “Is it related to preload insufficiency, right ventricular failure, atrial myopathy, perhaps more restrictive physiology, chronotropic incompetence, or medications – or a combination of the above?”

REBALANCE-HF assigned 90 patients with HFpEF to either the active or sham SAVM groups, 44 and 46 patients, respectively. To be eligible, patients were stable on HF meds and had either elevated natriuretic peptides or, within the past year, at least one HF hospitalization or escalation of intravenous diuretics for worsening HF.

The active and sham control groups fared similarly for the primary PCWP endpoint and for the secondary endpoints of Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) overall summary score, 6-minute walk distance (6MWD), and natriuretic peptide levels at 6 and 12 months.
 

Predicting SAVM response

In analysis limited to potential responders, PCWP, KCCQ, 6MWD, and natriuretic peptide outcomes for patients were combined into z scores, a single metric that reflects multiple outcomes, Dr. Fudim explained.

The z scores were derived for tertiles of patients in subgroups defined by a range of parameters that included demographics, medical history, and hemodynamic and echocardiographic variables.

Four such variables were found to interact across tertiles in a way that suggested their value as SAVM outcome predictors and were then used to select the cohort of potential responders. The variables were exertion-related changes in cardiac index, pulse pressure, and heart rate, and mitral E/A ratio – the latter a measure of diastolic dysfunction.

Among potential responders, those who underwent SAVM showed a 2.9–mm Hg steeper drop in peak PCWP at 1 month (P = .02), compared with patients getting the sham procedure.

They also bested control patients at both 6 and 12 months for KCCQ score, 6MWD, and natriuretic peptide levels, the latter of which fell in the SAVM group and climbed in control patients at both follow-ups.

“Hypothetically, it makes sense” to target the splanchnic nerve in HFpEF, and indeed in HF with reduced ejection fraction, Biykem Bozkurt, MD, PhD, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, said in an interview.

And should SAVM enter the mainstream, it would definitely be important to identify “the right” patients for such an invasive procedure, those likely to show “efficacy with a good safety margin,” said Dr. Bozkurt, who was not associated with REBALANCE-HF.

But the trial, she said, “unfortunately did not give real signals of outcome benefit.”

REBALANCE-HF was supported by Axon Therapies. Dr. Fudim disclosed consulting, receiving royalties, or having ownership or equity in Axon Therapies. Dr. Sharma disclosed receiving honoraria for speaking from Novartis and Janssen and serving on an advisory board or consulting for Novartis, Janssen, and Bayer. Dr. Bozkurt disclosed receiving honoraria from AstraZeneca, Baxter Health Care, and Sanofi Aventis and having other relationships with Renovacor, Respicardia, Abbott Vascular, Liva Nova, Vifor, and Cardurion.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

It’s still early days for a potential transcatheter technique that tones down sympathetic activation mediating blood volume shifts to the heart and lungs. Such volume transfers can contribute to congestion and acute decompensation in some patients with heart failure. But a randomized trial with negative overall results still may have moved the novel procedure a modest step forward.

The procedure, right-sided splanchnic-nerve ablation for volume management (SAVM), failed to show significant effects on hemodynamics, exercise capacity, natriuretic peptides, or quality of life in a trial covering a broad population of patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).

The study, called REBALANCE-HF, compared ablation of the right greater splanchnic nerve with a sham version of the procedure for any effects on hemodynamic or functional outcomes.

But a secondary analysis identified a subgroup of patients, more than half the total, with a profile of features characterizing them, researchers say, as a group likely to respond favorably to SAVM.

Among such “potential responders,” those undergoing SAVM trended better than patients receiving the sham procedure with respect to hemodynamic, functional, natriuretic peptide, and quality of life endpoints.

The potential predictors of SAVM success included elevated or preserved cardiac output and pulse pressure with exercise or on standing up; appropriate heart-rate exercise responses; and little or no echocardiographic evidence of diastolic dysfunction.

The panel of features might potentially identify patients more likely to respond to the procedure and perhaps sharpen entry criteria in future clinical trials, Marat Fudim, MD, MHS, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C., said in an interview.

Dr. Fudim presented the REBALANCE-HF findings at the annual meeting of the Heart Failure Society of America.
 

How SAVM works

Sympathetic activation can lead to acute or chronic constriction of vessels in the splanchnic bed within the upper and lower abdomen, one of the body’s largest blood reservoirs, Dr. Fudim explained. Resulting volume shifts to the general circulation, and therefore the heart and lungs, are a normal exercise response that, in HF, can fall out of balance and excessively raise cardiac filling pressure.

Lessened sympathetic tone after unilateral GNS ablation can promote splanchnic venous dilation that reduces intrathoracic blood volume, potentially averting congestion, and decompensation, observed Kavita Sharma, MD, invited discussant for Dr. Fudim’s presentation.

The trial’s potential-responder cohort “seemed able to augment cardiac output in response to stress” and to “maintain or augment their orthostatic pulse pressure,” more effectively than the other participants, said Dr. Sharma, of Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore.

Although the trial was overall negative for 1-month change in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), the primary efficacy endpoint, Dr. Sharma said, it confirmed SAVM as a safe procedure in HFpEF and “ensured its replicability and technical success.”

Future studies should explore ways to characterize unlikely SAVM responders, she proposed. “I would argue these patients are probably more important than even the responders.”

Yet it’s unknown why, for example, cardiac output wouldn’t increase with exercise in a patient with HFpEF. “Is it related to preload insufficiency, right ventricular failure, atrial myopathy, perhaps more restrictive physiology, chronotropic incompetence, or medications – or a combination of the above?”

REBALANCE-HF assigned 90 patients with HFpEF to either the active or sham SAVM groups, 44 and 46 patients, respectively. To be eligible, patients were stable on HF meds and had either elevated natriuretic peptides or, within the past year, at least one HF hospitalization or escalation of intravenous diuretics for worsening HF.

The active and sham control groups fared similarly for the primary PCWP endpoint and for the secondary endpoints of Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) overall summary score, 6-minute walk distance (6MWD), and natriuretic peptide levels at 6 and 12 months.
 

Predicting SAVM response

In analysis limited to potential responders, PCWP, KCCQ, 6MWD, and natriuretic peptide outcomes for patients were combined into z scores, a single metric that reflects multiple outcomes, Dr. Fudim explained.

The z scores were derived for tertiles of patients in subgroups defined by a range of parameters that included demographics, medical history, and hemodynamic and echocardiographic variables.

Four such variables were found to interact across tertiles in a way that suggested their value as SAVM outcome predictors and were then used to select the cohort of potential responders. The variables were exertion-related changes in cardiac index, pulse pressure, and heart rate, and mitral E/A ratio – the latter a measure of diastolic dysfunction.

Among potential responders, those who underwent SAVM showed a 2.9–mm Hg steeper drop in peak PCWP at 1 month (P = .02), compared with patients getting the sham procedure.

They also bested control patients at both 6 and 12 months for KCCQ score, 6MWD, and natriuretic peptide levels, the latter of which fell in the SAVM group and climbed in control patients at both follow-ups.

“Hypothetically, it makes sense” to target the splanchnic nerve in HFpEF, and indeed in HF with reduced ejection fraction, Biykem Bozkurt, MD, PhD, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, said in an interview.

And should SAVM enter the mainstream, it would definitely be important to identify “the right” patients for such an invasive procedure, those likely to show “efficacy with a good safety margin,” said Dr. Bozkurt, who was not associated with REBALANCE-HF.

But the trial, she said, “unfortunately did not give real signals of outcome benefit.”

REBALANCE-HF was supported by Axon Therapies. Dr. Fudim disclosed consulting, receiving royalties, or having ownership or equity in Axon Therapies. Dr. Sharma disclosed receiving honoraria for speaking from Novartis and Janssen and serving on an advisory board or consulting for Novartis, Janssen, and Bayer. Dr. Bozkurt disclosed receiving honoraria from AstraZeneca, Baxter Health Care, and Sanofi Aventis and having other relationships with Renovacor, Respicardia, Abbott Vascular, Liva Nova, Vifor, and Cardurion.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

It’s still early days for a potential transcatheter technique that tones down sympathetic activation mediating blood volume shifts to the heart and lungs. Such volume transfers can contribute to congestion and acute decompensation in some patients with heart failure. But a randomized trial with negative overall results still may have moved the novel procedure a modest step forward.

The procedure, right-sided splanchnic-nerve ablation for volume management (SAVM), failed to show significant effects on hemodynamics, exercise capacity, natriuretic peptides, or quality of life in a trial covering a broad population of patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).

The study, called REBALANCE-HF, compared ablation of the right greater splanchnic nerve with a sham version of the procedure for any effects on hemodynamic or functional outcomes.

But a secondary analysis identified a subgroup of patients, more than half the total, with a profile of features characterizing them, researchers say, as a group likely to respond favorably to SAVM.

Among such “potential responders,” those undergoing SAVM trended better than patients receiving the sham procedure with respect to hemodynamic, functional, natriuretic peptide, and quality of life endpoints.

The potential predictors of SAVM success included elevated or preserved cardiac output and pulse pressure with exercise or on standing up; appropriate heart-rate exercise responses; and little or no echocardiographic evidence of diastolic dysfunction.

The panel of features might potentially identify patients more likely to respond to the procedure and perhaps sharpen entry criteria in future clinical trials, Marat Fudim, MD, MHS, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C., said in an interview.

Dr. Fudim presented the REBALANCE-HF findings at the annual meeting of the Heart Failure Society of America.
 

How SAVM works

Sympathetic activation can lead to acute or chronic constriction of vessels in the splanchnic bed within the upper and lower abdomen, one of the body’s largest blood reservoirs, Dr. Fudim explained. Resulting volume shifts to the general circulation, and therefore the heart and lungs, are a normal exercise response that, in HF, can fall out of balance and excessively raise cardiac filling pressure.

Lessened sympathetic tone after unilateral GNS ablation can promote splanchnic venous dilation that reduces intrathoracic blood volume, potentially averting congestion, and decompensation, observed Kavita Sharma, MD, invited discussant for Dr. Fudim’s presentation.

The trial’s potential-responder cohort “seemed able to augment cardiac output in response to stress” and to “maintain or augment their orthostatic pulse pressure,” more effectively than the other participants, said Dr. Sharma, of Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore.

Although the trial was overall negative for 1-month change in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), the primary efficacy endpoint, Dr. Sharma said, it confirmed SAVM as a safe procedure in HFpEF and “ensured its replicability and technical success.”

Future studies should explore ways to characterize unlikely SAVM responders, she proposed. “I would argue these patients are probably more important than even the responders.”

Yet it’s unknown why, for example, cardiac output wouldn’t increase with exercise in a patient with HFpEF. “Is it related to preload insufficiency, right ventricular failure, atrial myopathy, perhaps more restrictive physiology, chronotropic incompetence, or medications – or a combination of the above?”

REBALANCE-HF assigned 90 patients with HFpEF to either the active or sham SAVM groups, 44 and 46 patients, respectively. To be eligible, patients were stable on HF meds and had either elevated natriuretic peptides or, within the past year, at least one HF hospitalization or escalation of intravenous diuretics for worsening HF.

The active and sham control groups fared similarly for the primary PCWP endpoint and for the secondary endpoints of Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) overall summary score, 6-minute walk distance (6MWD), and natriuretic peptide levels at 6 and 12 months.
 

Predicting SAVM response

In analysis limited to potential responders, PCWP, KCCQ, 6MWD, and natriuretic peptide outcomes for patients were combined into z scores, a single metric that reflects multiple outcomes, Dr. Fudim explained.

The z scores were derived for tertiles of patients in subgroups defined by a range of parameters that included demographics, medical history, and hemodynamic and echocardiographic variables.

Four such variables were found to interact across tertiles in a way that suggested their value as SAVM outcome predictors and were then used to select the cohort of potential responders. The variables were exertion-related changes in cardiac index, pulse pressure, and heart rate, and mitral E/A ratio – the latter a measure of diastolic dysfunction.

Among potential responders, those who underwent SAVM showed a 2.9–mm Hg steeper drop in peak PCWP at 1 month (P = .02), compared with patients getting the sham procedure.

They also bested control patients at both 6 and 12 months for KCCQ score, 6MWD, and natriuretic peptide levels, the latter of which fell in the SAVM group and climbed in control patients at both follow-ups.

“Hypothetically, it makes sense” to target the splanchnic nerve in HFpEF, and indeed in HF with reduced ejection fraction, Biykem Bozkurt, MD, PhD, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, said in an interview.

And should SAVM enter the mainstream, it would definitely be important to identify “the right” patients for such an invasive procedure, those likely to show “efficacy with a good safety margin,” said Dr. Bozkurt, who was not associated with REBALANCE-HF.

But the trial, she said, “unfortunately did not give real signals of outcome benefit.”

REBALANCE-HF was supported by Axon Therapies. Dr. Fudim disclosed consulting, receiving royalties, or having ownership or equity in Axon Therapies. Dr. Sharma disclosed receiving honoraria for speaking from Novartis and Janssen and serving on an advisory board or consulting for Novartis, Janssen, and Bayer. Dr. Bozkurt disclosed receiving honoraria from AstraZeneca, Baxter Health Care, and Sanofi Aventis and having other relationships with Renovacor, Respicardia, Abbott Vascular, Liva Nova, Vifor, and Cardurion.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

MILAN – Ocrelizumab (Ocrevus) effectively prevents relapse in older patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), researchers have shown for the first time, although the extremely low risk for relapse in this population should be taken into account, they say.

The researchers studied about 700 patients with MS aged 60 years and older from an international database, comparing outcomes with the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody ocrelizumab versus those for interferon/glatiramer acetate (BRACE). They found ocrelizumab significantly reduced the annual rate of relapses, although after adjustments, patients overall faced a relapse rate of less than 0.1 per year. There were also no significant differences in either disability progression or improvement between the two treatments.

“We believe this study is unique in that ocrelizumab demonstrates a very clear differential treatment benefit in this age group,” said study presenter Yi Chao Foong, MD, department of neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne. “However, this has to be balanced against the fact that overall relapse activity is extremely low in people with MS over the age of 60. We believe that this study adds valuable, real-world data for nuanced benefit versus risk DMT discussions with for older adults with MS.”

The findings were presented at the 9th Joint ECTRIMS-ACTRIMS meeting.
 

Lack of data in older patients

Dr. Fong explained the comparative efficacy of disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) has not been demonstrated in older people with MS, as all landmark trials to date have excluded people older than age 60 years. He underlined, however, that the inflammatory aspect of MS reduces with age, when neurodegenerative processes begin to predominate.

“This, combined with increased risk of acute infections in older adults have raised concerns over the benefit ratios of DMTs in this age group,” Dr. Fong said.

This has led to several de-escalation studies in older patients already on treatment for MS, but with “varied results.”

One study, published earlier in 2023, was unable to conclude whether DMT discontinuation was noninferior to continuation in older patients with no recent relapse or new MRI activity.

To investigate further, the Australian team used the MSBase database to study patients with a confirmed MS diagnosis who had started or switched to ocrelizumab or BRACE when older than 60 years of age.

They were also required to have undergone an Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) assessment around the time of the initiation of DMT. In all, 675 patients met the inclusion criteria, of whom 248 started with ocrelizumab and 427 with BRACE.

The treatment groups were well balanced, although baseline EDSS scores were higher in patients given ocrelizumab, at 5.22 versus 3.89 with BRACE (P = .05), and they had a lower relapse rate prior in the year (P = .01) and 2 years (P = .02) prior to baseline.
 

Only relapse rates reduced

With more than 571 patient-years of follow-up, there were eight relapses in patients treated with ocrelizumab, compared with 182 relapses during 2238 patient-years among those given BRACE.

The team then performed propensity matching based on patient age, disease duration, sex, baseline EDSS, prior relapses, and prior DMTs.

They found that, over a median follow-up of 2.47 years for ocrelizumab and 4.48 years for BRACE, there was a lower rate of relapse with ocrelizumab, at a weighted annualized relapse rate of 0.01 versus 0.08 (P < .0001). This, they calculated, equated to an ARR ratio in favor of ocrelizumab of 0.15 (P < .01).

The time to first relapse was also longer for ocrelizumab versus BRACE, at a weighted hazard ratio for relapse of 0.11 (P < .001) and with, as Dr. Fong highlighted, separation of the curves at 5 months.

Over a follow-up duration of 3.6 years, there was, however, no significant difference in confirmed disability progression between the two treatments (P = .31), with similar results seen for confirmed disability improvement (P = .92).

Dr. Fong noted the study was limited by an inherent treatment indication bias, affecting the sensitivity analysis and weighing, while assessment of confirmed disability progression and confirmed disability improvement was hampered by the relatively short follow-up period and the lack of data on comorbidities.

