MDedge ObGyn

Surgeon goes the extra half mile for his patient

Sorry medical profession, but it’s Adam Bodzin’s world now. When a donor liver got stuck in the middle of the Philadelphia Half Marathon’s 30,000 participants, Dr. Bodzin, the transplant team’s lead surgeon, took matters into his own hands. And by hands, of course, we mean feet.

Pixnio

Still wearing his hospital scrubs, Dr. Bodzin ran more than half a mile to where the van carrying the liver was stranded, according to the Philadelphia Inquirer. Fortunately, he was able to hitch a ride in a police car for the return trip and didn’t have to run back through the crowd carrying his somewhat unusual package. By package, of course, we mean human liver.

It’s been 3 months since the surgery/marathon and it’s still not clear why the driver had such trouble getting through – he had been trying for more than an hour and half by the time Dr. Bodzin reached him – but the surgery half of the big event was deemed a success and the patient has recovered.

Rick Hasz, president and chief executive officer of the Gift of Life Donor Program, which coordinates organ donation for transplants in the Philadelphia region, told the newspaper that “Dr. Bodzin’s quick action demonstrated his commitment to honoring the selfless generosity of all donors and their families and gives hope to everyone waiting for a second chance at life.”

Should Dr. Bodzin consider a step up from the transplant team to another group that’s fighting for the common good? The recipient of the liver in question seems to think so. “I guess he has a cape on under that white jacket,” 66-year-old Charles Rowe told Fox29. You already know where we’re going with this, right?

Avengers … Assemble.
 

Your spleen’s due for its 5,000-mile oil change

The human body is an incredible biological machine, capable of performing a countless array of tasks automatically and essentially without flaw, but there’s always room for improvement. After all, there are animals that can regrow entire missing limbs or live for up to 500 years. It would be nice if we could get some of that going.

Sigmund/Unsplash

Rather than any of that cool stuff, a recent survey of 2,000 average Americans revealed that our ambitions for improving the human body are a bit more mundane. The big thing that would make our lives better and easier, according to three-fourths of Americans, would be a built-in “check engine” light in our bodies. Come on guys, starfish can literally be cut in half and not only survive, but become two starfish. Mantis shrimp can punch with a force thousands of times their own weight. If we could punch like they could, we could literally break steel with our fists. Wouldn’t we rather have that?

Apparently not. Fine, we’ll stick with the check engine light.

Maybe it isn’t a huge surprise that we’d like the extra help in figuring out what our body needs. According to the survey, more than 60% of Americans struggle to identify when their body is trying to tell them something important, and only one-third actively checked in with their health every day. Considering about 40% said they feel tired for much of the day and nearly half reported not having a meal with fruits or vegetables in the past 3 days, perhaps a gentle reminder wouldn’t be the worst thing in the world.

So, if we did have a built-in check engine light, what would we use it for? A majority said they’d like to be reminded to drink a glass of water, with 45% saying they wanted to know when to take a nap. Feeling thirsty or tired isn’t quite enough, it seems.

Of course, the technology certainly exists to make the human check engine light a reality. An implanted microchip could absolutely tell us to drink a glass of water, but that would put our health in the hands of tech companies, and you just know Meta and Elon Muskrat wouldn’t pass up the chance for monetization. “Oh, sorry, we could have notified the hospital that you were about to have a heart attack, but you didn’t pay your life subscription this month.”
 

Sext offenders show more than their, well, you know

As we have become more and more attached to our phones, especially post pandemic, it’s no surprise that sexting – sending sexually explicit images and messages with those phones – has become a fairly common way for people to sexually communicate. And with dating apps just another venture in the dating landscape, regardless of age, sexting is an easy avenue to incite a mood without being physically present.

©agmit/istockphoto.com

A recent study, though, has linked sexting with anxiety, sleep issues, depression, and compulsive sexual behaviors. Yikes.

Although the researchers noted that sexting was primarily reciprocal (sending and receiving), “over 50% of adults report sending a sext, while women are up to four times more likely than men to report having received nonconsensual sexts,” said Brenda K. Wiederhold, PhD, editor-in-chief of Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, which published the study, in which Dr. Wiederhold was not involved.

Among the 2,160 U.S. college students who were involved, participants who had only sent sexts reported more anxiety, depression, and sleep problems than other groups (no sexting, received only, reciprocal). There was also a possible connection between sexting, marijuana use, and compulsive sexual behavior, the investigators said in a written statement.

Considering the study population, these data are perhaps not that surprising. For young adults, to receive or send an elusive nude is as common as it once was to give someone flowers. Not that the two things elicit the same reactions. “Many individuals reveal they enjoy consensual sexting and feel it empowers them and builds self-confidence,” Dr. Wiederhold added.

Receiving a nonconsensual sext, though, is definitely going to result in feeling violated and super awkward. Senders beware: Don’t be surprised if you’re ghosted after that.

Surgeon goes the extra half mile for his patient

Sorry medical profession, but it’s Adam Bodzin’s world now. When a donor liver got stuck in the middle of the Philadelphia Half Marathon’s 30,000 participants, Dr. Bodzin, the transplant team’s lead surgeon, took matters into his own hands. And by hands, of course, we mean feet.

Pixnio

Still wearing his hospital scrubs, Dr. Bodzin ran more than half a mile to where the van carrying the liver was stranded, according to the Philadelphia Inquirer. Fortunately, he was able to hitch a ride in a police car for the return trip and didn’t have to run back through the crowd carrying his somewhat unusual package. By package, of course, we mean human liver.

It’s been 3 months since the surgery/marathon and it’s still not clear why the driver had such trouble getting through – he had been trying for more than an hour and half by the time Dr. Bodzin reached him – but the surgery half of the big event was deemed a success and the patient has recovered.

Rick Hasz, president and chief executive officer of the Gift of Life Donor Program, which coordinates organ donation for transplants in the Philadelphia region, told the newspaper that “Dr. Bodzin’s quick action demonstrated his commitment to honoring the selfless generosity of all donors and their families and gives hope to everyone waiting for a second chance at life.”

Should Dr. Bodzin consider a step up from the transplant team to another group that’s fighting for the common good? The recipient of the liver in question seems to think so. “I guess he has a cape on under that white jacket,” 66-year-old Charles Rowe told Fox29. You already know where we’re going with this, right?

Avengers … Assemble.
 

Your spleen’s due for its 5,000-mile oil change

The human body is an incredible biological machine, capable of performing a countless array of tasks automatically and essentially without flaw, but there’s always room for improvement. After all, there are animals that can regrow entire missing limbs or live for up to 500 years. It would be nice if we could get some of that going.

Sigmund/Unsplash

Rather than any of that cool stuff, a recent survey of 2,000 average Americans revealed that our ambitions for improving the human body are a bit more mundane. The big thing that would make our lives better and easier, according to three-fourths of Americans, would be a built-in “check engine” light in our bodies. Come on guys, starfish can literally be cut in half and not only survive, but become two starfish. Mantis shrimp can punch with a force thousands of times their own weight. If we could punch like they could, we could literally break steel with our fists. Wouldn’t we rather have that?

Apparently not. Fine, we’ll stick with the check engine light.

Maybe it isn’t a huge surprise that we’d like the extra help in figuring out what our body needs. According to the survey, more than 60% of Americans struggle to identify when their body is trying to tell them something important, and only one-third actively checked in with their health every day. Considering about 40% said they feel tired for much of the day and nearly half reported not having a meal with fruits or vegetables in the past 3 days, perhaps a gentle reminder wouldn’t be the worst thing in the world.

So, if we did have a built-in check engine light, what would we use it for? A majority said they’d like to be reminded to drink a glass of water, with 45% saying they wanted to know when to take a nap. Feeling thirsty or tired isn’t quite enough, it seems.

Of course, the technology certainly exists to make the human check engine light a reality. An implanted microchip could absolutely tell us to drink a glass of water, but that would put our health in the hands of tech companies, and you just know Meta and Elon Muskrat wouldn’t pass up the chance for monetization. “Oh, sorry, we could have notified the hospital that you were about to have a heart attack, but you didn’t pay your life subscription this month.”
 

Sext offenders show more than their, well, you know

As we have become more and more attached to our phones, especially post pandemic, it’s no surprise that sexting – sending sexually explicit images and messages with those phones – has become a fairly common way for people to sexually communicate. And with dating apps just another venture in the dating landscape, regardless of age, sexting is an easy avenue to incite a mood without being physically present.

©agmit/istockphoto.com

A recent study, though, has linked sexting with anxiety, sleep issues, depression, and compulsive sexual behaviors. Yikes.

Although the researchers noted that sexting was primarily reciprocal (sending and receiving), “over 50% of adults report sending a sext, while women are up to four times more likely than men to report having received nonconsensual sexts,” said Brenda K. Wiederhold, PhD, editor-in-chief of Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, which published the study, in which Dr. Wiederhold was not involved.

Among the 2,160 U.S. college students who were involved, participants who had only sent sexts reported more anxiety, depression, and sleep problems than other groups (no sexting, received only, reciprocal). There was also a possible connection between sexting, marijuana use, and compulsive sexual behavior, the investigators said in a written statement.

Considering the study population, these data are perhaps not that surprising. For young adults, to receive or send an elusive nude is as common as it once was to give someone flowers. Not that the two things elicit the same reactions. “Many individuals reveal they enjoy consensual sexting and feel it empowers them and builds self-confidence,” Dr. Wiederhold added.

Receiving a nonconsensual sext, though, is definitely going to result in feeling violated and super awkward. Senders beware: Don’t be surprised if you’re ghosted after that.

Surgeon goes the extra half mile for his patient

Sorry medical profession, but it’s Adam Bodzin’s world now. When a donor liver got stuck in the middle of the Philadelphia Half Marathon’s 30,000 participants, Dr. Bodzin, the transplant team’s lead surgeon, took matters into his own hands. And by hands, of course, we mean feet.

Pixnio

Still wearing his hospital scrubs, Dr. Bodzin ran more than half a mile to where the van carrying the liver was stranded, according to the Philadelphia Inquirer. Fortunately, he was able to hitch a ride in a police car for the return trip and didn’t have to run back through the crowd carrying his somewhat unusual package. By package, of course, we mean human liver.

It’s been 3 months since the surgery/marathon and it’s still not clear why the driver had such trouble getting through – he had been trying for more than an hour and half by the time Dr. Bodzin reached him – but the surgery half of the big event was deemed a success and the patient has recovered.

Rick Hasz, president and chief executive officer of the Gift of Life Donor Program, which coordinates organ donation for transplants in the Philadelphia region, told the newspaper that “Dr. Bodzin’s quick action demonstrated his commitment to honoring the selfless generosity of all donors and their families and gives hope to everyone waiting for a second chance at life.”

Should Dr. Bodzin consider a step up from the transplant team to another group that’s fighting for the common good? The recipient of the liver in question seems to think so. “I guess he has a cape on under that white jacket,” 66-year-old Charles Rowe told Fox29. You already know where we’re going with this, right?

Avengers … Assemble.
 

Your spleen’s due for its 5,000-mile oil change

The human body is an incredible biological machine, capable of performing a countless array of tasks automatically and essentially without flaw, but there’s always room for improvement. After all, there are animals that can regrow entire missing limbs or live for up to 500 years. It would be nice if we could get some of that going.

Sigmund/Unsplash

Rather than any of that cool stuff, a recent survey of 2,000 average Americans revealed that our ambitions for improving the human body are a bit more mundane. The big thing that would make our lives better and easier, according to three-fourths of Americans, would be a built-in “check engine” light in our bodies. Come on guys, starfish can literally be cut in half and not only survive, but become two starfish. Mantis shrimp can punch with a force thousands of times their own weight. If we could punch like they could, we could literally break steel with our fists. Wouldn’t we rather have that?

Apparently not. Fine, we’ll stick with the check engine light.

Maybe it isn’t a huge surprise that we’d like the extra help in figuring out what our body needs. According to the survey, more than 60% of Americans struggle to identify when their body is trying to tell them something important, and only one-third actively checked in with their health every day. Considering about 40% said they feel tired for much of the day and nearly half reported not having a meal with fruits or vegetables in the past 3 days, perhaps a gentle reminder wouldn’t be the worst thing in the world.

So, if we did have a built-in check engine light, what would we use it for? A majority said they’d like to be reminded to drink a glass of water, with 45% saying they wanted to know when to take a nap. Feeling thirsty or tired isn’t quite enough, it seems.

Of course, the technology certainly exists to make the human check engine light a reality. An implanted microchip could absolutely tell us to drink a glass of water, but that would put our health in the hands of tech companies, and you just know Meta and Elon Muskrat wouldn’t pass up the chance for monetization. “Oh, sorry, we could have notified the hospital that you were about to have a heart attack, but you didn’t pay your life subscription this month.”
 

Sext offenders show more than their, well, you know

As we have become more and more attached to our phones, especially post pandemic, it’s no surprise that sexting – sending sexually explicit images and messages with those phones – has become a fairly common way for people to sexually communicate. And with dating apps just another venture in the dating landscape, regardless of age, sexting is an easy avenue to incite a mood without being physically present.

©agmit/istockphoto.com

A recent study, though, has linked sexting with anxiety, sleep issues, depression, and compulsive sexual behaviors. Yikes.

Although the researchers noted that sexting was primarily reciprocal (sending and receiving), “over 50% of adults report sending a sext, while women are up to four times more likely than men to report having received nonconsensual sexts,” said Brenda K. Wiederhold, PhD, editor-in-chief of Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, which published the study, in which Dr. Wiederhold was not involved.

Among the 2,160 U.S. college students who were involved, participants who had only sent sexts reported more anxiety, depression, and sleep problems than other groups (no sexting, received only, reciprocal). There was also a possible connection between sexting, marijuana use, and compulsive sexual behavior, the investigators said in a written statement.

Considering the study population, these data are perhaps not that surprising. For young adults, to receive or send an elusive nude is as common as it once was to give someone flowers. Not that the two things elicit the same reactions. “Many individuals reveal they enjoy consensual sexting and feel it empowers them and builds self-confidence,” Dr. Wiederhold added.

Receiving a nonconsensual sext, though, is definitely going to result in feeling violated and super awkward. Senders beware: Don’t be surprised if you’re ghosted after that.

Emergencies happen anywhere, anytime, and sometimes medical professionals find themselves in situations where they are the only ones who can help. Is There a Doctor in the House? is a series telling these stories.

In December 2017, I was a second-year urology resident at Cleveland Clinic. I’d gone to New Delhi to attend my best friend’s wedding. My flight back was New Delhi to Paris to JFK via Air France. I didn’t sleep on the first flight. So, on the second, I wanted to get some rest, because I had to go back to work the next day. I put on a movie and tried to snooze. As the saying goes in residency, you sleep when you can.

About 3 hours later, a flight attendant made an announcement in French, but I didn’t really hear it. Then they announced in English that they needed a physician. I noticed some flight attendants walking frantically around the economy cabin asking, “Is there a doctor on the plane?” Turns out there were two – the woman sitting next to me happened to be a pediatrician with Doctors Without Borders. I volunteered.

The flight attendant told me a woman was having abdominal pain. I thought it would be something straightforward. Usually, medical emergencies on planes involve chest pain or a panic attack or a vasovagal syncopal episode. Well, I was in for a ride that day.

The woman in pain was traveling from Nigeria. She told me about the abdominal pain. Then she lifted her blanket – she was pregnant. She said she was 37 or 38 weeks in. I said, “Okay, if you’re having this significant abdominal pain, then I need to examine you.” So we decided to move her to the first-class cabin, which was empty (I never did ask why – but it was good we had room to work).

Next step, I went back to my seat and asked the pediatrician if she could assist. My plan was to simply get the passenger through the flight, and as soon as we landed, she would go to the hospital.

There was room to lie down in first class. The pediatrician and I examined her, and she appeared fine. She was traveling with her 4-year-old daughter, and the flight attendants were taking care of her. Everything was okay.

The pilot came back and asked if we would need an emergency landing. I asked him how far it was to JFK – 4 hours. He said the closest place to land would be the Azores Islands, which is Portuguese territory, 2 hours away.

The problem: Even if we made it to the Azores, the hospital there was a very basic facility with no obstetric care available. And by the time the ambulance picked her up and got her there, it would still be 2 or 3 hours total. I said, “No, let’s just observe and continue our course.” Inside my head, I was hoping and praying to God that was the right decision.

Within an hour, everything changed.

The woman’s pain got worse, and she started having contractions. Then her water broke.

Things progressed quickly from there. The contractions progressively got worse and worse. The interval between them got smaller and smaller. The next time we examined her, we could see the baby’s head beginning to crown.

At that point, we had to decide – are we going to deliver? We were in the middle of the North Atlantic Ocean. There was nothing around us. We were 35,000 feet in the air, surrounded by blue.

The crew wanted us to sign a Good Samaritan agreement. So, we did that. And then I said, “Okay, let’s just go for it.”

We got the plane’s medical kit. They had IV fluids, so I started an IV. I was able to monitor the woman’s blood pressure. They had the usual drugs for doing ACLS [advanced cardiac life support], running the code, and things like that. But they didn’t have a suturing kit or a laceration kit. They didn’t have a scalpel. There was nothing else.

Honestly, there was a lot of panic going through my head. I started thinking about what could go wrong. I’d done an ob.gyn. rotation in medical school and delivered seven babies before it was over. But a plane – even the first-class cabin – is in no way, shape, or form like a delivery room. I was really scared she would hemorrhage out or something.

So, internally, I was having a meltdown. Sij, you have to keep it together right now, because there’s no one else that’s going to do this. Just give it your best shot. And that’s what I did.

I asked the pilot to go to an altitude that would minimize any turbulence, and we were very lucky that the notorious North Atlantic air wasn’t choppy.

More luck: This was the passenger’s second baby, and I was counting on second deliveries being easier. The pediatrician, the flight attendants, and I came together as a team. Two flight attendants had given birth before, so they held the patient’s hand and guided her to push. I was “downstairs” waiting to catch.

