Infectious Diseases

New cases of COVID-19 continue to drop among children, but the vaccination effort in those under age 5 years began with something less than a bang.

Data are available only for the first 2 weekdays after the final approval on Saturday, June 18, but they show that just 1,245 children aged 4 years and younger received the COVID vaccine on June 20 and June 21. In the first 2 days after their respective approvals, almost 99,000 children aged 5-11 years and over 675,000 children aged 12-15 were vaccinated, according to data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Children aged 0-4 years represent almost 6% of the overall population, compared with 8.7% for the 5- to 11-year-olds and 5.1% for those aged 12-15.

The recent decline in new cases over the past 4 weeks and the substantial decline since the Omicron surge could be a factor in the lack of response, but it is worth noting that the almost 68,000 new child cases reported in the past week, June 17-23, are “far higher than 1 year ago, June 24, 2021, when 8,400 child cases were reported,” the American Academy of Pediatrics and the Children’s Hospital Association said in their weekly COVID report.

That total for June 17-23 was 19% lower than the previous week and down by 40% since new cases hit a spring peak of 112,000 in late May. Regionally, new cases were down in the Midwest, the South, and the West, the AAP/CHA report showed, but the Northeast saw a small increase, which could be a signal of things to come for the summer.

The decline in new cases, however, has not been accompanied by decreases in hospitalizations or emergency department visits. New admissions of children aged 0-17 with confirmed COVID were at 0.31 per 100,000 population on June 24 after reaching that level on June 15, so no drop-off has occurred yet but there are signs of leveling off, based on CDC data.

The ED visit rates have been fairly steady through June, although COVID-related visits were up to 3.4% of all ED visits on June 22 for children aged 0-11 years, after being below 3% for the first 2 weeks of the month. The rate for children aged 12-15 has been between 1.6% and 1.9% for the past 3 weeks and the rate for 16- and 17-year-olds has been hovering between 1.7% and 2.2% for most of June, after going as high as 2.7% in late May, the CDC said on its COVID Data Tracker.

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New cases of COVID-19 continue to drop among children, but the vaccination effort in those under age 5 years began with something less than a bang.

Data are available only for the first 2 weekdays after the final approval on Saturday, June 18, but they show that just 1,245 children aged 4 years and younger received the COVID vaccine on June 20 and June 21. In the first 2 days after their respective approvals, almost 99,000 children aged 5-11 years and over 675,000 children aged 12-15 were vaccinated, according to data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Children aged 0-4 years represent almost 6% of the overall population, compared with 8.7% for the 5- to 11-year-olds and 5.1% for those aged 12-15.

The recent decline in new cases over the past 4 weeks and the substantial decline since the Omicron surge could be a factor in the lack of response, but it is worth noting that the almost 68,000 new child cases reported in the past week, June 17-23, are “far higher than 1 year ago, June 24, 2021, when 8,400 child cases were reported,” the American Academy of Pediatrics and the Children’s Hospital Association said in their weekly COVID report.

That total for June 17-23 was 19% lower than the previous week and down by 40% since new cases hit a spring peak of 112,000 in late May. Regionally, new cases were down in the Midwest, the South, and the West, the AAP/CHA report showed, but the Northeast saw a small increase, which could be a signal of things to come for the summer.

The decline in new cases, however, has not been accompanied by decreases in hospitalizations or emergency department visits. New admissions of children aged 0-17 with confirmed COVID were at 0.31 per 100,000 population on June 24 after reaching that level on June 15, so no drop-off has occurred yet but there are signs of leveling off, based on CDC data.

The ED visit rates have been fairly steady through June, although COVID-related visits were up to 3.4% of all ED visits on June 22 for children aged 0-11 years, after being below 3% for the first 2 weeks of the month. The rate for children aged 12-15 has been between 1.6% and 1.9% for the past 3 weeks and the rate for 16- and 17-year-olds has been hovering between 1.7% and 2.2% for most of June, after going as high as 2.7% in late May, the CDC said on its COVID Data Tracker.

[email protected]

New cases of COVID-19 continue to drop among children, but the vaccination effort in those under age 5 years began with something less than a bang.

Data are available only for the first 2 weekdays after the final approval on Saturday, June 18, but they show that just 1,245 children aged 4 years and younger received the COVID vaccine on June 20 and June 21. In the first 2 days after their respective approvals, almost 99,000 children aged 5-11 years and over 675,000 children aged 12-15 were vaccinated, according to data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Children aged 0-4 years represent almost 6% of the overall population, compared with 8.7% for the 5- to 11-year-olds and 5.1% for those aged 12-15.

The recent decline in new cases over the past 4 weeks and the substantial decline since the Omicron surge could be a factor in the lack of response, but it is worth noting that the almost 68,000 new child cases reported in the past week, June 17-23, are “far higher than 1 year ago, June 24, 2021, when 8,400 child cases were reported,” the American Academy of Pediatrics and the Children’s Hospital Association said in their weekly COVID report.

That total for June 17-23 was 19% lower than the previous week and down by 40% since new cases hit a spring peak of 112,000 in late May. Regionally, new cases were down in the Midwest, the South, and the West, the AAP/CHA report showed, but the Northeast saw a small increase, which could be a signal of things to come for the summer.

The decline in new cases, however, has not been accompanied by decreases in hospitalizations or emergency department visits. New admissions of children aged 0-17 with confirmed COVID were at 0.31 per 100,000 population on June 24 after reaching that level on June 15, so no drop-off has occurred yet but there are signs of leveling off, based on CDC data.

The ED visit rates have been fairly steady through June, although COVID-related visits were up to 3.4% of all ED visits on June 22 for children aged 0-11 years, after being below 3% for the first 2 weeks of the month. The rate for children aged 12-15 has been between 1.6% and 1.9% for the past 3 weeks and the rate for 16- and 17-year-olds has been hovering between 1.7% and 2.2% for most of June, after going as high as 2.7% in late May, the CDC said on its COVID Data Tracker.

[email protected]

U.S. maternal deaths – those during pregnancy or within 42 days of pregnancy – increased substantially by 33.3% after March 2020 corresponding to the COVID-19 pandemic onset, according to new research published in JAMA Network Open.

Data from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) revealed this rise in maternal deaths was higher than the 22% overall excess death estimate associated with the pandemic in 2020.

Increases were highest for Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black women, exacerbating already high rates of disparity in comparison with White women, wrote Marie E. Thoma, PhD, an associate professor at the University of Maryland, College Park, and Eugene R. Declercq, PhD, a professor at Boston University.

The authors noted that this spike in maternal deaths might be caused either by conditions directly related to COVID-19, such as respiratory or viral infections, or by conditions worsened by pandemic-associated health care disruptions including those for diabetes or cardiovascular disease.

The precise causes, however, could not be discerned from the data, the authors noted.

The NCHS reported an 18.4% increase in U.S. maternal mortality from 2019 to 2020. The relative increase was 44.4% among Hispanic, 25.7% among non-Hispanic Black, and 6.1% among non-Hispanic White women.

“The rise in maternal mortality among Hispanic women was unprecedented,” Dr. Thoma said in an interview. Given a 16.8% increase in overall U.S. mortality in 2020, largely attributed to the COVID-19 pandemic, the authors examined the pandemic’s role in [the higher] maternal death rates for 2020.

“Prior to this report, the NCHS released an e-report that there had been a rise in maternal mortality in 2020, but questions remained about the role of the pandemic in this rise that their report hadn’t addressed,” Dr. Thoma said in an interview “So we decided to look at the data further to assess whether the rise coincided with the pandemic and how this differed by race/ethnicity, whether there were changes in the causes of maternal death, and how often COVID-19 was listed as a contributory factor in those deaths.”

A total of 1,588 maternal deaths (18.8 per 100,000 live births) occurred before the pandemic versus 684 deaths (25.1 per 100,000 live births) during the 2020 phase of the pandemic, for a relative increase of 33.3%.

Direct obstetrical causes of death included diabetes, hypertensive and liver disorders, pregnancy-related infections, and obstetrical hemorrhage and embolism. Indirect causes comprised, among others, nonobstetrical infections and diseases of the circulatory and respiratory systems as well as mental and nervous disorders.

Relative increases in direct causes (27.7%) were mostly associated with diabetes (95.9%), hypertensive disorders (39.0%), and other specified pregnancy-related conditions (48.0%).

COVID-19 was commonly listed as a lethal condition along with other viral diseases (16 of 16 deaths and diseases of the respiratory system (11 of 19 deaths).

Late maternal mortality – defined as more than 42 days but less than 1 year after pregnancy – increased by 41%. “This was surprising as we might anticipate risk being higher during pregnancy given that pregnant women may be more susceptible, but we see that this rise was also found among people in the later postpartum period,” Dr. Thoma said.

Absolute and relative changes were highest for Hispanic women (8.9 per 100,000 live births and 74.2%, respectively) and non-Hispanic Black women (16.8 per 100,000 live births and 40.2%). In contrast, non-Hispanic White women saw increases of just 2.9 per 100,000 live births and 17.2%.

“Overall, we found the rise in maternal mortality in 2020 was concentrated after the start of pandemic, particularly for non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic women, and we saw a dramatic rise in respiratory-related conditions,” Dr. Thoma said.

In a comment, Steven Woolf, MD, MPH, director emeritus of the Center on Society and Health at Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, said the findings are very consistent with his and others research showing dramatic increases in overall death rates from many causes during the pandemic, with these ranging from COVID-19 leading conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular and Alzheimer’s disease to less-studied causes such as drug overdoses and alcoholism caused by the stresses of the pandemic. Again, deaths were likely caused by both COVID-19 infections and disruptions in diagnosis and care.

“So a rise in maternal mortality would unfortunately also be expected, and these researchers have shown that,” he said in an interview. In addition, they have confirmed “the pattern of stark health disparities in the Hispanic and Black populations relative to the White. Our group has shown marked decreases in the life expectancies of the Black and Hispanic populations relative to the White population.”

While he might take issue with the study’s research methodology, Dr. Woolf said, “The work is useful partly because we need to work out the best research methods to do this kind of analysis because we really need to understand the effects on maternal mortality.”

He said sorting out the best way to do this type of research will be important for looking at excess deaths and maternal mortality following other events, for example, in the wake of the Supreme Court’s recent decision to reverse Roe v. Wade.

The authors acknowledged certain study limitations, including the large percentage of COVID-19 cases with a nonspecific underlying cause. According to Dr. Thoma and Dr. Declercq, that reflects a maternal death coding problem that needs to be addressed, as well as a partitioning of data. The latter resulted in small numbers for some categories, with rates suppressed for fewer than 16 deaths because of reduced reliability.

“We found that more specific information is often available on death certificates but is lost in the process of coding,” said Dr. Thoma. “We were able to reclassify many of these causes to a more specific cause that we attributed to be the primary cause of death.”

The authors said future studies of maternal death should examine the contribution of the pandemic to racial and ethnic disparities and should identify specific causes of maternal deaths overall and associated with COVID-19.

In earlier research, the authors previously warned of possible misclassifications of maternal deaths.

They found evidence of both underreporting and overreporting of deaths, with possible overreporting predominant, whereas accurate data are essential for measuring the effectiveness of maternal mortality reduction programs.

Dr. Thoma’s group will continue to monitor mortality trends with the release of 2021 data. “We hope we will see improvements in 2021 given greater access to vaccines, treatments, and fewer health care disruptions,” Dr. Thoma said. “It will be important to continue to stress the importance of COVID-19 vaccines for pregnant and postpartum people.”

This study had no external funding. The authors disclosed no competing interests. Dr. Woolf declared no conflicts of interest.

U.S. maternal deaths – those during pregnancy or within 42 days of pregnancy – increased substantially by 33.3% after March 2020 corresponding to the COVID-19 pandemic onset, according to new research published in JAMA Network Open.

Data from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) revealed this rise in maternal deaths was higher than the 22% overall excess death estimate associated with the pandemic in 2020.

Increases were highest for Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black women, exacerbating already high rates of disparity in comparison with White women, wrote Marie E. Thoma, PhD, an associate professor at the University of Maryland, College Park, and Eugene R. Declercq, PhD, a professor at Boston University.

The authors noted that this spike in maternal deaths might be caused either by conditions directly related to COVID-19, such as respiratory or viral infections, or by conditions worsened by pandemic-associated health care disruptions including those for diabetes or cardiovascular disease.

The precise causes, however, could not be discerned from the data, the authors noted.

The NCHS reported an 18.4% increase in U.S. maternal mortality from 2019 to 2020. The relative increase was 44.4% among Hispanic, 25.7% among non-Hispanic Black, and 6.1% among non-Hispanic White women.

“The rise in maternal mortality among Hispanic women was unprecedented,” Dr. Thoma said in an interview. Given a 16.8% increase in overall U.S. mortality in 2020, largely attributed to the COVID-19 pandemic, the authors examined the pandemic’s role in [the higher] maternal death rates for 2020.