He also highlighted the lack of safety data for the study population, as well as the lack of MRI.
 

Muddling the data

Approached for comment, Pavan Bhargava, MBBS, MD, associate professor of neurology, Johns Hopkins Precision Medicine Center of Excellence for Multiple Sclerosis, Baltimore, pointed out the study is based on retrospective data.

“The main question that we normally come up against in clinical practice, once people are older, is: What do you do with their treatment?” he asked.

This, Dr. Bhargava said, was the question that was addressed in the previous de-escalation studies.

The current study “actually answered a completely different question: If you were starting or changing a treatment after 60, which one would be better to choose?” This is a “much rarer scenario,” he said.

The results nevertheless showed what is seen in younger patients; in other words, “a more efficacious treatment is more effective at reducing relapses than a less efficacious treatment, even though overall the number of relapses is quite low,” Dr. Bhargava said.

“The other problem,” he added, is the study included “not just relapsing but also progressive patients, so that kind of muddles the data a little bit.”

Consequently, “it’s hard to really make a definitive conclusion” from the results, Dr. Bhargava concluded.

No funding was declared. Dr. Fong declares relationships with Biogen, National Health and Medical Research Council, Multiple Sclerosis Research Australia, and the Australian and New Zealand Association of Neurologists. Several coauthors also declared financial relationships with industry.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

MILAN – Ocrelizumab (Ocrevus) effectively prevents relapse in older patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), researchers have shown for the first time, although the extremely low risk for relapse in this population should be taken into account, they say.

The researchers studied about 700 patients with MS aged 60 years and older from an international database, comparing outcomes with the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody ocrelizumab versus those for interferon/glatiramer acetate (BRACE). They found ocrelizumab significantly reduced the annual rate of relapses, although after adjustments, patients overall faced a relapse rate of less than 0.1 per year. There were also no significant differences in either disability progression or improvement between the two treatments.

“We believe this study is unique in that ocrelizumab demonstrates a very clear differential treatment benefit in this age group,” said study presenter Yi Chao Foong, MD, department of neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne. “However, this has to be balanced against the fact that overall relapse activity is extremely low in people with MS over the age of 60. We believe that this study adds valuable, real-world data for nuanced benefit versus risk DMT discussions with for older adults with MS.”

The findings were presented at the 9th Joint ECTRIMS-ACTRIMS meeting.
 

Lack of data in older patients

Dr. Fong explained the comparative efficacy of disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) has not been demonstrated in older people with MS, as all landmark trials to date have excluded people older than age 60 years. He underlined, however, that the inflammatory aspect of MS reduces with age, when neurodegenerative processes begin to predominate.

“This, combined with increased risk of acute infections in older adults have raised concerns over the benefit ratios of DMTs in this age group,” Dr. Fong said.

This has led to several de-escalation studies in older patients already on treatment for MS, but with “varied results.”

One study, published earlier in 2023, was unable to conclude whether DMT discontinuation was noninferior to continuation in older patients with no recent relapse or new MRI activity.

To investigate further, the Australian team used the MSBase database to study patients with a confirmed MS diagnosis who had started or switched to ocrelizumab or BRACE when older than 60 years of age.

They were also required to have undergone an Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) assessment around the time of the initiation of DMT. In all, 675 patients met the inclusion criteria, of whom 248 started with ocrelizumab and 427 with BRACE.

The treatment groups were well balanced, although baseline EDSS scores were higher in patients given ocrelizumab, at 5.22 versus 3.89 with BRACE (P = .05), and they had a lower relapse rate prior in the year (P = .01) and 2 years (P = .02) prior to baseline.
 

Only relapse rates reduced

With more than 571 patient-years of follow-up, there were eight relapses in patients treated with ocrelizumab, compared with 182 relapses during 2238 patient-years among those given BRACE.

The team then performed propensity matching based on patient age, disease duration, sex, baseline EDSS, prior relapses, and prior DMTs.

They found that, over a median follow-up of 2.47 years for ocrelizumab and 4.48 years for BRACE, there was a lower rate of relapse with ocrelizumab, at a weighted annualized relapse rate of 0.01 versus 0.08 (P < .0001). This, they calculated, equated to an ARR ratio in favor of ocrelizumab of 0.15 (P < .01).

The time to first relapse was also longer for ocrelizumab versus BRACE, at a weighted hazard ratio for relapse of 0.11 (P < .001) and with, as Dr. Fong highlighted, separation of the curves at 5 months.

Over a follow-up duration of 3.6 years, there was, however, no significant difference in confirmed disability progression between the two treatments (P = .31), with similar results seen for confirmed disability improvement (P = .92).

Dr. Fong noted the study was limited by an inherent treatment indication bias, affecting the sensitivity analysis and weighing, while assessment of confirmed disability progression and confirmed disability improvement was hampered by the relatively short follow-up period and the lack of data on comorbidities.

He also highlighted the lack of safety data for the study population, as well as the lack of MRI.
 

Muddling the data

Approached for comment, Pavan Bhargava, MBBS, MD, associate professor of neurology, Johns Hopkins Precision Medicine Center of Excellence for Multiple Sclerosis, Baltimore, pointed out the study is based on retrospective data.

“The main question that we normally come up against in clinical practice, once people are older, is: What do you do with their treatment?” he asked.

This, Dr. Bhargava said, was the question that was addressed in the previous de-escalation studies.

The current study “actually answered a completely different question: If you were starting or changing a treatment after 60, which one would be better to choose?” This is a “much rarer scenario,” he said.

The results nevertheless showed what is seen in younger patients; in other words, “a more efficacious treatment is more effective at reducing relapses than a less efficacious treatment, even though overall the number of relapses is quite low,” Dr. Bhargava said.

“The other problem,” he added, is the study included “not just relapsing but also progressive patients, so that kind of muddles the data a little bit.”

Consequently, “it’s hard to really make a definitive conclusion” from the results, Dr. Bhargava concluded.

No funding was declared. Dr. Fong declares relationships with Biogen, National Health and Medical Research Council, Multiple Sclerosis Research Australia, and the Australian and New Zealand Association of Neurologists. Several coauthors also declared financial relationships with industry.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

MILAN – Ocrelizumab (Ocrevus) effectively prevents relapse in older patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), researchers have shown for the first time, although the extremely low risk for relapse in this population should be taken into account, they say.

The researchers studied about 700 patients with MS aged 60 years and older from an international database, comparing outcomes with the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody ocrelizumab versus those for interferon/glatiramer acetate (BRACE). They found ocrelizumab significantly reduced the annual rate of relapses, although after adjustments, patients overall faced a relapse rate of less than 0.1 per year. There were also no significant differences in either disability progression or improvement between the two treatments.

“We believe this study is unique in that ocrelizumab demonstrates a very clear differential treatment benefit in this age group,” said study presenter Yi Chao Foong, MD, department of neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne. “However, this has to be balanced against the fact that overall relapse activity is extremely low in people with MS over the age of 60. We believe that this study adds valuable, real-world data for nuanced benefit versus risk DMT discussions with for older adults with MS.”

The findings were presented at the 9th Joint ECTRIMS-ACTRIMS meeting.
 

Lack of data in older patients

Dr. Fong explained the comparative efficacy of disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) has not been demonstrated in older people with MS, as all landmark trials to date have excluded people older than age 60 years. He underlined, however, that the inflammatory aspect of MS reduces with age, when neurodegenerative processes begin to predominate.

“This, combined with increased risk of acute infections in older adults have raised concerns over the benefit ratios of DMTs in this age group,” Dr. Fong said.

This has led to several de-escalation studies in older patients already on treatment for MS, but with “varied results.”

One study, published earlier in 2023, was unable to conclude whether DMT discontinuation was noninferior to continuation in older patients with no recent relapse or new MRI activity.

To investigate further, the Australian team used the MSBase database to study patients with a confirmed MS diagnosis who had started or switched to ocrelizumab or BRACE when older than 60 years of age.

They were also required to have undergone an Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) assessment around the time of the initiation of DMT. In all, 675 patients met the inclusion criteria, of whom 248 started with ocrelizumab and 427 with BRACE.

The treatment groups were well balanced, although baseline EDSS scores were higher in patients given ocrelizumab, at 5.22 versus 3.89 with BRACE (P = .05), and they had a lower relapse rate prior in the year (P = .01) and 2 years (P = .02) prior to baseline.
 

Only relapse rates reduced

With more than 571 patient-years of follow-up, there were eight relapses in patients treated with ocrelizumab, compared with 182 relapses during 2238 patient-years among those given BRACE.

The team then performed propensity matching based on patient age, disease duration, sex, baseline EDSS, prior relapses, and prior DMTs.

They found that, over a median follow-up of 2.47 years for ocrelizumab and 4.48 years for BRACE, there was a lower rate of relapse with ocrelizumab, at a weighted annualized relapse rate of 0.01 versus 0.08 (P < .0001). This, they calculated, equated to an ARR ratio in favor of ocrelizumab of 0.15 (P < .01).

The time to first relapse was also longer for ocrelizumab versus BRACE, at a weighted hazard ratio for relapse of 0.11 (P < .001) and with, as Dr. Fong highlighted, separation of the curves at 5 months.

Over a follow-up duration of 3.6 years, there was, however, no significant difference in confirmed disability progression between the two treatments (P = .31), with similar results seen for confirmed disability improvement (P = .92).

Dr. Fong noted the study was limited by an inherent treatment indication bias, affecting the sensitivity analysis and weighing, while assessment of confirmed disability progression and confirmed disability improvement was hampered by the relatively short follow-up period and the lack of data on comorbidities.

He also highlighted the lack of safety data for the study population, as well as the lack of MRI.
 

Muddling the data

Approached for comment, Pavan Bhargava, MBBS, MD, associate professor of neurology, Johns Hopkins Precision Medicine Center of Excellence for Multiple Sclerosis, Baltimore, pointed out the study is based on retrospective data.

“The main question that we normally come up against in clinical practice, once people are older, is: What do you do with their treatment?” he asked.

This, Dr. Bhargava said, was the question that was addressed in the previous de-escalation studies.

The current study “actually answered a completely different question: If you were starting or changing a treatment after 60, which one would be better to choose?” This is a “much rarer scenario,” he said.

The results nevertheless showed what is seen in younger patients; in other words, “a more efficacious treatment is more effective at reducing relapses than a less efficacious treatment, even though overall the number of relapses is quite low,” Dr. Bhargava said.

“The other problem,” he added, is the study included “not just relapsing but also progressive patients, so that kind of muddles the data a little bit.”

Consequently, “it’s hard to really make a definitive conclusion” from the results, Dr. Bhargava concluded.

No funding was declared. Dr. Fong declares relationships with Biogen, National Health and Medical Research Council, Multiple Sclerosis Research Australia, and the Australian and New Zealand Association of Neurologists. Several coauthors also declared financial relationships with industry.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

An artificial intelligence (AI) model shows potential for detecting early-stage, “hidden” pancreatic cancer on scans of asymptomatic individuals, paving the way for surgical intervention and cure, new research suggests.

METHODOLOGY:

• The researchers utilized a diverse dataset of 3,014 CT scans: 1,105 diagnostic CT scans with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) and 1,909 control CT scans.
• Of the total, 696 diagnostic CT scans with PDA and 1,080 control CT scans were used as an AI model training subset, and 409 CT scans with PDA and 829 control CT scans were used as an intramural hold-out test subset.
• The model was also tested on a simulated cohort that evaluated the risk for PDA in new-onset diabetes; multicenter public datasets (194 CT scans with PDA and 80 controls); and a cohort of 100 prediagnostic CT scans, incidentally acquired 3-36 months prior to PDA being diagnosed, and 134 controls.

TAKEAWAY:

• The model correctly classified 360 CT scans with PDA (88%) and 783 control CT scans (94%) in the intramural test subset. The mean accuracy was 0.92, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.97, sensitivity was 0.88, and specificity was 0.95.
• On heat maps, activation areas overlapped with the tumor in 350 of 360 CT scans (97%).
• Performance was high across tumor stages, with sensitivities of 0.80, 0.87, 0.95, and 1.0 on T1 through T4 stages, respectively. Performance was comparable for hypodense versus isodense tumors (sensitivity of 0.90 vs. 0.82, respectively), patient demographics, CT slice thicknesses, and vendors.
• Findings were generalizable on both the simulated cohort (accuracy, 0.95; area under the ROC curve, 0.97) and public datasets (accuracy, 0.86; AUROC, 0.9).
• Occult PDA was detected on prediagnostic CT scans at a median 475 days before clinical diagnosis. Accuracy was 0.84, AUROC was 0.91, sensitivity was 0.75, and specificity was 0.9.

IN PRACTICE:

“Artificial intelligence model could mitigate the inadequacies of imaging and the diagnostic errors in interpretation, which often contribute to delayed diagnosis of pancreas cancer. In combination with emerging blood-based biomarkers, such a model could be evaluated to screen for sporadic cancer in ongoing trials of high-risk cohorts such as the Early Detection Initiative (NCT04662879).”

SOURCE:

Panagiotis Korfiatis, PhD, of Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn., led the study, which was published online in Gastroenterology.

LIMITATIONS:

The retrospective design is prone to selection bias. Results are presented dichotomously as either cancer or control. These are preliminary insights, and prospective clinical trials that incorporate epidemiological risk factors and emerging blood-based biomarkers are needed to further evaluate the model’s performance.

DISCLOSURES:

The research was supported by the National Cancer Institute, the Centene Charitable Foundation, and the Champions for Hope Pancreatic Cancer Research Program of the Funk Zitiello Foundation. One author received an institutional research grant from Sofie Biosciences and Clovis Oncology, is on the BlueStar Genomics advisory board (ad hoc), and is a consultant for Bayer Healthcare, Candel Therapeutics, and UWorld. The remaining authors reported no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

An artificial intelligence (AI) model shows potential for detecting early-stage, “hidden” pancreatic cancer on scans of asymptomatic individuals, paving the way for surgical intervention and cure, new research suggests.

METHODOLOGY:

• The researchers utilized a diverse dataset of 3,014 CT scans: 1,105 diagnostic CT scans with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) and 1,909 control CT scans.
• Of the total, 696 diagnostic CT scans with PDA and 1,080 control CT scans were used as an AI model training subset, and 409 CT scans with PDA and 829 control CT scans were used as an intramural hold-out test subset.
• The model was also tested on a simulated cohort that evaluated the risk for PDA in new-onset diabetes; multicenter public datasets (194 CT scans with PDA and 80 controls); and a cohort of 100 prediagnostic CT scans, incidentally acquired 3-36 months prior to PDA being diagnosed, and 134 controls.

TAKEAWAY:

• The model correctly classified 360 CT scans with PDA (88%) and 783 control CT scans (94%) in the intramural test subset. The mean accuracy was 0.92, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.97, sensitivity was 0.88, and specificity was 0.95.
• On heat maps, activation areas overlapped with the tumor in 350 of 360 CT scans (97%).
• Performance was high across tumor stages, with sensitivities of 0.80, 0.87, 0.95, and 1.0 on T1 through T4 stages, respectively. Performance was comparable for hypodense versus isodense tumors (sensitivity of 0.90 vs. 0.82, respectively), patient demographics, CT slice thicknesses, and vendors.
• Findings were generalizable on both the simulated cohort (accuracy, 0.95; area under the ROC curve, 0.97) and public datasets (accuracy, 0.86; AUROC, 0.9).
• Occult PDA was detected on prediagnostic CT scans at a median 475 days before clinical diagnosis. Accuracy was 0.84, AUROC was 0.91, sensitivity was 0.75, and specificity was 0.9.

IN PRACTICE:

“Artificial intelligence model could mitigate the inadequacies of imaging and the diagnostic errors in interpretation, which often contribute to delayed diagnosis of pancreas cancer. In combination with emerging blood-based biomarkers, such a model could be evaluated to screen for sporadic cancer in ongoing trials of high-risk cohorts such as the Early Detection Initiative (NCT04662879).”

SOURCE:

Panagiotis Korfiatis, PhD, of Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn., led the study, which was published online in Gastroenterology.

LIMITATIONS:

The retrospective design is prone to selection bias. Results are presented dichotomously as either cancer or control. These are preliminary insights, and prospective clinical trials that incorporate epidemiological risk factors and emerging blood-based biomarkers are needed to further evaluate the model’s performance.