She was in some pain. At this point, usually people get an epidural. I kept thinking about what drugs were safe in pregnancy, but I wasn’t sure. I don’t know if they even had morphine or anything on the plane. We gave her some Tylenol.

It didn’t take long. After about 30 minutes, the baby’s head emerged. I was able to navigate it out, avoiding any shoulder dystocia. There’s a certain technique that you learn in medical school, which thankfully came back to me. I caught it – it was a boy born right there in a first-class seat.

I gave him to the pediatrician, and she did the Apgar score, calculating his breathing and appearance. Then my job was to make sure there were no postpartum complications.

I ended up using a piece of string in the kit to tie around the umbilical cord, and then I cut it with scissors. After that, the woman was able to deliver the placenta. She did have some vaginal bleeding, but that resolved by just holding pressure.

The baby was fine. Mom was doing great. No complications. It was a miracle. I was the right person at the right place at the right time. I just think it was something from God.

The pilot made an announcement, “We’re en route to JFK, and there’s an additional passenger on this plane now.”

When we landed, I had very little time because I had to catch my flight to Cleveland. I didn’t even process what had happened.

A few days later, I got this package from Air France with a very expensive bottle of champagne along with a travel voucher. I heard from the mom by email – she and baby were doing fine.

Eventually, the media relations people at Cleveland Clinic heard about the incident, and it became a story that went viral. That was very weird, because I’m usually someone who’s private. All through my residency, people would introduce me with, “Remember that guy who delivered a baby on a plane? That’s him.”

I’m so thankful for everyone who was on that team. It was very beautiful because it was people from different cultures, backgrounds, and faiths who came together to achieve something so miraculous. The patient was Nigerian. The flight attendants were French. The pediatrician and I were American.

That just shows you the power of teamwork and how humanity can come together. Medicine, surgery – everything, in fact – is a team sport.

Sij Hemal, MD, graduated from urology residency at the Cleveland Clinic and is currently a robotic urologic oncology and minimally invasive surgery fellow at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles.

A version of this article originally appeared on Medscape.com.

Emergencies happen anywhere, anytime, and sometimes medical professionals find themselves in situations where they are the only ones who can help. Is There a Doctor in the House? is a series telling these stories.

In December 2017, I was a second-year urology resident at Cleveland Clinic. I’d gone to New Delhi to attend my best friend’s wedding. My flight back was New Delhi to Paris to JFK via Air France. I didn’t sleep on the first flight. So, on the second, I wanted to get some rest, because I had to go back to work the next day. I put on a movie and tried to snooze. As the saying goes in residency, you sleep when you can.

About 3 hours later, a flight attendant made an announcement in French, but I didn’t really hear it. Then they announced in English that they needed a physician. I noticed some flight attendants walking frantically around the economy cabin asking, “Is there a doctor on the plane?” Turns out there were two – the woman sitting next to me happened to be a pediatrician with Doctors Without Borders. I volunteered.

The flight attendant told me a woman was having abdominal pain. I thought it would be something straightforward. Usually, medical emergencies on planes involve chest pain or a panic attack or a vasovagal syncopal episode. Well, I was in for a ride that day.

The woman in pain was traveling from Nigeria. She told me about the abdominal pain. Then she lifted her blanket – she was pregnant. She said she was 37 or 38 weeks in. I said, “Okay, if you’re having this significant abdominal pain, then I need to examine you.” So we decided to move her to the first-class cabin, which was empty (I never did ask why – but it was good we had room to work).

Next step, I went back to my seat and asked the pediatrician if she could assist. My plan was to simply get the passenger through the flight, and as soon as we landed, she would go to the hospital.

There was room to lie down in first class. The pediatrician and I examined her, and she appeared fine. She was traveling with her 4-year-old daughter, and the flight attendants were taking care of her. Everything was okay.

The pilot came back and asked if we would need an emergency landing. I asked him how far it was to JFK – 4 hours. He said the closest place to land would be the Azores Islands, which is Portuguese territory, 2 hours away.

The problem: Even if we made it to the Azores, the hospital there was a very basic facility with no obstetric care available. And by the time the ambulance picked her up and got her there, it would still be 2 or 3 hours total. I said, “No, let’s just observe and continue our course.” Inside my head, I was hoping and praying to God that was the right decision.

Within an hour, everything changed.

The woman’s pain got worse, and she started having contractions. Then her water broke.

Things progressed quickly from there. The contractions progressively got worse and worse. The interval between them got smaller and smaller. The next time we examined her, we could see the baby’s head beginning to crown.

At that point, we had to decide – are we going to deliver? We were in the middle of the North Atlantic Ocean. There was nothing around us. We were 35,000 feet in the air, surrounded by blue.

The crew wanted us to sign a Good Samaritan agreement. So, we did that. And then I said, “Okay, let’s just go for it.”

We got the plane’s medical kit. They had IV fluids, so I started an IV. I was able to monitor the woman’s blood pressure. They had the usual drugs for doing ACLS [advanced cardiac life support], running the code, and things like that. But they didn’t have a suturing kit or a laceration kit. They didn’t have a scalpel. There was nothing else.

Honestly, there was a lot of panic going through my head. I started thinking about what could go wrong. I’d done an ob.gyn. rotation in medical school and delivered seven babies before it was over. But a plane – even the first-class cabin – is in no way, shape, or form like a delivery room. I was really scared she would hemorrhage out or something.

So, internally, I was having a meltdown. Sij, you have to keep it together right now, because there’s no one else that’s going to do this. Just give it your best shot. And that’s what I did.

I asked the pilot to go to an altitude that would minimize any turbulence, and we were very lucky that the notorious North Atlantic air wasn’t choppy.

More luck: This was the passenger’s second baby, and I was counting on second deliveries being easier. The pediatrician, the flight attendants, and I came together as a team. Two flight attendants had given birth before, so they held the patient’s hand and guided her to push. I was “downstairs” waiting to catch.

She was in some pain. At this point, usually people get an epidural. I kept thinking about what drugs were safe in pregnancy, but I wasn’t sure. I don’t know if they even had morphine or anything on the plane. We gave her some Tylenol.

It didn’t take long. After about 30 minutes, the baby’s head emerged. I was able to navigate it out, avoiding any shoulder dystocia. There’s a certain technique that you learn in medical school, which thankfully came back to me. I caught it – it was a boy born right there in a first-class seat.

I gave him to the pediatrician, and she did the Apgar score, calculating his breathing and appearance. Then my job was to make sure there were no postpartum complications.

I ended up using a piece of string in the kit to tie around the umbilical cord, and then I cut it with scissors. After that, the woman was able to deliver the placenta. She did have some vaginal bleeding, but that resolved by just holding pressure.

The baby was fine. Mom was doing great. No complications. It was a miracle. I was the right person at the right place at the right time. I just think it was something from God.

The pilot made an announcement, “We’re en route to JFK, and there’s an additional passenger on this plane now.”

When we landed, I had very little time because I had to catch my flight to Cleveland. I didn’t even process what had happened.

A few days later, I got this package from Air France with a very expensive bottle of champagne along with a travel voucher. I heard from the mom by email – she and baby were doing fine.

Eventually, the media relations people at Cleveland Clinic heard about the incident, and it became a story that went viral. That was very weird, because I’m usually someone who’s private. All through my residency, people would introduce me with, “Remember that guy who delivered a baby on a plane? That’s him.”

I’m so thankful for everyone who was on that team. It was very beautiful because it was people from different cultures, backgrounds, and faiths who came together to achieve something so miraculous. The patient was Nigerian. The flight attendants were French. The pediatrician and I were American.

That just shows you the power of teamwork and how humanity can come together. Medicine, surgery – everything, in fact – is a team sport.

Sij Hemal, MD, graduated from urology residency at the Cleveland Clinic and is currently a robotic urologic oncology and minimally invasive surgery fellow at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles.

A version of this article originally appeared on Medscape.com.

Emergencies happen anywhere, anytime, and sometimes medical professionals find themselves in situations where they are the only ones who can help. Is There a Doctor in the House? is a series telling these stories.

In December 2017, I was a second-year urology resident at Cleveland Clinic. I’d gone to New Delhi to attend my best friend’s wedding. My flight back was New Delhi to Paris to JFK via Air France. I didn’t sleep on the first flight. So, on the second, I wanted to get some rest, because I had to go back to work the next day. I put on a movie and tried to snooze. As the saying goes in residency, you sleep when you can.

About 3 hours later, a flight attendant made an announcement in French, but I didn’t really hear it. Then they announced in English that they needed a physician. I noticed some flight attendants walking frantically around the economy cabin asking, “Is there a doctor on the plane?” Turns out there were two – the woman sitting next to me happened to be a pediatrician with Doctors Without Borders. I volunteered.

The flight attendant told me a woman was having abdominal pain. I thought it would be something straightforward. Usually, medical emergencies on planes involve chest pain or a panic attack or a vasovagal syncopal episode. Well, I was in for a ride that day.

The woman in pain was traveling from Nigeria. She told me about the abdominal pain. Then she lifted her blanket – she was pregnant. She said she was 37 or 38 weeks in. I said, “Okay, if you’re having this significant abdominal pain, then I need to examine you.” So we decided to move her to the first-class cabin, which was empty (I never did ask why – but it was good we had room to work).

Next step, I went back to my seat and asked the pediatrician if she could assist. My plan was to simply get the passenger through the flight, and as soon as we landed, she would go to the hospital.

There was room to lie down in first class. The pediatrician and I examined her, and she appeared fine. She was traveling with her 4-year-old daughter, and the flight attendants were taking care of her. Everything was okay.

The pilot came back and asked if we would need an emergency landing. I asked him how far it was to JFK – 4 hours. He said the closest place to land would be the Azores Islands, which is Portuguese territory, 2 hours away.

The problem: Even if we made it to the Azores, the hospital there was a very basic facility with no obstetric care available. And by the time the ambulance picked her up and got her there, it would still be 2 or 3 hours total. I said, “No, let’s just observe and continue our course.” Inside my head, I was hoping and praying to God that was the right decision.

Within an hour, everything changed.

The woman’s pain got worse, and she started having contractions. Then her water broke.

Things progressed quickly from there. The contractions progressively got worse and worse. The interval between them got smaller and smaller. The next time we examined her, we could see the baby’s head beginning to crown.

At that point, we had to decide – are we going to deliver? We were in the middle of the North Atlantic Ocean. There was nothing around us. We were 35,000 feet in the air, surrounded by blue.

The crew wanted us to sign a Good Samaritan agreement. So, we did that. And then I said, “Okay, let’s just go for it.”

We got the plane’s medical kit. They had IV fluids, so I started an IV. I was able to monitor the woman’s blood pressure. They had the usual drugs for doing ACLS [advanced cardiac life support], running the code, and things like that. But they didn’t have a suturing kit or a laceration kit. They didn’t have a scalpel. There was nothing else.

Honestly, there was a lot of panic going through my head. I started thinking about what could go wrong. I’d done an ob.gyn. rotation in medical school and delivered seven babies before it was over. But a plane – even the first-class cabin – is in no way, shape, or form like a delivery room. I was really scared she would hemorrhage out or something.

So, internally, I was having a meltdown. Sij, you have to keep it together right now, because there’s no one else that’s going to do this. Just give it your best shot. And that’s what I did.

I asked the pilot to go to an altitude that would minimize any turbulence, and we were very lucky that the notorious North Atlantic air wasn’t choppy.

More luck: This was the passenger’s second baby, and I was counting on second deliveries being easier. The pediatrician, the flight attendants, and I came together as a team. Two flight attendants had given birth before, so they held the patient’s hand and guided her to push. I was “downstairs” waiting to catch.

She was in some pain. At this point, usually people get an epidural. I kept thinking about what drugs were safe in pregnancy, but I wasn’t sure. I don’t know if they even had morphine or anything on the plane. We gave her some Tylenol.

It didn’t take long. After about 30 minutes, the baby’s head emerged. I was able to navigate it out, avoiding any shoulder dystocia. There’s a certain technique that you learn in medical school, which thankfully came back to me. I caught it – it was a boy born right there in a first-class seat.

I gave him to the pediatrician, and she did the Apgar score, calculating his breathing and appearance. Then my job was to make sure there were no postpartum complications.

I ended up using a piece of string in the kit to tie around the umbilical cord, and then I cut it with scissors. After that, the woman was able to deliver the placenta. She did have some vaginal bleeding, but that resolved by just holding pressure.

The baby was fine. Mom was doing great. No complications. It was a miracle. I was the right person at the right place at the right time. I just think it was something from God.

The pilot made an announcement, “We’re en route to JFK, and there’s an additional passenger on this plane now.”

When we landed, I had very little time because I had to catch my flight to Cleveland. I didn’t even process what had happened.

A few days later, I got this package from Air France with a very expensive bottle of champagne along with a travel voucher. I heard from the mom by email – she and baby were doing fine.

Eventually, the media relations people at Cleveland Clinic heard about the incident, and it became a story that went viral. That was very weird, because I’m usually someone who’s private. All through my residency, people would introduce me with, “Remember that guy who delivered a baby on a plane? That’s him.”

I’m so thankful for everyone who was on that team. It was very beautiful because it was people from different cultures, backgrounds, and faiths who came together to achieve something so miraculous. The patient was Nigerian. The flight attendants were French. The pediatrician and I were American.

That just shows you the power of teamwork and how humanity can come together. Medicine, surgery – everything, in fact – is a team sport.

Sij Hemal, MD, graduated from urology residency at the Cleveland Clinic and is currently a robotic urologic oncology and minimally invasive surgery fellow at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles.

A version of this article originally appeared on Medscape.com.

Proinflammatory elements mediated through metabolic pathways related to obesity and increased cellular senescence in CD57 expression in CD8+ T cells are associated with postacute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC), according to a Mexican study. The researchers followed a Mexican cohort of 102 patients 3 months and 6 months after acute SARS-CoV-2 infection.

The study’s principal investigator was Diana Gómez-Martín, MD, PhD, of the department of immunology and rheumatology at the Salvador Zubirán National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Mexico City. She told this news organization that follow-up of the patients began with the objective of understanding the determinative clinical, genetic, metabolic, and immunological factors in the progression of the acute disease. However, clinical aspects associated with PASC developed in the selected cohort. As a result, the study was extended, and the clinical, metabolic, and immunologic conditions in this single-center Mexican cohort were evaluated 3 months 6 months after the onset of infection.

Dr. Gómez-Martín explained that the immune senescence in CD57 of CD8+ T cells is one of the best-known findings of the present study. If it is confirmed in future studies, it could have important implications. “Its main implication is the possibility of better understanding the physiopathology of the clinical aspects associated with postacute sequelae of COVID-19, potentially being used for early detection and to provide follow-up aimed at patients, in addition to eventually developing targeted therapeutic strategies, such as immunometabolism regulation, in certain populations.”
 

Patients with PASC

The study was conducted from August 2020 to August 2021. Investigators recruited 102 patients (median age, 50.5 years; 55% were women) at the Mexico City Temporary Unit with a confirmed diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2. Of the patients, 44% had mild or moderate COVID-19, 30% had severe cases, and 26% of patients had critical cases. The most frequent comorbidities were obesity (44%), hypertension (24%), and type 2 diabetes (24%). The authors used a questionnaire to assess the presence of symptoms during follow-up. They analyzed immunologic variables at the time of recruitment, as well as levels of cytokines, immunoglobulin G against SARS-CoV-2, and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) at 1, 3, and 6 months. At 6 months’ follow-up, 12.7% of the cohort had symptoms compatible with PASC, which was defined for the study as the presence and report of three or more symptoms at 6 months’ follow-up.

As in similar studies, the authors found that female gender, remaining in intensive care, and having had more symptoms and greater titers of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies during the acute infection were associated with the development of clinical aspects associated with PASC. Patients who had the disease at 6 months had increased serum levels of interleukin-1 alpha (6.21 pg/mL vs. 2.21 pg/mL), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (55.08 pg/mL vs. 14.68 pg/mL), and interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (2,309.40 pg/mL vs. 780 pg/mL). Also, there was a trend toward an increase in serum concentration of interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, and interferon-gamma.

Patients whose condition met the definition of persistent PASC had increased expression of CD57 in CD8+ T cells (42,714 arbitrary units vs. 28,506) 6 months after the acute infection. The authors reported that there was no association between the persistence of PASC and the baseline amount of NETs, TRIM63, and anticellular antibodies. Nor was there an association between PASC and the titers of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies at baseline and 1 month after COVID-19 diagnosis. Nonetheless, patients with persistent PASC had higher titers of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgGs 3 months after the onset of COVID-19.

On the basis of previous data, the researchers aimed to construct a preliminary explanatory model to address the clinical and immunologic features associated with persistent PASC 6 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection. In the univariate analysis, the variables associated with the diagnosis of persistent PASC were the serum levels of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (odds ratio, 1.01), macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (OR, 1.13), interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (OR, 1.00), interleukin-6 (OR, 1.03), the expression of CD57 in CD8+ T cells (OR, 1.00), and the titers of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG at 1 month (OR, 1.45).

Patients with a diagnosis of clinical aspects associated with PASC at 6 months were characterized by certain predisposing factors, such as obesity, greater levels of macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha and interferon gamma-induced protein 10 in peripheral blood, greater expression of the senescence CD57 marker in CD8+ T lymphocytes, and persistent symptoms at 3 months.

Using these parameters to construct a predictive model after 3 months, the authors found a sensitivity of 97.7%, specificity of 53.8%, positive predictive value of 93.5%, and a negative predictive value of 77.7% for the diagnosis of clinical aspects associated with PASC at 6 months.
 