“Prior to this report, the NCHS released an e-report that there had been a rise in maternal mortality in 2020, but questions remained about the role of the pandemic in this rise that their report hadn’t addressed,” Dr. Thoma said in an interview “So we decided to look at the data further to assess whether the rise coincided with the pandemic and how this differed by race/ethnicity, whether there were changes in the causes of maternal death, and how often COVID-19 was listed as a contributory factor in those deaths.”

A total of 1,588 maternal deaths (18.8 per 100,000 live births) occurred before the pandemic versus 684 deaths (25.1 per 100,000 live births) during the 2020 phase of the pandemic, for a relative increase of 33.3%.

Direct obstetrical causes of death included diabetes, hypertensive and liver disorders, pregnancy-related infections, and obstetrical hemorrhage and embolism. Indirect causes comprised, among others, nonobstetrical infections and diseases of the circulatory and respiratory systems as well as mental and nervous disorders.

Relative increases in direct causes (27.7%) were mostly associated with diabetes (95.9%), hypertensive disorders (39.0%), and other specified pregnancy-related conditions (48.0%).

COVID-19 was commonly listed as a lethal condition along with other viral diseases (16 of 16 deaths and diseases of the respiratory system (11 of 19 deaths).

Late maternal mortality – defined as more than 42 days but less than 1 year after pregnancy – increased by 41%. “This was surprising as we might anticipate risk being higher during pregnancy given that pregnant women may be more susceptible, but we see that this rise was also found among people in the later postpartum period,” Dr. Thoma said.

Absolute and relative changes were highest for Hispanic women (8.9 per 100,000 live births and 74.2%, respectively) and non-Hispanic Black women (16.8 per 100,000 live births and 40.2%). In contrast, non-Hispanic White women saw increases of just 2.9 per 100,000 live births and 17.2%.

“Overall, we found the rise in maternal mortality in 2020 was concentrated after the start of pandemic, particularly for non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic women, and we saw a dramatic rise in respiratory-related conditions,” Dr. Thoma said.

In a comment, Steven Woolf, MD, MPH, director emeritus of the Center on Society and Health at Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, said the findings are very consistent with his and others research showing dramatic increases in overall death rates from many causes during the pandemic, with these ranging from COVID-19 leading conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular and Alzheimer’s disease to less-studied causes such as drug overdoses and alcoholism caused by the stresses of the pandemic. Again, deaths were likely caused by both COVID-19 infections and disruptions in diagnosis and care.

“So a rise in maternal mortality would unfortunately also be expected, and these researchers have shown that,” he said in an interview. In addition, they have confirmed “the pattern of stark health disparities in the Hispanic and Black populations relative to the White. Our group has shown marked decreases in the life expectancies of the Black and Hispanic populations relative to the White population.”

While he might take issue with the study’s research methodology, Dr. Woolf said, “The work is useful partly because we need to work out the best research methods to do this kind of analysis because we really need to understand the effects on maternal mortality.”

He said sorting out the best way to do this type of research will be important for looking at excess deaths and maternal mortality following other events, for example, in the wake of the Supreme Court’s recent decision to reverse Roe v. Wade.

The authors acknowledged certain study limitations, including the large percentage of COVID-19 cases with a nonspecific underlying cause. According to Dr. Thoma and Dr. Declercq, that reflects a maternal death coding problem that needs to be addressed, as well as a partitioning of data. The latter resulted in small numbers for some categories, with rates suppressed for fewer than 16 deaths because of reduced reliability.

“We found that more specific information is often available on death certificates but is lost in the process of coding,” said Dr. Thoma. “We were able to reclassify many of these causes to a more specific cause that we attributed to be the primary cause of death.”

The authors said future studies of maternal death should examine the contribution of the pandemic to racial and ethnic disparities and should identify specific causes of maternal deaths overall and associated with COVID-19.

In earlier research, the authors previously warned of possible misclassifications of maternal deaths.

They found evidence of both underreporting and overreporting of deaths, with possible overreporting predominant, whereas accurate data are essential for measuring the effectiveness of maternal mortality reduction programs.

Dr. Thoma’s group will continue to monitor mortality trends with the release of 2021 data. “We hope we will see improvements in 2021 given greater access to vaccines, treatments, and fewer health care disruptions,” Dr. Thoma said. “It will be important to continue to stress the importance of COVID-19 vaccines for pregnant and postpartum people.”

This study had no external funding. The authors disclosed no competing interests. Dr. Woolf declared no conflicts of interest.

U.S. maternal deaths – those during pregnancy or within 42 days of pregnancy – increased substantially by 33.3% after March 2020 corresponding to the COVID-19 pandemic onset, according to new research published in JAMA Network Open.

Data from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) revealed this rise in maternal deaths was higher than the 22% overall excess death estimate associated with the pandemic in 2020.

Increases were highest for Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black women, exacerbating already high rates of disparity in comparison with White women, wrote Marie E. Thoma, PhD, an associate professor at the University of Maryland, College Park, and Eugene R. Declercq, PhD, a professor at Boston University.

The authors noted that this spike in maternal deaths might be caused either by conditions directly related to COVID-19, such as respiratory or viral infections, or by conditions worsened by pandemic-associated health care disruptions including those for diabetes or cardiovascular disease.

The precise causes, however, could not be discerned from the data, the authors noted.

The NCHS reported an 18.4% increase in U.S. maternal mortality from 2019 to 2020. The relative increase was 44.4% among Hispanic, 25.7% among non-Hispanic Black, and 6.1% among non-Hispanic White women.

“The rise in maternal mortality among Hispanic women was unprecedented,” Dr. Thoma said in an interview. Given a 16.8% increase in overall U.S. mortality in 2020, largely attributed to the COVID-19 pandemic, the authors examined the pandemic’s role in [the higher] maternal death rates for 2020.

“Prior to this report, the NCHS released an e-report that there had been a rise in maternal mortality in 2020, but questions remained about the role of the pandemic in this rise that their report hadn’t addressed,” Dr. Thoma said in an interview “So we decided to look at the data further to assess whether the rise coincided with the pandemic and how this differed by race/ethnicity, whether there were changes in the causes of maternal death, and how often COVID-19 was listed as a contributory factor in those deaths.”

A total of 1,588 maternal deaths (18.8 per 100,000 live births) occurred before the pandemic versus 684 deaths (25.1 per 100,000 live births) during the 2020 phase of the pandemic, for a relative increase of 33.3%.

Direct obstetrical causes of death included diabetes, hypertensive and liver disorders, pregnancy-related infections, and obstetrical hemorrhage and embolism. Indirect causes comprised, among others, nonobstetrical infections and diseases of the circulatory and respiratory systems as well as mental and nervous disorders.

Relative increases in direct causes (27.7%) were mostly associated with diabetes (95.9%), hypertensive disorders (39.0%), and other specified pregnancy-related conditions (48.0%).

COVID-19 was commonly listed as a lethal condition along with other viral diseases (16 of 16 deaths and diseases of the respiratory system (11 of 19 deaths).

Late maternal mortality – defined as more than 42 days but less than 1 year after pregnancy – increased by 41%. “This was surprising as we might anticipate risk being higher during pregnancy given that pregnant women may be more susceptible, but we see that this rise was also found among people in the later postpartum period,” Dr. Thoma said.

Absolute and relative changes were highest for Hispanic women (8.9 per 100,000 live births and 74.2%, respectively) and non-Hispanic Black women (16.8 per 100,000 live births and 40.2%). In contrast, non-Hispanic White women saw increases of just 2.9 per 100,000 live births and 17.2%.

“Overall, we found the rise in maternal mortality in 2020 was concentrated after the start of pandemic, particularly for non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic women, and we saw a dramatic rise in respiratory-related conditions,” Dr. Thoma said.

In a comment, Steven Woolf, MD, MPH, director emeritus of the Center on Society and Health at Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, said the findings are very consistent with his and others research showing dramatic increases in overall death rates from many causes during the pandemic, with these ranging from COVID-19 leading conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular and Alzheimer’s disease to less-studied causes such as drug overdoses and alcoholism caused by the stresses of the pandemic. Again, deaths were likely caused by both COVID-19 infections and disruptions in diagnosis and care.

“So a rise in maternal mortality would unfortunately also be expected, and these researchers have shown that,” he said in an interview. In addition, they have confirmed “the pattern of stark health disparities in the Hispanic and Black populations relative to the White. Our group has shown marked decreases in the life expectancies of the Black and Hispanic populations relative to the White population.”

While he might take issue with the study’s research methodology, Dr. Woolf said, “The work is useful partly because we need to work out the best research methods to do this kind of analysis because we really need to understand the effects on maternal mortality.”

He said sorting out the best way to do this type of research will be important for looking at excess deaths and maternal mortality following other events, for example, in the wake of the Supreme Court’s recent decision to reverse Roe v. Wade.

The authors acknowledged certain study limitations, including the large percentage of COVID-19 cases with a nonspecific underlying cause. According to Dr. Thoma and Dr. Declercq, that reflects a maternal death coding problem that needs to be addressed, as well as a partitioning of data. The latter resulted in small numbers for some categories, with rates suppressed for fewer than 16 deaths because of reduced reliability.

“We found that more specific information is often available on death certificates but is lost in the process of coding,” said Dr. Thoma. “We were able to reclassify many of these causes to a more specific cause that we attributed to be the primary cause of death.”

The authors said future studies of maternal death should examine the contribution of the pandemic to racial and ethnic disparities and should identify specific causes of maternal deaths overall and associated with COVID-19.

In earlier research, the authors previously warned of possible misclassifications of maternal deaths.

They found evidence of both underreporting and overreporting of deaths, with possible overreporting predominant, whereas accurate data are essential for measuring the effectiveness of maternal mortality reduction programs.

Dr. Thoma’s group will continue to monitor mortality trends with the release of 2021 data. “We hope we will see improvements in 2021 given greater access to vaccines, treatments, and fewer health care disruptions,” Dr. Thoma said. “It will be important to continue to stress the importance of COVID-19 vaccines for pregnant and postpartum people.”

This study had no external funding. The authors disclosed no competing interests. Dr. Woolf declared no conflicts of interest.

A new analysis from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention provides further details on mysterious cases of pediatric hepatitis identified across the United States. While 45% of patients have tested positive for adenovirus infection, it is likely that these children “represent a heterogenous group of hepatitis etiologies,” the CDC authors wrote.

Of the 296 children diagnosed between Oct. 1, 2021, and June 15, 2022, in the United States, 18 have required liver transplants and 11 have died.

On April 21, 2022, the CDC issued an alert to providers to report pediatric hepatitis cases of unknown etiology in children under 10 after similar cases had been identified in Europe and the United States. While the United Kingdom has found an uptick in cases over the past year, researchers from the CDC published data on June 14 that suggested pediatric hepatitis cases had not increased from 2017 to 2021.

This newest analysis, published Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, provides additional demographic data on affected patients and explores possible causes, including previous infection with COVID-19. Investigators had earlier ruled out COVID-19 vaccination as a potential factor in these cases, as most children were unvaccinated or not yet eligible to receive the vaccine. According to the analysis, only five patients had received at least one dose of a COVID-19 vaccine.

The 296 cases included in the analysis occurred in 42 U.S. states and territories, and the median age for patients was 2 years and 2 months. Nearly 60% of patients were male (58.1%) and 40.9% were female. The largest percentage of cases occurred in Hispanic or Latino children (37.8%), followed by non-Hispanic White (32.4%) children. Black patients made up 9.8% of all cases, and 3.7% of affected children were of Asian descent. Vomiting, fatigue, and jaundice were all common symptoms, and about 90% (89.9%) of children required hospitalization..

Of 224 children tested for adenovirus, 44.6% were positive. The analysis also included information on 123 of these hepatitis patients tested for other various pathogens. Nearly 80% (98/123) received a COVID-19 test and just 10.2% were positive. About 26% of patients had previously had COVID-19, and hepatitis onset occurred, on average, 133 days after the reported SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Other viruses detected included rhinovirus/enterovirus (24.5%), rotavirus (14.0%), and acute Epstein-Barr virus (11.4%)

Simultaneous infection with SARS-CoV-2 and adenovirus occurred in three patients.

There was no evidence of viral inclusions in the 36 patients who had pathological evaluation liver biopsies, explants, or autopsied tissue.

The findings suggest that there may be many different causes behind these severe hepatitis cases, and it is estimated that about one-third of hepatitis cases in children do not have a known cause. However, the identification of adenovirus infection in many cases “raises the question whether a new pattern of disease is emerging in this population or if adenovirus might be an underrecognized cause or cofactor in previously indeterminate cases of pediatric hepatitis,” the authors wrote. As the investigation continues, “further clinical data are needed to understand the cause of these cases and to assess the potential association with adenovirus.”

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

A new analysis from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention provides further details on mysterious cases of pediatric hepatitis identified across the United States. While 45% of patients have tested positive for adenovirus infection, it is likely that these children “represent a heterogenous group of hepatitis etiologies,” the CDC authors wrote.

Of the 296 children diagnosed between Oct. 1, 2021, and June 15, 2022, in the United States, 18 have required liver transplants and 11 have died.