DISCLOSURES:

The research was supported by the National Cancer Institute, the Centene Charitable Foundation, and the Champions for Hope Pancreatic Cancer Research Program of the Funk Zitiello Foundation. One author received an institutional research grant from Sofie Biosciences and Clovis Oncology, is on the BlueStar Genomics advisory board (ad hoc), and is a consultant for Bayer Healthcare, Candel Therapeutics, and UWorld. The remaining authors reported no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

An artificial intelligence (AI) model shows potential for detecting early-stage, “hidden” pancreatic cancer on scans of asymptomatic individuals, paving the way for surgical intervention and cure, new research suggests.

METHODOLOGY:

• The researchers utilized a diverse dataset of 3,014 CT scans: 1,105 diagnostic CT scans with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) and 1,909 control CT scans.
• Of the total, 696 diagnostic CT scans with PDA and 1,080 control CT scans were used as an AI model training subset, and 409 CT scans with PDA and 829 control CT scans were used as an intramural hold-out test subset.
• The model was also tested on a simulated cohort that evaluated the risk for PDA in new-onset diabetes; multicenter public datasets (194 CT scans with PDA and 80 controls); and a cohort of 100 prediagnostic CT scans, incidentally acquired 3-36 months prior to PDA being diagnosed, and 134 controls.

TAKEAWAY:

• The model correctly classified 360 CT scans with PDA (88%) and 783 control CT scans (94%) in the intramural test subset. The mean accuracy was 0.92, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.97, sensitivity was 0.88, and specificity was 0.95.
• On heat maps, activation areas overlapped with the tumor in 350 of 360 CT scans (97%).
• Performance was high across tumor stages, with sensitivities of 0.80, 0.87, 0.95, and 1.0 on T1 through T4 stages, respectively. Performance was comparable for hypodense versus isodense tumors (sensitivity of 0.90 vs. 0.82, respectively), patient demographics, CT slice thicknesses, and vendors.
• Findings were generalizable on both the simulated cohort (accuracy, 0.95; area under the ROC curve, 0.97) and public datasets (accuracy, 0.86; AUROC, 0.9).
• Occult PDA was detected on prediagnostic CT scans at a median 475 days before clinical diagnosis. Accuracy was 0.84, AUROC was 0.91, sensitivity was 0.75, and specificity was 0.9.

IN PRACTICE:

“Artificial intelligence model could mitigate the inadequacies of imaging and the diagnostic errors in interpretation, which often contribute to delayed diagnosis of pancreas cancer. In combination with emerging blood-based biomarkers, such a model could be evaluated to screen for sporadic cancer in ongoing trials of high-risk cohorts such as the Early Detection Initiative (NCT04662879).”

SOURCE:

Panagiotis Korfiatis, PhD, of Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn., led the study, which was published online in Gastroenterology.

LIMITATIONS:

The retrospective design is prone to selection bias. Results are presented dichotomously as either cancer or control. These are preliminary insights, and prospective clinical trials that incorporate epidemiological risk factors and emerging blood-based biomarkers are needed to further evaluate the model’s performance.

DISCLOSURES:

The research was supported by the National Cancer Institute, the Centene Charitable Foundation, and the Champions for Hope Pancreatic Cancer Research Program of the Funk Zitiello Foundation. One author received an institutional research grant from Sofie Biosciences and Clovis Oncology, is on the BlueStar Genomics advisory board (ad hoc), and is a consultant for Bayer Healthcare, Candel Therapeutics, and UWorld. The remaining authors reported no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

People taking semaglutide or liraglutide for weight management are at a higher risk for rare but potentially serious gastrointestinal issues, compared with those taking naltrexone/bupropion, according to a large epidemiologic study.

Patients taking either of these glucagonlike peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists had a 9-fold elevation in risk for pancreatitis. They were also 4 times more likely to develop bowel obstruction and over 3.5 times more likely to experience gastroparesis.

The research letter was published online in JAMA.

Investigators say their findings are not about scaring people off the weight-loss drugs, but instead about increasing awareness that these potential adverse outcomes can happen.

“Given the wide use of these drugs, these adverse events, although rare, must be considered by patients thinking about using them for weight loss,” said lead author Mohit Sodhi, MSc, in a news release about the study. Mr. Sodhi is a graduate of the experimental medicine program at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, and also a 4th-year medical student at UBC.

People taking a GLP-1 agonist to treat diabetes might be more willing to accept the risks, given their potential advantages, especially that of lowering the risk for heart problems, said Mahyar Etminan, PharmD, MSc, the study’s senior author and an expert in drug safety and pharmacoepidemiology at UBC. “But those who are otherwise healthy and just taking them for weight loss might want to be more careful in weighing the risk–benefit equation.”

People taking these drugs for weight loss have an approximately 1%-2% chance of experiencing these events, including a 1% risk for gastroparesis, Dr. Etminan said.
 

Key findings

The study included 4,144 people taking liraglutide, 613 taking semaglutide, and 654 taking naltrexone/bupropion based on medical records between 2006 and 2020.

They included patients with a recent history of obesity but excluded those with diabetes or who had been prescribed another diabetes medication.

The use of GLP-1 agonists, compared with naltrexone/bupropion, was associated with an increased risk for pancreatitis (adjusted hazard ratio, 9.09; 95% confidence interval, 1.25-66.00), bowel obstruction (HR, 4.22; 95% CI, 1.02-17.40), and gastroparesis (HR, 3.67; 95% CI, 1.15-11.90).

The study also found a higher incidence of biliary disease, but the difference was not statistically significant (HR, 1.50; 95% CI, 0.89-2.53). The incidence of biliary disease (per 1,000 person-years) was 11.7 for semaglutide, 18.6 for liraglutide, and 12.6 for naltrexone/bupropion.
 

Not the first report of GI issues

“This important paper confirms the safety signals hinted at in previous randomized controlled trials,” said Carel Le Roux, MBChB, PhD, professor of metabolic medicine, Ulster University, Coleraine, Ireland, and professor of experimental pathology at University College Dublin.

“The limitations of the paper are acknowledged but do not detract from the value of the robust data,” Dr. Le Roux said. “Patients should be informed of the low risk of serious complications, such as pancreatitis, gastroparesis, and bowel obstruction, before they start semaglutide or liraglutide.”

This is not the first report of GI issues associated with GLP-1 agonists, but it’s one of the largest. Most reports have been anecdotal. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration announced on Sept. 28 that it would require manufacturers to include a warning about gastrointestinal ileus on the Ozempic (semaglutide) label.

“The results from this study highlight how important it is that patients access these drugs only through trusted medical professionals, and only with ongoing support and monitoring,” noted Simon Cork, PhD, senior lecturer in physiology, Anglia Ruskin University in Cambridge, England.

Dr. Cork added that “it’s important to look at this in the proper context.” Obesity significantly increases the risk for developing cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, cancer, gallbladder disease, and stroke, risks that fall dramatically with clinically meaningful and sustained weight loss, he said.

“For the overwhelming majority of patients for whom these drugs are targeted (those with the most severe forms of obesity), the benefits of weight loss far outweigh the risks,” Dr. Cork said.

The study was independently supported. Mr. Sodhi, Dr. Etminan, and Dr. Cork report no relevant financial relationships. Dr. Le Roux is a consultant and has received research funding and reimbursement of travel expenses from Novo Nordisk.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

People taking semaglutide or liraglutide for weight management are at a higher risk for rare but potentially serious gastrointestinal issues, compared with those taking naltrexone/bupropion, according to a large epidemiologic study.

Patients taking either of these glucagonlike peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists had a 9-fold elevation in risk for pancreatitis. They were also 4 times more likely to develop bowel obstruction and over 3.5 times more likely to experience gastroparesis.

The research letter was published online in JAMA.

Investigators say their findings are not about scaring people off the weight-loss drugs, but instead about increasing awareness that these potential adverse outcomes can happen.

“Given the wide use of these drugs, these adverse events, although rare, must be considered by patients thinking about using them for weight loss,” said lead author Mohit Sodhi, MSc, in a news release about the study. Mr. Sodhi is a graduate of the experimental medicine program at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, and also a 4th-year medical student at UBC.

People taking a GLP-1 agonist to treat diabetes might be more willing to accept the risks, given their potential advantages, especially that of lowering the risk for heart problems, said Mahyar Etminan, PharmD, MSc, the study’s senior author and an expert in drug safety and pharmacoepidemiology at UBC. “But those who are otherwise healthy and just taking them for weight loss might want to be more careful in weighing the risk–benefit equation.”

People taking these drugs for weight loss have an approximately 1%-2% chance of experiencing these events, including a 1% risk for gastroparesis, Dr. Etminan said.
 

Key findings

The study included 4,144 people taking liraglutide, 613 taking semaglutide, and 654 taking naltrexone/bupropion based on medical records between 2006 and 2020.

They included patients with a recent history of obesity but excluded those with diabetes or who had been prescribed another diabetes medication.

The use of GLP-1 agonists, compared with naltrexone/bupropion, was associated with an increased risk for pancreatitis (adjusted hazard ratio, 9.09; 95% confidence interval, 1.25-66.00), bowel obstruction (HR, 4.22; 95% CI, 1.02-17.40), and gastroparesis (HR, 3.67; 95% CI, 1.15-11.90).

The study also found a higher incidence of biliary disease, but the difference was not statistically significant (HR, 1.50; 95% CI, 0.89-2.53). The incidence of biliary disease (per 1,000 person-years) was 11.7 for semaglutide, 18.6 for liraglutide, and 12.6 for naltrexone/bupropion.
 

Not the first report of GI issues

“This important paper confirms the safety signals hinted at in previous randomized controlled trials,” said Carel Le Roux, MBChB, PhD, professor of metabolic medicine, Ulster University, Coleraine, Ireland, and professor of experimental pathology at University College Dublin.

“The limitations of the paper are acknowledged but do not detract from the value of the robust data,” Dr. Le Roux said. “Patients should be informed of the low risk of serious complications, such as pancreatitis, gastroparesis, and bowel obstruction, before they start semaglutide or liraglutide.”

This is not the first report of GI issues associated with GLP-1 agonists, but it’s one of the largest. Most reports have been anecdotal. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration announced on Sept. 28 that it would require manufacturers to include a warning about gastrointestinal ileus on the Ozempic (semaglutide) label.

“The results from this study highlight how important it is that patients access these drugs only through trusted medical professionals, and only with ongoing support and monitoring,” noted Simon Cork, PhD, senior lecturer in physiology, Anglia Ruskin University in Cambridge, England.

Dr. Cork added that “it’s important to look at this in the proper context.” Obesity significantly increases the risk for developing cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, cancer, gallbladder disease, and stroke, risks that fall dramatically with clinically meaningful and sustained weight loss, he said.

“For the overwhelming majority of patients for whom these drugs are targeted (those with the most severe forms of obesity), the benefits of weight loss far outweigh the risks,” Dr. Cork said.

The study was independently supported. Mr. Sodhi, Dr. Etminan, and Dr. Cork report no relevant financial relationships. Dr. Le Roux is a consultant and has received research funding and reimbursement of travel expenses from Novo Nordisk.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

People taking semaglutide or liraglutide for weight management are at a higher risk for rare but potentially serious gastrointestinal issues, compared with those taking naltrexone/bupropion, according to a large epidemiologic study.

Patients taking either of these glucagonlike peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists had a 9-fold elevation in risk for pancreatitis. They were also 4 times more likely to develop bowel obstruction and over 3.5 times more likely to experience gastroparesis.

The research letter was published online in JAMA.

Investigators say their findings are not about scaring people off the weight-loss drugs, but instead about increasing awareness that these potential adverse outcomes can happen.

“Given the wide use of these drugs, these adverse events, although rare, must be considered by patients thinking about using them for weight loss,” said lead author Mohit Sodhi, MSc, in a news release about the study. Mr. Sodhi is a graduate of the experimental medicine program at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, and also a 4th-year medical student at UBC.

People taking a GLP-1 agonist to treat diabetes might be more willing to accept the risks, given their potential advantages, especially that of lowering the risk for heart problems, said Mahyar Etminan, PharmD, MSc, the study’s senior author and an expert in drug safety and pharmacoepidemiology at UBC. “But those who are otherwise healthy and just taking them for weight loss might want to be more careful in weighing the risk–benefit equation.”

People taking these drugs for weight loss have an approximately 1%-2% chance of experiencing these events, including a 1% risk for gastroparesis, Dr. Etminan said.
 

Key findings

The study included 4,144 people taking liraglutide, 613 taking semaglutide, and 654 taking naltrexone/bupropion based on medical records between 2006 and 2020.

They included patients with a recent history of obesity but excluded those with diabetes or who had been prescribed another diabetes medication.

The use of GLP-1 agonists, compared with naltrexone/bupropion, was associated with an increased risk for pancreatitis (adjusted hazard ratio, 9.09; 95% confidence interval, 1.25-66.00), bowel obstruction (HR, 4.22; 95% CI, 1.02-17.40), and gastroparesis (HR, 3.67; 95% CI, 1.15-11.90).

The study also found a higher incidence of biliary disease, but the difference was not statistically significant (HR, 1.50; 95% CI, 0.89-2.53). The incidence of biliary disease (per 1,000 person-years) was 11.7 for semaglutide, 18.6 for liraglutide, and 12.6 for naltrexone/bupropion.
 

Not the first report of GI issues

“This important paper confirms the safety signals hinted at in previous randomized controlled trials,” said Carel Le Roux, MBChB, PhD, professor of metabolic medicine, Ulster University, Coleraine, Ireland, and professor of experimental pathology at University College Dublin.

“The limitations of the paper are acknowledged but do not detract from the value of the robust data,” Dr. Le Roux said. “Patients should be informed of the low risk of serious complications, such as pancreatitis, gastroparesis, and bowel obstruction, before they start semaglutide or liraglutide.”

This is not the first report of GI issues associated with GLP-1 agonists, but it’s one of the largest. Most reports have been anecdotal. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration announced on Sept. 28 that it would require manufacturers to include a warning about gastrointestinal ileus on the Ozempic (semaglutide) label.

“The results from this study highlight how important it is that patients access these drugs only through trusted medical professionals, and only with ongoing support and monitoring,” noted Simon Cork, PhD, senior lecturer in physiology, Anglia Ruskin University in Cambridge, England.

Dr. Cork added that “it’s important to look at this in the proper context.” Obesity significantly increases the risk for developing cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, cancer, gallbladder disease, and stroke, risks that fall dramatically with clinically meaningful and sustained weight loss, he said.

“For the overwhelming majority of patients for whom these drugs are targeted (those with the most severe forms of obesity), the benefits of weight loss far outweigh the risks,” Dr. Cork said.

The study was independently supported. Mr. Sodhi, Dr. Etminan, and Dr. Cork report no relevant financial relationships. Dr. Le Roux is a consultant and has received research funding and reimbursement of travel expenses from Novo Nordisk.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

MILAN – Obese patients with MS are more likely to rapidly progress through the stages of their disease and experience higher levels of cognitive difficulty than nonobese patients with MS, Swedish researchers reported at the 9th Joint ECTRIMS-ACTRIMS meeting.

In a group of 3,249 subjects tracked for up to 5 years (74% female; mean age, 37.8 years), patients who were obese at diagnosis were 1.41 times more likely than normal-weight patients to reach an Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score of 3. About 35% of 355 obese subjects (body mass index > 30 kg/m²) reached that level versus 29% of 713 overweight patients (BMI, 25-30) and 28% of 1,475 normal-weight patients (BMI, 18.5-24.99).

Among subjects whose BMI category didn’t change over follow-up, those who were obese at diagnosis were more likely to develop cognitive worsening than those who weren’t obese (hazard ratio, 1.47, 95% confidence interval, 1.08-2.01).

Lars Alfredsson, PhD, a professor at the Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, who presented the study findings, said in an interview that they fill a gap in knowledge about obesity and MS. “It is known that obesity around the age of 20 or in adolescence is a risk factor for developing MS. But much less is known in regard to progression, and the studies have been very inconclusive.”

The researchers tracked patients via the Swedish MS registry: 1,475 of normal weight, 713 overweight, and 355 obese. Before adjustment for factors such as age, gender, and baseline EDSS, obese subjects were 1.51 times more likely to reach EDSS score 3 than normal-weight subjects.

Obese subjects whose BMI level didn’t change over time were 1.70 times more likely than the nonobese to develop physical worsening as measured by an increased Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale physical score of 7.5 points or more, and they were 1.36 times more likely to have psychological worsening as measured by increased MSIS-28 psychological score of 7.5 points or more.

Also, among subjects whose BMI didn’t change over time, the likelihood of cognitive disability worsening was 1.47 times higher among obese participants versus nonobese participants. Worsening was defined as an increased Symbol Digit Modalities Test score of 8 points or more.

The level of excess cognitive decline “will affect people significantly,” Dr. Alfredsson said.

While obesity can counterintuitively provide a protective effect in some diseases, he said there’s no sign of such an effect in the subjects.