Interpreting CD57

One of the researchers who participated in the study was Luis Martínez-Juárez, MD, MPH, DrPH. He is on the operative solutions team at the Carlos Slim Foundation. Dr. Martínez-Juárez pointed out that one of the contributions of this study was that it specifically examined the Mexican population. He noted that “according to the findings, obesity is not only a comorbidity associated with more severe progressions during acute COVID-19 disease, but also, through inflammation parameters, such as interleukin-6, interferon gamma-induced protein 10, and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha, it’s involved in the development of clinical aspects related to postacute sequelae of COVID-19.”

Dr. Gómez-Martín added that finding proinflammatory and obesity parameters in the patients could potentially support the hypothesis of the persistence of virus fragments in adipose tissue as possibly involved in clinical aspects associated with PASC, as some groups have reported in the medical literature.

Angélica Cuapio, MD, DrMed, an immunologist and senior investigator at the Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, who did not participate in the study, said in an interview that the authors’ findings on the sustained increase of the CD57 marker in CD8+ lymphocytes are of notable interest. They may be associated with senescence states or cellular aging or with a stage of chronic viral infections. Therefore, Dr. Cuapio argued, it would have been valuable to include cellular markers of the innate system, such as natural killer cells, since in various infections, an increase in CD57 in lymphocytes is accompanied by an almost proportional increase of this marker in natural killer cells.

“This information would help to determine more accurately if we are talking about a cellular senescence or more about a chronic infection in persistent COVID-19.” The finding is important, but future research is needed in this developing field.

Dr. Cuapio pointed out that the authors found an interesting elevation in interleukin-1 alpha in patients with clinical aspects associated with PASC in a clinically well-characterized population in Mexico. “It is possible that this is a specific marker either of a specific population or location, or this could be an association with a humoral response. Despite the fact that this finding is new and unclear, it is worth investigating. This study is of great value for the scientific community because it’s one more piece in the complex puzzle of clinical aspects associated with postacute sequelae of COVID-19.”

Dr. Gómez-Martín noted that the main limitations of the study consist of its single-center design and the small patient sample. Dr. Martínez-Juárez added that the study did not consider reinfections. In future studies, it would be ideal to integrate other molecular assessments associated with various hypotheses of the physiopathology of clinical aspects associated with PASC, such as microbiota alteration, coagulation anomalies, endothelial damage, and dysfunctional neurologic signaling.

The study was supported and funded by the Carlos Slim Foundation. Dr. Gómez-Martín, Dr. Martínez-Juárez, and Dr. Cuapio have disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article originally appeared on Medscape.com.

Proinflammatory elements mediated through metabolic pathways related to obesity and increased cellular senescence in CD57 expression in CD8+ T cells are associated with postacute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC), according to a Mexican study. The researchers followed a Mexican cohort of 102 patients 3 months and 6 months after acute SARS-CoV-2 infection.

The study’s principal investigator was Diana Gómez-Martín, MD, PhD, of the department of immunology and rheumatology at the Salvador Zubirán National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Mexico City. She told this news organization that follow-up of the patients began with the objective of understanding the determinative clinical, genetic, metabolic, and immunological factors in the progression of the acute disease. However, clinical aspects associated with PASC developed in the selected cohort. As a result, the study was extended, and the clinical, metabolic, and immunologic conditions in this single-center Mexican cohort were evaluated 3 months 6 months after the onset of infection.

Dr. Gómez-Martín explained that the immune senescence in CD57 of CD8+ T cells is one of the best-known findings of the present study. If it is confirmed in future studies, it could have important implications. “Its main implication is the possibility of better understanding the physiopathology of the clinical aspects associated with postacute sequelae of COVID-19, potentially being used for early detection and to provide follow-up aimed at patients, in addition to eventually developing targeted therapeutic strategies, such as immunometabolism regulation, in certain populations.”
 

Patients with PASC

The study was conducted from August 2020 to August 2021. Investigators recruited 102 patients (median age, 50.5 years; 55% were women) at the Mexico City Temporary Unit with a confirmed diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2. Of the patients, 44% had mild or moderate COVID-19, 30% had severe cases, and 26% of patients had critical cases. The most frequent comorbidities were obesity (44%), hypertension (24%), and type 2 diabetes (24%). The authors used a questionnaire to assess the presence of symptoms during follow-up. They analyzed immunologic variables at the time of recruitment, as well as levels of cytokines, immunoglobulin G against SARS-CoV-2, and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) at 1, 3, and 6 months. At 6 months’ follow-up, 12.7% of the cohort had symptoms compatible with PASC, which was defined for the study as the presence and report of three or more symptoms at 6 months’ follow-up.

As in similar studies, the authors found that female gender, remaining in intensive care, and having had more symptoms and greater titers of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies during the acute infection were associated with the development of clinical aspects associated with PASC. Patients who had the disease at 6 months had increased serum levels of interleukin-1 alpha (6.21 pg/mL vs. 2.21 pg/mL), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (55.08 pg/mL vs. 14.68 pg/mL), and interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (2,309.40 pg/mL vs. 780 pg/mL). Also, there was a trend toward an increase in serum concentration of interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, and interferon-gamma.

Patients whose condition met the definition of persistent PASC had increased expression of CD57 in CD8+ T cells (42,714 arbitrary units vs. 28,506) 6 months after the acute infection. The authors reported that there was no association between the persistence of PASC and the baseline amount of NETs, TRIM63, and anticellular antibodies. Nor was there an association between PASC and the titers of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies at baseline and 1 month after COVID-19 diagnosis. Nonetheless, patients with persistent PASC had higher titers of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgGs 3 months after the onset of COVID-19.

On the basis of previous data, the researchers aimed to construct a preliminary explanatory model to address the clinical and immunologic features associated with persistent PASC 6 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection. In the univariate analysis, the variables associated with the diagnosis of persistent PASC were the serum levels of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (odds ratio, 1.01), macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (OR, 1.13), interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (OR, 1.00), interleukin-6 (OR, 1.03), the expression of CD57 in CD8+ T cells (OR, 1.00), and the titers of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG at 1 month (OR, 1.45).

Patients with a diagnosis of clinical aspects associated with PASC at 6 months were characterized by certain predisposing factors, such as obesity, greater levels of macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha and interferon gamma-induced protein 10 in peripheral blood, greater expression of the senescence CD57 marker in CD8+ T lymphocytes, and persistent symptoms at 3 months.

Using these parameters to construct a predictive model after 3 months, the authors found a sensitivity of 97.7%, specificity of 53.8%, positive predictive value of 93.5%, and a negative predictive value of 77.7% for the diagnosis of clinical aspects associated with PASC at 6 months.
 

Interpreting CD57

One of the researchers who participated in the study was Luis Martínez-Juárez, MD, MPH, DrPH. He is on the operative solutions team at the Carlos Slim Foundation. Dr. Martínez-Juárez pointed out that one of the contributions of this study was that it specifically examined the Mexican population. He noted that “according to the findings, obesity is not only a comorbidity associated with more severe progressions during acute COVID-19 disease, but also, through inflammation parameters, such as interleukin-6, interferon gamma-induced protein 10, and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha, it’s involved in the development of clinical aspects related to postacute sequelae of COVID-19.”

Dr. Gómez-Martín added that finding proinflammatory and obesity parameters in the patients could potentially support the hypothesis of the persistence of virus fragments in adipose tissue as possibly involved in clinical aspects associated with PASC, as some groups have reported in the medical literature.

Angélica Cuapio, MD, DrMed, an immunologist and senior investigator at the Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, who did not participate in the study, said in an interview that the authors’ findings on the sustained increase of the CD57 marker in CD8+ lymphocytes are of notable interest. They may be associated with senescence states or cellular aging or with a stage of chronic viral infections. Therefore, Dr. Cuapio argued, it would have been valuable to include cellular markers of the innate system, such as natural killer cells, since in various infections, an increase in CD57 in lymphocytes is accompanied by an almost proportional increase of this marker in natural killer cells.

“This information would help to determine more accurately if we are talking about a cellular senescence or more about a chronic infection in persistent COVID-19.” The finding is important, but future research is needed in this developing field.

Dr. Cuapio pointed out that the authors found an interesting elevation in interleukin-1 alpha in patients with clinical aspects associated with PASC in a clinically well-characterized population in Mexico. “It is possible that this is a specific marker either of a specific population or location, or this could be an association with a humoral response. Despite the fact that this finding is new and unclear, it is worth investigating. This study is of great value for the scientific community because it’s one more piece in the complex puzzle of clinical aspects associated with postacute sequelae of COVID-19.”

Dr. Gómez-Martín noted that the main limitations of the study consist of its single-center design and the small patient sample. Dr. Martínez-Juárez added that the study did not consider reinfections. In future studies, it would be ideal to integrate other molecular assessments associated with various hypotheses of the physiopathology of clinical aspects associated with PASC, such as microbiota alteration, coagulation anomalies, endothelial damage, and dysfunctional neurologic signaling.

The study was supported and funded by the Carlos Slim Foundation. Dr. Gómez-Martín, Dr. Martínez-Juárez, and Dr. Cuapio have disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article originally appeared on Medscape.com.

Proinflammatory elements mediated through metabolic pathways related to obesity and increased cellular senescence in CD57 expression in CD8+ T cells are associated with postacute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC), according to a Mexican study. The researchers followed a Mexican cohort of 102 patients 3 months and 6 months after acute SARS-CoV-2 infection.

The study’s principal investigator was Diana Gómez-Martín, MD, PhD, of the department of immunology and rheumatology at the Salvador Zubirán National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Mexico City. She told this news organization that follow-up of the patients began with the objective of understanding the determinative clinical, genetic, metabolic, and immunological factors in the progression of the acute disease. However, clinical aspects associated with PASC developed in the selected cohort. As a result, the study was extended, and the clinical, metabolic, and immunologic conditions in this single-center Mexican cohort were evaluated 3 months 6 months after the onset of infection.

Dr. Gómez-Martín explained that the immune senescence in CD57 of CD8+ T cells is one of the best-known findings of the present study. If it is confirmed in future studies, it could have important implications. “Its main implication is the possibility of better understanding the physiopathology of the clinical aspects associated with postacute sequelae of COVID-19, potentially being used for early detection and to provide follow-up aimed at patients, in addition to eventually developing targeted therapeutic strategies, such as immunometabolism regulation, in certain populations.”
 

Patients with PASC

The study was conducted from August 2020 to August 2021. Investigators recruited 102 patients (median age, 50.5 years; 55% were women) at the Mexico City Temporary Unit with a confirmed diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2. Of the patients, 44% had mild or moderate COVID-19, 30% had severe cases, and 26% of patients had critical cases. The most frequent comorbidities were obesity (44%), hypertension (24%), and type 2 diabetes (24%). The authors used a questionnaire to assess the presence of symptoms during follow-up. They analyzed immunologic variables at the time of recruitment, as well as levels of cytokines, immunoglobulin G against SARS-CoV-2, and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) at 1, 3, and 6 months. At 6 months’ follow-up, 12.7% of the cohort had symptoms compatible with PASC, which was defined for the study as the presence and report of three or more symptoms at 6 months’ follow-up.

As in similar studies, the authors found that female gender, remaining in intensive care, and having had more symptoms and greater titers of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies during the acute infection were associated with the development of clinical aspects associated with PASC. Patients who had the disease at 6 months had increased serum levels of interleukin-1 alpha (6.21 pg/mL vs. 2.21 pg/mL), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (55.08 pg/mL vs. 14.68 pg/mL), and interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (2,309.40 pg/mL vs. 780 pg/mL). Also, there was a trend toward an increase in serum concentration of interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, and interferon-gamma.

Patients whose condition met the definition of persistent PASC had increased expression of CD57 in CD8+ T cells (42,714 arbitrary units vs. 28,506) 6 months after the acute infection. The authors reported that there was no association between the persistence of PASC and the baseline amount of NETs, TRIM63, and anticellular antibodies. Nor was there an association between PASC and the titers of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies at baseline and 1 month after COVID-19 diagnosis. Nonetheless, patients with persistent PASC had higher titers of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgGs 3 months after the onset of COVID-19.

On the basis of previous data, the researchers aimed to construct a preliminary explanatory model to address the clinical and immunologic features associated with persistent PASC 6 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection. In the univariate analysis, the variables associated with the diagnosis of persistent PASC were the serum levels of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (odds ratio, 1.01), macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (OR, 1.13), interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (OR, 1.00), interleukin-6 (OR, 1.03), the expression of CD57 in CD8+ T cells (OR, 1.00), and the titers of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG at 1 month (OR, 1.45).

Patients with a diagnosis of clinical aspects associated with PASC at 6 months were characterized by certain predisposing factors, such as obesity, greater levels of macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha and interferon gamma-induced protein 10 in peripheral blood, greater expression of the senescence CD57 marker in CD8+ T lymphocytes, and persistent symptoms at 3 months.

Using these parameters to construct a predictive model after 3 months, the authors found a sensitivity of 97.7%, specificity of 53.8%, positive predictive value of 93.5%, and a negative predictive value of 77.7% for the diagnosis of clinical aspects associated with PASC at 6 months.
 

Interpreting CD57

One of the researchers who participated in the study was Luis Martínez-Juárez, MD, MPH, DrPH. He is on the operative solutions team at the Carlos Slim Foundation. Dr. Martínez-Juárez pointed out that one of the contributions of this study was that it specifically examined the Mexican population. He noted that “according to the findings, obesity is not only a comorbidity associated with more severe progressions during acute COVID-19 disease, but also, through inflammation parameters, such as interleukin-6, interferon gamma-induced protein 10, and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha, it’s involved in the development of clinical aspects related to postacute sequelae of COVID-19.”

Dr. Gómez-Martín added that finding proinflammatory and obesity parameters in the patients could potentially support the hypothesis of the persistence of virus fragments in adipose tissue as possibly involved in clinical aspects associated with PASC, as some groups have reported in the medical literature.

Angélica Cuapio, MD, DrMed, an immunologist and senior investigator at the Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, who did not participate in the study, said in an interview that the authors’ findings on the sustained increase of the CD57 marker in CD8+ lymphocytes are of notable interest. They may be associated with senescence states or cellular aging or with a stage of chronic viral infections. Therefore, Dr. Cuapio argued, it would have been valuable to include cellular markers of the innate system, such as natural killer cells, since in various infections, an increase in CD57 in lymphocytes is accompanied by an almost proportional increase of this marker in natural killer cells.

“This information would help to determine more accurately if we are talking about a cellular senescence or more about a chronic infection in persistent COVID-19.” The finding is important, but future research is needed in this developing field.

Dr. Cuapio pointed out that the authors found an interesting elevation in interleukin-1 alpha in patients with clinical aspects associated with PASC in a clinically well-characterized population in Mexico. “It is possible that this is a specific marker either of a specific population or location, or this could be an association with a humoral response. Despite the fact that this finding is new and unclear, it is worth investigating. This study is of great value for the scientific community because it’s one more piece in the complex puzzle of clinical aspects associated with postacute sequelae of COVID-19.”

Dr. Gómez-Martín noted that the main limitations of the study consist of its single-center design and the small patient sample. Dr. Martínez-Juárez added that the study did not consider reinfections. In future studies, it would be ideal to integrate other molecular assessments associated with various hypotheses of the physiopathology of clinical aspects associated with PASC, such as microbiota alteration, coagulation anomalies, endothelial damage, and dysfunctional neurologic signaling.

The study was supported and funded by the Carlos Slim Foundation. Dr. Gómez-Martín, Dr. Martínez-Juárez, and Dr. Cuapio have disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article originally appeared on Medscape.com.

When it comes to a woman’s risk for a breast cancer recurrence, hormone status appears to matter.

New research shows that patients with ER-negative disease have a higher risk of a second breast cancer within a 5-year window post diagnosis, compared with patients with ER-positive disease.

“Our findings suggest that primary breast cancer ER status could be used to identify women at highest risk of second breast cancer events during the early post-treatment period and should be a consideration for guidelines and decision-making regarding surveillance imaging regimens for breast cancer survivors,” the study authors, led by Kathryn P. Lowry, MD, of Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center in Seattle, concluded.

The study was published online in Cancer.

Breast cancer survivors are at risk for a second breast cancer, making ongoing surveillance essential. Surveillance could be informed by better understanding an individual’s recurrence risk, but whether differences exist for women with ER‐positive vs. ER‐negative cancers remains unclear.

Dr. Lowry and colleagues analyzed women diagnosed with stage I-III breast cancer between 2000 and 2017, drawing from six Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium registries. The team collected information on patients’ ER status as well as second breast cancer events detectable by surveillance imaging. Second breast cancer rates were assessed 1-5 years and 6-10 years after diagnosis. The final study cohort included 23,139 women with ER-positive disease and 4,605 with ER-negative disease.

The researchers found that, at the 5-year mark, the cumulative breast cancer incidence was 7.1% for ER‐negative disease and 3.6% for ER‐positive disease. At the 10-year mark, the cumulative breast cancer incidence was still higher for women with ER-negative disease – 11.8% vs. 7.5% among those with ER-positive disease. 

Patients with ER-negative disease also had higher rates of second breast cancers within the first 5 years of follow-ups – 16.0 per 1,000 person‐years vs. 7.8 per 1,000 person‐years for those with ER‐positive breast cancer – though after 5 years, the rates by ER status were similar among the two groups (12.1 per 1,000 vs. 9.3 per 1,000 person‐years, respectively).

Overall, the findings indicate that the “ER status of the primary invasive cancer was an important prognostic factor for both the magnitude and the timing of second breast cancer events,” the authors concluded.

The team noted several limitations to their study, including that information on the presence of pathogenic variants, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, were not available. Given that these variants tend to be more common among women with ER-negative breast cancers, this could represent a confounder.

Marisa C. Weiss, MD, chief medical officer and founder of Breastcancer.org, who was not involved in the research, highlighted two important details to keep in mind.