On April 21, 2022, the CDC issued an alert to providers to report pediatric hepatitis cases of unknown etiology in children under 10 after similar cases had been identified in Europe and the United States. While the United Kingdom has found an uptick in cases over the past year, researchers from the CDC published data on June 14 that suggested pediatric hepatitis cases had not increased from 2017 to 2021.

This newest analysis, published Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, provides additional demographic data on affected patients and explores possible causes, including previous infection with COVID-19. Investigators had earlier ruled out COVID-19 vaccination as a potential factor in these cases, as most children were unvaccinated or not yet eligible to receive the vaccine. According to the analysis, only five patients had received at least one dose of a COVID-19 vaccine.

The 296 cases included in the analysis occurred in 42 U.S. states and territories, and the median age for patients was 2 years and 2 months. Nearly 60% of patients were male (58.1%) and 40.9% were female. The largest percentage of cases occurred in Hispanic or Latino children (37.8%), followed by non-Hispanic White (32.4%) children. Black patients made up 9.8% of all cases, and 3.7% of affected children were of Asian descent. Vomiting, fatigue, and jaundice were all common symptoms, and about 90% (89.9%) of children required hospitalization..

Of 224 children tested for adenovirus, 44.6% were positive. The analysis also included information on 123 of these hepatitis patients tested for other various pathogens. Nearly 80% (98/123) received a COVID-19 test and just 10.2% were positive. About 26% of patients had previously had COVID-19, and hepatitis onset occurred, on average, 133 days after the reported SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Other viruses detected included rhinovirus/enterovirus (24.5%), rotavirus (14.0%), and acute Epstein-Barr virus (11.4%)

Simultaneous infection with SARS-CoV-2 and adenovirus occurred in three patients.

There was no evidence of viral inclusions in the 36 patients who had pathological evaluation liver biopsies, explants, or autopsied tissue.

The findings suggest that there may be many different causes behind these severe hepatitis cases, and it is estimated that about one-third of hepatitis cases in children do not have a known cause. However, the identification of adenovirus infection in many cases “raises the question whether a new pattern of disease is emerging in this population or if adenovirus might be an underrecognized cause or cofactor in previously indeterminate cases of pediatric hepatitis,” the authors wrote. As the investigation continues, “further clinical data are needed to understand the cause of these cases and to assess the potential association with adenovirus.”

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

A new analysis from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention provides further details on mysterious cases of pediatric hepatitis identified across the United States. While 45% of patients have tested positive for adenovirus infection, it is likely that these children “represent a heterogenous group of hepatitis etiologies,” the CDC authors wrote.

Of the 296 children diagnosed between Oct. 1, 2021, and June 15, 2022, in the United States, 18 have required liver transplants and 11 have died.

On April 21, 2022, the CDC issued an alert to providers to report pediatric hepatitis cases of unknown etiology in children under 10 after similar cases had been identified in Europe and the United States. While the United Kingdom has found an uptick in cases over the past year, researchers from the CDC published data on June 14 that suggested pediatric hepatitis cases had not increased from 2017 to 2021.

This newest analysis, published Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, provides additional demographic data on affected patients and explores possible causes, including previous infection with COVID-19. Investigators had earlier ruled out COVID-19 vaccination as a potential factor in these cases, as most children were unvaccinated or not yet eligible to receive the vaccine. According to the analysis, only five patients had received at least one dose of a COVID-19 vaccine.

The 296 cases included in the analysis occurred in 42 U.S. states and territories, and the median age for patients was 2 years and 2 months. Nearly 60% of patients were male (58.1%) and 40.9% were female. The largest percentage of cases occurred in Hispanic or Latino children (37.8%), followed by non-Hispanic White (32.4%) children. Black patients made up 9.8% of all cases, and 3.7% of affected children were of Asian descent. Vomiting, fatigue, and jaundice were all common symptoms, and about 90% (89.9%) of children required hospitalization..

Of 224 children tested for adenovirus, 44.6% were positive. The analysis also included information on 123 of these hepatitis patients tested for other various pathogens. Nearly 80% (98/123) received a COVID-19 test and just 10.2% were positive. About 26% of patients had previously had COVID-19, and hepatitis onset occurred, on average, 133 days after the reported SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Other viruses detected included rhinovirus/enterovirus (24.5%), rotavirus (14.0%), and acute Epstein-Barr virus (11.4%)

Simultaneous infection with SARS-CoV-2 and adenovirus occurred in three patients.

There was no evidence of viral inclusions in the 36 patients who had pathological evaluation liver biopsies, explants, or autopsied tissue.

The findings suggest that there may be many different causes behind these severe hepatitis cases, and it is estimated that about one-third of hepatitis cases in children do not have a known cause. However, the identification of adenovirus infection in many cases “raises the question whether a new pattern of disease is emerging in this population or if adenovirus might be an underrecognized cause or cofactor in previously indeterminate cases of pediatric hepatitis,” the authors wrote. As the investigation continues, “further clinical data are needed to understand the cause of these cases and to assess the potential association with adenovirus.”

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Bacteria that cause typhoid fever are becoming increasingly resistant to common antibiotics worldwide, a new analysis indicates.

Resistant strains of Salmonella enterica serovar typhi – almost all originating in South Asia – have spread across borders nearly 200 times since 1990.

Until now, analysis has been limited by small samples. This genome analysis is the largest to date and included 3,489 newly sequenced isolates (collected between 2014 and 2019) from prospective surveillance studies in four of the countries with the highest typhoid burden: Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, and India.

Findings of the study, led by Kesia Esther da Silva, PhD, with the division of infectious diseases and geographic medicine at Stanford (Calif.) University, were published online in The Lancet Microbe.
 

Global deaths: 100,000 annually

Typhoid fever remains a global public health threat, causing 11 million infections and more than 100,000 deaths each year. Most cases (70%) are in South Asia, but typhoid also has significant presence in sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, and Oceania.

The findings are further evidence of the need for a global response, the authors write.

Jason Andrews, MD, a coauthor and associate professor in the division of infectious diseases and geographic medicine at Stanford University, said in an interview that the research helps pinpoint where the highest burden is and where the biggest need is for the two highly effective typhoid vaccines.

“We’re seeing higher levels of resistance than we’ve ever seen before against our latest and greatest antibiotics,” he said.

He said so far, strategies for tackling typhoid have involved country-level decisions and local funding and that needs to be shifted to a global priority. “Given contemporary travel migration patterns, what we see is that when antimicrobial resistance develops in one country, it quickly spreads to other countries.”

Dr. Andrews said the United States sees about 300-500 typhoid cases a year. “About 80% of those cases involve people traveling from South Asia,” he said.

Infections also come from people from the United States visiting high-burden countries, especially to see family. Often they don’t perceive the risk and skip vaccination, he said. U.S. clinicians can help with educating patients traveling to typhoid-endemic regions on pretravel vaccination.

Physician awareness is also important when patients have recently returned from such regions. Data from this study show a need to carefully consider which antibiotics will be effective with the growing resistance.
 

Only one oral option left in Pakistan

“We are running low on treatment options for typhoid,” Dr. Andrews said. The resistance pattern in Pakistan, for example, has left only one oral option, azithromycin, and resistance is building to that.

Without that option, “we’ll have to hospitalize patients and give intravenous antibiotics,” he said. “That’s concerning.”

Moreover, some resistant strains from Pakistan have been turning up in the United States.

“There are actually some cases that have not been tracked at all to travelers going to Pakistan and are thought to be from local transmission in the United States,” he said.

Valida Bajrovic, MD, assistant professor of medicine in infectious diseases at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, said in an interview that, in addition to vaccinating travelers before they head to typhoid-endemic areas, physicians should educate patients on avoiding fecal transmission of typhoid with vigilant hand washing, drinking bottled water, and avoiding foods that may have been prepared in unsanitary conditions.

Dr. Bajrovic, who directs the antimicrobial stewardship efforts at the Mount Sinai Morningside and Mount Sinai West Hospitals, said stricter antimicrobial stewardship efforts are needed, particularly in Europe and South Asia, but also in the United States.

“Restriction of antibiotic use is the way to prevent antibiotic resistance,” she said, adding that such restrictions need to be part of a global effort.

Strains in the study were classified as multidrug resistant (MDR) if they contained genes resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. The authors also traced the presence of genes demonstrating resistance to macrolides and quinolones.

At first, fluoroquinolones were effective against MDR S. typhi and in the 1990s became the primary therapy. By the 2010s, however, the majority of S. typhi in south Asia contained mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions.

The authors wrote: “We found evidence of frequent international (n = 138) and intercontinental transfers (n = 59) of antimicrobial-resistant S. typhi.”

According to the analysis, since 2000, MDR S. typhi has declined steadily in Bangladesh and India and remained at less than 5% of typhoid strains in Nepal, though it has increased slightly in Pakistan.

However, these are being replaced “with strains containing ceftriaxone resistance (extensively drug resistant), high-level fluoroquinolone resistance, or azithromycin resistance, which are reversing declines in the effective population size of S. typhi,” the authors wrote.

The analysis supports urgency for prevention measures, including use of typhoid conjugate vaccines in typhoid-endemic countries, the authors said.

But given the rise in international spread of increasingly resistant strains, they said, preventive measures should not be limited to those countries.

The study was funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Dr. Da Silva, Dr. Andrews, and Dr. Bajrovic have disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Bacteria that cause typhoid fever are becoming increasingly resistant to common antibiotics worldwide, a new analysis indicates.

Resistant strains of Salmonella enterica serovar typhi – almost all originating in South Asia – have spread across borders nearly 200 times since 1990.

Until now, analysis has been limited by small samples. This genome analysis is the largest to date and included 3,489 newly sequenced isolates (collected between 2014 and 2019) from prospective surveillance studies in four of the countries with the highest typhoid burden: Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, and India.

Findings of the study, led by Kesia Esther da Silva, PhD, with the division of infectious diseases and geographic medicine at Stanford (Calif.) University, were published online in The Lancet Microbe.
 

Global deaths: 100,000 annually

Typhoid fever remains a global public health threat, causing 11 million infections and more than 100,000 deaths each year. Most cases (70%) are in South Asia, but typhoid also has significant presence in sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, and Oceania.

The findings are further evidence of the need for a global response, the authors write.

Jason Andrews, MD, a coauthor and associate professor in the division of infectious diseases and geographic medicine at Stanford University, said in an interview that the research helps pinpoint where the highest burden is and where the biggest need is for the two highly effective typhoid vaccines.

“We’re seeing higher levels of resistance than we’ve ever seen before against our latest and greatest antibiotics,” he said.

He said so far, strategies for tackling typhoid have involved country-level decisions and local funding and that needs to be shifted to a global priority. “Given contemporary travel migration patterns, what we see is that when antimicrobial resistance develops in one country, it quickly spreads to other countries.”

Dr. Andrews said the United States sees about 300-500 typhoid cases a year. “About 80% of those cases involve people traveling from South Asia,” he said.

Infections also come from people from the United States visiting high-burden countries, especially to see family. Often they don’t perceive the risk and skip vaccination, he said. U.S. clinicians can help with educating patients traveling to typhoid-endemic regions on pretravel vaccination.

Physician awareness is also important when patients have recently returned from such regions. Data from this study show a need to carefully consider which antibiotics will be effective with the growing resistance.
 

Only one oral option left in Pakistan

“We are running low on treatment options for typhoid,” Dr. Andrews said. The resistance pattern in Pakistan, for example, has left only one oral option, azithromycin, and resistance is building to that.

Without that option, “we’ll have to hospitalize patients and give intravenous antibiotics,” he said. “That’s concerning.”

Moreover, some resistant strains from Pakistan have been turning up in the United States.

“There are actually some cases that have not been tracked at all to travelers going to Pakistan and are thought to be from local transmission in the United States,” he said.

Valida Bajrovic, MD, assistant professor of medicine in infectious diseases at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, said in an interview that, in addition to vaccinating travelers before they head to typhoid-endemic areas, physicians should educate patients on avoiding fecal transmission of typhoid with vigilant hand washing, drinking bottled water, and avoiding foods that may have been prepared in unsanitary conditions.

Dr. Bajrovic, who directs the antimicrobial stewardship efforts at the Mount Sinai Morningside and Mount Sinai West Hospitals, said stricter antimicrobial stewardship efforts are needed, particularly in Europe and South Asia, but also in the United States.

“Restriction of antibiotic use is the way to prevent antibiotic resistance,” she said, adding that such restrictions need to be part of a global effort.

Strains in the study were classified as multidrug resistant (MDR) if they contained genes resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. The authors also traced the presence of genes demonstrating resistance to macrolides and quinolones.

At first, fluoroquinolones were effective against MDR S. typhi and in the 1990s became the primary therapy. By the 2010s, however, the majority of S. typhi in south Asia contained mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions.

The authors wrote: “We found evidence of frequent international (n = 138) and intercontinental transfers (n = 59) of antimicrobial-resistant S. typhi.”

According to the analysis, since 2000, MDR S. typhi has declined steadily in Bangladesh and India and remained at less than 5% of typhoid strains in Nepal, though it has increased slightly in Pakistan.