As for limitations, Dr. Alfredsson noted in his presentation that BMI data is self-reported, and it’s possible that the researchers didn’t adjust their statistics to reflect important confounders.

A 2023 German study of outcomes in MS patients with obesity came to similar conclusions. It tracked 1,066 subjects for up to 6 years and found that “median time to reach EDSS 3 was 0.99 years for patients with BMI of 30 or higher and 1.46 years for nonobese patients. Risk to reach EDSS 3 over 6 years was significantly increased in patients with BMI of at least 30, compared with patients with BMI less than 30 after adjustment for sex, age, smoking (HR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.3-2.6; P < .001), and independent of disease-modifying therapies.”

However, the German researchers found no link between obesity and higher levels of relapse, contrast-enhancing MRI lesions, or MRI T2 lesion burden.
 

Interpretation and commentary

Could obesity be causing worse outcomes? The new study doesn’t provide insight into cause and effect. However, obesity may speed up progression via low-grade inflammation, Dr. Alfredsson said.

What can clinicians do with the information from the study? If patients are obese, it can be a good idea to more carefully monitor them and use reliable tools to improve their progression, Dr. Alfredsson said.

In an interview, Michael D. Kornberg, MD, PhD, an assistant professor of neurology at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, who was not involved with the study, agreed with Dr. Alfredsson that other research has linked obesity early in life to higher rates of MS. He added that “a number of studies have shown that comorbidities in general are usually associated with a higher rate of disability.”

Dr. Kornberg said the new research is important, and he noted that it has a “robust” cohort because of its larger size.

Could patients with MS reverse the risk of progression and other poor outcomes by losing weight? “It’s hard to say,” Dr. Kornberg said. “We have to be cautious when we assume causation. There’s a plausible rationale that obesity might worsen progression in MS, but it could just be a marker of some other factor that reflects a different phenotype of MS.”

He doesn’t think it’s likely that weight loss would “dramatically reverse the biology of MS,” but he said reversing the obesity epidemic would still be a good thing. An interventional study could examine the effects of weight-loss intervention on disability measures, he said, “and that’s the next step.”

Also contacted for commentary, Adil Harroud, MD, a neurologist at McGill University who studies obesity in MS, said research suggests that “obesity seems to exacerbate MS disability. While some studies show no effect, the majority indicate a detrimental impact.”

However, “the effect of obesity on MS progression remains unclear. Animal studies suggest that shifts in immune cell subsets and functions may play a role, but the relevance to humans is yet to be determined,” he said.

Dr. Harroud, who did not take part in the new study, said it’s “one of the largest examining the impact of obesity on MS disability.” He added that “the cohort was relatively early in their disease course, suggesting that obesity impacts even the early stages of MS. This underscores the importance of obesity as a modifiable risk factor for disability accumulation.”

As for why obesity affects MS, he said one theory is that obesity plays a role through its impact on vitamin D levels. “However, using a genetic approach, we have demonstrated that, at least for MS risk, the effect of obesity is independent of vitamin D. This is also likely true for MS progression, as recent trials of vitamin D supplementation have not shown a meaningful impact on MS outcomes.”

According to Dr. Harroud, “other theories suggest that obesity leads to a pro-inflammatory immune shift. Additionally, it has been proposed that obesity may influence the response to disease-modifying therapy by reducing drug bioavailability, potentially necessitating weight-based dosing for some therapies.”

Dr. Alfredsson reported receiving grants from the Swedish Research Council, the Swedish Research Council for Health Working Life and Welfare, and the Swedish Brain Foundation and personal fees from Teva and Biogene Idec. Some of the other study authors reported various disclosures. Dr. Kornberg and Dr. Harroud reported no relevant disclosures.

This article was updated 10/20/23.

MILAN – Obese patients with MS are more likely to rapidly progress through the stages of their disease and experience higher levels of cognitive difficulty than nonobese patients with MS, Swedish researchers reported at the 9th Joint ECTRIMS-ACTRIMS meeting.

In a group of 3,249 subjects tracked for up to 5 years (74% female; mean age, 37.8 years), patients who were obese at diagnosis were 1.41 times more likely than normal-weight patients to reach an Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score of 3. About 35% of 355 obese subjects (body mass index > 30 kg/m²) reached that level versus 29% of 713 overweight patients (BMI, 25-30) and 28% of 1,475 normal-weight patients (BMI, 18.5-24.99).

Among subjects whose BMI category didn’t change over follow-up, those who were obese at diagnosis were more likely to develop cognitive worsening than those who weren’t obese (hazard ratio, 1.47, 95% confidence interval, 1.08-2.01).

Lars Alfredsson, PhD, a professor at the Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, who presented the study findings, said in an interview that they fill a gap in knowledge about obesity and MS. “It is known that obesity around the age of 20 or in adolescence is a risk factor for developing MS. But much less is known in regard to progression, and the studies have been very inconclusive.”

The researchers tracked patients via the Swedish MS registry: 1,475 of normal weight, 713 overweight, and 355 obese. Before adjustment for factors such as age, gender, and baseline EDSS, obese subjects were 1.51 times more likely to reach EDSS score 3 than normal-weight subjects.

Obese subjects whose BMI level didn’t change over time were 1.70 times more likely than the nonobese to develop physical worsening as measured by an increased Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale physical score of 7.5 points or more, and they were 1.36 times more likely to have psychological worsening as measured by increased MSIS-28 psychological score of 7.5 points or more.

Also, among subjects whose BMI didn’t change over time, the likelihood of cognitive disability worsening was 1.47 times higher among obese participants versus nonobese participants. Worsening was defined as an increased Symbol Digit Modalities Test score of 8 points or more.

The level of excess cognitive decline “will affect people significantly,” Dr. Alfredsson said.

While obesity can counterintuitively provide a protective effect in some diseases, he said there’s no sign of such an effect in the subjects.

As for limitations, Dr. Alfredsson noted in his presentation that BMI data is self-reported, and it’s possible that the researchers didn’t adjust their statistics to reflect important confounders.

A 2023 German study of outcomes in MS patients with obesity came to similar conclusions. It tracked 1,066 subjects for up to 6 years and found that “median time to reach EDSS 3 was 0.99 years for patients with BMI of 30 or higher and 1.46 years for nonobese patients. Risk to reach EDSS 3 over 6 years was significantly increased in patients with BMI of at least 30, compared with patients with BMI less than 30 after adjustment for sex, age, smoking (HR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.3-2.6; P < .001), and independent of disease-modifying therapies.”

However, the German researchers found no link between obesity and higher levels of relapse, contrast-enhancing MRI lesions, or MRI T2 lesion burden.
 

Interpretation and commentary

Could obesity be causing worse outcomes? The new study doesn’t provide insight into cause and effect. However, obesity may speed up progression via low-grade inflammation, Dr. Alfredsson said.

What can clinicians do with the information from the study? If patients are obese, it can be a good idea to more carefully monitor them and use reliable tools to improve their progression, Dr. Alfredsson said.

In an interview, Michael D. Kornberg, MD, PhD, an assistant professor of neurology at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, who was not involved with the study, agreed with Dr. Alfredsson that other research has linked obesity early in life to higher rates of MS. He added that “a number of studies have shown that comorbidities in general are usually associated with a higher rate of disability.”

Dr. Kornberg said the new research is important, and he noted that it has a “robust” cohort because of its larger size.

Could patients with MS reverse the risk of progression and other poor outcomes by losing weight? “It’s hard to say,” Dr. Kornberg said. “We have to be cautious when we assume causation. There’s a plausible rationale that obesity might worsen progression in MS, but it could just be a marker of some other factor that reflects a different phenotype of MS.”

He doesn’t think it’s likely that weight loss would “dramatically reverse the biology of MS,” but he said reversing the obesity epidemic would still be a good thing. An interventional study could examine the effects of weight-loss intervention on disability measures, he said, “and that’s the next step.”

Also contacted for commentary, Adil Harroud, MD, a neurologist at McGill University who studies obesity in MS, said research suggests that “obesity seems to exacerbate MS disability. While some studies show no effect, the majority indicate a detrimental impact.”

However, “the effect of obesity on MS progression remains unclear. Animal studies suggest that shifts in immune cell subsets and functions may play a role, but the relevance to humans is yet to be determined,” he said.

Dr. Harroud, who did not take part in the new study, said it’s “one of the largest examining the impact of obesity on MS disability.” He added that “the cohort was relatively early in their disease course, suggesting that obesity impacts even the early stages of MS. This underscores the importance of obesity as a modifiable risk factor for disability accumulation.”

As for why obesity affects MS, he said one theory is that obesity plays a role through its impact on vitamin D levels. “However, using a genetic approach, we have demonstrated that, at least for MS risk, the effect of obesity is independent of vitamin D. This is also likely true for MS progression, as recent trials of vitamin D supplementation have not shown a meaningful impact on MS outcomes.”

According to Dr. Harroud, “other theories suggest that obesity leads to a pro-inflammatory immune shift. Additionally, it has been proposed that obesity may influence the response to disease-modifying therapy by reducing drug bioavailability, potentially necessitating weight-based dosing for some therapies.”

Dr. Alfredsson reported receiving grants from the Swedish Research Council, the Swedish Research Council for Health Working Life and Welfare, and the Swedish Brain Foundation and personal fees from Teva and Biogene Idec. Some of the other study authors reported various disclosures. Dr. Kornberg and Dr. Harroud reported no relevant disclosures.

This article was updated 10/20/23.

MILAN – Obese patients with MS are more likely to rapidly progress through the stages of their disease and experience higher levels of cognitive difficulty than nonobese patients with MS, Swedish researchers reported at the 9th Joint ECTRIMS-ACTRIMS meeting.

In a group of 3,249 subjects tracked for up to 5 years (74% female; mean age, 37.8 years), patients who were obese at diagnosis were 1.41 times more likely than normal-weight patients to reach an Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score of 3. About 35% of 355 obese subjects (body mass index > 30 kg/m²) reached that level versus 29% of 713 overweight patients (BMI, 25-30) and 28% of 1,475 normal-weight patients (BMI, 18.5-24.99).

Among subjects whose BMI category didn’t change over follow-up, those who were obese at diagnosis were more likely to develop cognitive worsening than those who weren’t obese (hazard ratio, 1.47, 95% confidence interval, 1.08-2.01).

Lars Alfredsson, PhD, a professor at the Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, who presented the study findings, said in an interview that they fill a gap in knowledge about obesity and MS. “It is known that obesity around the age of 20 or in adolescence is a risk factor for developing MS. But much less is known in regard to progression, and the studies have been very inconclusive.”

The researchers tracked patients via the Swedish MS registry: 1,475 of normal weight, 713 overweight, and 355 obese. Before adjustment for factors such as age, gender, and baseline EDSS, obese subjects were 1.51 times more likely to reach EDSS score 3 than normal-weight subjects.

Obese subjects whose BMI level didn’t change over time were 1.70 times more likely than the nonobese to develop physical worsening as measured by an increased Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale physical score of 7.5 points or more, and they were 1.36 times more likely to have psychological worsening as measured by increased MSIS-28 psychological score of 7.5 points or more.

Also, among subjects whose BMI didn’t change over time, the likelihood of cognitive disability worsening was 1.47 times higher among obese participants versus nonobese participants. Worsening was defined as an increased Symbol Digit Modalities Test score of 8 points or more.

The level of excess cognitive decline “will affect people significantly,” Dr. Alfredsson said.

While obesity can counterintuitively provide a protective effect in some diseases, he said there’s no sign of such an effect in the subjects.

As for limitations, Dr. Alfredsson noted in his presentation that BMI data is self-reported, and it’s possible that the researchers didn’t adjust their statistics to reflect important confounders.

A 2023 German study of outcomes in MS patients with obesity came to similar conclusions. It tracked 1,066 subjects for up to 6 years and found that “median time to reach EDSS 3 was 0.99 years for patients with BMI of 30 or higher and 1.46 years for nonobese patients. Risk to reach EDSS 3 over 6 years was significantly increased in patients with BMI of at least 30, compared with patients with BMI less than 30 after adjustment for sex, age, smoking (HR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.3-2.6; P < .001), and independent of disease-modifying therapies.”

However, the German researchers found no link between obesity and higher levels of relapse, contrast-enhancing MRI lesions, or MRI T2 lesion burden.
 

Interpretation and commentary

Could obesity be causing worse outcomes? The new study doesn’t provide insight into cause and effect. However, obesity may speed up progression via low-grade inflammation, Dr. Alfredsson said.

What can clinicians do with the information from the study? If patients are obese, it can be a good idea to more carefully monitor them and use reliable tools to improve their progression, Dr. Alfredsson said.

In an interview, Michael D. Kornberg, MD, PhD, an assistant professor of neurology at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, who was not involved with the study, agreed with Dr. Alfredsson that other research has linked obesity early in life to higher rates of MS. He added that “a number of studies have shown that comorbidities in general are usually associated with a higher rate of disability.”

Dr. Kornberg said the new research is important, and he noted that it has a “robust” cohort because of its larger size.

Could patients with MS reverse the risk of progression and other poor outcomes by losing weight? “It’s hard to say,” Dr. Kornberg said. “We have to be cautious when we assume causation. There’s a plausible rationale that obesity might worsen progression in MS, but it could just be a marker of some other factor that reflects a different phenotype of MS.”

He doesn’t think it’s likely that weight loss would “dramatically reverse the biology of MS,” but he said reversing the obesity epidemic would still be a good thing. An interventional study could examine the effects of weight-loss intervention on disability measures, he said, “and that’s the next step.”

Also contacted for commentary, Adil Harroud, MD, a neurologist at McGill University who studies obesity in MS, said research suggests that “obesity seems to exacerbate MS disability. While some studies show no effect, the majority indicate a detrimental impact.”

However, “the effect of obesity on MS progression remains unclear. Animal studies suggest that shifts in immune cell subsets and functions may play a role, but the relevance to humans is yet to be determined,” he said.

Dr. Harroud, who did not take part in the new study, said it’s “one of the largest examining the impact of obesity on MS disability.” He added that “the cohort was relatively early in their disease course, suggesting that obesity impacts even the early stages of MS. This underscores the importance of obesity as a modifiable risk factor for disability accumulation.”

As for why obesity affects MS, he said one theory is that obesity plays a role through its impact on vitamin D levels. “However, using a genetic approach, we have demonstrated that, at least for MS risk, the effect of obesity is independent of vitamin D. This is also likely true for MS progression, as recent trials of vitamin D supplementation have not shown a meaningful impact on MS outcomes.”

According to Dr. Harroud, “other theories suggest that obesity leads to a pro-inflammatory immune shift. Additionally, it has been proposed that obesity may influence the response to disease-modifying therapy by reducing drug bioavailability, potentially necessitating weight-based dosing for some therapies.”

Dr. Alfredsson reported receiving grants from the Swedish Research Council, the Swedish Research Council for Health Working Life and Welfare, and the Swedish Brain Foundation and personal fees from Teva and Biogene Idec. Some of the other study authors reported various disclosures. Dr. Kornberg and Dr. Harroud reported no relevant disclosures.

This article was updated 10/20/23.

Routine screening for depression and anxiety at each primary care clinical encounter in order to meet performance metrics could compromise accuracy and clinical care, based on data from more than 380,000 individuals in primary care.

“Prioritizing repetition of intake screening questionnaires at primary care visits may have unintended consequences such as administrative burden, provision of low-value care, and reduced clinical capacity to deliver other, high-value services,” but the accuracy of workflow-based intake screening on subsequent diagnosis has not been explored, wrote Jodi Simon, DrPH, of AllianceChicago, Ill., and colleagues.

In a study published in the Annals of Family Medicine, the researchers reviewed data from screenings performed on 380,057 patients in primary care settings. They examined the accuracy and utility of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2) for depression and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 2 (GAD-2) for anxiety.

The data included 1,883,317 screenings with PHQ-2s and 1,573,107 with GAD-2s. Of these, 92.3% of PHQ-2 screenings and 91.4% of GAD-2 screenings indicated low likelihood of depression or anxiety (defined as cumulative scores of 0 or 1). Mean scores for the PHQ-2 and GAD-2 in the study population were 0.29 and 0.35, respectively.

In the current study, 11% of patients had positive PHQ-2 scores (defined as 2 or higher) vs. 47%-53% seen in previous studies and census data.

In an analysis of new diagnoses of depression and anxiety, the researchers found that 42.3% of patients with a new depression diagnosis were not identified on intake screening; they had scores of 0 or 1 on the PHQ-2 in the past 30 days. Similarly, 42.7% of patients with a new anxiety diagnosis had scores of 0 or 1 on the GAD-2 in the past 30 days.