“We do know that triple negative breast cancers are associated with a higher risk of having an inherited genetic abnormality like BRCA1, which predicts a higher risk of second malignancies,” said Dr. Weiss, a breast oncologist at Lankenau Medical Center in Wynnewood, Pa. “Also, it should be noted that patients with HR-positive breast cancer have a higher incidence of local recurrence spread out over 10-plus years.”

What might these results mean for practice and following patients over the long term?

According to the researchers, “further study is needed to evaluate whether women with ER‐negative primary cancers may potentially benefit from more intensive surveillance in the early postdiagnosis period.”

Dr. Weiss noted as well that “each person’s situation is unique,” and it is “very important to develop a customized survivorship care plan with close surveillance,” which includes genetic testing.

Dr. Lowry reported grants from the American Cancer Society and personal fees from the Radiological Society of North America outside the submitted work. Several coauthors also reported disclosures. Dr. Weiss reported no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

When it comes to a woman’s risk for a breast cancer recurrence, hormone status appears to matter.

New research shows that patients with ER-negative disease have a higher risk of a second breast cancer within a 5-year window post diagnosis, compared with patients with ER-positive disease.

“Our findings suggest that primary breast cancer ER status could be used to identify women at highest risk of second breast cancer events during the early post-treatment period and should be a consideration for guidelines and decision-making regarding surveillance imaging regimens for breast cancer survivors,” the study authors, led by Kathryn P. Lowry, MD, of Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center in Seattle, concluded.

The study was published online in Cancer.

Breast cancer survivors are at risk for a second breast cancer, making ongoing surveillance essential. Surveillance could be informed by better understanding an individual’s recurrence risk, but whether differences exist for women with ER‐positive vs. ER‐negative cancers remains unclear.

Dr. Lowry and colleagues analyzed women diagnosed with stage I-III breast cancer between 2000 and 2017, drawing from six Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium registries. The team collected information on patients’ ER status as well as second breast cancer events detectable by surveillance imaging. Second breast cancer rates were assessed 1-5 years and 6-10 years after diagnosis. The final study cohort included 23,139 women with ER-positive disease and 4,605 with ER-negative disease.

The researchers found that, at the 5-year mark, the cumulative breast cancer incidence was 7.1% for ER‐negative disease and 3.6% for ER‐positive disease. At the 10-year mark, the cumulative breast cancer incidence was still higher for women with ER-negative disease – 11.8% vs. 7.5% among those with ER-positive disease. 

Patients with ER-negative disease also had higher rates of second breast cancers within the first 5 years of follow-ups – 16.0 per 1,000 person‐years vs. 7.8 per 1,000 person‐years for those with ER‐positive breast cancer – though after 5 years, the rates by ER status were similar among the two groups (12.1 per 1,000 vs. 9.3 per 1,000 person‐years, respectively).

Overall, the findings indicate that the “ER status of the primary invasive cancer was an important prognostic factor for both the magnitude and the timing of second breast cancer events,” the authors concluded.

The team noted several limitations to their study, including that information on the presence of pathogenic variants, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, were not available. Given that these variants tend to be more common among women with ER-negative breast cancers, this could represent a confounder.

Marisa C. Weiss, MD, chief medical officer and founder of Breastcancer.org, who was not involved in the research, highlighted two important details to keep in mind.

“We do know that triple negative breast cancers are associated with a higher risk of having an inherited genetic abnormality like BRCA1, which predicts a higher risk of second malignancies,” said Dr. Weiss, a breast oncologist at Lankenau Medical Center in Wynnewood, Pa. “Also, it should be noted that patients with HR-positive breast cancer have a higher incidence of local recurrence spread out over 10-plus years.”

What might these results mean for practice and following patients over the long term?

According to the researchers, “further study is needed to evaluate whether women with ER‐negative primary cancers may potentially benefit from more intensive surveillance in the early postdiagnosis period.”

Dr. Weiss noted as well that “each person’s situation is unique,” and it is “very important to develop a customized survivorship care plan with close surveillance,” which includes genetic testing.

Dr. Lowry reported grants from the American Cancer Society and personal fees from the Radiological Society of North America outside the submitted work. Several coauthors also reported disclosures. Dr. Weiss reported no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

When it comes to a woman’s risk for a breast cancer recurrence, hormone status appears to matter.

New research shows that patients with ER-negative disease have a higher risk of a second breast cancer within a 5-year window post diagnosis, compared with patients with ER-positive disease.

“Our findings suggest that primary breast cancer ER status could be used to identify women at highest risk of second breast cancer events during the early post-treatment period and should be a consideration for guidelines and decision-making regarding surveillance imaging regimens for breast cancer survivors,” the study authors, led by Kathryn P. Lowry, MD, of Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center in Seattle, concluded.

The study was published online in Cancer.

Breast cancer survivors are at risk for a second breast cancer, making ongoing surveillance essential. Surveillance could be informed by better understanding an individual’s recurrence risk, but whether differences exist for women with ER‐positive vs. ER‐negative cancers remains unclear.

Dr. Lowry and colleagues analyzed women diagnosed with stage I-III breast cancer between 2000 and 2017, drawing from six Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium registries. The team collected information on patients’ ER status as well as second breast cancer events detectable by surveillance imaging. Second breast cancer rates were assessed 1-5 years and 6-10 years after diagnosis. The final study cohort included 23,139 women with ER-positive disease and 4,605 with ER-negative disease.

The researchers found that, at the 5-year mark, the cumulative breast cancer incidence was 7.1% for ER‐negative disease and 3.6% for ER‐positive disease. At the 10-year mark, the cumulative breast cancer incidence was still higher for women with ER-negative disease – 11.8% vs. 7.5% among those with ER-positive disease. 

Patients with ER-negative disease also had higher rates of second breast cancers within the first 5 years of follow-ups – 16.0 per 1,000 person‐years vs. 7.8 per 1,000 person‐years for those with ER‐positive breast cancer – though after 5 years, the rates by ER status were similar among the two groups (12.1 per 1,000 vs. 9.3 per 1,000 person‐years, respectively).

Overall, the findings indicate that the “ER status of the primary invasive cancer was an important prognostic factor for both the magnitude and the timing of second breast cancer events,” the authors concluded.

The team noted several limitations to their study, including that information on the presence of pathogenic variants, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, were not available. Given that these variants tend to be more common among women with ER-negative breast cancers, this could represent a confounder.

Marisa C. Weiss, MD, chief medical officer and founder of Breastcancer.org, who was not involved in the research, highlighted two important details to keep in mind.

“We do know that triple negative breast cancers are associated with a higher risk of having an inherited genetic abnormality like BRCA1, which predicts a higher risk of second malignancies,” said Dr. Weiss, a breast oncologist at Lankenau Medical Center in Wynnewood, Pa. “Also, it should be noted that patients with HR-positive breast cancer have a higher incidence of local recurrence spread out over 10-plus years.”

What might these results mean for practice and following patients over the long term?

According to the researchers, “further study is needed to evaluate whether women with ER‐negative primary cancers may potentially benefit from more intensive surveillance in the early postdiagnosis period.”

Dr. Weiss noted as well that “each person’s situation is unique,” and it is “very important to develop a customized survivorship care plan with close surveillance,” which includes genetic testing.

Dr. Lowry reported grants from the American Cancer Society and personal fees from the Radiological Society of North America outside the submitted work. Several coauthors also reported disclosures. Dr. Weiss reported no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

GnRH antagonists with estrogen/progesterone are promising new uterine-sparing options for treating uterine fibroids. Two experts review data from two recent clinical trials to bring you up to speed on the benefits and risks of this treatment approach.

After reading this short article, you have an opportunity to earn 1.0 CME credits.

Click here to read more

GnRH antagonists with estrogen/progesterone are promising new uterine-sparing options for treating uterine fibroids. Two experts review data from two recent clinical trials to bring you up to speed on the benefits and risks of this treatment approach.

After reading this short article, you have an opportunity to earn 1.0 CME credits.

Click here to read more

GnRH antagonists with estrogen/progesterone are promising new uterine-sparing options for treating uterine fibroids. Two experts review data from two recent clinical trials to bring you up to speed on the benefits and risks of this treatment approach.

After reading this short article, you have an opportunity to earn 1.0 CME credits.

Click here to read more

Three patients were waiting in a queue for their telemedicine visit. Four others were in exam rooms, waiting for their appointments. Another patient was on the phone, requesting a prescription renewal.

On a sunny Wednesday afternoon in February, David Ahdoot, MD, FACOG, an ob.gyn. in Burbank, Calif., about 10 miles north of downtown Los Angeles, knows he’ll be working late.

“Normally, we would be closed on Wednesday afternoon,” he said. That time would ordinarily be used to schedule surgeries, make dictation, and perform other tasks. But those were the old days, before the COVID-19 pandemic, before the ob.gyn. shortage got even worse, and before many of the other obstacles that make his practice more burdensome worsened.

Those Wednesday afternoon tasks must be done another time. “There are too many patients to see in the office,” said Dr. Ahdoot, who’s also an assistant clinical professor at UCLA. Because of the shortage of primary care physicians, he has taken on new patients, although he said he would like to focus on his existing ones.

Many of those existing patients have been coming to Dr. Ahdoot for years. “I love my job,” he said, and it shows.

His patient reviews online include the usual grumblings about waiting time and being rushed, but many, especially those from new parents, praise him as caring, compassionate, exceptional – the kind of doctor women trust to deliver their first baby and their next ones, then guide them through menopause and other issues.

The shortage of ob.gyns. in California, as elsewhere, is real, as Dr. Ahdoot’s day-to-day attests. The implications are in evidence well beyond his higher patient loads. Lately, Dr. Ahdoot said, the calls from headhunters seeking to fill positions for locum tenens have increased from twice a month to three times a day. Despite his love for his practice, he admits he thinks about stepping away. He is 56, 8 years short of the average retirement age for ob.gyns. nationally, according to a 2018 report.
 

Projected shortages

The shortage of primary care doctors, including ob.gyns., is nationwide. Dr. Ahdoot is one of many faces behind the statistics. According to a 2021 update from the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, the number of ob.gyns. nationwide is expected to decrease 7% between 2018 and 2030, from 50,850 to 47,490. Meanwhile, demand is headed in the other direction – it is projected to rise 4%, from 50,850 to 52,660 ob.gyns. needed. The need for nurse-midwives, nurse-practitioners, and physician assistants who provide women’s health care is also expected to exceed the supply in coming years.

Some areas are harder hit. The Northeast is expected to have enough maternal health care providers to meet the current average level of care nationally but the West, Midwest, and South will not, according to HHS.

California will likely need an additional 4,700 primary care clinicians by 2025, according to projections by the HealthForce Center at the University of California, San Francisco.
 

Solutions in sight?

Efforts are increasing to make it easier or more appealing for ob.gyns. to practice, or remain in practice, in California. Some existing programs have received funding, while new initiatives to improve the situation are launching.

Some of these efforts and programs will be viewed as a model by some other states, said Janet Coffman, PhD, associate professor at UC San Francisco and a health policy expert who is familiar with new programs and established ones.

“I would say that California offers an example of a multifaceted approach to addressing the shortage of reproductive health providers in general and abortion providers in particular.”

The state has not sat idly in the face of dire predictions of shortfalls in the number of ob.gyns. Over the past decade, Dr. Coffman said, the legislature has “substantially” boosted funding for grants to support ob.gyn. residency programs through CalMedForce and the Song-Brown Healthcare Workforce Training Program. The result: an 18% increase in the number of residents entering the field over the past decade.

“These programs have also substantially increased funding for family medicine residency programs, which are important because family physicians are trained to provide preventive reproductive health services and manage low-risk deliveries,” she added. “Funding for midwifery, nurse midwifery, and nurse practitioner education has been more modest, which I find disappointing because they are qualified to provide many reproductive health services and are more likely to care for underserved populations.”

Other new programs and legislation are focused on expanding the scope of practice for nonphysician health care providers who care for women. Many of these measures are meant to ensure continued access to abortion services not just for California residents, who are guaranteed that right in the state constitution, but for the influx of women expected from states that limited or prohibited abortion after the overturn of Roe v. Wade.

Gavin Newsom, the state’s Democratic governor, has promoted California as a safe haven for women seeking abortions. In September, Gov. Newsom’s reelection campaign rented billboards in six states that have restrictive abortion laws with messages directing women to a website informing them “abortion is legal and protected in California.” The website includes a search function for women looking for providers – representing a further potential strain on the already stressed pool of clinicians. Each year, an estimated 8,000 to 16,100 more people are expected to travel to California for abortions, according to projections made in 2022 by the UCLA Center on Reproductive Health, Law, and Policy.

The questions are, will the efforts be enough to stall or reverse the shortage, and will the efforts to expand other health care providers’ scope of practice be met with cooperation or resistance by MDs?
 

Just launched: California reproductive health service corps

Brand new, as of January 2023, is the California Reproductive Health Service Corps, created by a bill Gov. Newsom signed into law last September. The program operates within the Department of Health Care Access and Information. Rajeena Victoria Bisla, a spokesperson for assemblywoman Cottie Petrie-Norris (D-Irvine), who authored the bill, said: “The Corps will be responsible for recruiting, training, and retaining a diverse workforce of health care professionals who will be part of reproductive health care teams assigned to work in underserved areas.”

The teams will include MDs as well as licensed midwives, nurses, physician’s assistants, doulas, and medical assistants. They will provide abortion care, contraception, perinatal care, gynecology services, and gender-affirming care, among other needs, Ms. Bisla said.

The California Medical Association’s philanthropic arm, Physicians for a Healthy California (PHC), has two programs that aim to grow and diversify the physician workforce and invest in the state’s underserved areas, according to Lupe Alonzo-Diaz, CEO and president of PHC.

CalMedForce gives annual grants to fund new residency positions at graduate medical education (GME) programs throughout the state. The goal, Ms. Alonzo-Diaz said, is to expand the physician training pool. Funds were generated by Proposition 56, which was passed in 2016. The legislation generates tax on tobacco products. To date, GME programs have received more than $112 million to retain and expand primary care GME programs.

A second program, CalHealthCares, also funded by Proposition 56, offers a loan repayment program of up to $300,000 for physicians who meet certain criteria. “We are incentivizing young physicians and dentists to practice in Medi-Cal communities,” Ms. Alonzo-Diaz said, referring to the state’s Medicaid program. Clinicians must have graduated within the past 5 years (since Jan. 1, 2018) or will be graduating from a residency or fellowship program no later than June 30, 2023. Dentists applying for the practice support grant must have graduated from dental school or residency program within the past 15 years (since Jan. 1, 2008).

In exchange for the loan repayment, the health care providers are asked to commit to 5 years of service in the underserved community. So far, about 800 providers are part of the program, she said. According to Ms. Alonzo-Diaz, the average educational debt for health care providers in California is $315,000 to $350,000. That is as much as $100,000 above the national average.

What else is needed? Shannan Velayas, a spokesperson for the California Medical Association, said the state should invest in the Medi-Cal system to improve “meaningful access” to health care services and to expand loan repayment and residency programs like CalHealthCares and CalMedForce.

“Workforce shortages are not a reason to sacrifice quality of care or compromise patient safety but do warrant additional investment to increase access to medical providers working within their scope of practice,” Ms. Velayas said.
 

Widening scopes

Efforts are also underway to expand the scope of practice for nurse-practitioners, certified nurse-midwives, and physician assistants. Triggering these efforts has been the fallout and expected consequences of the overturning of Roe v. Wade, removing the federal right to abortion care.

Effective January 2023, trained and qualified nurse-practitioners and certified nurse-midwives in California can perform first-trimester abortions without a doctor’s supervision. Toni Atkins (D-San Diego), now president pro tempore of the California State Senate, authored the bill, SB1375. The measure builds on a 2013 law she spearheaded that allowed certain advanced-practice providers to perform first-trimester abortions with physician supervision.

On Feb. 13, Ms. Atkins introduced SB385, which gives physician assistants the same ability to become qualified in abortion care.

Ms. Atkins expressed confidence that teamwork would prevail in the efforts to have enough providers in the state. “One of the biggest lessons I learned working at a women’s health clinic [prior to her assuming her legislative positions] is that providers put their patients above all else, whether they are doctors, registered nurses, nurse practitioners, certified nurse-midwives, or physician assistants,” she said. “Everyone is on the same team when it comes to breaking down barriers and ensuring all Californians get the care they need without delay.”

Will other states follow suit? “This is pure speculation, but I believe states in which the political leadership supports abortion rights may see the California Reproductive Service Corps and the changes to scope-of-practice laws that allow specially trained CNMs, NPs, and PAs to provide abortions as a model for preserving access to abortion in their states,” Dr. Coffman said.

However, she said, “other states are less likely to view CalMedForce and CalHealthCares as models, because other states have had similar programs for many years, and some have historically invested larger shares of state budget resources into these programs, especially some rural states.”
 

Reports from the trenches

Laurie Love, DNP, RN, is a family nurse practitioner in Valencia and a clinical instructor and lecturer at the UCLA School of Nursing. When a patient becomes pregnant, she refers her to one of four local ob.gyns.

The working relationships she has with them, she said, “are extremely collaborative. There is no animosity or lack of respect because I don’t have an MD behind my name.”

One of those doctors is Dr. Ahdoot, who said he welcomes the expansion of scope of practice for non-MD health care providers. Some of his colleagues, he said, have tried to fight it, but many have come to the point of welcoming the help. “The consensus is you can’t practice without a nurse practitioner anymore,” Dr. Ahdoot told this news organization.

Expanding the scope of practice for other clinicians helps everyone, including patients, he said. He thinks about how the shortage affects them. “For patients, there is frustration,” he said. He said he often hears women saying they can’t schedule a pap smear for 3 months, or they can’t get a return call from their doctor.

Nalo Hamilton, PhD, an ob.gyn. nurse practitioner and associate professor at UCLA, said the physicians she interacts with support the expanded scope of practice. “Many are confused about details, about what it means and how it will impact them,” she said. “Those who understand it, yes, they agree with it. Doctors will simply have more health care providers who are able to do independent practice.” And she makes another point clear: “We won’t replace ob.gyns.”