However, these are being replaced “with strains containing ceftriaxone resistance (extensively drug resistant), high-level fluoroquinolone resistance, or azithromycin resistance, which are reversing declines in the effective population size of S. typhi,” the authors wrote.

The analysis supports urgency for prevention measures, including use of typhoid conjugate vaccines in typhoid-endemic countries, the authors said.

But given the rise in international spread of increasingly resistant strains, they said, preventive measures should not be limited to those countries.

The study was funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Dr. Da Silva, Dr. Andrews, and Dr. Bajrovic have disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Bacteria that cause typhoid fever are becoming increasingly resistant to common antibiotics worldwide, a new analysis indicates.

Resistant strains of Salmonella enterica serovar typhi – almost all originating in South Asia – have spread across borders nearly 200 times since 1990.

Until now, analysis has been limited by small samples. This genome analysis is the largest to date and included 3,489 newly sequenced isolates (collected between 2014 and 2019) from prospective surveillance studies in four of the countries with the highest typhoid burden: Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, and India.

Findings of the study, led by Kesia Esther da Silva, PhD, with the division of infectious diseases and geographic medicine at Stanford (Calif.) University, were published online in The Lancet Microbe.
 

Global deaths: 100,000 annually

Typhoid fever remains a global public health threat, causing 11 million infections and more than 100,000 deaths each year. Most cases (70%) are in South Asia, but typhoid also has significant presence in sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, and Oceania.

The findings are further evidence of the need for a global response, the authors write.

Jason Andrews, MD, a coauthor and associate professor in the division of infectious diseases and geographic medicine at Stanford University, said in an interview that the research helps pinpoint where the highest burden is and where the biggest need is for the two highly effective typhoid vaccines.

“We’re seeing higher levels of resistance than we’ve ever seen before against our latest and greatest antibiotics,” he said.

He said so far, strategies for tackling typhoid have involved country-level decisions and local funding and that needs to be shifted to a global priority. “Given contemporary travel migration patterns, what we see is that when antimicrobial resistance develops in one country, it quickly spreads to other countries.”

Dr. Andrews said the United States sees about 300-500 typhoid cases a year. “About 80% of those cases involve people traveling from South Asia,” he said.

Infections also come from people from the United States visiting high-burden countries, especially to see family. Often they don’t perceive the risk and skip vaccination, he said. U.S. clinicians can help with educating patients traveling to typhoid-endemic regions on pretravel vaccination.

Physician awareness is also important when patients have recently returned from such regions. Data from this study show a need to carefully consider which antibiotics will be effective with the growing resistance.
 

Only one oral option left in Pakistan

“We are running low on treatment options for typhoid,” Dr. Andrews said. The resistance pattern in Pakistan, for example, has left only one oral option, azithromycin, and resistance is building to that.

Without that option, “we’ll have to hospitalize patients and give intravenous antibiotics,” he said. “That’s concerning.”

Moreover, some resistant strains from Pakistan have been turning up in the United States.

“There are actually some cases that have not been tracked at all to travelers going to Pakistan and are thought to be from local transmission in the United States,” he said.

Valida Bajrovic, MD, assistant professor of medicine in infectious diseases at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, said in an interview that, in addition to vaccinating travelers before they head to typhoid-endemic areas, physicians should educate patients on avoiding fecal transmission of typhoid with vigilant hand washing, drinking bottled water, and avoiding foods that may have been prepared in unsanitary conditions.

Dr. Bajrovic, who directs the antimicrobial stewardship efforts at the Mount Sinai Morningside and Mount Sinai West Hospitals, said stricter antimicrobial stewardship efforts are needed, particularly in Europe and South Asia, but also in the United States.

“Restriction of antibiotic use is the way to prevent antibiotic resistance,” she said, adding that such restrictions need to be part of a global effort.

Strains in the study were classified as multidrug resistant (MDR) if they contained genes resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. The authors also traced the presence of genes demonstrating resistance to macrolides and quinolones.

At first, fluoroquinolones were effective against MDR S. typhi and in the 1990s became the primary therapy. By the 2010s, however, the majority of S. typhi in south Asia contained mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions.

The authors wrote: “We found evidence of frequent international (n = 138) and intercontinental transfers (n = 59) of antimicrobial-resistant S. typhi.”

According to the analysis, since 2000, MDR S. typhi has declined steadily in Bangladesh and India and remained at less than 5% of typhoid strains in Nepal, though it has increased slightly in Pakistan.

However, these are being replaced “with strains containing ceftriaxone resistance (extensively drug resistant), high-level fluoroquinolone resistance, or azithromycin resistance, which are reversing declines in the effective population size of S. typhi,” the authors wrote.

The analysis supports urgency for prevention measures, including use of typhoid conjugate vaccines in typhoid-endemic countries, the authors said.

But given the rise in international spread of increasingly resistant strains, they said, preventive measures should not be limited to those countries.

The study was funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Dr. Da Silva, Dr. Andrews, and Dr. Bajrovic have disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Globally, as of June 22, the number of patients with monkeypox has risen to 3,308, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In Germany, 521 people have been infected to date. “There does not seem to be a monkeypox pandemic,” wrote Germany’s Federal Minister of Health Karl Lauterbach, MD. At the moment, the probability that doctors will see a patient infected with the monkeypox virus is quite small. Nevertheless, health care professionals should be prepared. The Robert Koch Institute (RKI), a German federal government agency, has compiled suggestions for inpatient and outpatient sectors.

Characteristics of the virus

All hygiene measures are oriented around the currently known characteristics of the monkeypox virus. According to the RKI, skin or mucosal contact with infectious material from the skin lesions of an infected person plays a key role in human-to-human transmission.

The virus remains biologically active for a certain amount of time, even in dried flakes of skin or dried secretion. Therefore, in general, “careful and thorough cleaning and disinfection of the patient environment or surfaces is necessary,” wrote the RKI. Droplet infections or contaminated surfaces are less often of importance.
 

Basic hygiene measures

“Fundamentally, all basic hygiene measures should of course be followed when dealing with the infected,” said the RKI. Doctors and other health care professionals should use hand sanitizer with proven, at least viricidal, efficacy.

Manufacturers provide such details on the packaging. Both the RKI and the Association for Applied Hygiene (VAH) have published compilations.
 

Measures in medical practices

In the outpatient sector, there is the (currently still quite low) danger that patients with monkeypox will infect other patients or practice employees. To prevent this, the RKI advised organizational measures.

If employees suspect that patients have monkeypox when they first arrive at the practice, or when they first speak to them over the phone, they must be separated. Waiting and treatment rooms with surfaces that can be wipe disinfected are well suited for this. Even if only suspected, all employees should wear disposable gloves and mouth-and-nose protection, which has become standard during COVID.
 

Measures in the clinical sector

In terms of accommodation, the RKI recommends isolation rooms with a washroom and, if possible, an antechamber that doctors and nurses can use to put on and take off their personal protective equipment (PPE). PPE includes disposable gloves, mouth-and-nose protection (for direct treatment, at least an FFP2 mask), and protective eyeglasses.

Special attention should be paid to the disinfection of surfaces. In addition to the selection of suitable preparations, the RKI advised that the high stability of the virus, especially in skin particles, be taken into account. When cleaning, particular care should be taken not to disturb any particles, according to the recommendations. In addition, the manufacturer’s application time must be strictly observed.

In the inpatient sector, such measures are important for all surfaces close to patients, such as bedside tables, wet zones, or door handles.

Medical devices such as stethoscopes or electrodes should be disinfected immediately after use. If possible, thermal treatment is preferred, such as for surgical apparatus, as long as they are not disposable products. The RKI has compiled separate recommendations for medical devices.

For laundry such as towels or bed linen, there is the danger that infectious particles will be stirred up. They should be collected and transported for treatment in sealable bags. Details on the selection of preparations can be found in the RKI or VAH list.

Contaminated waste is classified under waste code ASN 18 01 03 (“Guidelines for disposal of waste from healthcare institutions”) and may only be destroyed thermally in suitable facilities.

This article was translated from the Medscape German edition. A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Globally, as of June 22, the number of patients with monkeypox has risen to 3,308, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In Germany, 521 people have been infected to date. “There does not seem to be a monkeypox pandemic,” wrote Germany’s Federal Minister of Health Karl Lauterbach, MD. At the moment, the probability that doctors will see a patient infected with the monkeypox virus is quite small. Nevertheless, health care professionals should be prepared. The Robert Koch Institute (RKI), a German federal government agency, has compiled suggestions for inpatient and outpatient sectors.

Characteristics of the virus

All hygiene measures are oriented around the currently known characteristics of the monkeypox virus. According to the RKI, skin or mucosal contact with infectious material from the skin lesions of an infected person plays a key role in human-to-human transmission.

The virus remains biologically active for a certain amount of time, even in dried flakes of skin or dried secretion. Therefore, in general, “careful and thorough cleaning and disinfection of the patient environment or surfaces is necessary,” wrote the RKI. Droplet infections or contaminated surfaces are less often of importance.
 

Basic hygiene measures

“Fundamentally, all basic hygiene measures should of course be followed when dealing with the infected,” said the RKI. Doctors and other health care professionals should use hand sanitizer with proven, at least viricidal, efficacy.

Manufacturers provide such details on the packaging. Both the RKI and the Association for Applied Hygiene (VAH) have published compilations.
 

Measures in medical practices

In the outpatient sector, there is the (currently still quite low) danger that patients with monkeypox will infect other patients or practice employees. To prevent this, the RKI advised organizational measures.

If employees suspect that patients have monkeypox when they first arrive at the practice, or when they first speak to them over the phone, they must be separated. Waiting and treatment rooms with surfaces that can be wipe disinfected are well suited for this. Even if only suspected, all employees should wear disposable gloves and mouth-and-nose protection, which has become standard during COVID.
 

Measures in the clinical sector

In terms of accommodation, the RKI recommends isolation rooms with a washroom and, if possible, an antechamber that doctors and nurses can use to put on and take off their personal protective equipment (PPE). PPE includes disposable gloves, mouth-and-nose protection (for direct treatment, at least an FFP2 mask), and protective eyeglasses.

Special attention should be paid to the disinfection of surfaces. In addition to the selection of suitable preparations, the RKI advised that the high stability of the virus, especially in skin particles, be taken into account. When cleaning, particular care should be taken not to disturb any particles, according to the recommendations. In addition, the manufacturer’s application time must be strictly observed.

In the inpatient sector, such measures are important for all surfaces close to patients, such as bedside tables, wet zones, or door handles.

Medical devices such as stethoscopes or electrodes should be disinfected immediately after use. If possible, thermal treatment is preferred, such as for surgical apparatus, as long as they are not disposable products. The RKI has compiled separate recommendations for medical devices.

For laundry such as towels or bed linen, there is the danger that infectious particles will be stirred up. They should be collected and transported for treatment in sealable bags. Details on the selection of preparations can be found in the RKI or VAH list.

Contaminated waste is classified under waste code ASN 18 01 03 (“Guidelines for disposal of waste from healthcare institutions”) and may only be destroyed thermally in suitable facilities.

This article was translated from the Medscape German edition. A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Globally, as of June 22, the number of patients with monkeypox has risen to 3,308, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In Germany, 521 people have been infected to date. “There does not seem to be a monkeypox pandemic,” wrote Germany’s Federal Minister of Health Karl Lauterbach, MD. At the moment, the probability that doctors will see a patient infected with the monkeypox virus is quite small. Nevertheless, health care professionals should be prepared. The Robert Koch Institute (RKI), a German federal government agency, has compiled suggestions for inpatient and outpatient sectors.

Characteristics of the virus

All hygiene measures are oriented around the currently known characteristics of the monkeypox virus. According to the RKI, skin or mucosal contact with infectious material from the skin lesions of an infected person plays a key role in human-to-human transmission.

The virus remains biologically active for a certain amount of time, even in dried flakes of skin or dried secretion. Therefore, in general, “careful and thorough cleaning and disinfection of the patient environment or surfaces is necessary,” wrote the RKI. Droplet infections or contaminated surfaces are less often of importance.
 

Basic hygiene measures

“Fundamentally, all basic hygiene measures should of course be followed when dealing with the infected,” said the RKI. Doctors and other health care professionals should use hand sanitizer with proven, at least viricidal, efficacy.

Manufacturers provide such details on the packaging. Both the RKI and the Association for Applied Hygiene (VAH) have published compilations.
 

Measures in medical practices

In the outpatient sector, there is the (currently still quite low) danger that patients with monkeypox will infect other patients or practice employees. To prevent this, the RKI advised organizational measures.

If employees suspect that patients have monkeypox when they first arrive at the practice, or when they first speak to them over the phone, they must be separated. Waiting and treatment rooms with surfaces that can be wipe disinfected are well suited for this. Even if only suspected, all employees should wear disposable gloves and mouth-and-nose protection, which has become standard during COVID.
 

Measures in the clinical sector

In terms of accommodation, the RKI recommends isolation rooms with a washroom and, if possible, an antechamber that doctors and nurses can use to put on and take off their personal protective equipment (PPE). PPE includes disposable gloves, mouth-and-nose protection (for direct treatment, at least an FFP2 mask), and protective eyeglasses.