In other words, “Screening only detected risk in 57.7% of patients subsequently diagnosed with depression and 57.3% of patients subsequently diagnosed with anxiety,” the researchers said. This low positivity rate in patients diagnosed within 30 days merits further research, they added.

More studies are needed, but preliminary interviews with patients, clinicians, and staff indicate that time constraints and variation in the administration of questionnaires are among the factors contributing to inaccurate screening, the researchers noted.

The current study results suggest that screenings for anxiety and depression may occur in a perfunctory or inconsistent manner that might compromise accuracy when they are part of the workflow for each clinical visit in order to meet performance metrics, they said. “Ineffective screening may unintentionally detract from clinical care because care teams and patients have less time and cognitive energy to focus on other priorities during busy clinical encounters,” they added.

Alternatively, screening for anxiety and depression at regular intervals rather than each clinical encounter could improve reliability, the researchers concluded.

The study was funded by the American Medical Association Transformation Initiative. The researchers had no financial conflicts to disclose.

Routine screening for depression and anxiety at each primary care clinical encounter in order to meet performance metrics could compromise accuracy and clinical care, based on data from more than 380,000 individuals in primary care.

“Prioritizing repetition of intake screening questionnaires at primary care visits may have unintended consequences such as administrative burden, provision of low-value care, and reduced clinical capacity to deliver other, high-value services,” but the accuracy of workflow-based intake screening on subsequent diagnosis has not been explored, wrote Jodi Simon, DrPH, of AllianceChicago, Ill., and colleagues.

In a study published in the Annals of Family Medicine, the researchers reviewed data from screenings performed on 380,057 patients in primary care settings. They examined the accuracy and utility of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2) for depression and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 2 (GAD-2) for anxiety.

The data included 1,883,317 screenings with PHQ-2s and 1,573,107 with GAD-2s. Of these, 92.3% of PHQ-2 screenings and 91.4% of GAD-2 screenings indicated low likelihood of depression or anxiety (defined as cumulative scores of 0 or 1). Mean scores for the PHQ-2 and GAD-2 in the study population were 0.29 and 0.35, respectively.

In the current study, 11% of patients had positive PHQ-2 scores (defined as 2 or higher) vs. 47%-53% seen in previous studies and census data.

In an analysis of new diagnoses of depression and anxiety, the researchers found that 42.3% of patients with a new depression diagnosis were not identified on intake screening; they had scores of 0 or 1 on the PHQ-2 in the past 30 days. Similarly, 42.7% of patients with a new anxiety diagnosis had scores of 0 or 1 on the GAD-2 in the past 30 days.

In other words, “Screening only detected risk in 57.7% of patients subsequently diagnosed with depression and 57.3% of patients subsequently diagnosed with anxiety,” the researchers said. This low positivity rate in patients diagnosed within 30 days merits further research, they added.

More studies are needed, but preliminary interviews with patients, clinicians, and staff indicate that time constraints and variation in the administration of questionnaires are among the factors contributing to inaccurate screening, the researchers noted.

The current study results suggest that screenings for anxiety and depression may occur in a perfunctory or inconsistent manner that might compromise accuracy when they are part of the workflow for each clinical visit in order to meet performance metrics, they said. “Ineffective screening may unintentionally detract from clinical care because care teams and patients have less time and cognitive energy to focus on other priorities during busy clinical encounters,” they added.

Alternatively, screening for anxiety and depression at regular intervals rather than each clinical encounter could improve reliability, the researchers concluded.

The study was funded by the American Medical Association Transformation Initiative. The researchers had no financial conflicts to disclose.

Routine screening for depression and anxiety at each primary care clinical encounter in order to meet performance metrics could compromise accuracy and clinical care, based on data from more than 380,000 individuals in primary care.

“Prioritizing repetition of intake screening questionnaires at primary care visits may have unintended consequences such as administrative burden, provision of low-value care, and reduced clinical capacity to deliver other, high-value services,” but the accuracy of workflow-based intake screening on subsequent diagnosis has not been explored, wrote Jodi Simon, DrPH, of AllianceChicago, Ill., and colleagues.

In a study published in the Annals of Family Medicine, the researchers reviewed data from screenings performed on 380,057 patients in primary care settings. They examined the accuracy and utility of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2) for depression and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 2 (GAD-2) for anxiety.

The data included 1,883,317 screenings with PHQ-2s and 1,573,107 with GAD-2s. Of these, 92.3% of PHQ-2 screenings and 91.4% of GAD-2 screenings indicated low likelihood of depression or anxiety (defined as cumulative scores of 0 or 1). Mean scores for the PHQ-2 and GAD-2 in the study population were 0.29 and 0.35, respectively.

In the current study, 11% of patients had positive PHQ-2 scores (defined as 2 or higher) vs. 47%-53% seen in previous studies and census data.

In an analysis of new diagnoses of depression and anxiety, the researchers found that 42.3% of patients with a new depression diagnosis were not identified on intake screening; they had scores of 0 or 1 on the PHQ-2 in the past 30 days. Similarly, 42.7% of patients with a new anxiety diagnosis had scores of 0 or 1 on the GAD-2 in the past 30 days.

In other words, “Screening only detected risk in 57.7% of patients subsequently diagnosed with depression and 57.3% of patients subsequently diagnosed with anxiety,” the researchers said. This low positivity rate in patients diagnosed within 30 days merits further research, they added.

More studies are needed, but preliminary interviews with patients, clinicians, and staff indicate that time constraints and variation in the administration of questionnaires are among the factors contributing to inaccurate screening, the researchers noted.

The current study results suggest that screenings for anxiety and depression may occur in a perfunctory or inconsistent manner that might compromise accuracy when they are part of the workflow for each clinical visit in order to meet performance metrics, they said. “Ineffective screening may unintentionally detract from clinical care because care teams and patients have less time and cognitive energy to focus on other priorities during busy clinical encounters,” they added.

Alternatively, screening for anxiety and depression at regular intervals rather than each clinical encounter could improve reliability, the researchers concluded.

The study was funded by the American Medical Association Transformation Initiative. The researchers had no financial conflicts to disclose.

This transcript has been edited for clarity.

Fatima Cardoso, MD: Today we will be discussing breast cancer in male patients. To join me in this discussion, I have Sharon Giordano and Oliver Bogler. I will ask, to start, that we briefly introduce ourselves.

I’m Fatima Cardoso. I’m a medical oncologist based in Lisbon, Portugal. I have had a special interest in this topic for a couple of years. Sharon?

Sharon H. Giordano, MD, MPH, FASCO: I’m Sharon Giordano. I practice at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. I’m also a medical oncologist and treat most of the male breast cancer patients that are seen here.

Oliver Bogler, PhD: I’m Oliver Bogler. I’m a cancer biologist by background and an 11-year survivor of breast cancer. Dr. Giordano was my oncologist during the active phase of my treatment. It’s great to be here with you.

Special considerations surrounding male patients

• Dr. Cardoso: Sharon, when you are treating breast cancer in a male patient, what specific considerations do you have?
• Dr. Giordano: As we all know, breast cancer in men is a rare disease. It makes up about 1 in 1,000 cases of breast cancer. I think that one of the major challenges in treating the disease is we just don’t have the same to support our treatments as we do for women.

Often, what we need to do and what we end up doing is extrapolating as much as possible from clinical trials that were conducted in female patients with breast cancer. I think that’s one of the major challenges we face in treating the disease. There have been international efforts to try to put together standardized treatment approaches.

For example, ASCO has created guidelines for the management of male breast cancer. NCCN also has a special page on considerations for treatment of men with breast cancer. I would encourage people to look at those resources if questions do come up on the topic.

Dr. Cardoso: Perhaps we can also mention that the latest clinical trials fortunately have been allowing for male patients to be included, which is very important so that we can start having some data on the new drugs. I think that’s also relevant.

Dr. Giordano: That’s a great point because, historically, most of the trials explicitly excluded men. I don’t know if it was intentional or they just wrote the trials saying “women with breast cancer,” because that’s what most people thought of. I think it’s a great effort by the FDA and by investigators to make sure now that men are included in the trials. That will help build our evidence base.

Dr. Cardoso: Oliver, 11 years ago, you faced the diagnosis and you went through this. Can you speak a little bit about this challenge of going through what is considered a rare disease, but also a disease that is very much associated with the female gender traditionally?

Dr. Bogler: Gladly. For me, it was particularly odd because my wife, at the time that I was diagnosed, was a 5-year survivor of breast cancer. It took me some time to even think that the lump I felt might be the same disease. That seemed very unlikely, statistically, and also odd.

I have to say that I was protected from much of the fish-out-of-water experience that many men have because I both worked and was treated at MD Anderson, where Dr Giordano has a large practice, so my colleagues and my friends were not surprised that a man could get this disease.

Many of the patients I met had that experience, difficulty convincing their primary care physician or even their first-line oncologist that this could be the case. I just want to connect to what you both said, which is that 10 years ago, inclusion of men in clinical trials was not standard. It is a fantastic development to see that because unless we include men, we won’t learn about that type of breast cancer.

Dr. Cardoso: Even if only a few are entering each trial, at least it allows us to see if the drug behaves the same way or if there is any strange behavior of the drug in a male patient. It’s already one step forward. You were going to mention something, Sharon?

Dr. Giordano: I was going to say that, anecdotally, I’ve heard the experience that Oliver referred to, of many men feeling not so much uncomfortable with the diagnosis – although that does happen – but not having an obvious fit within the health care system.

For example, going to get their mammogram as part of their diagnostic workup and whoever might be taking them back saying, “Oh, no, this is Mrs. Jones, not Mr.,” and trying to argue with them that it’s not really meant for them. I had a patient – and this guy had a great sense of humor – who had a biopsy done and the instructions were to place this pink, floral ice pack inside your bra.

Even the materials that we have are gender specific. I think those things all together can certainly contribute to a man feeling like a fish out of water.

Dr. Cardoso: Actually, I fought in my institution because they wanted to call the Breast and Gynecology Unit the Women’s Unit. I said that there is no way you can call it the Women’s Unit because we have male patients. There are small things that we can do in our institutions to try to decrease the stigma and to make it less awkward for a man to be in a waiting room that says Women’s Clinic or something similar to that.

The importance of a support system

Dr. Cardoso: I wanted Oliver, perhaps, to mention experiences that you may have heard from other men. Some men do not feel that comfortable speaking about the disease. Also, some of them do not feel comfortable after treatment to go to the beach, to show the scar, and to show what happens after you have radiation.

Some men actually take it quite heavily, psychologically speaking. Have you encountered some of these men?

Dr. Bogler: Definitely. I think it leads to men not accessing the support opportunities – their family, their friends, or the support groups – and staying away from those because of this feeling of not wanting to share about it. That can be damaging. Cancer treatment is usually a tough road for most people, and the long-term consequences of hormone therapy – most men have hormone-driven disease – can be significant. I agree with you.

I participated in the male breast cancer SCAR Project by David Jay, a famous photographer. One of the high points of my life has been appearing in The New York Times topless, right after my radiation treatment, showing my scar. There are quite a few of us out there who’ve done that.

I’ll just mention in passing the Male Breast Cancer Global Alliance, which is a patient support supergroup, if you will. We’ve got a symposium coming up in November. That’s a great place for men who are early in the stage of their disease, or at any stage, to connect to others who are facing this issue.

Dr. Cardoso: They can also find specific information. This is a really good website where you can find information. One of the most important topics that I’ve heard from my patients is, “I never thought that I could have this disease. I never heard that men could have breast cancer as well.” Information is very crucial.

I believe that if you are well informed, you will also be less scared of the disease. Sources of reliable information are really crucial for patients. Since you mentioned the SCAR Project, we have a similar project here in Portugal that really called attention to the disease. It was very visual and really interesting.
 

Discussions during and after treatment

Dr. Cardoso: I wanted to say something, and I don’t know if both of you would agree. I think only recently surgeons have started to pay attention to the way they operate on men with breast cancer, and even in considering techniques of breast conservation and oncoplastic surgery. I had the feeling, looking at those photos, that some years ago, it wouldn’t have mattered how they do with the mastectomy scar just because it was a man. This was biased, right?

Just because it was a man, there was no need to pay attention to the aesthetic outcome. That is wrong, in my perspective. I’m very happy to see that now there are surgeons considering other types of breast surgery to conserve as much as possible the aesthetic outcome.

Dr. Bogler: I have to say that I was offered reconstruction at MD Anderson. I declined it. It wasn’t that big a part of my body image. When I raised this issue at home, my kids, who were quite young at the time, just suggested, “Well, Dad, why don’t you just wear a swim shirt?” They came up with a very practical solution for this issue.

I agree with you that it should be an option. I was also offered a nipple tattoo. I have yet to take that up, but maybe one day.

Dr. Cardoso: I’m not sure that we need to go into reconstruction. It also depends on whether a man has gynecomastia, if it’s going to be very asymmetric. There are other techniques to do, and depending on the size of the tumor, we can also do breast conservation, which we have done here in a couple of patients.

It’s quite an interesting approach where, for example, a skin-sparing mastectomy would be less aggressive, let’s say. Sharon?

Dr. Giordano: I completely agree. I’ve noticed increasing attention to the issue over the years that I’ve been in practice. I do think that it’s more front-and-center when the surgeons are having discussions with the patients now.

Also, although it’s still a minority, some do choose to have reconstructive surgery; some have more extensive surgeries, and some maybe have nipple reconstruction or a nipple tattoo. In a few men, like you mentioned, who are somewhat asymmetric, it actually can make a difference even when they’re dressed.

For many men, it’s more that they want to take off their shirt to play basketball or go swimming, and to decrease the feeling of awkwardness or like they have to make an explanation for why they have a nipple missing and a scar across their chest.
 

Biological aspects of male patients

Dr. Cardoso: Let’s switch gears now to the management, and before that, the biology. Oliver, with your other hat of biology, speak a little bit on what we know so far – whether it is exactly the same disease or there are biological specific characteristics of breast cancer in men.

Dr. Bogler: I should preface this by saying that I spent my career studying brain tumors. That was clearly a mistake.

Dr. Cardoso: It starts with a B. ...

Dr. Bogler: It starts with a B, but it’s the wrong part of the body. The reality is that we don’t really know that much fundamental biology yet, though the picture is changing and it has changed in recent years. Part of the reason is we don’t have many of the tools that we’ve had for the female disease for many years, particularly laboratory models.

On the genetic and transcriptomics front, there has been some really good activity. There was a comprehensive systematic review by Professor Val Speirs from the University of Aberdeen earlier this year that summarized much of the recent data. It showed that there are a handful of molecular hallmarks of the male disease, compared with the female disease, that are worth exploring.

Interestingly enough, one of them is the androgen receptor. It does beg the question of whether hormone-driven disease might not show up quite differently in males and females, where the hormone picture is a little different. I think there’s increasing evidence that there’s information out there to go after.

I will say that I was treated by Dr. Giordano and her colleagues very much like a woman would have been with my disease, and actually, very similarly to my wife. I’ve done well with it, so I would say, in most cases, the current standard of care is very effective but it falls a little short of personalized medicine, particularly when it comes to the hormone component.

Dr. Cardoso: Sharon?

Dr. Giordano: I would add that when I think about it as a clinician, although there’s a large amount of overlap and many similarities, when we’re treating men with breast cancer, almost all of the men have hormone receptor–positive disease, which I think Oliver mentioned earlier. We’re really thinking about endocrine therapy as one of the mainstays of treatment.

Obviously, as he also mentioned, it’s a different biologic background of hormones in a male vs. a female patient. There’s reason to think that some of those treatments could differ. In general, the subtypes are a little bit different. We see very, very few cases of triple-negative breast cancer in men. I think I’ve seen only one or two in my career. The ones I remember were probably radiation induced. They were cancer survivors who’d had chest-wall radiation for previous diseases. Those patients are very uncommon.

We also tend to see that the histology patterns are a little bit different. We tend to see more ductal cancers in men than we do in women as a relative proportion.

One thing that I always try to remember is that the risk for BRCA mutations or underlying germline genetic mutations is higher in men than in women. Just having a diagnosis of male breast cancer is an indication to consider genetic testing or meet with a genetic counselor to look for a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation.

Now, most men will not have that. Only roughly 10% of male patients, or maybe a little less, will have a BRCA2 mutation; for BRCA1, it’s more like only 1% or 2%. They’re not that common. Certainly, male breast cancer is recognized as being associated with the BRCA mutations.

Dr. Cardoso: If I have to give a take-home message in terms of biology, it would be that if there is a diagnosis of hormone receptor–negative or HER2-positive disease in a male patient, I would ask for a confirmation of the diagnosis. It’s not that it cannot exist, but it’s so rare that it’s worthwhile to confirm.