None of the persons quoted in this story have disclosed any relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Three patients were waiting in a queue for their telemedicine visit. Four others were in exam rooms, waiting for their appointments. Another patient was on the phone, requesting a prescription renewal.

On a sunny Wednesday afternoon in February, David Ahdoot, MD, FACOG, an ob.gyn. in Burbank, Calif., about 10 miles north of downtown Los Angeles, knows he’ll be working late.

“Normally, we would be closed on Wednesday afternoon,” he said. That time would ordinarily be used to schedule surgeries, make dictation, and perform other tasks. But those were the old days, before the COVID-19 pandemic, before the ob.gyn. shortage got even worse, and before many of the other obstacles that make his practice more burdensome worsened.

Those Wednesday afternoon tasks must be done another time. “There are too many patients to see in the office,” said Dr. Ahdoot, who’s also an assistant clinical professor at UCLA. Because of the shortage of primary care physicians, he has taken on new patients, although he said he would like to focus on his existing ones.

Many of those existing patients have been coming to Dr. Ahdoot for years. “I love my job,” he said, and it shows.

His patient reviews online include the usual grumblings about waiting time and being rushed, but many, especially those from new parents, praise him as caring, compassionate, exceptional – the kind of doctor women trust to deliver their first baby and their next ones, then guide them through menopause and other issues.

The shortage of ob.gyns. in California, as elsewhere, is real, as Dr. Ahdoot’s day-to-day attests. The implications are in evidence well beyond his higher patient loads. Lately, Dr. Ahdoot said, the calls from headhunters seeking to fill positions for locum tenens have increased from twice a month to three times a day. Despite his love for his practice, he admits he thinks about stepping away. He is 56, 8 years short of the average retirement age for ob.gyns. nationally, according to a 2018 report.
 

Projected shortages

The shortage of primary care doctors, including ob.gyns., is nationwide. Dr. Ahdoot is one of many faces behind the statistics. According to a 2021 update from the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, the number of ob.gyns. nationwide is expected to decrease 7% between 2018 and 2030, from 50,850 to 47,490. Meanwhile, demand is headed in the other direction – it is projected to rise 4%, from 50,850 to 52,660 ob.gyns. needed. The need for nurse-midwives, nurse-practitioners, and physician assistants who provide women’s health care is also expected to exceed the supply in coming years.

Some areas are harder hit. The Northeast is expected to have enough maternal health care providers to meet the current average level of care nationally but the West, Midwest, and South will not, according to HHS.

California will likely need an additional 4,700 primary care clinicians by 2025, according to projections by the HealthForce Center at the University of California, San Francisco.
 

Solutions in sight?

Efforts are increasing to make it easier or more appealing for ob.gyns. to practice, or remain in practice, in California. Some existing programs have received funding, while new initiatives to improve the situation are launching.

Some of these efforts and programs will be viewed as a model by some other states, said Janet Coffman, PhD, associate professor at UC San Francisco and a health policy expert who is familiar with new programs and established ones.

“I would say that California offers an example of a multifaceted approach to addressing the shortage of reproductive health providers in general and abortion providers in particular.”

The state has not sat idly in the face of dire predictions of shortfalls in the number of ob.gyns. Over the past decade, Dr. Coffman said, the legislature has “substantially” boosted funding for grants to support ob.gyn. residency programs through CalMedForce and the Song-Brown Healthcare Workforce Training Program. The result: an 18% increase in the number of residents entering the field over the past decade.

“These programs have also substantially increased funding for family medicine residency programs, which are important because family physicians are trained to provide preventive reproductive health services and manage low-risk deliveries,” she added. “Funding for midwifery, nurse midwifery, and nurse practitioner education has been more modest, which I find disappointing because they are qualified to provide many reproductive health services and are more likely to care for underserved populations.”

Other new programs and legislation are focused on expanding the scope of practice for nonphysician health care providers who care for women. Many of these measures are meant to ensure continued access to abortion services not just for California residents, who are guaranteed that right in the state constitution, but for the influx of women expected from states that limited or prohibited abortion after the overturn of Roe v. Wade.

Gavin Newsom, the state’s Democratic governor, has promoted California as a safe haven for women seeking abortions. In September, Gov. Newsom’s reelection campaign rented billboards in six states that have restrictive abortion laws with messages directing women to a website informing them “abortion is legal and protected in California.” The website includes a search function for women looking for providers – representing a further potential strain on the already stressed pool of clinicians. Each year, an estimated 8,000 to 16,100 more people are expected to travel to California for abortions, according to projections made in 2022 by the UCLA Center on Reproductive Health, Law, and Policy.

The questions are, will the efforts be enough to stall or reverse the shortage, and will the efforts to expand other health care providers’ scope of practice be met with cooperation or resistance by MDs?
 

Just launched: California reproductive health service corps

Brand new, as of January 2023, is the California Reproductive Health Service Corps, created by a bill Gov. Newsom signed into law last September. The program operates within the Department of Health Care Access and Information. Rajeena Victoria Bisla, a spokesperson for assemblywoman Cottie Petrie-Norris (D-Irvine), who authored the bill, said: “The Corps will be responsible for recruiting, training, and retaining a diverse workforce of health care professionals who will be part of reproductive health care teams assigned to work in underserved areas.”

The teams will include MDs as well as licensed midwives, nurses, physician’s assistants, doulas, and medical assistants. They will provide abortion care, contraception, perinatal care, gynecology services, and gender-affirming care, among other needs, Ms. Bisla said.

The California Medical Association’s philanthropic arm, Physicians for a Healthy California (PHC), has two programs that aim to grow and diversify the physician workforce and invest in the state’s underserved areas, according to Lupe Alonzo-Diaz, CEO and president of PHC.

CalMedForce gives annual grants to fund new residency positions at graduate medical education (GME) programs throughout the state. The goal, Ms. Alonzo-Diaz said, is to expand the physician training pool. Funds were generated by Proposition 56, which was passed in 2016. The legislation generates tax on tobacco products. To date, GME programs have received more than $112 million to retain and expand primary care GME programs.

A second program, CalHealthCares, also funded by Proposition 56, offers a loan repayment program of up to $300,000 for physicians who meet certain criteria. “We are incentivizing young physicians and dentists to practice in Medi-Cal communities,” Ms. Alonzo-Diaz said, referring to the state’s Medicaid program. Clinicians must have graduated within the past 5 years (since Jan. 1, 2018) or will be graduating from a residency or fellowship program no later than June 30, 2023. Dentists applying for the practice support grant must have graduated from dental school or residency program within the past 15 years (since Jan. 1, 2008).

In exchange for the loan repayment, the health care providers are asked to commit to 5 years of service in the underserved community. So far, about 800 providers are part of the program, she said. According to Ms. Alonzo-Diaz, the average educational debt for health care providers in California is $315,000 to $350,000. That is as much as $100,000 above the national average.

What else is needed? Shannan Velayas, a spokesperson for the California Medical Association, said the state should invest in the Medi-Cal system to improve “meaningful access” to health care services and to expand loan repayment and residency programs like CalHealthCares and CalMedForce.

“Workforce shortages are not a reason to sacrifice quality of care or compromise patient safety but do warrant additional investment to increase access to medical providers working within their scope of practice,” Ms. Velayas said.
 

Widening scopes

Efforts are also underway to expand the scope of practice for nurse-practitioners, certified nurse-midwives, and physician assistants. Triggering these efforts has been the fallout and expected consequences of the overturning of Roe v. Wade, removing the federal right to abortion care.

Effective January 2023, trained and qualified nurse-practitioners and certified nurse-midwives in California can perform first-trimester abortions without a doctor’s supervision. Toni Atkins (D-San Diego), now president pro tempore of the California State Senate, authored the bill, SB1375. The measure builds on a 2013 law she spearheaded that allowed certain advanced-practice providers to perform first-trimester abortions with physician supervision.

On Feb. 13, Ms. Atkins introduced SB385, which gives physician assistants the same ability to become qualified in abortion care.

Ms. Atkins expressed confidence that teamwork would prevail in the efforts to have enough providers in the state. “One of the biggest lessons I learned working at a women’s health clinic [prior to her assuming her legislative positions] is that providers put their patients above all else, whether they are doctors, registered nurses, nurse practitioners, certified nurse-midwives, or physician assistants,” she said. “Everyone is on the same team when it comes to breaking down barriers and ensuring all Californians get the care they need without delay.”

Will other states follow suit? “This is pure speculation, but I believe states in which the political leadership supports abortion rights may see the California Reproductive Service Corps and the changes to scope-of-practice laws that allow specially trained CNMs, NPs, and PAs to provide abortions as a model for preserving access to abortion in their states,” Dr. Coffman said.

However, she said, “other states are less likely to view CalMedForce and CalHealthCares as models, because other states have had similar programs for many years, and some have historically invested larger shares of state budget resources into these programs, especially some rural states.”
 

Reports from the trenches

Laurie Love, DNP, RN, is a family nurse practitioner in Valencia and a clinical instructor and lecturer at the UCLA School of Nursing. When a patient becomes pregnant, she refers her to one of four local ob.gyns.

The working relationships she has with them, she said, “are extremely collaborative. There is no animosity or lack of respect because I don’t have an MD behind my name.”

One of those doctors is Dr. Ahdoot, who said he welcomes the expansion of scope of practice for non-MD health care providers. Some of his colleagues, he said, have tried to fight it, but many have come to the point of welcoming the help. “The consensus is you can’t practice without a nurse practitioner anymore,” Dr. Ahdoot told this news organization.

Expanding the scope of practice for other clinicians helps everyone, including patients, he said. He thinks about how the shortage affects them. “For patients, there is frustration,” he said. He said he often hears women saying they can’t schedule a pap smear for 3 months, or they can’t get a return call from their doctor.

Nalo Hamilton, PhD, an ob.gyn. nurse practitioner and associate professor at UCLA, said the physicians she interacts with support the expanded scope of practice. “Many are confused about details, about what it means and how it will impact them,” she said. “Those who understand it, yes, they agree with it. Doctors will simply have more health care providers who are able to do independent practice.” And she makes another point clear: “We won’t replace ob.gyns.”

None of the persons quoted in this story have disclosed any relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Three patients were waiting in a queue for their telemedicine visit. Four others were in exam rooms, waiting for their appointments. Another patient was on the phone, requesting a prescription renewal.

On a sunny Wednesday afternoon in February, David Ahdoot, MD, FACOG, an ob.gyn. in Burbank, Calif., about 10 miles north of downtown Los Angeles, knows he’ll be working late.

“Normally, we would be closed on Wednesday afternoon,” he said. That time would ordinarily be used to schedule surgeries, make dictation, and perform other tasks. But those were the old days, before the COVID-19 pandemic, before the ob.gyn. shortage got even worse, and before many of the other obstacles that make his practice more burdensome worsened.

Those Wednesday afternoon tasks must be done another time. “There are too many patients to see in the office,” said Dr. Ahdoot, who’s also an assistant clinical professor at UCLA. Because of the shortage of primary care physicians, he has taken on new patients, although he said he would like to focus on his existing ones.

Many of those existing patients have been coming to Dr. Ahdoot for years. “I love my job,” he said, and it shows.

His patient reviews online include the usual grumblings about waiting time and being rushed, but many, especially those from new parents, praise him as caring, compassionate, exceptional – the kind of doctor women trust to deliver their first baby and their next ones, then guide them through menopause and other issues.

The shortage of ob.gyns. in California, as elsewhere, is real, as Dr. Ahdoot’s day-to-day attests. The implications are in evidence well beyond his higher patient loads. Lately, Dr. Ahdoot said, the calls from headhunters seeking to fill positions for locum tenens have increased from twice a month to three times a day. Despite his love for his practice, he admits he thinks about stepping away. He is 56, 8 years short of the average retirement age for ob.gyns. nationally, according to a 2018 report.
 

Projected shortages

The shortage of primary care doctors, including ob.gyns., is nationwide. Dr. Ahdoot is one of many faces behind the statistics. According to a 2021 update from the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, the number of ob.gyns. nationwide is expected to decrease 7% between 2018 and 2030, from 50,850 to 47,490. Meanwhile, demand is headed in the other direction – it is projected to rise 4%, from 50,850 to 52,660 ob.gyns. needed. The need for nurse-midwives, nurse-practitioners, and physician assistants who provide women’s health care is also expected to exceed the supply in coming years.

Some areas are harder hit. The Northeast is expected to have enough maternal health care providers to meet the current average level of care nationally but the West, Midwest, and South will not, according to HHS.

California will likely need an additional 4,700 primary care clinicians by 2025, according to projections by the HealthForce Center at the University of California, San Francisco.
 

Solutions in sight?

Efforts are increasing to make it easier or more appealing for ob.gyns. to practice, or remain in practice, in California. Some existing programs have received funding, while new initiatives to improve the situation are launching.

Some of these efforts and programs will be viewed as a model by some other states, said Janet Coffman, PhD, associate professor at UC San Francisco and a health policy expert who is familiar with new programs and established ones.

“I would say that California offers an example of a multifaceted approach to addressing the shortage of reproductive health providers in general and abortion providers in particular.”

The state has not sat idly in the face of dire predictions of shortfalls in the number of ob.gyns. Over the past decade, Dr. Coffman said, the legislature has “substantially” boosted funding for grants to support ob.gyn. residency programs through CalMedForce and the Song-Brown Healthcare Workforce Training Program. The result: an 18% increase in the number of residents entering the field over the past decade.

“These programs have also substantially increased funding for family medicine residency programs, which are important because family physicians are trained to provide preventive reproductive health services and manage low-risk deliveries,” she added. “Funding for midwifery, nurse midwifery, and nurse practitioner education has been more modest, which I find disappointing because they are qualified to provide many reproductive health services and are more likely to care for underserved populations.”

Other new programs and legislation are focused on expanding the scope of practice for nonphysician health care providers who care for women. Many of these measures are meant to ensure continued access to abortion services not just for California residents, who are guaranteed that right in the state constitution, but for the influx of women expected from states that limited or prohibited abortion after the overturn of Roe v. Wade.

Gavin Newsom, the state’s Democratic governor, has promoted California as a safe haven for women seeking abortions. In September, Gov. Newsom’s reelection campaign rented billboards in six states that have restrictive abortion laws with messages directing women to a website informing them “abortion is legal and protected in California.” The website includes a search function for women looking for providers – representing a further potential strain on the already stressed pool of clinicians. Each year, an estimated 8,000 to 16,100 more people are expected to travel to California for abortions, according to projections made in 2022 by the UCLA Center on Reproductive Health, Law, and Policy.

The questions are, will the efforts be enough to stall or reverse the shortage, and will the efforts to expand other health care providers’ scope of practice be met with cooperation or resistance by MDs?
 

Just launched: California reproductive health service corps

Brand new, as of January 2023, is the California Reproductive Health Service Corps, created by a bill Gov. Newsom signed into law last September. The program operates within the Department of Health Care Access and Information. Rajeena Victoria Bisla, a spokesperson for assemblywoman Cottie Petrie-Norris (D-Irvine), who authored the bill, said: “The Corps will be responsible for recruiting, training, and retaining a diverse workforce of health care professionals who will be part of reproductive health care teams assigned to work in underserved areas.”

The teams will include MDs as well as licensed midwives, nurses, physician’s assistants, doulas, and medical assistants. They will provide abortion care, contraception, perinatal care, gynecology services, and gender-affirming care, among other needs, Ms. Bisla said.

The California Medical Association’s philanthropic arm, Physicians for a Healthy California (PHC), has two programs that aim to grow and diversify the physician workforce and invest in the state’s underserved areas, according to Lupe Alonzo-Diaz, CEO and president of PHC.

CalMedForce gives annual grants to fund new residency positions at graduate medical education (GME) programs throughout the state. The goal, Ms. Alonzo-Diaz said, is to expand the physician training pool. Funds were generated by Proposition 56, which was passed in 2016. The legislation generates tax on tobacco products. To date, GME programs have received more than $112 million to retain and expand primary care GME programs.

A second program, CalHealthCares, also funded by Proposition 56, offers a loan repayment program of up to $300,000 for physicians who meet certain criteria. “We are incentivizing young physicians and dentists to practice in Medi-Cal communities,” Ms. Alonzo-Diaz said, referring to the state’s Medicaid program. Clinicians must have graduated within the past 5 years (since Jan. 1, 2018) or will be graduating from a residency or fellowship program no later than June 30, 2023. Dentists applying for the practice support grant must have graduated from dental school or residency program within the past 15 years (since Jan. 1, 2008).

In exchange for the loan repayment, the health care providers are asked to commit to 5 years of service in the underserved community. So far, about 800 providers are part of the program, she said. According to Ms. Alonzo-Diaz, the average educational debt for health care providers in California is $315,000 to $350,000. That is as much as $100,000 above the national average.

What else is needed? Shannan Velayas, a spokesperson for the California Medical Association, said the state should invest in the Medi-Cal system to improve “meaningful access” to health care services and to expand loan repayment and residency programs like CalHealthCares and CalMedForce.

“Workforce shortages are not a reason to sacrifice quality of care or compromise patient safety but do warrant additional investment to increase access to medical providers working within their scope of practice,” Ms. Velayas said.
 

Widening scopes

Efforts are also underway to expand the scope of practice for nurse-practitioners, certified nurse-midwives, and physician assistants. Triggering these efforts has been the fallout and expected consequences of the overturning of Roe v. Wade, removing the federal right to abortion care.

Effective January 2023, trained and qualified nurse-practitioners and certified nurse-midwives in California can perform first-trimester abortions without a doctor’s supervision. Toni Atkins (D-San Diego), now president pro tempore of the California State Senate, authored the bill, SB1375. The measure builds on a 2013 law she spearheaded that allowed certain advanced-practice providers to perform first-trimester abortions with physician supervision.