Special attention should be paid to the disinfection of surfaces. In addition to the selection of suitable preparations, the RKI advised that the high stability of the virus, especially in skin particles, be taken into account. When cleaning, particular care should be taken not to disturb any particles, according to the recommendations. In addition, the manufacturer’s application time must be strictly observed.

In the inpatient sector, such measures are important for all surfaces close to patients, such as bedside tables, wet zones, or door handles.

Medical devices such as stethoscopes or electrodes should be disinfected immediately after use. If possible, thermal treatment is preferred, such as for surgical apparatus, as long as they are not disposable products. The RKI has compiled separate recommendations for medical devices.

For laundry such as towels or bed linen, there is the danger that infectious particles will be stirred up. They should be collected and transported for treatment in sealable bags. Details on the selection of preparations can be found in the RKI or VAH list.

Contaminated waste is classified under waste code ASN 18 01 03 (“Guidelines for disposal of waste from healthcare institutions”) and may only be destroyed thermally in suitable facilities.

This article was translated from the Medscape German edition. A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Thanks to effective treatment, people with HIV are living longer. But as they age, they face higher rates of age-related comorbidities and hospitalizations, according to a recent study of hospitalized patients.

Decision-makers will need to allocate resources, train providers, and plan ways to manage chronic diseases, such as diabetes and cancer, among geriatric HIV inpatients, according to the authors.

“There will be more [HIV] patients with age-related chronic conditions at an earlier age and who will utilize or will have a unique need for [health care for] these geriatric conditions,” first author Khairul A. Siddiqi, PhD, University of Florida, Gainesville, said in an interview. “Eventually, that may increase inpatient resource utilization and costs.”

The study was published online in HIV Medicine.
 

Aging with HIV

Analyzing the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, the authors compared characteristics and comorbidities linked to hospital stays among people with HIV (HSWH) to those linked to hospital stays among people without HIV (HSWOH).

The NIS is a database of hospital records that captures 20% of discharges in the United States and covers all payers. Data in this analysis covered the years 2003-2015.

Among HSWH, patients aged 50 or older accounted for an increasing proportion over time, from fewer than 25% in 2003 to over 50% by 2015, the authors found. The subgroup aged 65-80 had risen from 2.39% to 8.63% by 2015.

The authors also studied rates of eight comorbidities, termed HIV-associated non-AIDS (HANA) conditions: cardiovascular, lung, liver, neurologic, and kidney diseases; diabetes; cancer; and bone loss.

The average number of these conditions among both HSWH and HSWOH rose over time. But this change was disproportionately high among HSWH aged 50-64 and those aged 65 and older.

Over the study period, among patients aged 65 or older, six of the eight age-related conditions the researchers studied rose disproportionately among HSWH in comparison with HSWOH; among those aged 50-64, five conditions did so.

The researchers are now building on the current study of HSWH by examining rates of resource utilization, such as MRIs and procedures, Dr. Siddiqi said.

Study limitations included a lack of data from long-term facilities, potential skewing by patients hospitalized multiple times, and the inherent limitations of administrative data.
 

A unique group of older people

Among people with HIV (PWH) in the United States, nearly half are aged 50 or older. By 2030, this group is expected to account for some 70% of PWH.

“We need to pay attention to what we know about aging generally. It is also important to study aging in this special population, because we don’t necessarily know a lot about that,” Amy Justice, MD, PhD, professor of medicine and of public health at Yale University, New Haven, Conn., said in an interview. Dr. Justice was not involved in the study.

The HIV epidemic has disproportionately affected people of color, men who have sex with men, and people with a history of injection drug use, Dr. Justice said.

“We don’t know about aging with [a] past history of injection drug use. We don’t even know much about aging with hepatitis C, necessarily,” she said. “So there are lots of reasons to pay some attention to this population to try to optimize their care.”

In addition, compared with their non–HIV-affected counterparts, these individuals are more susceptible to HANA comorbidities. They may experience these conditions at a younger age or more severely. Chronic inflammation and polypharmacy may be to blame, said Dr. Justice.

Given the burden of comorbidities and polypharmacy in this patient population, Dr. Siddiqi said, policy makers will need to focus on developing chronic disease management interventions for them.

However, Dr. Justice added, the risk for multimorbidity is higher among people with HIV throughout the age cycle: “It’s not like I turn 50 with HIV and all of a sudden all the wheels come off. There are ways to successfully age with HIV.”
 

Geriatric HIV expertise needed

Dr. Justice called the study’s analysis a useful addition to the literature and noted its implications for training.

“One of the biggest challenges with this large bolus of folks who are aging with HIV,” she said, “is to what extent should they be cared for by the people who have been caring for them – largely infectious disease docs – and to what extent should we really be transitioning their care to people with more experience with aging.”

Another key question, Dr. Justice said, relates to nursing homes and assisted-living facilities, whose staff may lack experience caring for HIV patients. Training them and hospital-based providers is crucial, in part to avoid key errors, such as missed antiretroviral doses, she said: “We need to really think about how to get non-HIV providers up to speed.”

That may begin by simply making it clear that this population is here.

“A decade ago, HIV patients used to have a lower life expectancy, so all HIV studies used to use 50 years as the cutoff point for [the] older population,” Dr. Siddiqi said. “Now we know they’re living longer.”

Added Dr. Justice: “Previously, people thought aging and HIV were not coincident findings.”

The study was funded by the Office of the Vice President for Research at the University of South Carolina. The authors and Dr. Justice disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Thanks to effective treatment, people with HIV are living longer. But as they age, they face higher rates of age-related comorbidities and hospitalizations, according to a recent study of hospitalized patients.

Decision-makers will need to allocate resources, train providers, and plan ways to manage chronic diseases, such as diabetes and cancer, among geriatric HIV inpatients, according to the authors.

“There will be more [HIV] patients with age-related chronic conditions at an earlier age and who will utilize or will have a unique need for [health care for] these geriatric conditions,” first author Khairul A. Siddiqi, PhD, University of Florida, Gainesville, said in an interview. “Eventually, that may increase inpatient resource utilization and costs.”

The study was published online in HIV Medicine.
 

Aging with HIV

Analyzing the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, the authors compared characteristics and comorbidities linked to hospital stays among people with HIV (HSWH) to those linked to hospital stays among people without HIV (HSWOH).

The NIS is a database of hospital records that captures 20% of discharges in the United States and covers all payers. Data in this analysis covered the years 2003-2015.

Among HSWH, patients aged 50 or older accounted for an increasing proportion over time, from fewer than 25% in 2003 to over 50% by 2015, the authors found. The subgroup aged 65-80 had risen from 2.39% to 8.63% by 2015.

The authors also studied rates of eight comorbidities, termed HIV-associated non-AIDS (HANA) conditions: cardiovascular, lung, liver, neurologic, and kidney diseases; diabetes; cancer; and bone loss.

The average number of these conditions among both HSWH and HSWOH rose over time. But this change was disproportionately high among HSWH aged 50-64 and those aged 65 and older.

Over the study period, among patients aged 65 or older, six of the eight age-related conditions the researchers studied rose disproportionately among HSWH in comparison with HSWOH; among those aged 50-64, five conditions did so.

The researchers are now building on the current study of HSWH by examining rates of resource utilization, such as MRIs and procedures, Dr. Siddiqi said.

Study limitations included a lack of data from long-term facilities, potential skewing by patients hospitalized multiple times, and the inherent limitations of administrative data.
 

A unique group of older people

Among people with HIV (PWH) in the United States, nearly half are aged 50 or older. By 2030, this group is expected to account for some 70% of PWH.

“We need to pay attention to what we know about aging generally. It is also important to study aging in this special population, because we don’t necessarily know a lot about that,” Amy Justice, MD, PhD, professor of medicine and of public health at Yale University, New Haven, Conn., said in an interview. Dr. Justice was not involved in the study.

The HIV epidemic has disproportionately affected people of color, men who have sex with men, and people with a history of injection drug use, Dr. Justice said.

“We don’t know about aging with [a] past history of injection drug use. We don’t even know much about aging with hepatitis C, necessarily,” she said. “So there are lots of reasons to pay some attention to this population to try to optimize their care.”

In addition, compared with their non–HIV-affected counterparts, these individuals are more susceptible to HANA comorbidities. They may experience these conditions at a younger age or more severely. Chronic inflammation and polypharmacy may be to blame, said Dr. Justice.

Given the burden of comorbidities and polypharmacy in this patient population, Dr. Siddiqi said, policy makers will need to focus on developing chronic disease management interventions for them.

However, Dr. Justice added, the risk for multimorbidity is higher among people with HIV throughout the age cycle: “It’s not like I turn 50 with HIV and all of a sudden all the wheels come off. There are ways to successfully age with HIV.”
 

Geriatric HIV expertise needed

Dr. Justice called the study’s analysis a useful addition to the literature and noted its implications for training.

“One of the biggest challenges with this large bolus of folks who are aging with HIV,” she said, “is to what extent should they be cared for by the people who have been caring for them – largely infectious disease docs – and to what extent should we really be transitioning their care to people with more experience with aging.”

Another key question, Dr. Justice said, relates to nursing homes and assisted-living facilities, whose staff may lack experience caring for HIV patients. Training them and hospital-based providers is crucial, in part to avoid key errors, such as missed antiretroviral doses, she said: “We need to really think about how to get non-HIV providers up to speed.”

That may begin by simply making it clear that this population is here.

“A decade ago, HIV patients used to have a lower life expectancy, so all HIV studies used to use 50 years as the cutoff point for [the] older population,” Dr. Siddiqi said. “Now we know they’re living longer.”

Added Dr. Justice: “Previously, people thought aging and HIV were not coincident findings.”

The study was funded by the Office of the Vice President for Research at the University of South Carolina. The authors and Dr. Justice disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Thanks to effective treatment, people with HIV are living longer. But as they age, they face higher rates of age-related comorbidities and hospitalizations, according to a recent study of hospitalized patients.

Decision-makers will need to allocate resources, train providers, and plan ways to manage chronic diseases, such as diabetes and cancer, among geriatric HIV inpatients, according to the authors.

“There will be more [HIV] patients with age-related chronic conditions at an earlier age and who will utilize or will have a unique need for [health care for] these geriatric conditions,” first author Khairul A. Siddiqi, PhD, University of Florida, Gainesville, said in an interview. “Eventually, that may increase inpatient resource utilization and costs.”

The study was published online in HIV Medicine.
 

Aging with HIV

Analyzing the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, the authors compared characteristics and comorbidities linked to hospital stays among people with HIV (HSWH) to those linked to hospital stays among people without HIV (HSWOH).

The NIS is a database of hospital records that captures 20% of discharges in the United States and covers all payers. Data in this analysis covered the years 2003-2015.

Among HSWH, patients aged 50 or older accounted for an increasing proportion over time, from fewer than 25% in 2003 to over 50% by 2015, the authors found. The subgroup aged 65-80 had risen from 2.39% to 8.63% by 2015.

The authors also studied rates of eight comorbidities, termed HIV-associated non-AIDS (HANA) conditions: cardiovascular, lung, liver, neurologic, and kidney diseases; diabetes; cancer; and bone loss.

The average number of these conditions among both HSWH and HSWOH rose over time. But this change was disproportionately high among HSWH aged 50-64 and those aged 65 and older.

Over the study period, among patients aged 65 or older, six of the eight age-related conditions the researchers studied rose disproportionately among HSWH in comparison with HSWOH; among those aged 50-64, five conditions did so.

The researchers are now building on the current study of HSWH by examining rates of resource utilization, such as MRIs and procedures, Dr. Siddiqi said.

Study limitations included a lack of data from long-term facilities, potential skewing by patients hospitalized multiple times, and the inherent limitations of administrative data.
 

A unique group of older people

Among people with HIV (PWH) in the United States, nearly half are aged 50 or older. By 2030, this group is expected to account for some 70% of PWH.

“We need to pay attention to what we know about aging generally. It is also important to study aging in this special population, because we don’t necessarily know a lot about that,” Amy Justice, MD, PhD, professor of medicine and of public health at Yale University, New Haven, Conn., said in an interview. Dr. Justice was not involved in the study.

The HIV epidemic has disproportionately affected people of color, men who have sex with men, and people with a history of injection drug use, Dr. Justice said.

“We don’t know about aging with [a] past history of injection drug use. We don’t even know much about aging with hepatitis C, necessarily,” she said. “So there are lots of reasons to pay some attention to this population to try to optimize their care.”

In addition, compared with their non–HIV-affected counterparts, these individuals are more susceptible to HANA comorbidities. They may experience these conditions at a younger age or more severely. Chronic inflammation and polypharmacy may be to blame, said Dr. Justice.

Given the burden of comorbidities and polypharmacy in this patient population, Dr. Siddiqi said, policy makers will need to focus on developing chronic disease management interventions for them.