You mentioned that triple-negative disease is less than 1%, at about 0.5%, and HER2-positive disease is about 9%-10%. I think it will be very important to keep this in mind and confirm the biology if you have a different diagnosis than ER-positive, HER2-negative. Unfortunately, I received some cases where this was not done, and in fact, it ended up being a technical problem. People can receive the wrong treatment based on that.

Dr. Giordano: I’ve also seen that happen when it’s a metastasis to the breast rather than a primary breast cancer. I completely agree. That’s an excellent point. 

Management approaches

Dr. Cardoso: Let’s go now to management and focus on early breast cancer first. Sharon, what are your main take-home messages for a professional who doesn’t see this very often? What does someone need to remember when they manage a male patient who has early breast cancer?

Dr. Giordano: In general, in terms of chemotherapy, we essentially use the same guidelines as we do for women. Most of the male patients will have tumors that are hormone receptor positive. For endocrine therapy, we typically rely on tamoxifen as the standard of care for adjuvant endocrine treatment for breast cancer.

There are some data suggesting that there can be some efficacy of aromatase inhibitors as single agents. In general, and extrapolated from some population-based registry data, the outcomes for men treated with single-agent aromatase inhibitors don’t tend to be as good as for those treated with tamoxifen.

I know that these are not randomized data so there are all the caveats of that, but the best information we have suggests that tamoxifen appears to likely be more effective. Typically, we stay with tamoxifen. If, for some reason, a man cannot tolerate tamoxifen or has a contraindication, then we could use a GnRH agonist along with an aromatase inhibitor.

Dr. Cardoso: I would like to mention that, because it’s ER-positive, HER2-negative disease most of the time, there will be the question as to whether we can use genomic tests. I think it is important that people know that we have much less data regarding the use of Oncotype DX, MammaPrint, or any of the genomic tests in male patients.

We have some data on the distribution of, for example, Oncotype DX or MammaPrint scores. Whether we can use these tests for the decision of chemotherapy, we don’t have much data on that. I’ve seen many people making exactly the same decisions as with female patients, but that’s not really based on very strong evidence.

Dr. Giordano: It’s hard to know what to do with that. There are prognostic data on Oncotype, so the higher-risk tumors do seem to have a worse outcome than the lower-score tumors. You’re right, though; I don’t think we have any predictive information to really show that the Oncotype DX score predicts benefit to chemotherapy.

Having said that, I will sometimes order the test in my practice. If somebody comes back with a score of 5 or a very low-risk score, I will use that in my decision-making.

Dr. Cardoso: There is something we didn’t exactly mention in the diagnosis that may be important. We discussed most men not knowing that they can have breast cancer, and Oliver, you mentioned that sometimes the first-line physicians can think that very often. Usually, we have late diagnosis and that means a higher tumor burden.

Sometimes we have to go to chemotherapy because of locally advanced or very positive axillas and not really because of the biology. That’s one of the reasons to go for chemotherapy in this setting, right?

Dr. Bogler: Yes. I remember that conversation with you, Dr. Giordano. I asked you whether I should do one of these tests. You said, “Don’t worry about it. At stage III, you’re going to have chemo anyway.”

Dr. Cardoso: The problem of these rare diagnoses is the not thinking about it, even from the health professional side, and then having the diagnosis quite late that will demand chemotherapy use.

To clarify to everybody, in terms of distinguishing luminal A–like, luminal B–like, and what that implies in a male patient, we really don’t know if it’s the same as in a female. There have been some very interesting studies from our Nordic country colleagues showing that maybe the subtyping is different. There is likely a male-specific subtype that does not exist in female breast cancer and that probably behaves differently. We still have a large amount of research to do to understand that.

Is there anything else you would like to mention about early breast cancer management?

Dr. Bogler: One of the things that’s probably underexplored is adherence to tamoxifen therapy in men. I do know anecdotally that this is the discussion among men because of the impact on quality of life. I do worry that sometimes men perhaps make the wrong choice, and I think that’s an opportunity for more research. Again, if there were alternative therapies that were perhaps a little less impactful on things like libido, that might be an advance in the field.

Dr. Cardoso: We have been seeing more studies on the issue of quality of life. Noncompliance is also an issue in female patients. We have to acknowledge that. Not everybody is able to keep taking the treatments. Interestingly, when there is a relapse and people had stopped taking the tamoxifen, most of them say, “I stopped because I had not understood exactly how important it is.”

We come back to the importance of explaining that it is the most crucial treatment for this subtype of breast cancer. Again, information is really key.

Sometimes I also use the argument with my patients that the alternative is even worse because if you use an aromatase inhibitor, and you have to use an LHRH agonist, then the implications for your sexual life are even worse. That’s how I try to convince them to stay on tamoxifen.

Let’s finalize with a couple of words on metastatic breast cancer in male patients. Sharon, I’ll start with you again. Is there any difference in the management if you have a patient with metastatic, ER-positive, HER2-negative disease? How do you treat? How do you sequence the available therapies? Is it different from the female patient?

Dr. Giordano: I’d say that, big picture, it’s quite similar. Again, most of the men have hormone receptor–positive disease, so really, the mainstay of treatment and the first treatments are going to be endocrine therapies. We’ll sequence through the endocrine therapies like we do in women. When using aromatase inhibitors, I typically would add a GnRH agonist to that, and I have had that be a very successful therapy, along now with the CDK inhibitors that are also approved.

I don’t think the studies of CDK inhibitors included male patients, but at least palbociclib actually was approved in the United States, based on some real-world evidence of its efficacy. Anecdotally, again, in my clinical practice, that tends to be a really powerful combination of leuprolide, an aromatase inhibitor, and a CDK inhibitor.

I think there’s less information about drugs like fulvestrant, whether that would benefit from combination with a GnRH agonist or whether those should be given as single agents. We just don’t really know. We have a few case series out there.

Similar to the early breast cancer setting, I think it’s really important to remember to check for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. PARP inhibitors could be a part of the treatment plan if those underlying germline mutations are found. Generally, we’re following a similar sequence of endocrine therapies and then, eventually, chemotherapy.

Dr. Cardoso: Maybe, Oliver, you’re also seeing that one consistent finding in the biology study is the importance of the AKT/PI3K/mTOR pathway in male patients with breast cancer, because we now have at least two classes of agents to tackle this pathway. Again, anecdotally – we’re not talking about trials – I’ve been seeing quite interesting responses, for example, to everolimus combined with endocrine therapy.

We have a little less experience with the PI3K inhibitor, but that’s just because of accessibility to the drug. I think this combination is also something to keep in mind that can be quite effective in these patients.

Dr. Bogler: I agree. Those findings are exciting in the context of dealing with something as difficult as metastatic breast cancer. It’s good to know that there’s some information coming and opportunities and options, hopefully, down the road for men facing that problem.

Dr. Cardoso: Sharon, although small numbers, in these cases where there is HER2-positive disease, you would also use the new anti-HER2 agents and more or less the same sequence, right?

Dr. Giordano: Absolutely. It’s not particularly data driven, but yes, I would. If it’s a HER2-positive tumor, I would use the same HER2-targeted therapies that are used for women with breast cancer.

Working toward a balance in patient care

Dr. Cardoso: I would like to add something for all of us to be united in the fight. I don’t know if it happens in the U.S., but in many countries, access to these new agents for male patients is very difficult because of the approval and the labeling. This is why I’m always fighting with those who are proposing that the labeling, again, says “women with breast cancer.”

It is really important that we keep on lobbying and pushing for the labeling to say “patients with breast cancer” so that nobody can withhold access to these new therapies because of gender. In the U.S., maybe you don’t have this problem. There are many European countries where men cannot access, for example, fulvestrant because it has been approved for women with breast cancer.

Dr. Giordano: Thankfully, I have not faced that issue very often. I’ve had occasional issues with getting GnRH agonists approved. Generally, in the U.S., if I provide, for example, the NCCN guideline recommendations, most insurers will cover it. I think it’s often just lack of knowledge.

Dr. Cardoso: It’s something to keep working hard on because for the old drugs that were approved with the wording that still said “women,” we have to keep fighting for accessibility.

I think we had a really nice discussion. I’m going to give you an opportunity for any last words that you want to say on this topic. Perhaps we’ll start with you, Sharon, and we’ll leave the very last word to Oliver.

Dr. Giordano: I would just emphasize the importance of doing research in this area. Hopefully, we will be able to get clinical trials. There are reasons to think that endocrine therapies may behave differently in men and women. We need to continue to work together as a community to collect the data so that we can ultimately improve the outcomes for our patients.

Dr. Bogler: I would echo what you just said, Dr. Giordano. I would like to express my gratitude to both of you. Dr. Giordano, you have a huge practice of men at MD Anderson. You took care of me and many other people I know.

Dr. Cardoso, you are a pioneer of a big registry trial that I am privileged to be working on, trying to gather data on men. You’re both pioneers in this field of working on behalf of people like me. I’m just very grateful for what you do.

Dr. Giordano: Thank you.

Dr. Cardoso: Thank you both for accepting this invitation. We hope that everybody takes more interest in this field. Who knows? Maybe we can find enough funds to run a specific trial for male patients with breast cancer.

Dr. Cardoso is director of the breast unit at Champalimaud Clinical Centre/Champalimaud Foundation, Lisbon. Dr. Giordano is professor of breast medical oncology and chair of health services research at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston. Dr. Bogler is a cancer biologist at the Randolph (Vt.) Center. Dr. Cardoso reported conflicts of interest with numerous pharmaceutical companies; Dr. Giordano and Dr. Bogler reported no conflicts of interest.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

This transcript has been edited for clarity.

Fatima Cardoso, MD: Today we will be discussing breast cancer in male patients. To join me in this discussion, I have Sharon Giordano and Oliver Bogler. I will ask, to start, that we briefly introduce ourselves.

I’m Fatima Cardoso. I’m a medical oncologist based in Lisbon, Portugal. I have had a special interest in this topic for a couple of years. Sharon?

Sharon H. Giordano, MD, MPH, FASCO: I’m Sharon Giordano. I practice at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. I’m also a medical oncologist and treat most of the male breast cancer patients that are seen here.

Oliver Bogler, PhD: I’m Oliver Bogler. I’m a cancer biologist by background and an 11-year survivor of breast cancer. Dr. Giordano was my oncologist during the active phase of my treatment. It’s great to be here with you.

Special considerations surrounding male patients

• Dr. Cardoso: Sharon, when you are treating breast cancer in a male patient, what specific considerations do you have?
• Dr. Giordano: As we all know, breast cancer in men is a rare disease. It makes up about 1 in 1,000 cases of breast cancer. I think that one of the major challenges in treating the disease is we just don’t have the same to support our treatments as we do for women.

Often, what we need to do and what we end up doing is extrapolating as much as possible from clinical trials that were conducted in female patients with breast cancer. I think that’s one of the major challenges we face in treating the disease. There have been international efforts to try to put together standardized treatment approaches.

For example, ASCO has created guidelines for the management of male breast cancer. NCCN also has a special page on considerations for treatment of men with breast cancer. I would encourage people to look at those resources if questions do come up on the topic.

Dr. Cardoso: Perhaps we can also mention that the latest clinical trials fortunately have been allowing for male patients to be included, which is very important so that we can start having some data on the new drugs. I think that’s also relevant.

Dr. Giordano: That’s a great point because, historically, most of the trials explicitly excluded men. I don’t know if it was intentional or they just wrote the trials saying “women with breast cancer,” because that’s what most people thought of. I think it’s a great effort by the FDA and by investigators to make sure now that men are included in the trials. That will help build our evidence base.

Dr. Cardoso: Oliver, 11 years ago, you faced the diagnosis and you went through this. Can you speak a little bit about this challenge of going through what is considered a rare disease, but also a disease that is very much associated with the female gender traditionally?

Dr. Bogler: Gladly. For me, it was particularly odd because my wife, at the time that I was diagnosed, was a 5-year survivor of breast cancer. It took me some time to even think that the lump I felt might be the same disease. That seemed very unlikely, statistically, and also odd.

I have to say that I was protected from much of the fish-out-of-water experience that many men have because I both worked and was treated at MD Anderson, where Dr Giordano has a large practice, so my colleagues and my friends were not surprised that a man could get this disease.

Many of the patients I met had that experience, difficulty convincing their primary care physician or even their first-line oncologist that this could be the case. I just want to connect to what you both said, which is that 10 years ago, inclusion of men in clinical trials was not standard. It is a fantastic development to see that because unless we include men, we won’t learn about that type of breast cancer.

Dr. Cardoso: Even if only a few are entering each trial, at least it allows us to see if the drug behaves the same way or if there is any strange behavior of the drug in a male patient. It’s already one step forward. You were going to mention something, Sharon?

Dr. Giordano: I was going to say that, anecdotally, I’ve heard the experience that Oliver referred to, of many men feeling not so much uncomfortable with the diagnosis – although that does happen – but not having an obvious fit within the health care system.

For example, going to get their mammogram as part of their diagnostic workup and whoever might be taking them back saying, “Oh, no, this is Mrs. Jones, not Mr.,” and trying to argue with them that it’s not really meant for them. I had a patient – and this guy had a great sense of humor – who had a biopsy done and the instructions were to place this pink, floral ice pack inside your bra.

Even the materials that we have are gender specific. I think those things all together can certainly contribute to a man feeling like a fish out of water.

Dr. Cardoso: Actually, I fought in my institution because they wanted to call the Breast and Gynecology Unit the Women’s Unit. I said that there is no way you can call it the Women’s Unit because we have male patients. There are small things that we can do in our institutions to try to decrease the stigma and to make it less awkward for a man to be in a waiting room that says Women’s Clinic or something similar to that.

The importance of a support system

Dr. Cardoso: I wanted Oliver, perhaps, to mention experiences that you may have heard from other men. Some men do not feel that comfortable speaking about the disease. Also, some of them do not feel comfortable after treatment to go to the beach, to show the scar, and to show what happens after you have radiation.

Some men actually take it quite heavily, psychologically speaking. Have you encountered some of these men?

Dr. Bogler: Definitely. I think it leads to men not accessing the support opportunities – their family, their friends, or the support groups – and staying away from those because of this feeling of not wanting to share about it. That can be damaging. Cancer treatment is usually a tough road for most people, and the long-term consequences of hormone therapy – most men have hormone-driven disease – can be significant. I agree with you.

I participated in the male breast cancer SCAR Project by David Jay, a famous photographer. One of the high points of my life has been appearing in The New York Times topless, right after my radiation treatment, showing my scar. There are quite a few of us out there who’ve done that.

I’ll just mention in passing the Male Breast Cancer Global Alliance, which is a patient support supergroup, if you will. We’ve got a symposium coming up in November. That’s a great place for men who are early in the stage of their disease, or at any stage, to connect to others who are facing this issue.

Dr. Cardoso: They can also find specific information. This is a really good website where you can find information. One of the most important topics that I’ve heard from my patients is, “I never thought that I could have this disease. I never heard that men could have breast cancer as well.” Information is very crucial.

I believe that if you are well informed, you will also be less scared of the disease. Sources of reliable information are really crucial for patients. Since you mentioned the SCAR Project, we have a similar project here in Portugal that really called attention to the disease. It was very visual and really interesting.
 

Discussions during and after treatment

Dr. Cardoso: I wanted to say something, and I don’t know if both of you would agree. I think only recently surgeons have started to pay attention to the way they operate on men with breast cancer, and even in considering techniques of breast conservation and oncoplastic surgery. I had the feeling, looking at those photos, that some years ago, it wouldn’t have mattered how they do with the mastectomy scar just because it was a man. This was biased, right?

Just because it was a man, there was no need to pay attention to the aesthetic outcome. That is wrong, in my perspective. I’m very happy to see that now there are surgeons considering other types of breast surgery to conserve as much as possible the aesthetic outcome.

Dr. Bogler: I have to say that I was offered reconstruction at MD Anderson. I declined it. It wasn’t that big a part of my body image. When I raised this issue at home, my kids, who were quite young at the time, just suggested, “Well, Dad, why don’t you just wear a swim shirt?” They came up with a very practical solution for this issue.

I agree with you that it should be an option. I was also offered a nipple tattoo. I have yet to take that up, but maybe one day.

Dr. Cardoso: I’m not sure that we need to go into reconstruction. It also depends on whether a man has gynecomastia, if it’s going to be very asymmetric. There are other techniques to do, and depending on the size of the tumor, we can also do breast conservation, which we have done here in a couple of patients.

It’s quite an interesting approach where, for example, a skin-sparing mastectomy would be less aggressive, let’s say. Sharon?