On Feb. 13, Ms. Atkins introduced SB385, which gives physician assistants the same ability to become qualified in abortion care.

Ms. Atkins expressed confidence that teamwork would prevail in the efforts to have enough providers in the state. “One of the biggest lessons I learned working at a women’s health clinic [prior to her assuming her legislative positions] is that providers put their patients above all else, whether they are doctors, registered nurses, nurse practitioners, certified nurse-midwives, or physician assistants,” she said. “Everyone is on the same team when it comes to breaking down barriers and ensuring all Californians get the care they need without delay.”

Will other states follow suit? “This is pure speculation, but I believe states in which the political leadership supports abortion rights may see the California Reproductive Service Corps and the changes to scope-of-practice laws that allow specially trained CNMs, NPs, and PAs to provide abortions as a model for preserving access to abortion in their states,” Dr. Coffman said.

However, she said, “other states are less likely to view CalMedForce and CalHealthCares as models, because other states have had similar programs for many years, and some have historically invested larger shares of state budget resources into these programs, especially some rural states.”
 

Reports from the trenches

Laurie Love, DNP, RN, is a family nurse practitioner in Valencia and a clinical instructor and lecturer at the UCLA School of Nursing. When a patient becomes pregnant, she refers her to one of four local ob.gyns.

The working relationships she has with them, she said, “are extremely collaborative. There is no animosity or lack of respect because I don’t have an MD behind my name.”

One of those doctors is Dr. Ahdoot, who said he welcomes the expansion of scope of practice for non-MD health care providers. Some of his colleagues, he said, have tried to fight it, but many have come to the point of welcoming the help. “The consensus is you can’t practice without a nurse practitioner anymore,” Dr. Ahdoot told this news organization.

Expanding the scope of practice for other clinicians helps everyone, including patients, he said. He thinks about how the shortage affects them. “For patients, there is frustration,” he said. He said he often hears women saying they can’t schedule a pap smear for 3 months, or they can’t get a return call from their doctor.

Nalo Hamilton, PhD, an ob.gyn. nurse practitioner and associate professor at UCLA, said the physicians she interacts with support the expanded scope of practice. “Many are confused about details, about what it means and how it will impact them,” she said. “Those who understand it, yes, they agree with it. Doctors will simply have more health care providers who are able to do independent practice.” And she makes another point clear: “We won’t replace ob.gyns.”

None of the persons quoted in this story have disclosed any relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Introduction: The preoperative evaluation for endometriosis – more than meets the eye

It is well known that it often takes 6-10 years for endometriosis to be diagnosed in patients who have the disease, depending on where the patient lives. I certainly am not surprised. During my residency at Parkland Memorial Hospital, if a patient had chronic pelvic pain and no fibroids, her diagnosis was usually pelvic inflammatory disease. Later, during my fellowship in reproductive endocrinology at the University of Pennsylvania, the diagnosis became endometriosis.

As I gained more interest and expertise in the treatment of endometriosis, I became aware of several articles concluding that if a woman sought treatment for chronic pelvic pain with an internist, the diagnosis would be irritable bowel syndrome (IBS); with a urologist, it would be interstitial cystitis; and with a gynecologist, endometriosis. Moreover, there is an increased propensity for IBS and IC in patients with endometriosis. There also is an increased risk of small intestine bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), as noted by our guest author for this latest installment of the Master Class in Gynecologic Surgery, Iris Orbuch, MD.

Like our guest author, I have also noted increased risk of pelvic floor myalgia. Dr. Orbuch clearly outlines why this occurs. In fact, we can now understand why many patients have multiple pelvic pain–inducing issues compounding their pain secondary to endometriosis and leading to remodeling of the central nervous system. Therefore, it certainly makes sense to follow Dr. Orbuch’s recommendation for a multidisciplinary pre- and postsurgical approach “to downregulate the pain generators.”

Dr. Orbuch is a minimally invasive gynecologic surgeon in Los Angeles who specializes in the treatment of patients diagnosed with endometriosis. Dr. Orbuch serves on the Board of Directors of the Foundation of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists and has served as the chair of the AAGL’s Special Interest Group on Endometriosis and Reproductive Surgery. She is the coauthor of the book “Beating Endo – How to Reclaim Your Life From Endometriosis” (New York: HarperCollins; 2019). The book is written for patients but addresses many issues discussed in this installment of the Master Class in Gynecologic Surgery.

Dr. Miller, MD, FACOG, is professor of obstetrics and gynecology, department of clinical sciences, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago. He has no conflicts of interest to report.

For optimal surgical outcomes, and to help our patients recover from years of this inflammatory, systemic disease, we must treat our patients holistically and work to downregulate their pain as much as possible before excision surgery. I work with patients a few months prior to surgery, often for 4-5 months, during which time they not only see me for informative follow-ups, but also pelvic floor physical therapists, gastroenterologists, mental health professionals, integrative nutritionists, and physiatrists or pain specialists, depending on their needs.¹

By identifying coexisting conditions in an initial consult and employing a presurgical multidisciplinary approach to downregulate the pain generators, my patients recover well from excision surgery, with greater and faster relief from pain, compared with those using standard approaches, and with little to no use of opioids.

At a minimum, given the unfortunate time constraints and productivity demands of working within health systems – and considering that surgeries are often scheduled a couple of months out – the surgeon could ensure that patients are engaged in at least 6-8 weeks of pelvic floor physical therapy before surgery to sufficiently lengthen the pelvic muscles and loosen surrounding fascia.

Short, tight pelvic floor muscles are almost universal in patients with delayed diagnosis of endometriosis and are significant generators of pain.
 

Appreciating sequelae of diagnostic delay

After my fellowship in advanced laparoscopic and pelvic surgery with Harry Reich, MD, and C. Y. Liu, MD, pioneers of endometriosis excision surgery, and as I did my residency in the early 2000s, I noticed puzzlement in the literature about why some patients still had lasting pain after thorough excision.

I didn’t doubt the efficacy of excision. It is the cornerstone of treatment, and at least one randomized double-blind trial² and a systematic review and meta-analysis³ have demonstrated its superior efficacy over ablation in symptom reduction. What I did doubt was any presumption that surgery alone was enough. I knew there was more to healing when a disease process wreaks havoc on the body for more than a decade and that there were other generators of pain in addition to the endometriosis implants themselves.

As I began to focus on endometriosis in my own surgical practice, I strove to detect and treat endometriosis in teens. But in those patients with longstanding disease, I recognized patterns and began to more fully appreciate the systemic sequelae of endometriosis.

To cope with dysmenorrhea, patients curl up and assume a fetal position, tensing the abdominal muscles, inner thigh muscles, and pelvic floor muscles. Over time, these muscles come to maintain a short, tight, and painful state. (Hence the need for physical therapy to undo this decade-long pattern.)

Endometriosis implants on or near the gastrointestinal tract tug on fascia and muscles and commonly cause constipation, leading women to further overwork the pelvic floor muscles. In the case of diarrhea-predominant dysfunction, our patients squeeze pelvic floor muscles to prevent leakage. And in the case of urinary urgency, they squeeze muscles to release urine that isn’t really there.

As the chronic inflammation of the disease grows, and as pain worsens, the patient is increasingly in sympathetic overdrive (also known as ”fight or flight”), as opposed to a parasympathetic state (also known as “rest and digest”). The bowel’s motility slows, allowing the bacteria of the small intestine to grow beyond what is normal, leading to SIBO, a condition increasingly recognized by gastroenterologists and others that can impede nutrient absorption and cause bloat and pain and exacerbate constipation and diarrhea.

Key to my conceptualization of pain was a review published in 2011 by Pam Stratton, MD, of the National Institutes of Health, and Karen J. Berkley, PhD, then of Florida State University, on chronic pain and endometriosis.⁴ They detailed how endometriotic lesions can develop their own nerve supply that interacts directly and in a two-way fashion with the CNS – and how the lesions can engage the nervous system in ways that create comorbid conditions and pain that becomes “independent of the disease itself.”

Sensitized peripheral nerve fibers innervating a deeply infiltrating lesion on the left uterosacral ligament, for instance, can sensitize neurons in the spinal sacral segment. Branches of these nerve fibers can extend to other segments of the spinal cord, and, once sensitized themselves, turn on neurons in these other segments. There is a resultant remodeling of the central nervous system, in essence, and what is called “remote central sensitization.” The CNS becomes independent from peripheral neural processes.

I now explain to both patients and physicians that those who have had endometriosis for years have had an enduring “hand on the stove,” with a persistent signal to the CNS. Tight muscles are a hand on the stove, painful bladder syndrome is another hand on the stove, and SIBO is yet another. So are anxiety and depression.

The CNS becomes so upregulated and overloaded that messages branch out through the spinal cord to other available pathways and to other organs, muscles, and nerves. The CNS also starts firing on its own – and once it becomes its own pain generator, taking one hand off the stove (for instance, excising implants) while leaving multiple other hands on the hot stove won’t remove all pain. We must downregulate the CNS more broadly.

As I began addressing pain generators and instigators of CNS sensitization – and waiting for excision surgery until the CNS had sufficiently cooled – I saw that my patients had a better chance of more significant and lasting pain relief.
 

Pearls for a multimodal approach

My initial physical exam includes an assessment of the pelvic floor for overly tight musculature. An abdominal exam will usually reveal whether there is asymmetry of the abdominal wall muscles, which typically informs me of the likelihood of tightness and pulling on either side of the pelvic anatomy. On the internal exam, then, the pelvic floor muscles can be palpated and assessed. These findings will guide my referrals and my discussions with patients about the value of pelvic floor physical therapy. The cervix should be in the midline of the vagina – equidistant from the left and right vaginal fornices. If the cervix is pulled away from this midline, and a palpation of a thickened uterosacral ligament reproduces pain, endometriosis is 90% likely.

Patients who report significant “burning” pain that’s suggestive of neuropathic pain should be referred to a physical medicine rehabilitation physician or a pain specialist who can help downregulate their CNS. And patients who have symptoms of depression, anxiety disorders (including obsessive-compulsive disorder), or posttraumatic stress disorder should be referred to pain therapists, psychologists, or other mental health professionals, preferably well before surgery. I will also often discuss mindfulness practices and give my patients “meditation challenges” to achieve during the presurgical phase.

Additional points of emphasis about a multidisciplinary, multimodal approach include:

Advanced pelvic floor therapy: Therapists with specialized training in pelvic health and manual therapy utilize a range of techniques and modalities to release tension in affected muscles, fascia, nerves, and bone, and in doing so, they help to downregulate the CNS. Myofascial release, myofascial trigger point release, neural mobilization, and visceral mobilization are among these techniques. In addition to using manual therapy, many of these therapists may also employ neuromuscular reeducation and other techniques that will be helpful for the longer term.

It is important to identify physical therapists who have training in this approach; women with endometriosis often have a history of treatment by physical therapists whose focus is on incontinence and muscle strengthening (that is, Kegel exercises), which is the opposite of what endometriosis patients need.

Treating SIBO: Symptoms commonly associated with SIBO often overlap with symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) – namely constipation, diarrhea (or both), and bloating. Indeed, many patients with undiagnosed endometriosis have been diagnosed with IBS. I send every patient who has one of these symptoms for SIBO breath testing, which utilizes carbohydrate substrates (glucose or lactulose) and measures hydrogen and/or methane in the breath.

SIBO is typically treated with rifampin, which stays in the small bowel and will not negatively affect beneficial bacteria, with or without neomycin. Gastroenterologists with more integrative practices also consider the use of herbals in addition to – or instead of – antibiotics. It can sometimes take months or a couple of years to correct SIBO, depending on how long the patient has been affected, but with presurgical diagnosis and a start on treatment, we can remove or at least tone down another instigator of CNS sensitization.

I estimate that 80% of my patients have tested positive for SIBO. Notably, in a testament to the systemic nature of endometriosis, a study published in 2009 of 355 women undergoing operative laparoscopy for suspected endometriosis found that 90% had gastrointestinal symptoms, but only 7.6% of the vast majority whose endometriosis was confirmed were found to have endometrial implants on the bowel itself.⁵

Addressing bladder issues: I routinely administer the PUF (Pain, Urgency, Frequency) questionnaire as part of my intake package and follow it up with conversation. For just about every patient with painful bladder syndrome, pelvic floor physical therapy in combination with a low-acid, low-potassium diet will work effectively together to reduce symptoms and pain. The IC Network offers a helpful food list, and patients can be counseled to choose foods that are also anti-inflammatory. When referrals to a urologist for bladder instillations are possible, these can be helpful as well.

Our communication with patients

Our patients need to have their symptoms and pain validated and to understand why we’re recommending these measures before surgery. Some education is necessary. Few patients will go to an integrative nutritionist, for example, if we just write a referral without explaining how years of inflammation and disruption in the gut can affect the whole body – including mental health – and that it can be corrected over time.

Also necessary is an appreciation of the fact that patients with delayed diagnoses have lived with gastrointestinal and other symptoms and patterns for so long – and often have mothers whose endometriosis caused similar symptoms – that some of their own experiences can seem almost “normal.” A patient whose mother had bowel movements every 7 days may think that 4-5 day intervals are acceptable, for instance. This means we have to carefully consider how we ask our questions.

I always ask my patients as we’re going into surgery, what percentage better are you? I’ve long aimed for at least 30% improvement, but most of the time, with pelvic floor therapy and as many other pain-generator–focused measures as possible, we’re getting them 70% better.

Excision surgery will remove the inflammation that has helped fuel the SIBO and other coconditions. Then, everything done to prepare the body must continue for some time. Certain practices, such as eating an anti-inflammatory diet, should be lifelong.

One day, it is hoped, a pediatrician or other physician will suspect endometriosis early on. The patient will see the surgeon within several months of the onset of pain, and we won’t need to unravel layers of pain generation and CNS upregulation before operating. But until this happens and we shorten the diagnostic delay, we must consider the benefits of presurgical preparation.
 

References

1. Orbuch I, Stein A. Beating Endo: How to Reclaim Your Life From Endometriosis. (New York: HarperCollins, 2019).

2. Healey M et al. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2014;21(6):999-1004.

3. Pundir J et al. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2017;24(5):747-56.

4. Stratton P, Berkley KJ. Hum Repro Update. 2011;17(3):327-46.

5. Maroun P et al. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2009;49(4):411-4.

Dr. Orbuch is a minimally invasive gynecologic surgeon in Los Angeles who specializes in endometriosis. She has no conflicts of interest to report.

Introduction: The preoperative evaluation for endometriosis – more than meets the eye

It is well known that it often takes 6-10 years for endometriosis to be diagnosed in patients who have the disease, depending on where the patient lives. I certainly am not surprised. During my residency at Parkland Memorial Hospital, if a patient had chronic pelvic pain and no fibroids, her diagnosis was usually pelvic inflammatory disease. Later, during my fellowship in reproductive endocrinology at the University of Pennsylvania, the diagnosis became endometriosis.

As I gained more interest and expertise in the treatment of endometriosis, I became aware of several articles concluding that if a woman sought treatment for chronic pelvic pain with an internist, the diagnosis would be irritable bowel syndrome (IBS); with a urologist, it would be interstitial cystitis; and with a gynecologist, endometriosis. Moreover, there is an increased propensity for IBS and IC in patients with endometriosis. There also is an increased risk of small intestine bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), as noted by our guest author for this latest installment of the Master Class in Gynecologic Surgery, Iris Orbuch, MD.

Like our guest author, I have also noted increased risk of pelvic floor myalgia. Dr. Orbuch clearly outlines why this occurs. In fact, we can now understand why many patients have multiple pelvic pain–inducing issues compounding their pain secondary to endometriosis and leading to remodeling of the central nervous system. Therefore, it certainly makes sense to follow Dr. Orbuch’s recommendation for a multidisciplinary pre- and postsurgical approach “to downregulate the pain generators.”

Dr. Orbuch is a minimally invasive gynecologic surgeon in Los Angeles who specializes in the treatment of patients diagnosed with endometriosis. Dr. Orbuch serves on the Board of Directors of the Foundation of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists and has served as the chair of the AAGL’s Special Interest Group on Endometriosis and Reproductive Surgery. She is the coauthor of the book “Beating Endo – How to Reclaim Your Life From Endometriosis” (New York: HarperCollins; 2019). The book is written for patients but addresses many issues discussed in this installment of the Master Class in Gynecologic Surgery.

Dr. Miller, MD, FACOG, is professor of obstetrics and gynecology, department of clinical sciences, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago. He has no conflicts of interest to report.

For optimal surgical outcomes, and to help our patients recover from years of this inflammatory, systemic disease, we must treat our patients holistically and work to downregulate their pain as much as possible before excision surgery. I work with patients a few months prior to surgery, often for 4-5 months, during which time they not only see me for informative follow-ups, but also pelvic floor physical therapists, gastroenterologists, mental health professionals, integrative nutritionists, and physiatrists or pain specialists, depending on their needs.¹

By identifying coexisting conditions in an initial consult and employing a presurgical multidisciplinary approach to downregulate the pain generators, my patients recover well from excision surgery, with greater and faster relief from pain, compared with those using standard approaches, and with little to no use of opioids.

At a minimum, given the unfortunate time constraints and productivity demands of working within health systems – and considering that surgeries are often scheduled a couple of months out – the surgeon could ensure that patients are engaged in at least 6-8 weeks of pelvic floor physical therapy before surgery to sufficiently lengthen the pelvic muscles and loosen surrounding fascia.

Short, tight pelvic floor muscles are almost universal in patients with delayed diagnosis of endometriosis and are significant generators of pain.
 

Appreciating sequelae of diagnostic delay

After my fellowship in advanced laparoscopic and pelvic surgery with Harry Reich, MD, and C. Y. Liu, MD, pioneers of endometriosis excision surgery, and as I did my residency in the early 2000s, I noticed puzzlement in the literature about why some patients still had lasting pain after thorough excision.