However, Dr. Justice added, the risk for multimorbidity is higher among people with HIV throughout the age cycle: “It’s not like I turn 50 with HIV and all of a sudden all the wheels come off. There are ways to successfully age with HIV.”
 

Geriatric HIV expertise needed

Dr. Justice called the study’s analysis a useful addition to the literature and noted its implications for training.

“One of the biggest challenges with this large bolus of folks who are aging with HIV,” she said, “is to what extent should they be cared for by the people who have been caring for them – largely infectious disease docs – and to what extent should we really be transitioning their care to people with more experience with aging.”

Another key question, Dr. Justice said, relates to nursing homes and assisted-living facilities, whose staff may lack experience caring for HIV patients. Training them and hospital-based providers is crucial, in part to avoid key errors, such as missed antiretroviral doses, she said: “We need to really think about how to get non-HIV providers up to speed.”

That may begin by simply making it clear that this population is here.

“A decade ago, HIV patients used to have a lower life expectancy, so all HIV studies used to use 50 years as the cutoff point for [the] older population,” Dr. Siddiqi said. “Now we know they’re living longer.”

Added Dr. Justice: “Previously, people thought aging and HIV were not coincident findings.”

The study was funded by the Office of the Vice President for Research at the University of South Carolina. The authors and Dr. Justice disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination coverage of at least one dose significantly increased in U.S. adolescents from 56.1% in 2015 to 75.4% in 2020, according to the National Immunization Survey–Teen (NIS-Teen).

The telephone survey, conducted among the parents or guardians of children ages 13-17, found a faster increase in coverage among males than females: 4.7 percentage points annually versus 2.7 percentage points annually. With yearly overall survey samples ranging from 21,875 to 17,970, these coverage differences between males and females narrowed over the 5 years of the survey period.

The difference between coverage among males and females decreased from 13 to 3 percentage points. Traditionally, parents of boys have been less likely to vaccinate their sons against HPV.

Despite the increase in uptake, however, in 2020 about 25% of adolescents had not received at least one dose of HPV vaccine. “Targeted strategies are needed to increase coverage and narrow down inequalities,” Peng-jun Lu, MD, PhD, of the National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, and colleagues wrote in Pediatrics.

In other NIS-Teen findings:

• Coverage in 2020 was 73.7% for males and 76.8% for females (P < .05).
• Coverage rose to 80.7% for those with a provider recommendation but was only 51.7% for those without one (P < .05).
• The rate was 80.3% for those with a well-child visit at age 11-12 years and 64.8% for those without (P < .05).
• In multivariable logistic regression, the main characteristics independently associated with a higher likelihood of vaccination included a provider recommendation, age 16-17 years, and being non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, American Indian, or Alaskan Native.
• Other predictors of vaccination included having Medicaid insurance and having a mother who was widowed, divorced, or separated, or had no more than a high school education.
• Also predictive was having two or more provider contacts in the past 12 months, a well-child visit at age 11-12 years, and one or two vaccine providers (P < .05).
• Coverage among adolescents living in non-metropolitan statistical areas was significantly lower than those living in MSA principal cities in all years assessed (P < .05).

Provider recommendation remains significant and has historically been highly associated with HPV vaccination. In the 2012 NIS-Teen, for example, 15% of parents not intending to have their daughters vaccinated in the next 12 months cited the lack of a provider recommendation.

“To increase HPV vaccination coverage and further reduce HPV-related morbidity and mortality, providers, parents, and adolescents should use every health care visit as a chance to review vaccination histories and ensure that every adolescent receives the HPV vaccine and other needed vaccines,” Dr. Lu and associates wrote. But 18.5% of parents in the survey received no provider recommendation.

“Of note, we found that teenagers who had mothers with more education or who live in more rural communities had a lower likelihood of receiving vaccination against HPV,” Dr. Lu told this news organization. “Further research should be conducted to better understand these findings.”

According to Margaret E. Thew, DNP, FNP-BC, director of adolescent medicine at the Medical College of Wisconsin in Milwaukee, several studies have highlighted resistance to the vaccine among better-educated parents. “Parents with higher education associate the HPV vaccine with sexual activity and consequently refuse,” said Ms. Thew, who was not involved in the NIS-Teen study. “They mistakenly assume that their children are not sexually active and they lack the understanding that HPV is one of the biggest causes of oral cancer.”

Human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination coverage of at least one dose significantly increased in U.S. adolescents from 56.1% in 2015 to 75.4% in 2020, according to the National Immunization Survey–Teen (NIS-Teen).

The telephone survey, conducted among the parents or guardians of children ages 13-17, found a faster increase in coverage among males than females: 4.7 percentage points annually versus 2.7 percentage points annually. With yearly overall survey samples ranging from 21,875 to 17,970, these coverage differences between males and females narrowed over the 5 years of the survey period.

The difference between coverage among males and females decreased from 13 to 3 percentage points. Traditionally, parents of boys have been less likely to vaccinate their sons against HPV.

Despite the increase in uptake, however, in 2020 about 25% of adolescents had not received at least one dose of HPV vaccine. “Targeted strategies are needed to increase coverage and narrow down inequalities,” Peng-jun Lu, MD, PhD, of the National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, and colleagues wrote in Pediatrics.

In other NIS-Teen findings:

• Coverage in 2020 was 73.7% for males and 76.8% for females (P < .05).
• Coverage rose to 80.7% for those with a provider recommendation but was only 51.7% for those without one (P < .05).
• The rate was 80.3% for those with a well-child visit at age 11-12 years and 64.8% for those without (P < .05).
• In multivariable logistic regression, the main characteristics independently associated with a higher likelihood of vaccination included a provider recommendation, age 16-17 years, and being non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, American Indian, or Alaskan Native.
• Other predictors of vaccination included having Medicaid insurance and having a mother who was widowed, divorced, or separated, or had no more than a high school education.
• Also predictive was having two or more provider contacts in the past 12 months, a well-child visit at age 11-12 years, and one or two vaccine providers (P < .05).
• Coverage among adolescents living in non-metropolitan statistical areas was significantly lower than those living in MSA principal cities in all years assessed (P < .05).

Provider recommendation remains significant and has historically been highly associated with HPV vaccination. In the 2012 NIS-Teen, for example, 15% of parents not intending to have their daughters vaccinated in the next 12 months cited the lack of a provider recommendation.

“To increase HPV vaccination coverage and further reduce HPV-related morbidity and mortality, providers, parents, and adolescents should use every health care visit as a chance to review vaccination histories and ensure that every adolescent receives the HPV vaccine and other needed vaccines,” Dr. Lu and associates wrote. But 18.5% of parents in the survey received no provider recommendation.

“Of note, we found that teenagers who had mothers with more education or who live in more rural communities had a lower likelihood of receiving vaccination against HPV,” Dr. Lu told this news organization. “Further research should be conducted to better understand these findings.”

According to Margaret E. Thew, DNP, FNP-BC, director of adolescent medicine at the Medical College of Wisconsin in Milwaukee, several studies have highlighted resistance to the vaccine among better-educated parents. “Parents with higher education associate the HPV vaccine with sexual activity and consequently refuse,” said Ms. Thew, who was not involved in the NIS-Teen study. “They mistakenly assume that their children are not sexually active and they lack the understanding that HPV is one of the biggest causes of oral cancer.”

Human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination coverage of at least one dose significantly increased in U.S. adolescents from 56.1% in 2015 to 75.4% in 2020, according to the National Immunization Survey–Teen (NIS-Teen).

The telephone survey, conducted among the parents or guardians of children ages 13-17, found a faster increase in coverage among males than females: 4.7 percentage points annually versus 2.7 percentage points annually. With yearly overall survey samples ranging from 21,875 to 17,970, these coverage differences between males and females narrowed over the 5 years of the survey period.

The difference between coverage among males and females decreased from 13 to 3 percentage points. Traditionally, parents of boys have been less likely to vaccinate their sons against HPV.

Despite the increase in uptake, however, in 2020 about 25% of adolescents had not received at least one dose of HPV vaccine. “Targeted strategies are needed to increase coverage and narrow down inequalities,” Peng-jun Lu, MD, PhD, of the National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, and colleagues wrote in Pediatrics.

In other NIS-Teen findings:

• Coverage in 2020 was 73.7% for males and 76.8% for females (P < .05).
• Coverage rose to 80.7% for those with a provider recommendation but was only 51.7% for those without one (P < .05).
• The rate was 80.3% for those with a well-child visit at age 11-12 years and 64.8% for those without (P < .05).
• In multivariable logistic regression, the main characteristics independently associated with a higher likelihood of vaccination included a provider recommendation, age 16-17 years, and being non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, American Indian, or Alaskan Native.
• Other predictors of vaccination included having Medicaid insurance and having a mother who was widowed, divorced, or separated, or had no more than a high school education.
• Also predictive was having two or more provider contacts in the past 12 months, a well-child visit at age 11-12 years, and one or two vaccine providers (P < .05).
• Coverage among adolescents living in non-metropolitan statistical areas was significantly lower than those living in MSA principal cities in all years assessed (P < .05).

Provider recommendation remains significant and has historically been highly associated with HPV vaccination. In the 2012 NIS-Teen, for example, 15% of parents not intending to have their daughters vaccinated in the next 12 months cited the lack of a provider recommendation.

“To increase HPV vaccination coverage and further reduce HPV-related morbidity and mortality, providers, parents, and adolescents should use every health care visit as a chance to review vaccination histories and ensure that every adolescent receives the HPV vaccine and other needed vaccines,” Dr. Lu and associates wrote. But 18.5% of parents in the survey received no provider recommendation.

“Of note, we found that teenagers who had mothers with more education or who live in more rural communities had a lower likelihood of receiving vaccination against HPV,” Dr. Lu told this news organization. “Further research should be conducted to better understand these findings.”

According to Margaret E. Thew, DNP, FNP-BC, director of adolescent medicine at the Medical College of Wisconsin in Milwaukee, several studies have highlighted resistance to the vaccine among better-educated parents. “Parents with higher education associate the HPV vaccine with sexual activity and consequently refuse,” said Ms. Thew, who was not involved in the NIS-Teen study. “They mistakenly assume that their children are not sexually active and they lack the understanding that HPV is one of the biggest causes of oral cancer.”

The COVID-19 prevention effort in children enters its next phase as June draws to a close, while new pediatric cases continued on a downward trend and hospitalizations continued to rise.

The COVID-19 vaccines from Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna were approved for use in children as young as 6 months, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention announced on June 18.

“We know millions of parents and caregivers are eager to get their young children vaccinated. ... I encourage parents and caregivers with questions to talk to their doctor, nurse, or local pharmacist to learn more about the benefits of vaccinations,” CDC Director Rochelle P. Walensky, MD, MPH, said in a written statement.

There are, however, indications that many parents are not that eager. A survey conducted in April by the Kaiser Family Foundation showed that only about 18% of parents were eager to get their children under age 5 years vaccinated right away and 27% said they would “definitely not” get their children vaccinated. Another 11% said “they will only do so if they are required,” Kaiser noted.

The vaccination experience with children aged 5-11 years seems to agree with those numbers. As of June 16, more than 7 months after the vaccine became available, just over 36% had received at least one dose and about 30% were fully vaccinated, CDC data show.

There are, according to the American Academy of Pediatrics, still five states where less than 20% of eligible 5- to 11-year-olds have received an initial vaccination. Among children aged 12-17, uptake has been much higher: 70% have received at least one dose and 60% are fully vaccinated, the CDC said.

Trends for new cases, hospitalizations diverging

COVID incidence in children, meanwhile, dropped for the second time in 3 weeks. There were 83,000 new cases reported during June 10-16, a decline of 4.8% from the previous week, according to the AAP and the Children’s Hospital Association.

New cases had risen by a very slight 0.31% during the week of June 3-9 after dropping 22% the week before (May 27 to June 2). Total cases in children have surpassed 13.6 million, which represents 18.8% of cases in all ages since the start of the pandemic, the AAP and CHA said in their weekly COVID report.

New admissions of children with confirmed COVID-19, however, have continued to climb since early to mid April. On June 16, the rate for children aged 0-17 years was up to 0.31 per 100,000, compared with the 0.13 per 100,000 recorded as late as April 11, the CDC said on its COVID Data Tracker.

[email protected]

The COVID-19 prevention effort in children enters its next phase as June draws to a close, while new pediatric cases continued on a downward trend and hospitalizations continued to rise.

The COVID-19 vaccines from Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna were approved for use in children as young as 6 months, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention announced on June 18.

“We know millions of parents and caregivers are eager to get their young children vaccinated. ... I encourage parents and caregivers with questions to talk to their doctor, nurse, or local pharmacist to learn more about the benefits of vaccinations,” CDC Director Rochelle P. Walensky, MD, MPH, said in a written statement.

There are, however, indications that many parents are not that eager. A survey conducted in April by the Kaiser Family Foundation showed that only about 18% of parents were eager to get their children under age 5 years vaccinated right away and 27% said they would “definitely not” get their children vaccinated. Another 11% said “they will only do so if they are required,” Kaiser noted.