Dr. Giordano: I completely agree. I’ve noticed increasing attention to the issue over the years that I’ve been in practice. I do think that it’s more front-and-center when the surgeons are having discussions with the patients now.

Also, although it’s still a minority, some do choose to have reconstructive surgery; some have more extensive surgeries, and some maybe have nipple reconstruction or a nipple tattoo. In a few men, like you mentioned, who are somewhat asymmetric, it actually can make a difference even when they’re dressed.

For many men, it’s more that they want to take off their shirt to play basketball or go swimming, and to decrease the feeling of awkwardness or like they have to make an explanation for why they have a nipple missing and a scar across their chest.
 

Biological aspects of male patients

Dr. Cardoso: Let’s switch gears now to the management, and before that, the biology. Oliver, with your other hat of biology, speak a little bit on what we know so far – whether it is exactly the same disease or there are biological specific characteristics of breast cancer in men.

Dr. Bogler: I should preface this by saying that I spent my career studying brain tumors. That was clearly a mistake.

Dr. Cardoso: It starts with a B. ...

Dr. Bogler: It starts with a B, but it’s the wrong part of the body. The reality is that we don’t really know that much fundamental biology yet, though the picture is changing and it has changed in recent years. Part of the reason is we don’t have many of the tools that we’ve had for the female disease for many years, particularly laboratory models.

On the genetic and transcriptomics front, there has been some really good activity. There was a comprehensive systematic review by Professor Val Speirs from the University of Aberdeen earlier this year that summarized much of the recent data. It showed that there are a handful of molecular hallmarks of the male disease, compared with the female disease, that are worth exploring.

Interestingly enough, one of them is the androgen receptor. It does beg the question of whether hormone-driven disease might not show up quite differently in males and females, where the hormone picture is a little different. I think there’s increasing evidence that there’s information out there to go after.

I will say that I was treated by Dr. Giordano and her colleagues very much like a woman would have been with my disease, and actually, very similarly to my wife. I’ve done well with it, so I would say, in most cases, the current standard of care is very effective but it falls a little short of personalized medicine, particularly when it comes to the hormone component.

Dr. Cardoso: Sharon?

Dr. Giordano: I would add that when I think about it as a clinician, although there’s a large amount of overlap and many similarities, when we’re treating men with breast cancer, almost all of the men have hormone receptor–positive disease, which I think Oliver mentioned earlier. We’re really thinking about endocrine therapy as one of the mainstays of treatment.

Obviously, as he also mentioned, it’s a different biologic background of hormones in a male vs. a female patient. There’s reason to think that some of those treatments could differ. In general, the subtypes are a little bit different. We see very, very few cases of triple-negative breast cancer in men. I think I’ve seen only one or two in my career. The ones I remember were probably radiation induced. They were cancer survivors who’d had chest-wall radiation for previous diseases. Those patients are very uncommon.

We also tend to see that the histology patterns are a little bit different. We tend to see more ductal cancers in men than we do in women as a relative proportion.

One thing that I always try to remember is that the risk for BRCA mutations or underlying germline genetic mutations is higher in men than in women. Just having a diagnosis of male breast cancer is an indication to consider genetic testing or meet with a genetic counselor to look for a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation.

Now, most men will not have that. Only roughly 10% of male patients, or maybe a little less, will have a BRCA2 mutation; for BRCA1, it’s more like only 1% or 2%. They’re not that common. Certainly, male breast cancer is recognized as being associated with the BRCA mutations.

Dr. Cardoso: If I have to give a take-home message in terms of biology, it would be that if there is a diagnosis of hormone receptor–negative or HER2-positive disease in a male patient, I would ask for a confirmation of the diagnosis. It’s not that it cannot exist, but it’s so rare that it’s worthwhile to confirm.

You mentioned that triple-negative disease is less than 1%, at about 0.5%, and HER2-positive disease is about 9%-10%. I think it will be very important to keep this in mind and confirm the biology if you have a different diagnosis than ER-positive, HER2-negative. Unfortunately, I received some cases where this was not done, and in fact, it ended up being a technical problem. People can receive the wrong treatment based on that.

Dr. Giordano: I’ve also seen that happen when it’s a metastasis to the breast rather than a primary breast cancer. I completely agree. That’s an excellent point. 

Management approaches

Dr. Cardoso: Let’s go now to management and focus on early breast cancer first. Sharon, what are your main take-home messages for a professional who doesn’t see this very often? What does someone need to remember when they manage a male patient who has early breast cancer?

Dr. Giordano: In general, in terms of chemotherapy, we essentially use the same guidelines as we do for women. Most of the male patients will have tumors that are hormone receptor positive. For endocrine therapy, we typically rely on tamoxifen as the standard of care for adjuvant endocrine treatment for breast cancer.

There are some data suggesting that there can be some efficacy of aromatase inhibitors as single agents. In general, and extrapolated from some population-based registry data, the outcomes for men treated with single-agent aromatase inhibitors don’t tend to be as good as for those treated with tamoxifen.

I know that these are not randomized data so there are all the caveats of that, but the best information we have suggests that tamoxifen appears to likely be more effective. Typically, we stay with tamoxifen. If, for some reason, a man cannot tolerate tamoxifen or has a contraindication, then we could use a GnRH agonist along with an aromatase inhibitor.

Dr. Cardoso: I would like to mention that, because it’s ER-positive, HER2-negative disease most of the time, there will be the question as to whether we can use genomic tests. I think it is important that people know that we have much less data regarding the use of Oncotype DX, MammaPrint, or any of the genomic tests in male patients.

We have some data on the distribution of, for example, Oncotype DX or MammaPrint scores. Whether we can use these tests for the decision of chemotherapy, we don’t have much data on that. I’ve seen many people making exactly the same decisions as with female patients, but that’s not really based on very strong evidence.

Dr. Giordano: It’s hard to know what to do with that. There are prognostic data on Oncotype, so the higher-risk tumors do seem to have a worse outcome than the lower-score tumors. You’re right, though; I don’t think we have any predictive information to really show that the Oncotype DX score predicts benefit to chemotherapy.

Having said that, I will sometimes order the test in my practice. If somebody comes back with a score of 5 or a very low-risk score, I will use that in my decision-making.

Dr. Cardoso: There is something we didn’t exactly mention in the diagnosis that may be important. We discussed most men not knowing that they can have breast cancer, and Oliver, you mentioned that sometimes the first-line physicians can think that very often. Usually, we have late diagnosis and that means a higher tumor burden.

Sometimes we have to go to chemotherapy because of locally advanced or very positive axillas and not really because of the biology. That’s one of the reasons to go for chemotherapy in this setting, right?

Dr. Bogler: Yes. I remember that conversation with you, Dr. Giordano. I asked you whether I should do one of these tests. You said, “Don’t worry about it. At stage III, you’re going to have chemo anyway.”

Dr. Cardoso: The problem of these rare diagnoses is the not thinking about it, even from the health professional side, and then having the diagnosis quite late that will demand chemotherapy use.

To clarify to everybody, in terms of distinguishing luminal A–like, luminal B–like, and what that implies in a male patient, we really don’t know if it’s the same as in a female. There have been some very interesting studies from our Nordic country colleagues showing that maybe the subtyping is different. There is likely a male-specific subtype that does not exist in female breast cancer and that probably behaves differently. We still have a large amount of research to do to understand that.

Is there anything else you would like to mention about early breast cancer management?

Dr. Bogler: One of the things that’s probably underexplored is adherence to tamoxifen therapy in men. I do know anecdotally that this is the discussion among men because of the impact on quality of life. I do worry that sometimes men perhaps make the wrong choice, and I think that’s an opportunity for more research. Again, if there were alternative therapies that were perhaps a little less impactful on things like libido, that might be an advance in the field.

Dr. Cardoso: We have been seeing more studies on the issue of quality of life. Noncompliance is also an issue in female patients. We have to acknowledge that. Not everybody is able to keep taking the treatments. Interestingly, when there is a relapse and people had stopped taking the tamoxifen, most of them say, “I stopped because I had not understood exactly how important it is.”

We come back to the importance of explaining that it is the most crucial treatment for this subtype of breast cancer. Again, information is really key.

Sometimes I also use the argument with my patients that the alternative is even worse because if you use an aromatase inhibitor, and you have to use an LHRH agonist, then the implications for your sexual life are even worse. That’s how I try to convince them to stay on tamoxifen.

Let’s finalize with a couple of words on metastatic breast cancer in male patients. Sharon, I’ll start with you again. Is there any difference in the management if you have a patient with metastatic, ER-positive, HER2-negative disease? How do you treat? How do you sequence the available therapies? Is it different from the female patient?

Dr. Giordano: I’d say that, big picture, it’s quite similar. Again, most of the men have hormone receptor–positive disease, so really, the mainstay of treatment and the first treatments are going to be endocrine therapies. We’ll sequence through the endocrine therapies like we do in women. When using aromatase inhibitors, I typically would add a GnRH agonist to that, and I have had that be a very successful therapy, along now with the CDK inhibitors that are also approved.

I don’t think the studies of CDK inhibitors included male patients, but at least palbociclib actually was approved in the United States, based on some real-world evidence of its efficacy. Anecdotally, again, in my clinical practice, that tends to be a really powerful combination of leuprolide, an aromatase inhibitor, and a CDK inhibitor.

I think there’s less information about drugs like fulvestrant, whether that would benefit from combination with a GnRH agonist or whether those should be given as single agents. We just don’t really know. We have a few case series out there.

Similar to the early breast cancer setting, I think it’s really important to remember to check for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. PARP inhibitors could be a part of the treatment plan if those underlying germline mutations are found. Generally, we’re following a similar sequence of endocrine therapies and then, eventually, chemotherapy.

Dr. Cardoso: Maybe, Oliver, you’re also seeing that one consistent finding in the biology study is the importance of the AKT/PI3K/mTOR pathway in male patients with breast cancer, because we now have at least two classes of agents to tackle this pathway. Again, anecdotally – we’re not talking about trials – I’ve been seeing quite interesting responses, for example, to everolimus combined with endocrine therapy.

We have a little less experience with the PI3K inhibitor, but that’s just because of accessibility to the drug. I think this combination is also something to keep in mind that can be quite effective in these patients.

Dr. Bogler: I agree. Those findings are exciting in the context of dealing with something as difficult as metastatic breast cancer. It’s good to know that there’s some information coming and opportunities and options, hopefully, down the road for men facing that problem.

Dr. Cardoso: Sharon, although small numbers, in these cases where there is HER2-positive disease, you would also use the new anti-HER2 agents and more or less the same sequence, right?

Dr. Giordano: Absolutely. It’s not particularly data driven, but yes, I would. If it’s a HER2-positive tumor, I would use the same HER2-targeted therapies that are used for women with breast cancer.

Working toward a balance in patient care

Dr. Cardoso: I would like to add something for all of us to be united in the fight. I don’t know if it happens in the U.S., but in many countries, access to these new agents for male patients is very difficult because of the approval and the labeling. This is why I’m always fighting with those who are proposing that the labeling, again, says “women with breast cancer.”

It is really important that we keep on lobbying and pushing for the labeling to say “patients with breast cancer” so that nobody can withhold access to these new therapies because of gender. In the U.S., maybe you don’t have this problem. There are many European countries where men cannot access, for example, fulvestrant because it has been approved for women with breast cancer.

Dr. Giordano: Thankfully, I have not faced that issue very often. I’ve had occasional issues with getting GnRH agonists approved. Generally, in the U.S., if I provide, for example, the NCCN guideline recommendations, most insurers will cover it. I think it’s often just lack of knowledge.

Dr. Cardoso: It’s something to keep working hard on because for the old drugs that were approved with the wording that still said “women,” we have to keep fighting for accessibility.

I think we had a really nice discussion. I’m going to give you an opportunity for any last words that you want to say on this topic. Perhaps we’ll start with you, Sharon, and we’ll leave the very last word to Oliver.

Dr. Giordano: I would just emphasize the importance of doing research in this area. Hopefully, we will be able to get clinical trials. There are reasons to think that endocrine therapies may behave differently in men and women. We need to continue to work together as a community to collect the data so that we can ultimately improve the outcomes for our patients.

Dr. Bogler: I would echo what you just said, Dr. Giordano. I would like to express my gratitude to both of you. Dr. Giordano, you have a huge practice of men at MD Anderson. You took care of me and many other people I know.

Dr. Cardoso, you are a pioneer of a big registry trial that I am privileged to be working on, trying to gather data on men. You’re both pioneers in this field of working on behalf of people like me. I’m just very grateful for what you do.

Dr. Giordano: Thank you.

Dr. Cardoso: Thank you both for accepting this invitation. We hope that everybody takes more interest in this field. Who knows? Maybe we can find enough funds to run a specific trial for male patients with breast cancer.

Dr. Cardoso is director of the breast unit at Champalimaud Clinical Centre/Champalimaud Foundation, Lisbon. Dr. Giordano is professor of breast medical oncology and chair of health services research at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston. Dr. Bogler is a cancer biologist at the Randolph (Vt.) Center. Dr. Cardoso reported conflicts of interest with numerous pharmaceutical companies; Dr. Giordano and Dr. Bogler reported no conflicts of interest.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

This transcript has been edited for clarity.

Fatima Cardoso, MD: Today we will be discussing breast cancer in male patients. To join me in this discussion, I have Sharon Giordano and Oliver Bogler. I will ask, to start, that we briefly introduce ourselves.

I’m Fatima Cardoso. I’m a medical oncologist based in Lisbon, Portugal. I have had a special interest in this topic for a couple of years. Sharon?

Sharon H. Giordano, MD, MPH, FASCO: I’m Sharon Giordano. I practice at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. I’m also a medical oncologist and treat most of the male breast cancer patients that are seen here.

Oliver Bogler, PhD: I’m Oliver Bogler. I’m a cancer biologist by background and an 11-year survivor of breast cancer. Dr. Giordano was my oncologist during the active phase of my treatment. It’s great to be here with you.

Special considerations surrounding male patients

• Dr. Cardoso: Sharon, when you are treating breast cancer in a male patient, what specific considerations do you have?
• Dr. Giordano: As we all know, breast cancer in men is a rare disease. It makes up about 1 in 1,000 cases of breast cancer. I think that one of the major challenges in treating the disease is we just don’t have the same to support our treatments as we do for women.

Often, what we need to do and what we end up doing is extrapolating as much as possible from clinical trials that were conducted in female patients with breast cancer. I think that’s one of the major challenges we face in treating the disease. There have been international efforts to try to put together standardized treatment approaches.

For example, ASCO has created guidelines for the management of male breast cancer. NCCN also has a special page on considerations for treatment of men with breast cancer. I would encourage people to look at those resources if questions do come up on the topic.

Dr. Cardoso: Perhaps we can also mention that the latest clinical trials fortunately have been allowing for male patients to be included, which is very important so that we can start having some data on the new drugs. I think that’s also relevant.

Dr. Giordano: That’s a great point because, historically, most of the trials explicitly excluded men. I don’t know if it was intentional or they just wrote the trials saying “women with breast cancer,” because that’s what most people thought of. I think it’s a great effort by the FDA and by investigators to make sure now that men are included in the trials. That will help build our evidence base.

Dr. Cardoso: Oliver, 11 years ago, you faced the diagnosis and you went through this. Can you speak a little bit about this challenge of going through what is considered a rare disease, but also a disease that is very much associated with the female gender traditionally?

Dr. Bogler: Gladly. For me, it was particularly odd because my wife, at the time that I was diagnosed, was a 5-year survivor of breast cancer. It took me some time to even think that the lump I felt might be the same disease. That seemed very unlikely, statistically, and also odd.

I have to say that I was protected from much of the fish-out-of-water experience that many men have because I both worked and was treated at MD Anderson, where Dr Giordano has a large practice, so my colleagues and my friends were not surprised that a man could get this disease.

Many of the patients I met had that experience, difficulty convincing their primary care physician or even their first-line oncologist that this could be the case. I just want to connect to what you both said, which is that 10 years ago, inclusion of men in clinical trials was not standard. It is a fantastic development to see that because unless we include men, we won’t learn about that type of breast cancer.

Dr. Cardoso: Even if only a few are entering each trial, at least it allows us to see if the drug behaves the same way or if there is any strange behavior of the drug in a male patient. It’s already one step forward. You were going to mention something, Sharon?

Dr. Giordano: I was going to say that, anecdotally, I’ve heard the experience that Oliver referred to, of many men feeling not so much uncomfortable with the diagnosis – although that does happen – but not having an obvious fit within the health care system.

For example, going to get their mammogram as part of their diagnostic workup and whoever might be taking them back saying, “Oh, no, this is Mrs. Jones, not Mr.,” and trying to argue with them that it’s not really meant for them. I had a patient – and this guy had a great sense of humor – who had a biopsy done and the instructions were to place this pink, floral ice pack inside your bra.