I didn’t doubt the efficacy of excision. It is the cornerstone of treatment, and at least one randomized double-blind trial² and a systematic review and meta-analysis³ have demonstrated its superior efficacy over ablation in symptom reduction. What I did doubt was any presumption that surgery alone was enough. I knew there was more to healing when a disease process wreaks havoc on the body for more than a decade and that there were other generators of pain in addition to the endometriosis implants themselves.

As I began to focus on endometriosis in my own surgical practice, I strove to detect and treat endometriosis in teens. But in those patients with longstanding disease, I recognized patterns and began to more fully appreciate the systemic sequelae of endometriosis.

To cope with dysmenorrhea, patients curl up and assume a fetal position, tensing the abdominal muscles, inner thigh muscles, and pelvic floor muscles. Over time, these muscles come to maintain a short, tight, and painful state. (Hence the need for physical therapy to undo this decade-long pattern.)

Endometriosis implants on or near the gastrointestinal tract tug on fascia and muscles and commonly cause constipation, leading women to further overwork the pelvic floor muscles. In the case of diarrhea-predominant dysfunction, our patients squeeze pelvic floor muscles to prevent leakage. And in the case of urinary urgency, they squeeze muscles to release urine that isn’t really there.

As the chronic inflammation of the disease grows, and as pain worsens, the patient is increasingly in sympathetic overdrive (also known as ”fight or flight”), as opposed to a parasympathetic state (also known as “rest and digest”). The bowel’s motility slows, allowing the bacteria of the small intestine to grow beyond what is normal, leading to SIBO, a condition increasingly recognized by gastroenterologists and others that can impede nutrient absorption and cause bloat and pain and exacerbate constipation and diarrhea.

Key to my conceptualization of pain was a review published in 2011 by Pam Stratton, MD, of the National Institutes of Health, and Karen J. Berkley, PhD, then of Florida State University, on chronic pain and endometriosis.⁴ They detailed how endometriotic lesions can develop their own nerve supply that interacts directly and in a two-way fashion with the CNS – and how the lesions can engage the nervous system in ways that create comorbid conditions and pain that becomes “independent of the disease itself.”

Sensitized peripheral nerve fibers innervating a deeply infiltrating lesion on the left uterosacral ligament, for instance, can sensitize neurons in the spinal sacral segment. Branches of these nerve fibers can extend to other segments of the spinal cord, and, once sensitized themselves, turn on neurons in these other segments. There is a resultant remodeling of the central nervous system, in essence, and what is called “remote central sensitization.” The CNS becomes independent from peripheral neural processes.

I now explain to both patients and physicians that those who have had endometriosis for years have had an enduring “hand on the stove,” with a persistent signal to the CNS. Tight muscles are a hand on the stove, painful bladder syndrome is another hand on the stove, and SIBO is yet another. So are anxiety and depression.

The CNS becomes so upregulated and overloaded that messages branch out through the spinal cord to other available pathways and to other organs, muscles, and nerves. The CNS also starts firing on its own – and once it becomes its own pain generator, taking one hand off the stove (for instance, excising implants) while leaving multiple other hands on the hot stove won’t remove all pain. We must downregulate the CNS more broadly.

As I began addressing pain generators and instigators of CNS sensitization – and waiting for excision surgery until the CNS had sufficiently cooled – I saw that my patients had a better chance of more significant and lasting pain relief.
 

Pearls for a multimodal approach

My initial physical exam includes an assessment of the pelvic floor for overly tight musculature. An abdominal exam will usually reveal whether there is asymmetry of the abdominal wall muscles, which typically informs me of the likelihood of tightness and pulling on either side of the pelvic anatomy. On the internal exam, then, the pelvic floor muscles can be palpated and assessed. These findings will guide my referrals and my discussions with patients about the value of pelvic floor physical therapy. The cervix should be in the midline of the vagina – equidistant from the left and right vaginal fornices. If the cervix is pulled away from this midline, and a palpation of a thickened uterosacral ligament reproduces pain, endometriosis is 90% likely.

Patients who report significant “burning” pain that’s suggestive of neuropathic pain should be referred to a physical medicine rehabilitation physician or a pain specialist who can help downregulate their CNS. And patients who have symptoms of depression, anxiety disorders (including obsessive-compulsive disorder), or posttraumatic stress disorder should be referred to pain therapists, psychologists, or other mental health professionals, preferably well before surgery. I will also often discuss mindfulness practices and give my patients “meditation challenges” to achieve during the presurgical phase.

Additional points of emphasis about a multidisciplinary, multimodal approach include:

Advanced pelvic floor therapy: Therapists with specialized training in pelvic health and manual therapy utilize a range of techniques and modalities to release tension in affected muscles, fascia, nerves, and bone, and in doing so, they help to downregulate the CNS. Myofascial release, myofascial trigger point release, neural mobilization, and visceral mobilization are among these techniques. In addition to using manual therapy, many of these therapists may also employ neuromuscular reeducation and other techniques that will be helpful for the longer term.

It is important to identify physical therapists who have training in this approach; women with endometriosis often have a history of treatment by physical therapists whose focus is on incontinence and muscle strengthening (that is, Kegel exercises), which is the opposite of what endometriosis patients need.

Treating SIBO: Symptoms commonly associated with SIBO often overlap with symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) – namely constipation, diarrhea (or both), and bloating. Indeed, many patients with undiagnosed endometriosis have been diagnosed with IBS. I send every patient who has one of these symptoms for SIBO breath testing, which utilizes carbohydrate substrates (glucose or lactulose) and measures hydrogen and/or methane in the breath.

SIBO is typically treated with rifampin, which stays in the small bowel and will not negatively affect beneficial bacteria, with or without neomycin. Gastroenterologists with more integrative practices also consider the use of herbals in addition to – or instead of – antibiotics. It can sometimes take months or a couple of years to correct SIBO, depending on how long the patient has been affected, but with presurgical diagnosis and a start on treatment, we can remove or at least tone down another instigator of CNS sensitization.

I estimate that 80% of my patients have tested positive for SIBO. Notably, in a testament to the systemic nature of endometriosis, a study published in 2009 of 355 women undergoing operative laparoscopy for suspected endometriosis found that 90% had gastrointestinal symptoms, but only 7.6% of the vast majority whose endometriosis was confirmed were found to have endometrial implants on the bowel itself.⁵

Addressing bladder issues: I routinely administer the PUF (Pain, Urgency, Frequency) questionnaire as part of my intake package and follow it up with conversation. For just about every patient with painful bladder syndrome, pelvic floor physical therapy in combination with a low-acid, low-potassium diet will work effectively together to reduce symptoms and pain. The IC Network offers a helpful food list, and patients can be counseled to choose foods that are also anti-inflammatory. When referrals to a urologist for bladder instillations are possible, these can be helpful as well.

Our communication with patients

Our patients need to have their symptoms and pain validated and to understand why we’re recommending these measures before surgery. Some education is necessary. Few patients will go to an integrative nutritionist, for example, if we just write a referral without explaining how years of inflammation and disruption in the gut can affect the whole body – including mental health – and that it can be corrected over time.

Also necessary is an appreciation of the fact that patients with delayed diagnoses have lived with gastrointestinal and other symptoms and patterns for so long – and often have mothers whose endometriosis caused similar symptoms – that some of their own experiences can seem almost “normal.” A patient whose mother had bowel movements every 7 days may think that 4-5 day intervals are acceptable, for instance. This means we have to carefully consider how we ask our questions.

I always ask my patients as we’re going into surgery, what percentage better are you? I’ve long aimed for at least 30% improvement, but most of the time, with pelvic floor therapy and as many other pain-generator–focused measures as possible, we’re getting them 70% better.

Excision surgery will remove the inflammation that has helped fuel the SIBO and other coconditions. Then, everything done to prepare the body must continue for some time. Certain practices, such as eating an anti-inflammatory diet, should be lifelong.

One day, it is hoped, a pediatrician or other physician will suspect endometriosis early on. The patient will see the surgeon within several months of the onset of pain, and we won’t need to unravel layers of pain generation and CNS upregulation before operating. But until this happens and we shorten the diagnostic delay, we must consider the benefits of presurgical preparation.
 

References

1. Orbuch I, Stein A. Beating Endo: How to Reclaim Your Life From Endometriosis. (New York: HarperCollins, 2019).

2. Healey M et al. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2014;21(6):999-1004.

3. Pundir J et al. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2017;24(5):747-56.

4. Stratton P, Berkley KJ. Hum Repro Update. 2011;17(3):327-46.

5. Maroun P et al. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2009;49(4):411-4.

Dr. Orbuch is a minimally invasive gynecologic surgeon in Los Angeles who specializes in endometriosis. She has no conflicts of interest to report.

Introduction: The preoperative evaluation for endometriosis – more than meets the eye

It is well known that it often takes 6-10 years for endometriosis to be diagnosed in patients who have the disease, depending on where the patient lives. I certainly am not surprised. During my residency at Parkland Memorial Hospital, if a patient had chronic pelvic pain and no fibroids, her diagnosis was usually pelvic inflammatory disease. Later, during my fellowship in reproductive endocrinology at the University of Pennsylvania, the diagnosis became endometriosis.

As I gained more interest and expertise in the treatment of endometriosis, I became aware of several articles concluding that if a woman sought treatment for chronic pelvic pain with an internist, the diagnosis would be irritable bowel syndrome (IBS); with a urologist, it would be interstitial cystitis; and with a gynecologist, endometriosis. Moreover, there is an increased propensity for IBS and IC in patients with endometriosis. There also is an increased risk of small intestine bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), as noted by our guest author for this latest installment of the Master Class in Gynecologic Surgery, Iris Orbuch, MD.

Like our guest author, I have also noted increased risk of pelvic floor myalgia. Dr. Orbuch clearly outlines why this occurs. In fact, we can now understand why many patients have multiple pelvic pain–inducing issues compounding their pain secondary to endometriosis and leading to remodeling of the central nervous system. Therefore, it certainly makes sense to follow Dr. Orbuch’s recommendation for a multidisciplinary pre- and postsurgical approach “to downregulate the pain generators.”

Dr. Orbuch is a minimally invasive gynecologic surgeon in Los Angeles who specializes in the treatment of patients diagnosed with endometriosis. Dr. Orbuch serves on the Board of Directors of the Foundation of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists and has served as the chair of the AAGL’s Special Interest Group on Endometriosis and Reproductive Surgery. She is the coauthor of the book “Beating Endo – How to Reclaim Your Life From Endometriosis” (New York: HarperCollins; 2019). The book is written for patients but addresses many issues discussed in this installment of the Master Class in Gynecologic Surgery.

Dr. Miller, MD, FACOG, is professor of obstetrics and gynecology, department of clinical sciences, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago. He has no conflicts of interest to report.

For optimal surgical outcomes, and to help our patients recover from years of this inflammatory, systemic disease, we must treat our patients holistically and work to downregulate their pain as much as possible before excision surgery. I work with patients a few months prior to surgery, often for 4-5 months, during which time they not only see me for informative follow-ups, but also pelvic floor physical therapists, gastroenterologists, mental health professionals, integrative nutritionists, and physiatrists or pain specialists, depending on their needs.¹

By identifying coexisting conditions in an initial consult and employing a presurgical multidisciplinary approach to downregulate the pain generators, my patients recover well from excision surgery, with greater and faster relief from pain, compared with those using standard approaches, and with little to no use of opioids.

At a minimum, given the unfortunate time constraints and productivity demands of working within health systems – and considering that surgeries are often scheduled a couple of months out – the surgeon could ensure that patients are engaged in at least 6-8 weeks of pelvic floor physical therapy before surgery to sufficiently lengthen the pelvic muscles and loosen surrounding fascia.

Short, tight pelvic floor muscles are almost universal in patients with delayed diagnosis of endometriosis and are significant generators of pain.
 

Appreciating sequelae of diagnostic delay

After my fellowship in advanced laparoscopic and pelvic surgery with Harry Reich, MD, and C. Y. Liu, MD, pioneers of endometriosis excision surgery, and as I did my residency in the early 2000s, I noticed puzzlement in the literature about why some patients still had lasting pain after thorough excision.

I didn’t doubt the efficacy of excision. It is the cornerstone of treatment, and at least one randomized double-blind trial² and a systematic review and meta-analysis³ have demonstrated its superior efficacy over ablation in symptom reduction. What I did doubt was any presumption that surgery alone was enough. I knew there was more to healing when a disease process wreaks havoc on the body for more than a decade and that there were other generators of pain in addition to the endometriosis implants themselves.

As I began to focus on endometriosis in my own surgical practice, I strove to detect and treat endometriosis in teens. But in those patients with longstanding disease, I recognized patterns and began to more fully appreciate the systemic sequelae of endometriosis.

To cope with dysmenorrhea, patients curl up and assume a fetal position, tensing the abdominal muscles, inner thigh muscles, and pelvic floor muscles. Over time, these muscles come to maintain a short, tight, and painful state. (Hence the need for physical therapy to undo this decade-long pattern.)

Endometriosis implants on or near the gastrointestinal tract tug on fascia and muscles and commonly cause constipation, leading women to further overwork the pelvic floor muscles. In the case of diarrhea-predominant dysfunction, our patients squeeze pelvic floor muscles to prevent leakage. And in the case of urinary urgency, they squeeze muscles to release urine that isn’t really there.

As the chronic inflammation of the disease grows, and as pain worsens, the patient is increasingly in sympathetic overdrive (also known as ”fight or flight”), as opposed to a parasympathetic state (also known as “rest and digest”). The bowel’s motility slows, allowing the bacteria of the small intestine to grow beyond what is normal, leading to SIBO, a condition increasingly recognized by gastroenterologists and others that can impede nutrient absorption and cause bloat and pain and exacerbate constipation and diarrhea.

Key to my conceptualization of pain was a review published in 2011 by Pam Stratton, MD, of the National Institutes of Health, and Karen J. Berkley, PhD, then of Florida State University, on chronic pain and endometriosis.⁴ They detailed how endometriotic lesions can develop their own nerve supply that interacts directly and in a two-way fashion with the CNS – and how the lesions can engage the nervous system in ways that create comorbid conditions and pain that becomes “independent of the disease itself.”

Sensitized peripheral nerve fibers innervating a deeply infiltrating lesion on the left uterosacral ligament, for instance, can sensitize neurons in the spinal sacral segment. Branches of these nerve fibers can extend to other segments of the spinal cord, and, once sensitized themselves, turn on neurons in these other segments. There is a resultant remodeling of the central nervous system, in essence, and what is called “remote central sensitization.” The CNS becomes independent from peripheral neural processes.

I now explain to both patients and physicians that those who have had endometriosis for years have had an enduring “hand on the stove,” with a persistent signal to the CNS. Tight muscles are a hand on the stove, painful bladder syndrome is another hand on the stove, and SIBO is yet another. So are anxiety and depression.

The CNS becomes so upregulated and overloaded that messages branch out through the spinal cord to other available pathways and to other organs, muscles, and nerves. The CNS also starts firing on its own – and once it becomes its own pain generator, taking one hand off the stove (for instance, excising implants) while leaving multiple other hands on the hot stove won’t remove all pain. We must downregulate the CNS more broadly.

As I began addressing pain generators and instigators of CNS sensitization – and waiting for excision surgery until the CNS had sufficiently cooled – I saw that my patients had a better chance of more significant and lasting pain relief.
 

Pearls for a multimodal approach

My initial physical exam includes an assessment of the pelvic floor for overly tight musculature. An abdominal exam will usually reveal whether there is asymmetry of the abdominal wall muscles, which typically informs me of the likelihood of tightness and pulling on either side of the pelvic anatomy. On the internal exam, then, the pelvic floor muscles can be palpated and assessed. These findings will guide my referrals and my discussions with patients about the value of pelvic floor physical therapy. The cervix should be in the midline of the vagina – equidistant from the left and right vaginal fornices. If the cervix is pulled away from this midline, and a palpation of a thickened uterosacral ligament reproduces pain, endometriosis is 90% likely.

Patients who report significant “burning” pain that’s suggestive of neuropathic pain should be referred to a physical medicine rehabilitation physician or a pain specialist who can help downregulate their CNS. And patients who have symptoms of depression, anxiety disorders (including obsessive-compulsive disorder), or posttraumatic stress disorder should be referred to pain therapists, psychologists, or other mental health professionals, preferably well before surgery. I will also often discuss mindfulness practices and give my patients “meditation challenges” to achieve during the presurgical phase.

Additional points of emphasis about a multidisciplinary, multimodal approach include:

Advanced pelvic floor therapy: Therapists with specialized training in pelvic health and manual therapy utilize a range of techniques and modalities to release tension in affected muscles, fascia, nerves, and bone, and in doing so, they help to downregulate the CNS. Myofascial release, myofascial trigger point release, neural mobilization, and visceral mobilization are among these techniques. In addition to using manual therapy, many of these therapists may also employ neuromuscular reeducation and other techniques that will be helpful for the longer term.

It is important to identify physical therapists who have training in this approach; women with endometriosis often have a history of treatment by physical therapists whose focus is on incontinence and muscle strengthening (that is, Kegel exercises), which is the opposite of what endometriosis patients need.

Treating SIBO: Symptoms commonly associated with SIBO often overlap with symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) – namely constipation, diarrhea (or both), and bloating. Indeed, many patients with undiagnosed endometriosis have been diagnosed with IBS. I send every patient who has one of these symptoms for SIBO breath testing, which utilizes carbohydrate substrates (glucose or lactulose) and measures hydrogen and/or methane in the breath.

SIBO is typically treated with rifampin, which stays in the small bowel and will not negatively affect beneficial bacteria, with or without neomycin. Gastroenterologists with more integrative practices also consider the use of herbals in addition to – or instead of – antibiotics. It can sometimes take months or a couple of years to correct SIBO, depending on how long the patient has been affected, but with presurgical diagnosis and a start on treatment, we can remove or at least tone down another instigator of CNS sensitization.