The vaccination experience with children aged 5-11 years seems to agree with those numbers. As of June 16, more than 7 months after the vaccine became available, just over 36% had received at least one dose and about 30% were fully vaccinated, CDC data show.

There are, according to the American Academy of Pediatrics, still five states where less than 20% of eligible 5- to 11-year-olds have received an initial vaccination. Among children aged 12-17, uptake has been much higher: 70% have received at least one dose and 60% are fully vaccinated, the CDC said.

Trends for new cases, hospitalizations diverging

COVID incidence in children, meanwhile, dropped for the second time in 3 weeks. There were 83,000 new cases reported during June 10-16, a decline of 4.8% from the previous week, according to the AAP and the Children’s Hospital Association.

New cases had risen by a very slight 0.31% during the week of June 3-9 after dropping 22% the week before (May 27 to June 2). Total cases in children have surpassed 13.6 million, which represents 18.8% of cases in all ages since the start of the pandemic, the AAP and CHA said in their weekly COVID report.

New admissions of children with confirmed COVID-19, however, have continued to climb since early to mid April. On June 16, the rate for children aged 0-17 years was up to 0.31 per 100,000, compared with the 0.13 per 100,000 recorded as late as April 11, the CDC said on its COVID Data Tracker.

[email protected]

The COVID-19 prevention effort in children enters its next phase as June draws to a close, while new pediatric cases continued on a downward trend and hospitalizations continued to rise.

The COVID-19 vaccines from Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna were approved for use in children as young as 6 months, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention announced on June 18.

“We know millions of parents and caregivers are eager to get their young children vaccinated. ... I encourage parents and caregivers with questions to talk to their doctor, nurse, or local pharmacist to learn more about the benefits of vaccinations,” CDC Director Rochelle P. Walensky, MD, MPH, said in a written statement.

There are, however, indications that many parents are not that eager. A survey conducted in April by the Kaiser Family Foundation showed that only about 18% of parents were eager to get their children under age 5 years vaccinated right away and 27% said they would “definitely not” get their children vaccinated. Another 11% said “they will only do so if they are required,” Kaiser noted.

The vaccination experience with children aged 5-11 years seems to agree with those numbers. As of June 16, more than 7 months after the vaccine became available, just over 36% had received at least one dose and about 30% were fully vaccinated, CDC data show.

There are, according to the American Academy of Pediatrics, still five states where less than 20% of eligible 5- to 11-year-olds have received an initial vaccination. Among children aged 12-17, uptake has been much higher: 70% have received at least one dose and 60% are fully vaccinated, the CDC said.

Trends for new cases, hospitalizations diverging

COVID incidence in children, meanwhile, dropped for the second time in 3 weeks. There were 83,000 new cases reported during June 10-16, a decline of 4.8% from the previous week, according to the AAP and the Children’s Hospital Association.

New cases had risen by a very slight 0.31% during the week of June 3-9 after dropping 22% the week before (May 27 to June 2). Total cases in children have surpassed 13.6 million, which represents 18.8% of cases in all ages since the start of the pandemic, the AAP and CHA said in their weekly COVID report.

New admissions of children with confirmed COVID-19, however, have continued to climb since early to mid April. On June 16, the rate for children aged 0-17 years was up to 0.31 per 100,000, compared with the 0.13 per 100,000 recorded as late as April 11, the CDC said on its COVID Data Tracker.

[email protected]

The Diagnosis: Granuloma Annulare

A biopsy of a lesion on the right flank demonstrated granulomatous inflammation and interstitial mucin (Figure), characteristic of granuloma annulare (GA).^1,2 Granuloma annulare is a relatively common skin disorder with an unknown etiology. It typically presents as smooth, annular, erythematous plaques.¹ The most common variants of GA are localized, generalized, and subcutaneous. Our case demonstrated Wolf isotopic response, an unrelated skin disease that forms at the same location as a previously healed skin lesion.² It is important to be aware of this phenomenon so that it is not confused with a recurrence of herpes zoster virus (HZV).

Although relatively infrequent, GA is the most common isotopic response following HZV infections.^3-5 Other postherpetic isotopic eruptions include cutaneous malignancies, lichen planus, sarcoidosis, morphea, reactive perforating collagenosis, psoriasis, and infections, among others.^3,5,6 The time between HZV infection and GA can be variable, ranging from a few weeks to many years apart.³

Oftentimes GA will spontaneously resolve within 2 years; however, recurrence is common.^7-9 There currently are no standard treatment guidelines. The most promising treatment options include intralesional or topical glucocorticoids for localized GA as well as phototherapy or hydroxychloroquine for widespread disease.^8,10  

Annular elastolytic giant cell granuloma (also called actinic granuloma) is a rare idiopathic inflammatory skin disease. It is characterized by erythematous annular papules or plaques mainly found on sun-exposed skin, such as the backs of the hands, forearms, or face.^11,12 Therefore, based on the distribution of our patient’s lesions, annular elastolytic giant cell granuloma was an unlikely diagnosis. Furthermore, it is not a known postherpetic isotopic reaction. Annular elastolytic giant cell granuloma can appear histologically similar to GA. Differentiating histologic features include a nonpalisading granuloma as well as the absence of mucin and necrobiosis.¹²

Annular lichen planus is a long-recognized but uncommon clinical variant of lichen planus that typically presents as pruritic, purple, annular plaques on the penis, scrotum, or intertriginous areas.¹³ The violaceous coloring is more characteristic of lichen planus. Histology is helpful in differentiating from GA.

Nummular eczema presents as scattered, welldefined, pruritic, erythematous, coin-shaped, coin-sized plaques in patients with diffusely dry skin.¹⁴ The scaling and serous crusting as well as more prominent pruritus help distinguish it from GA. The appearance of nummular eczema is quite characteristic; therefore, a biopsy typically is unnecessary for diagnosis. However, a potassium hydroxide wet mount examination of a skin scraping should be performed if tinea corporis also is suspected.

Superficial erythema annulare centrifugum classically presents as an annular or arciform pruritic lesion with an advancing outer erythematous edge with an inner rim of scale that most commonly occurs on the lower extremities. ¹⁵ The presence of pruritus and trailing scale helps distinguish this lesion from GA. Histologically, there are epidermal changes of hyperplasia, spongiosis, and parakeratosis, as well as lymphohistiocytic infiltrate surrounding the superficial dermal vessels^.16

We report this case to highlight GA as the most common postherpetic isotopic response. It should be on the differential diagnosis when a patient presents with erythematous, smooth, annular plaques occurring in the distribution of a resolved case of HZV.

The Diagnosis: Granuloma Annulare

A biopsy of a lesion on the right flank demonstrated granulomatous inflammation and interstitial mucin (Figure), characteristic of granuloma annulare (GA).^1,2 Granuloma annulare is a relatively common skin disorder with an unknown etiology. It typically presents as smooth, annular, erythematous plaques.¹ The most common variants of GA are localized, generalized, and subcutaneous. Our case demonstrated Wolf isotopic response, an unrelated skin disease that forms at the same location as a previously healed skin lesion.² It is important to be aware of this phenomenon so that it is not confused with a recurrence of herpes zoster virus (HZV).

Although relatively infrequent, GA is the most common isotopic response following HZV infections.^3-5 Other postherpetic isotopic eruptions include cutaneous malignancies, lichen planus, sarcoidosis, morphea, reactive perforating collagenosis, psoriasis, and infections, among others.^3,5,6 The time between HZV infection and GA can be variable, ranging from a few weeks to many years apart.³

Oftentimes GA will spontaneously resolve within 2 years; however, recurrence is common.^7-9 There currently are no standard treatment guidelines. The most promising treatment options include intralesional or topical glucocorticoids for localized GA as well as phototherapy or hydroxychloroquine for widespread disease.^8,10  

Annular elastolytic giant cell granuloma (also called actinic granuloma) is a rare idiopathic inflammatory skin disease. It is characterized by erythematous annular papules or plaques mainly found on sun-exposed skin, such as the backs of the hands, forearms, or face.^11,12 Therefore, based on the distribution of our patient’s lesions, annular elastolytic giant cell granuloma was an unlikely diagnosis. Furthermore, it is not a known postherpetic isotopic reaction. Annular elastolytic giant cell granuloma can appear histologically similar to GA. Differentiating histologic features include a nonpalisading granuloma as well as the absence of mucin and necrobiosis.¹²

Annular lichen planus is a long-recognized but uncommon clinical variant of lichen planus that typically presents as pruritic, purple, annular plaques on the penis, scrotum, or intertriginous areas.¹³ The violaceous coloring is more characteristic of lichen planus. Histology is helpful in differentiating from GA.

Nummular eczema presents as scattered, welldefined, pruritic, erythematous, coin-shaped, coin-sized plaques in patients with diffusely dry skin.¹⁴ The scaling and serous crusting as well as more prominent pruritus help distinguish it from GA. The appearance of nummular eczema is quite characteristic; therefore, a biopsy typically is unnecessary for diagnosis. However, a potassium hydroxide wet mount examination of a skin scraping should be performed if tinea corporis also is suspected.

Superficial erythema annulare centrifugum classically presents as an annular or arciform pruritic lesion with an advancing outer erythematous edge with an inner rim of scale that most commonly occurs on the lower extremities. ¹⁵ The presence of pruritus and trailing scale helps distinguish this lesion from GA. Histologically, there are epidermal changes of hyperplasia, spongiosis, and parakeratosis, as well as lymphohistiocytic infiltrate surrounding the superficial dermal vessels^.16

We report this case to highlight GA as the most common postherpetic isotopic response. It should be on the differential diagnosis when a patient presents with erythematous, smooth, annular plaques occurring in the distribution of a resolved case of HZV.

The Diagnosis: Granuloma Annulare

A biopsy of a lesion on the right flank demonstrated granulomatous inflammation and interstitial mucin (Figure), characteristic of granuloma annulare (GA).^1,2 Granuloma annulare is a relatively common skin disorder with an unknown etiology. It typically presents as smooth, annular, erythematous plaques.¹ The most common variants of GA are localized, generalized, and subcutaneous. Our case demonstrated Wolf isotopic response, an unrelated skin disease that forms at the same location as a previously healed skin lesion.² It is important to be aware of this phenomenon so that it is not confused with a recurrence of herpes zoster virus (HZV).

Although relatively infrequent, GA is the most common isotopic response following HZV infections.^3-5 Other postherpetic isotopic eruptions include cutaneous malignancies, lichen planus, sarcoidosis, morphea, reactive perforating collagenosis, psoriasis, and infections, among others.^3,5,6 The time between HZV infection and GA can be variable, ranging from a few weeks to many years apart.³

Oftentimes GA will spontaneously resolve within 2 years; however, recurrence is common.^7-9 There currently are no standard treatment guidelines. The most promising treatment options include intralesional or topical glucocorticoids for localized GA as well as phototherapy or hydroxychloroquine for widespread disease.^8,10  

Annular elastolytic giant cell granuloma (also called actinic granuloma) is a rare idiopathic inflammatory skin disease. It is characterized by erythematous annular papules or plaques mainly found on sun-exposed skin, such as the backs of the hands, forearms, or face.^11,12 Therefore, based on the distribution of our patient’s lesions, annular elastolytic giant cell granuloma was an unlikely diagnosis. Furthermore, it is not a known postherpetic isotopic reaction. Annular elastolytic giant cell granuloma can appear histologically similar to GA. Differentiating histologic features include a nonpalisading granuloma as well as the absence of mucin and necrobiosis.¹²

Annular lichen planus is a long-recognized but uncommon clinical variant of lichen planus that typically presents as pruritic, purple, annular plaques on the penis, scrotum, or intertriginous areas.¹³ The violaceous coloring is more characteristic of lichen planus. Histology is helpful in differentiating from GA.

Nummular eczema presents as scattered, welldefined, pruritic, erythematous, coin-shaped, coin-sized plaques in patients with diffusely dry skin.¹⁴ The scaling and serous crusting as well as more prominent pruritus help distinguish it from GA. The appearance of nummular eczema is quite characteristic; therefore, a biopsy typically is unnecessary for diagnosis. However, a potassium hydroxide wet mount examination of a skin scraping should be performed if tinea corporis also is suspected.

Superficial erythema annulare centrifugum classically presents as an annular or arciform pruritic lesion with an advancing outer erythematous edge with an inner rim of scale that most commonly occurs on the lower extremities. ¹⁵ The presence of pruritus and trailing scale helps distinguish this lesion from GA. Histologically, there are epidermal changes of hyperplasia, spongiosis, and parakeratosis, as well as lymphohistiocytic infiltrate surrounding the superficial dermal vessels^.16

We report this case to highlight GA as the most common postherpetic isotopic response. It should be on the differential diagnosis when a patient presents with erythematous, smooth, annular plaques occurring in the distribution of a resolved case of HZV.

Diversity is an omnipresent element in clinical practice: in the genome, in the environment, in patients’ lifestyles and habits. Precision medicine addresses the variability of the individual to improve diagnosis and treatment. It is increasingly used in specialties such as oncology, neurology, and cardiology. A personalized approach has many objectives, including to optimize treatment, minimize the risk of adverse effects, facilitate early diagnosis, and determine predisposition to disease. Genomic technologies, such as massive sequencing techniques, and tools such as CRISPR-Cas9 are key to the future of personalized medicine.