Even the materials that we have are gender specific. I think those things all together can certainly contribute to a man feeling like a fish out of water.

Dr. Cardoso: Actually, I fought in my institution because they wanted to call the Breast and Gynecology Unit the Women’s Unit. I said that there is no way you can call it the Women’s Unit because we have male patients. There are small things that we can do in our institutions to try to decrease the stigma and to make it less awkward for a man to be in a waiting room that says Women’s Clinic or something similar to that.

The importance of a support system

Dr. Cardoso: I wanted Oliver, perhaps, to mention experiences that you may have heard from other men. Some men do not feel that comfortable speaking about the disease. Also, some of them do not feel comfortable after treatment to go to the beach, to show the scar, and to show what happens after you have radiation.

Some men actually take it quite heavily, psychologically speaking. Have you encountered some of these men?

Dr. Bogler: Definitely. I think it leads to men not accessing the support opportunities – their family, their friends, or the support groups – and staying away from those because of this feeling of not wanting to share about it. That can be damaging. Cancer treatment is usually a tough road for most people, and the long-term consequences of hormone therapy – most men have hormone-driven disease – can be significant. I agree with you.

I participated in the male breast cancer SCAR Project by David Jay, a famous photographer. One of the high points of my life has been appearing in The New York Times topless, right after my radiation treatment, showing my scar. There are quite a few of us out there who’ve done that.

I’ll just mention in passing the Male Breast Cancer Global Alliance, which is a patient support supergroup, if you will. We’ve got a symposium coming up in November. That’s a great place for men who are early in the stage of their disease, or at any stage, to connect to others who are facing this issue.

Dr. Cardoso: They can also find specific information. This is a really good website where you can find information. One of the most important topics that I’ve heard from my patients is, “I never thought that I could have this disease. I never heard that men could have breast cancer as well.” Information is very crucial.

I believe that if you are well informed, you will also be less scared of the disease. Sources of reliable information are really crucial for patients. Since you mentioned the SCAR Project, we have a similar project here in Portugal that really called attention to the disease. It was very visual and really interesting.
 

Discussions during and after treatment

Dr. Cardoso: I wanted to say something, and I don’t know if both of you would agree. I think only recently surgeons have started to pay attention to the way they operate on men with breast cancer, and even in considering techniques of breast conservation and oncoplastic surgery. I had the feeling, looking at those photos, that some years ago, it wouldn’t have mattered how they do with the mastectomy scar just because it was a man. This was biased, right?

Just because it was a man, there was no need to pay attention to the aesthetic outcome. That is wrong, in my perspective. I’m very happy to see that now there are surgeons considering other types of breast surgery to conserve as much as possible the aesthetic outcome.

Dr. Bogler: I have to say that I was offered reconstruction at MD Anderson. I declined it. It wasn’t that big a part of my body image. When I raised this issue at home, my kids, who were quite young at the time, just suggested, “Well, Dad, why don’t you just wear a swim shirt?” They came up with a very practical solution for this issue.

I agree with you that it should be an option. I was also offered a nipple tattoo. I have yet to take that up, but maybe one day.

Dr. Cardoso: I’m not sure that we need to go into reconstruction. It also depends on whether a man has gynecomastia, if it’s going to be very asymmetric. There are other techniques to do, and depending on the size of the tumor, we can also do breast conservation, which we have done here in a couple of patients.

It’s quite an interesting approach where, for example, a skin-sparing mastectomy would be less aggressive, let’s say. Sharon?

Dr. Giordano: I completely agree. I’ve noticed increasing attention to the issue over the years that I’ve been in practice. I do think that it’s more front-and-center when the surgeons are having discussions with the patients now.

Also, although it’s still a minority, some do choose to have reconstructive surgery; some have more extensive surgeries, and some maybe have nipple reconstruction or a nipple tattoo. In a few men, like you mentioned, who are somewhat asymmetric, it actually can make a difference even when they’re dressed.

For many men, it’s more that they want to take off their shirt to play basketball or go swimming, and to decrease the feeling of awkwardness or like they have to make an explanation for why they have a nipple missing and a scar across their chest.
 

Biological aspects of male patients

Dr. Cardoso: Let’s switch gears now to the management, and before that, the biology. Oliver, with your other hat of biology, speak a little bit on what we know so far – whether it is exactly the same disease or there are biological specific characteristics of breast cancer in men.

Dr. Bogler: I should preface this by saying that I spent my career studying brain tumors. That was clearly a mistake.

Dr. Cardoso: It starts with a B. ...

Dr. Bogler: It starts with a B, but it’s the wrong part of the body. The reality is that we don’t really know that much fundamental biology yet, though the picture is changing and it has changed in recent years. Part of the reason is we don’t have many of the tools that we’ve had for the female disease for many years, particularly laboratory models.

On the genetic and transcriptomics front, there has been some really good activity. There was a comprehensive systematic review by Professor Val Speirs from the University of Aberdeen earlier this year that summarized much of the recent data. It showed that there are a handful of molecular hallmarks of the male disease, compared with the female disease, that are worth exploring.

Interestingly enough, one of them is the androgen receptor. It does beg the question of whether hormone-driven disease might not show up quite differently in males and females, where the hormone picture is a little different. I think there’s increasing evidence that there’s information out there to go after.

I will say that I was treated by Dr. Giordano and her colleagues very much like a woman would have been with my disease, and actually, very similarly to my wife. I’ve done well with it, so I would say, in most cases, the current standard of care is very effective but it falls a little short of personalized medicine, particularly when it comes to the hormone component.

Dr. Cardoso: Sharon?

Dr. Giordano: I would add that when I think about it as a clinician, although there’s a large amount of overlap and many similarities, when we’re treating men with breast cancer, almost all of the men have hormone receptor–positive disease, which I think Oliver mentioned earlier. We’re really thinking about endocrine therapy as one of the mainstays of treatment.

Obviously, as he also mentioned, it’s a different biologic background of hormones in a male vs. a female patient. There’s reason to think that some of those treatments could differ. In general, the subtypes are a little bit different. We see very, very few cases of triple-negative breast cancer in men. I think I’ve seen only one or two in my career. The ones I remember were probably radiation induced. They were cancer survivors who’d had chest-wall radiation for previous diseases. Those patients are very uncommon.

We also tend to see that the histology patterns are a little bit different. We tend to see more ductal cancers in men than we do in women as a relative proportion.

One thing that I always try to remember is that the risk for BRCA mutations or underlying germline genetic mutations is higher in men than in women. Just having a diagnosis of male breast cancer is an indication to consider genetic testing or meet with a genetic counselor to look for a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation.

Now, most men will not have that. Only roughly 10% of male patients, or maybe a little less, will have a BRCA2 mutation; for BRCA1, it’s more like only 1% or 2%. They’re not that common. Certainly, male breast cancer is recognized as being associated with the BRCA mutations.

Dr. Cardoso: If I have to give a take-home message in terms of biology, it would be that if there is a diagnosis of hormone receptor–negative or HER2-positive disease in a male patient, I would ask for a confirmation of the diagnosis. It’s not that it cannot exist, but it’s so rare that it’s worthwhile to confirm.

You mentioned that triple-negative disease is less than 1%, at about 0.5%, and HER2-positive disease is about 9%-10%. I think it will be very important to keep this in mind and confirm the biology if you have a different diagnosis than ER-positive, HER2-negative. Unfortunately, I received some cases where this was not done, and in fact, it ended up being a technical problem. People can receive the wrong treatment based on that.

Dr. Giordano: I’ve also seen that happen when it’s a metastasis to the breast rather than a primary breast cancer. I completely agree. That’s an excellent point. 

Management approaches

Dr. Cardoso: Let’s go now to management and focus on early breast cancer first. Sharon, what are your main take-home messages for a professional who doesn’t see this very often? What does someone need to remember when they manage a male patient who has early breast cancer?

Dr. Giordano: In general, in terms of chemotherapy, we essentially use the same guidelines as we do for women. Most of the male patients will have tumors that are hormone receptor positive. For endocrine therapy, we typically rely on tamoxifen as the standard of care for adjuvant endocrine treatment for breast cancer.

There are some data suggesting that there can be some efficacy of aromatase inhibitors as single agents. In general, and extrapolated from some population-based registry data, the outcomes for men treated with single-agent aromatase inhibitors don’t tend to be as good as for those treated with tamoxifen.

I know that these are not randomized data so there are all the caveats of that, but the best information we have suggests that tamoxifen appears to likely be more effective. Typically, we stay with tamoxifen. If, for some reason, a man cannot tolerate tamoxifen or has a contraindication, then we could use a GnRH agonist along with an aromatase inhibitor.

Dr. Cardoso: I would like to mention that, because it’s ER-positive, HER2-negative disease most of the time, there will be the question as to whether we can use genomic tests. I think it is important that people know that we have much less data regarding the use of Oncotype DX, MammaPrint, or any of the genomic tests in male patients.

We have some data on the distribution of, for example, Oncotype DX or MammaPrint scores. Whether we can use these tests for the decision of chemotherapy, we don’t have much data on that. I’ve seen many people making exactly the same decisions as with female patients, but that’s not really based on very strong evidence.

Dr. Giordano: It’s hard to know what to do with that. There are prognostic data on Oncotype, so the higher-risk tumors do seem to have a worse outcome than the lower-score tumors. You’re right, though; I don’t think we have any predictive information to really show that the Oncotype DX score predicts benefit to chemotherapy.

Having said that, I will sometimes order the test in my practice. If somebody comes back with a score of 5 or a very low-risk score, I will use that in my decision-making.

Dr. Cardoso: There is something we didn’t exactly mention in the diagnosis that may be important. We discussed most men not knowing that they can have breast cancer, and Oliver, you mentioned that sometimes the first-line physicians can think that very often. Usually, we have late diagnosis and that means a higher tumor burden.

Sometimes we have to go to chemotherapy because of locally advanced or very positive axillas and not really because of the biology. That’s one of the reasons to go for chemotherapy in this setting, right?

Dr. Bogler: Yes. I remember that conversation with you, Dr. Giordano. I asked you whether I should do one of these tests. You said, “Don’t worry about it. At stage III, you’re going to have chemo anyway.”

Dr. Cardoso: The problem of these rare diagnoses is the not thinking about it, even from the health professional side, and then having the diagnosis quite late that will demand chemotherapy use.

To clarify to everybody, in terms of distinguishing luminal A–like, luminal B–like, and what that implies in a male patient, we really don’t know if it’s the same as in a female. There have been some very interesting studies from our Nordic country colleagues showing that maybe the subtyping is different. There is likely a male-specific subtype that does not exist in female breast cancer and that probably behaves differently. We still have a large amount of research to do to understand that.

Is there anything else you would like to mention about early breast cancer management?

Dr. Bogler: One of the things that’s probably underexplored is adherence to tamoxifen therapy in men. I do know anecdotally that this is the discussion among men because of the impact on quality of life. I do worry that sometimes men perhaps make the wrong choice, and I think that’s an opportunity for more research. Again, if there were alternative therapies that were perhaps a little less impactful on things like libido, that might be an advance in the field.

Dr. Cardoso: We have been seeing more studies on the issue of quality of life. Noncompliance is also an issue in female patients. We have to acknowledge that. Not everybody is able to keep taking the treatments. Interestingly, when there is a relapse and people had stopped taking the tamoxifen, most of them say, “I stopped because I had not understood exactly how important it is.”

We come back to the importance of explaining that it is the most crucial treatment for this subtype of breast cancer. Again, information is really key.

Sometimes I also use the argument with my patients that the alternative is even worse because if you use an aromatase inhibitor, and you have to use an LHRH agonist, then the implications for your sexual life are even worse. That’s how I try to convince them to stay on tamoxifen.

Let’s finalize with a couple of words on metastatic breast cancer in male patients. Sharon, I’ll start with you again. Is there any difference in the management if you have a patient with metastatic, ER-positive, HER2-negative disease? How do you treat? How do you sequence the available therapies? Is it different from the female patient?

Dr. Giordano: I’d say that, big picture, it’s quite similar. Again, most of the men have hormone receptor–positive disease, so really, the mainstay of treatment and the first treatments are going to be endocrine therapies. We’ll sequence through the endocrine therapies like we do in women. When using aromatase inhibitors, I typically would add a GnRH agonist to that, and I have had that be a very successful therapy, along now with the CDK inhibitors that are also approved.

I don’t think the studies of CDK inhibitors included male patients, but at least palbociclib actually was approved in the United States, based on some real-world evidence of its efficacy. Anecdotally, again, in my clinical practice, that tends to be a really powerful combination of leuprolide, an aromatase inhibitor, and a CDK inhibitor.

I think there’s less information about drugs like fulvestrant, whether that would benefit from combination with a GnRH agonist or whether those should be given as single agents. We just don’t really know. We have a few case series out there.

Similar to the early breast cancer setting, I think it’s really important to remember to check for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. PARP inhibitors could be a part of the treatment plan if those underlying germline mutations are found. Generally, we’re following a similar sequence of endocrine therapies and then, eventually, chemotherapy.

Dr. Cardoso: Maybe, Oliver, you’re also seeing that one consistent finding in the biology study is the importance of the AKT/PI3K/mTOR pathway in male patients with breast cancer, because we now have at least two classes of agents to tackle this pathway. Again, anecdotally – we’re not talking about trials – I’ve been seeing quite interesting responses, for example, to everolimus combined with endocrine therapy.

We have a little less experience with the PI3K inhibitor, but that’s just because of accessibility to the drug. I think this combination is also something to keep in mind that can be quite effective in these patients.

Dr. Bogler: I agree. Those findings are exciting in the context of dealing with something as difficult as metastatic breast cancer. It’s good to know that there’s some information coming and opportunities and options, hopefully, down the road for men facing that problem.

Dr. Cardoso: Sharon, although small numbers, in these cases where there is HER2-positive disease, you would also use the new anti-HER2 agents and more or less the same sequence, right?

Dr. Giordano: Absolutely. It’s not particularly data driven, but yes, I would. If it’s a HER2-positive tumor, I would use the same HER2-targeted therapies that are used for women with breast cancer.

Working toward a balance in patient care

Dr. Cardoso: I would like to add something for all of us to be united in the fight. I don’t know if it happens in the U.S., but in many countries, access to these new agents for male patients is very difficult because of the approval and the labeling. This is why I’m always fighting with those who are proposing that the labeling, again, says “women with breast cancer.”

It is really important that we keep on lobbying and pushing for the labeling to say “patients with breast cancer” so that nobody can withhold access to these new therapies because of gender. In the U.S., maybe you don’t have this problem. There are many European countries where men cannot access, for example, fulvestrant because it has been approved for women with breast cancer.

Dr. Giordano: Thankfully, I have not faced that issue very often. I’ve had occasional issues with getting GnRH agonists approved. Generally, in the U.S., if I provide, for example, the NCCN guideline recommendations, most insurers will cover it. I think it’s often just lack of knowledge.

Dr. Cardoso: It’s something to keep working hard on because for the old drugs that were approved with the wording that still said “women,” we have to keep fighting for accessibility.

I think we had a really nice discussion. I’m going to give you an opportunity for any last words that you want to say on this topic. Perhaps we’ll start with you, Sharon, and we’ll leave the very last word to Oliver.

Dr. Giordano: I would just emphasize the importance of doing research in this area. Hopefully, we will be able to get clinical trials. There are reasons to think that endocrine therapies may behave differently in men and women. We need to continue to work together as a community to collect the data so that we can ultimately improve the outcomes for our patients.

Dr. Bogler: I would echo what you just said, Dr. Giordano. I would like to express my gratitude to both of you. Dr. Giordano, you have a huge practice of men at MD Anderson. You took care of me and many other people I know.

Dr. Cardoso, you are a pioneer of a big registry trial that I am privileged to be working on, trying to gather data on men. You’re both pioneers in this field of working on behalf of people like me. I’m just very grateful for what you do.

Dr. Giordano: Thank you.

Dr. Cardoso: Thank you both for accepting this invitation. We hope that everybody takes more interest in this field. Who knows? Maybe we can find enough funds to run a specific trial for male patients with breast cancer.

Dr. Cardoso is director of the breast unit at Champalimaud Clinical Centre/Champalimaud Foundation, Lisbon. Dr. Giordano is professor of breast medical oncology and chair of health services research at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston. Dr. Bogler is a cancer biologist at the Randolph (Vt.) Center. Dr. Cardoso reported conflicts of interest with numerous pharmaceutical companies; Dr. Giordano and Dr. Bogler reported no conflicts of interest.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.