Jesús Oteo Iglesias, MD, PhD, a specialist in microbiology and director of Spain’s National Center for Microbiology, spoke at the Spanish Association of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology’s recent conference. He discussed various precision medicine projects aimed at reinforcing the fight against antibiotic resistance.

Infectious diseases are complex because the diversity of the pathogenic microorganism combines with the patient’s own diversity, which influences the interaction between the two, said Dr. Oteo. Thus, the antibiogram and targeted antibiotic treatments (which are chosen according to the species, sensitivity to antimicrobials, type of infection, and patient characteristics) have been established applications of precision medicine for decades. However, multiple tools could further strengthen personalized medicine against multiresistant pathogens.

Therapeutic drug monitoring, in which multiple pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors are considered, is a strategy with great potential to increase the effectiveness of antibiotics and minimize toxicity. Owing to its costs and the need for trained staff, this tool would be especially indicated in the treatment of patients with more complex conditions, such as those suffering from obesity, complex infections, or infections with multiresistant bacteria, as well as those in critical condition. Multiple computer programs are available to help determine the dosage of antibiotics by estimating drug exposure and to provide recommendations. However, clinical trials are needed to assess the pros and cons of applying therapeutic monitoring for types of antibiotics other than those for which a given type is already used (for example, aminoglycosides and glycopeptides).

One technology that could help in antibiotic use optimization programs is microneedle-based biosensors, which could be implanted in the skin for real-time antibiotic monitoring. This tool “could be the first step in establishing automated antibiotic administration systems, with infusion pumps and feedback systems, like those already used in diabetes for insulin administration,” said Dr. Oteo.

Artificial intelligence could also be a valuable technology for optimization programs. “We should go a step further in the implementation of artificial intelligence through clinical decision support systems,” said Dr. Oteo. This technology would guide the administration of antimicrobials using data extracted from the electronic medical record. However, there are great challenges to overcome in creating these tools, such as the risk of entering erroneous data; the difficulty in entering complex data, such as data relevant to antibiotic resistance; and the variability at the geographic and institutional levels.

Genomics is also a tool with great potential for identifying bacteria’s degree of resistance to antibiotics by studying mutations in chromosomal and acquired genes. A proof-of-concept study evaluated the sensitivity of different Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains to several antibiotics by analyzing genome sequences associated with resistance, said Dr. Otero. The researchers found that this system was effective at predicting the sensitivity of bacteria from genomic data.

In the United States, the PATRIC bioinformatics center, which is financed by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, works with automated learning models to predict the antimicrobial resistance of different species of bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These models, which work with genomic data associated with antibiotic resistance phenotypes, are able to identify resistance without prior knowledge of the underlying mechanisms.

Another factor to consider with regard to the use of precision medicine for infectious diseases is the microbiota. Dr. Oteo explained that the pathogenic microorganism interacts not only with the host but also with its microbiota, “which can be diverse, is manifold, and can be very different, depending on the circumstances. These interactions can be translated into ecological and evolutionary pressures that may have clinical significance.” One of the best-known examples is the possibility that a beta-lactamase–producing bacterium benefits other bacteria around it by secreting these enzymes. Furthermore, some known forms of bacterial interaction (such as plasmid transfer) are directly related to antibiotic resistance. Metagenomics, which involves the genetic study of communities of microbes, could provide more information for predicting and avoiding infections by multiresistant pathogens by monitoring the microbiome.

The CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing tool could also be an ally in the fight against antibiotic resistance by eliminating resistance genes and thus making bacteria sensitive to certain antibiotics. Several published preliminary studies indicate that this is possible in vitro. The main challenge for the clinical application of CRISPR is in introducing it into the target microbial population. Use of conjugative plasmids and bacteriophages could perhaps be an option for overcoming this obstacle in the future.

Exploiting the possibilities of precision medicine through use of the most innovative tools in addressing antibiotic resistance is a great challenge, said Dr. Oteo, but the situation demands it, and it is necessary to take small steps to achieve this goal.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com. This article was translated from Univadis Spain.

Diversity is an omnipresent element in clinical practice: in the genome, in the environment, in patients’ lifestyles and habits. Precision medicine addresses the variability of the individual to improve diagnosis and treatment. It is increasingly used in specialties such as oncology, neurology, and cardiology. A personalized approach has many objectives, including to optimize treatment, minimize the risk of adverse effects, facilitate early diagnosis, and determine predisposition to disease. Genomic technologies, such as massive sequencing techniques, and tools such as CRISPR-Cas9 are key to the future of personalized medicine.

Jesús Oteo Iglesias, MD, PhD, a specialist in microbiology and director of Spain’s National Center for Microbiology, spoke at the Spanish Association of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology’s recent conference. He discussed various precision medicine projects aimed at reinforcing the fight against antibiotic resistance.

Infectious diseases are complex because the diversity of the pathogenic microorganism combines with the patient’s own diversity, which influences the interaction between the two, said Dr. Oteo. Thus, the antibiogram and targeted antibiotic treatments (which are chosen according to the species, sensitivity to antimicrobials, type of infection, and patient characteristics) have been established applications of precision medicine for decades. However, multiple tools could further strengthen personalized medicine against multiresistant pathogens.

Therapeutic drug monitoring, in which multiple pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors are considered, is a strategy with great potential to increase the effectiveness of antibiotics and minimize toxicity. Owing to its costs and the need for trained staff, this tool would be especially indicated in the treatment of patients with more complex conditions, such as those suffering from obesity, complex infections, or infections with multiresistant bacteria, as well as those in critical condition. Multiple computer programs are available to help determine the dosage of antibiotics by estimating drug exposure and to provide recommendations. However, clinical trials are needed to assess the pros and cons of applying therapeutic monitoring for types of antibiotics other than those for which a given type is already used (for example, aminoglycosides and glycopeptides).

One technology that could help in antibiotic use optimization programs is microneedle-based biosensors, which could be implanted in the skin for real-time antibiotic monitoring. This tool “could be the first step in establishing automated antibiotic administration systems, with infusion pumps and feedback systems, like those already used in diabetes for insulin administration,” said Dr. Oteo.

Artificial intelligence could also be a valuable technology for optimization programs. “We should go a step further in the implementation of artificial intelligence through clinical decision support systems,” said Dr. Oteo. This technology would guide the administration of antimicrobials using data extracted from the electronic medical record. However, there are great challenges to overcome in creating these tools, such as the risk of entering erroneous data; the difficulty in entering complex data, such as data relevant to antibiotic resistance; and the variability at the geographic and institutional levels.

Genomics is also a tool with great potential for identifying bacteria’s degree of resistance to antibiotics by studying mutations in chromosomal and acquired genes. A proof-of-concept study evaluated the sensitivity of different Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains to several antibiotics by analyzing genome sequences associated with resistance, said Dr. Otero. The researchers found that this system was effective at predicting the sensitivity of bacteria from genomic data.

In the United States, the PATRIC bioinformatics center, which is financed by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, works with automated learning models to predict the antimicrobial resistance of different species of bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These models, which work with genomic data associated with antibiotic resistance phenotypes, are able to identify resistance without prior knowledge of the underlying mechanisms.

Another factor to consider with regard to the use of precision medicine for infectious diseases is the microbiota. Dr. Oteo explained that the pathogenic microorganism interacts not only with the host but also with its microbiota, “which can be diverse, is manifold, and can be very different, depending on the circumstances. These interactions can be translated into ecological and evolutionary pressures that may have clinical significance.” One of the best-known examples is the possibility that a beta-lactamase–producing bacterium benefits other bacteria around it by secreting these enzymes. Furthermore, some known forms of bacterial interaction (such as plasmid transfer) are directly related to antibiotic resistance. Metagenomics, which involves the genetic study of communities of microbes, could provide more information for predicting and avoiding infections by multiresistant pathogens by monitoring the microbiome.

The CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing tool could also be an ally in the fight against antibiotic resistance by eliminating resistance genes and thus making bacteria sensitive to certain antibiotics. Several published preliminary studies indicate that this is possible in vitro. The main challenge for the clinical application of CRISPR is in introducing it into the target microbial population. Use of conjugative plasmids and bacteriophages could perhaps be an option for overcoming this obstacle in the future.

Exploiting the possibilities of precision medicine through use of the most innovative tools in addressing antibiotic resistance is a great challenge, said Dr. Oteo, but the situation demands it, and it is necessary to take small steps to achieve this goal.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com. This article was translated from Univadis Spain.

Diversity is an omnipresent element in clinical practice: in the genome, in the environment, in patients’ lifestyles and habits. Precision medicine addresses the variability of the individual to improve diagnosis and treatment. It is increasingly used in specialties such as oncology, neurology, and cardiology. A personalized approach has many objectives, including to optimize treatment, minimize the risk of adverse effects, facilitate early diagnosis, and determine predisposition to disease. Genomic technologies, such as massive sequencing techniques, and tools such as CRISPR-Cas9 are key to the future of personalized medicine.

Jesús Oteo Iglesias, MD, PhD, a specialist in microbiology and director of Spain’s National Center for Microbiology, spoke at the Spanish Association of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology’s recent conference. He discussed various precision medicine projects aimed at reinforcing the fight against antibiotic resistance.

Infectious diseases are complex because the diversity of the pathogenic microorganism combines with the patient’s own diversity, which influences the interaction between the two, said Dr. Oteo. Thus, the antibiogram and targeted antibiotic treatments (which are chosen according to the species, sensitivity to antimicrobials, type of infection, and patient characteristics) have been established applications of precision medicine for decades. However, multiple tools could further strengthen personalized medicine against multiresistant pathogens.

Therapeutic drug monitoring, in which multiple pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors are considered, is a strategy with great potential to increase the effectiveness of antibiotics and minimize toxicity. Owing to its costs and the need for trained staff, this tool would be especially indicated in the treatment of patients with more complex conditions, such as those suffering from obesity, complex infections, or infections with multiresistant bacteria, as well as those in critical condition. Multiple computer programs are available to help determine the dosage of antibiotics by estimating drug exposure and to provide recommendations. However, clinical trials are needed to assess the pros and cons of applying therapeutic monitoring for types of antibiotics other than those for which a given type is already used (for example, aminoglycosides and glycopeptides).

One technology that could help in antibiotic use optimization programs is microneedle-based biosensors, which could be implanted in the skin for real-time antibiotic monitoring. This tool “could be the first step in establishing automated antibiotic administration systems, with infusion pumps and feedback systems, like those already used in diabetes for insulin administration,” said Dr. Oteo.

Artificial intelligence could also be a valuable technology for optimization programs. “We should go a step further in the implementation of artificial intelligence through clinical decision support systems,” said Dr. Oteo. This technology would guide the administration of antimicrobials using data extracted from the electronic medical record. However, there are great challenges to overcome in creating these tools, such as the risk of entering erroneous data; the difficulty in entering complex data, such as data relevant to antibiotic resistance; and the variability at the geographic and institutional levels.

Genomics is also a tool with great potential for identifying bacteria’s degree of resistance to antibiotics by studying mutations in chromosomal and acquired genes. A proof-of-concept study evaluated the sensitivity of different Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains to several antibiotics by analyzing genome sequences associated with resistance, said Dr. Otero. The researchers found that this system was effective at predicting the sensitivity of bacteria from genomic data.

In the United States, the PATRIC bioinformatics center, which is financed by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, works with automated learning models to predict the antimicrobial resistance of different species of bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These models, which work with genomic data associated with antibiotic resistance phenotypes, are able to identify resistance without prior knowledge of the underlying mechanisms.

Another factor to consider with regard to the use of precision medicine for infectious diseases is the microbiota. Dr. Oteo explained that the pathogenic microorganism interacts not only with the host but also with its microbiota, “which can be diverse, is manifold, and can be very different, depending on the circumstances. These interactions can be translated into ecological and evolutionary pressures that may have clinical significance.” One of the best-known examples is the possibility that a beta-lactamase–producing bacterium benefits other bacteria around it by secreting these enzymes. Furthermore, some known forms of bacterial interaction (such as plasmid transfer) are directly related to antibiotic resistance. Metagenomics, which involves the genetic study of communities of microbes, could provide more information for predicting and avoiding infections by multiresistant pathogens by monitoring the microbiome.

The CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing tool could also be an ally in the fight against antibiotic resistance by eliminating resistance genes and thus making bacteria sensitive to certain antibiotics. Several published preliminary studies indicate that this is possible in vitro. The main challenge for the clinical application of CRISPR is in introducing it into the target microbial population. Use of conjugative plasmids and bacteriophages could perhaps be an option for overcoming this obstacle in the future.

Exploiting the possibilities of precision medicine through use of the most innovative tools in addressing antibiotic resistance is a great challenge, said Dr. Oteo, but the situation demands it, and it is necessary to take small steps to achieve this goal.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com. This article was translated from Univadis Spain.