I estimate that 80% of my patients have tested positive for SIBO. Notably, in a testament to the systemic nature of endometriosis, a study published in 2009 of 355 women undergoing operative laparoscopy for suspected endometriosis found that 90% had gastrointestinal symptoms, but only 7.6% of the vast majority whose endometriosis was confirmed were found to have endometrial implants on the bowel itself.⁵

Addressing bladder issues: I routinely administer the PUF (Pain, Urgency, Frequency) questionnaire as part of my intake package and follow it up with conversation. For just about every patient with painful bladder syndrome, pelvic floor physical therapy in combination with a low-acid, low-potassium diet will work effectively together to reduce symptoms and pain. The IC Network offers a helpful food list, and patients can be counseled to choose foods that are also anti-inflammatory. When referrals to a urologist for bladder instillations are possible, these can be helpful as well.

Our communication with patients

Our patients need to have their symptoms and pain validated and to understand why we’re recommending these measures before surgery. Some education is necessary. Few patients will go to an integrative nutritionist, for example, if we just write a referral without explaining how years of inflammation and disruption in the gut can affect the whole body – including mental health – and that it can be corrected over time.

Also necessary is an appreciation of the fact that patients with delayed diagnoses have lived with gastrointestinal and other symptoms and patterns for so long – and often have mothers whose endometriosis caused similar symptoms – that some of their own experiences can seem almost “normal.” A patient whose mother had bowel movements every 7 days may think that 4-5 day intervals are acceptable, for instance. This means we have to carefully consider how we ask our questions.

I always ask my patients as we’re going into surgery, what percentage better are you? I’ve long aimed for at least 30% improvement, but most of the time, with pelvic floor therapy and as many other pain-generator–focused measures as possible, we’re getting them 70% better.

Excision surgery will remove the inflammation that has helped fuel the SIBO and other coconditions. Then, everything done to prepare the body must continue for some time. Certain practices, such as eating an anti-inflammatory diet, should be lifelong.

One day, it is hoped, a pediatrician or other physician will suspect endometriosis early on. The patient will see the surgeon within several months of the onset of pain, and we won’t need to unravel layers of pain generation and CNS upregulation before operating. But until this happens and we shorten the diagnostic delay, we must consider the benefits of presurgical preparation.
 

References

1. Orbuch I, Stein A. Beating Endo: How to Reclaim Your Life From Endometriosis. (New York: HarperCollins, 2019).

2. Healey M et al. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2014;21(6):999-1004.

3. Pundir J et al. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2017;24(5):747-56.

4. Stratton P, Berkley KJ. Hum Repro Update. 2011;17(3):327-46.

5. Maroun P et al. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2009;49(4):411-4.

Dr. Orbuch is a minimally invasive gynecologic surgeon in Los Angeles who specializes in endometriosis. She has no conflicts of interest to report.

How does endometriosis affect the whole body, and how often is it misunderstood for another condition?

Dr. Taylor: Far too often, we think about endometriosis as just a cause of bad menstrual cramps. So many times, we miss the signs and falsely attribute symptoms to other diseases. I cannot tell you the number of people who have seen multiple practitioners for other conditions, when the underlying problem was actually endometriosis.

Endometriosis affects the whole body. It can affect the intestines, the bladder, and body weight, and the brain and mood. Endometriosis causes fatigue and inflammation, and in the long run it can lead to an increased risk for cardiovascular disease. When we as physicians do surgery or laparoscopy, we find these little blue and brown lesions in the pelvis, and they certainly do cause pain, but that is not the whole disease.

Endometriosis heightens pain and nerve sensitivity for patients, and we should not dismiss the debilitating effect of these symptoms. Things actually do hurt more. In fact, the pain can spread from beyond the time of the menstrual period and spread to other areas besides the uterus.

We cannot ignore the totality of the effects of the disease and only focus on one part of the problem. More importantly, we cannot be distracted and discount endometriosis or mistake it for another condition. I have seen many patients who went to a gastroenterologist first and may even have had a colonoscopy because of some bowel symptoms, but then we come to find out it was endometriosis irritating the bowels at the time of their period and not another primary disease.

Another example is that the patient may see a urologist and have a cystoscopy to assess bladder pain, especially if the pain comes on around the time of menses. However, that pain is probably due to endometriosis irritating the bladder, not a primary bladder problem.

I have even had patients who were sent to a psychiatrist first because of anxiety that was actually being caused by the endometriosis. It is important to understand that treating the primary problem—endometriosis—should be our focus.

Which effects of this chronic disease can have the most long-term impact?

Dr. Taylor: It is important to understand that endometriosis has long-term effects on the entire body. For example, it affects the brain, increasing anxiety and depression. It causes pain sensitization, fatigue, and body inflammation. Endometriosis can also damage blood vessels or cause atherosclerosis.

A quick diagnosis is crucial because often this disease affects women at the most critical points in their life—either when they are in school, or in the early part of their career, when they need to be able to focus. It is important to get their endometriosis under control early and prevent long-term complications. Unfortunately, the long-term impacts are an aspect we do not focus on enough.

Infertility is another common long-term consequence of endometriosis. The sooner we can diagnose endometriosis, the sooner we can begin treatment and the more likely we can preserve someone's fertility. Our goal is to catch endometriosis early enough, preserve the patient’s fertility, and prevent any damage, so they hopefully will not have trouble getting pregnant or need medical intervention to get pregnant.

What methods do you use to diagnose endometriosis as quickly as possible?

Dr. Taylor: The sooner we can pinpoint the correct diagnosis and begin treatment, the more we can not only relieve patients of pain, but also stop that inflammation and all of these other manifestations of endometriosis so that they are not saddled with this for life.

We used to say you needed a laparoscopy to accurately diagnose endometriosis, and that statement is still true. You cannot see the most common types of endometriosis on an ultrasound or MRI. The endometriosis has to be pretty bad before you see it on an MRI or an ultrasound, and at that point it is often a big cyst in the ovary or a big nodule that is invasive.

However, you can diagnose endometriosis just by listening to your patients. If they have extremely painful menstrual cycles, dysmenorrhea, or painful menstrual cramps that get worse over the years, the problem is most likely endometriosis. You can rule out a few other things, and you can make that empiric clinical diagnosis of endometriosis. You can know with confidence that somebody likely has endometriosis. The treatments are benign. The first-line therapy would be to try a birth control pill. If we had to perform a laparoscopy before beginning endometriosis treatment, I think we would be doing our patients a huge disservice.

In addition to birth control pills, what are the most common therapeutic treatments you use in day-to-day practice?

Dr. Taylor: Birth control pills are still the first-line therapy. We use birth control pills because they are easy, well-tolerated, and inexpensive, but about a third of women will be resistant. Birth control pills are a great option when they work, but they do not always work 100% of the time.

We have a couple of other hormonal treatment options. Rarely, but occasionally, we use something called danazol, which is a mild male hormone. Side effects can be acne or hair growth, but it works well and is inexpensive. We used to give injectable agents, like leuprolide. Leuprolide is a harsh medication with once-a-month injections, and it puts someone in a temporary menopausal state with hot flashes and the possibility of decreased bone mineral density.

Today, we have the new class of GnRH antagonists that are a milder, gentler version of those injectable medications. They are oral, and you do not have to fully suppress estrogen levels all the way down to menopause. Patients can take the GnRH antagonists, stop treatment, and try to get pregnant at their next cycle.

Occasionally, we find that someone does not respond to any medical therapies, so surgery still has an important role. The usual reason for surgery is that you may suppress the active disease with medications, but the old damage is still there causing some pain, which can only be removed with surgery. Surgery is a good way to relieve that pain and it helps improve pregnancy rates for people with endometriosis wishing to conceive.

What does the future look like for endometriosis-related infertility, particularly related to in vitro fertilization (IVF)?

Dr. Taylor: We currently have an IVF trial in the works, in which we are using a hormone-suppressing GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) antagonist, elagolix, which suppresses endometriosis. The medication is administered before IVF. The goal is to determine if this approach leads to a better pregnancy rate in IVF cycles.

We are also working on nonhormonal medications in the laboratory, but these strategies are not yet ready for human clinical trials. These laboratory trials are investigating the basic biology of endometriosis, with the goal of learning what makes endometrial tissue grow in the wrong place, what makes it grow aggressively, and how it signals to other organs to cause damage.

We are looking at some additional nonhormonal medications that may possibly be used in someone trying to conceive, so that we can increase their chances of becoming pregnant. We are testing these medications in mice, but eventually we hope they progress to human clinical trials. The future for endometriosis therapy is nonhormonal treatments that can be used in somebody trying to conceive. That is what we have on the horizon.

Unfortunately for people with endometriosis wishing to conceive, all the classic first-line medications used to treat the condition are reproductive hormones that interfere with the ability to become pregnant. When we stop these medications, many women with endometriosis get pregnant spontaneously always suggest patients with endometriosis wishing to conceive try this approach, unless we know the endometriosis is very extensive. However, IVF is a good way to correct even the worst cases of endometriosis. As long as somebody has not waited until they are in their 40s and they have run out of eggs, IVF will usually correct endometriosis-related infertility.

Overall, how we treat endometriosis has been revolutionized and we have much better options than we had just 5 years ago. In my day-to-day practice, I recognize the importance of talking more openly about endometriosis, understanding the different symptoms, and not dismissing those connections. We should be able to talk about this important medical problem and all of its manifestations. I published a paper in The Lancet at the end of 2021 about the concept of endometriosis as a systemic whole-body disease and its effects. I think open conversations with patients about endometriosis is making a world of difference for the women with this disease.

How does endometriosis affect the whole body, and how often is it misunderstood for another condition?

Dr. Taylor: Far too often, we think about endometriosis as just a cause of bad menstrual cramps. So many times, we miss the signs and falsely attribute symptoms to other diseases. I cannot tell you the number of people who have seen multiple practitioners for other conditions, when the underlying problem was actually endometriosis.

Endometriosis affects the whole body. It can affect the intestines, the bladder, and body weight, and the brain and mood. Endometriosis causes fatigue and inflammation, and in the long run it can lead to an increased risk for cardiovascular disease. When we as physicians do surgery or laparoscopy, we find these little blue and brown lesions in the pelvis, and they certainly do cause pain, but that is not the whole disease.

Endometriosis heightens pain and nerve sensitivity for patients, and we should not dismiss the debilitating effect of these symptoms. Things actually do hurt more. In fact, the pain can spread from beyond the time of the menstrual period and spread to other areas besides the uterus.

We cannot ignore the totality of the effects of the disease and only focus on one part of the problem. More importantly, we cannot be distracted and discount endometriosis or mistake it for another condition. I have seen many patients who went to a gastroenterologist first and may even have had a colonoscopy because of some bowel symptoms, but then we come to find out it was endometriosis irritating the bowels at the time of their period and not another primary disease.

Another example is that the patient may see a urologist and have a cystoscopy to assess bladder pain, especially if the pain comes on around the time of menses. However, that pain is probably due to endometriosis irritating the bladder, not a primary bladder problem.

I have even had patients who were sent to a psychiatrist first because of anxiety that was actually being caused by the endometriosis. It is important to understand that treating the primary problem—endometriosis—should be our focus.

Which effects of this chronic disease can have the most long-term impact?

Dr. Taylor: It is important to understand that endometriosis has long-term effects on the entire body. For example, it affects the brain, increasing anxiety and depression. It causes pain sensitization, fatigue, and body inflammation. Endometriosis can also damage blood vessels or cause atherosclerosis.

A quick diagnosis is crucial because often this disease affects women at the most critical points in their life—either when they are in school, or in the early part of their career, when they need to be able to focus. It is important to get their endometriosis under control early and prevent long-term complications. Unfortunately, the long-term impacts are an aspect we do not focus on enough.

Infertility is another common long-term consequence of endometriosis. The sooner we can diagnose endometriosis, the sooner we can begin treatment and the more likely we can preserve someone's fertility. Our goal is to catch endometriosis early enough, preserve the patient’s fertility, and prevent any damage, so they hopefully will not have trouble getting pregnant or need medical intervention to get pregnant.

What methods do you use to diagnose endometriosis as quickly as possible?

Dr. Taylor: The sooner we can pinpoint the correct diagnosis and begin treatment, the more we can not only relieve patients of pain, but also stop that inflammation and all of these other manifestations of endometriosis so that they are not saddled with this for life.

We used to say you needed a laparoscopy to accurately diagnose endometriosis, and that statement is still true. You cannot see the most common types of endometriosis on an ultrasound or MRI. The endometriosis has to be pretty bad before you see it on an MRI or an ultrasound, and at that point it is often a big cyst in the ovary or a big nodule that is invasive.

However, you can diagnose endometriosis just by listening to your patients. If they have extremely painful menstrual cycles, dysmenorrhea, or painful menstrual cramps that get worse over the years, the problem is most likely endometriosis. You can rule out a few other things, and you can make that empiric clinical diagnosis of endometriosis. You can know with confidence that somebody likely has endometriosis. The treatments are benign. The first-line therapy would be to try a birth control pill. If we had to perform a laparoscopy before beginning endometriosis treatment, I think we would be doing our patients a huge disservice.

In addition to birth control pills, what are the most common therapeutic treatments you use in day-to-day practice?

Dr. Taylor: Birth control pills are still the first-line therapy. We use birth control pills because they are easy, well-tolerated, and inexpensive, but about a third of women will be resistant. Birth control pills are a great option when they work, but they do not always work 100% of the time.

We have a couple of other hormonal treatment options. Rarely, but occasionally, we use something called danazol, which is a mild male hormone. Side effects can be acne or hair growth, but it works well and is inexpensive. We used to give injectable agents, like leuprolide. Leuprolide is a harsh medication with once-a-month injections, and it puts someone in a temporary menopausal state with hot flashes and the possibility of decreased bone mineral density.

Today, we have the new class of GnRH antagonists that are a milder, gentler version of those injectable medications. They are oral, and you do not have to fully suppress estrogen levels all the way down to menopause. Patients can take the GnRH antagonists, stop treatment, and try to get pregnant at their next cycle.

Occasionally, we find that someone does not respond to any medical therapies, so surgery still has an important role. The usual reason for surgery is that you may suppress the active disease with medications, but the old damage is still there causing some pain, which can only be removed with surgery. Surgery is a good way to relieve that pain and it helps improve pregnancy rates for people with endometriosis wishing to conceive.

What does the future look like for endometriosis-related infertility, particularly related to in vitro fertilization (IVF)?

Dr. Taylor: We currently have an IVF trial in the works, in which we are using a hormone-suppressing GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) antagonist, elagolix, which suppresses endometriosis. The medication is administered before IVF. The goal is to determine if this approach leads to a better pregnancy rate in IVF cycles.

We are also working on nonhormonal medications in the laboratory, but these strategies are not yet ready for human clinical trials. These laboratory trials are investigating the basic biology of endometriosis, with the goal of learning what makes endometrial tissue grow in the wrong place, what makes it grow aggressively, and how it signals to other organs to cause damage.

We are looking at some additional nonhormonal medications that may possibly be used in someone trying to conceive, so that we can increase their chances of becoming pregnant. We are testing these medications in mice, but eventually we hope they progress to human clinical trials. The future for endometriosis therapy is nonhormonal treatments that can be used in somebody trying to conceive. That is what we have on the horizon.

Unfortunately for people with endometriosis wishing to conceive, all the classic first-line medications used to treat the condition are reproductive hormones that interfere with the ability to become pregnant. When we stop these medications, many women with endometriosis get pregnant spontaneously always suggest patients with endometriosis wishing to conceive try this approach, unless we know the endometriosis is very extensive. However, IVF is a good way to correct even the worst cases of endometriosis. As long as somebody has not waited until they are in their 40s and they have run out of eggs, IVF will usually correct endometriosis-related infertility.

Overall, how we treat endometriosis has been revolutionized and we have much better options than we had just 5 years ago. In my day-to-day practice, I recognize the importance of talking more openly about endometriosis, understanding the different symptoms, and not dismissing those connections. We should be able to talk about this important medical problem and all of its manifestations. I published a paper in The Lancet at the end of 2021 about the concept of endometriosis as a systemic whole-body disease and its effects. I think open conversations with patients about endometriosis is making a world of difference for the women with this disease.

How does endometriosis affect the whole body, and how often is it misunderstood for another condition?

Dr. Taylor: Far too often, we think about endometriosis as just a cause of bad menstrual cramps. So many times, we miss the signs and falsely attribute symptoms to other diseases. I cannot tell you the number of people who have seen multiple practitioners for other conditions, when the underlying problem was actually endometriosis.

Endometriosis affects the whole body. It can affect the intestines, the bladder, and body weight, and the brain and mood. Endometriosis causes fatigue and inflammation, and in the long run it can lead to an increased risk for cardiovascular disease. When we as physicians do surgery or laparoscopy, we find these little blue and brown lesions in the pelvis, and they certainly do cause pain, but that is not the whole disease.

Endometriosis heightens pain and nerve sensitivity for patients, and we should not dismiss the debilitating effect of these symptoms. Things actually do hurt more. In fact, the pain can spread from beyond the time of the menstrual period and spread to other areas besides the uterus.

We cannot ignore the totality of the effects of the disease and only focus on one part of the problem. More importantly, we cannot be distracted and discount endometriosis or mistake it for another condition. I have seen many patients who went to a gastroenterologist first and may even have had a colonoscopy because of some bowel symptoms, but then we come to find out it was endometriosis irritating the bowels at the time of their period and not another primary disease.

Another example is that the patient may see a urologist and have a cystoscopy to assess bladder pain, especially if the pain comes on around the time of menses. However, that pain is probably due to endometriosis irritating the bladder, not a primary bladder problem.

I have even had patients who were sent to a psychiatrist first because of anxiety that was actually being caused by the endometriosis. It is important to understand that treating the primary problem—endometriosis—should be our focus.

Which effects of this chronic disease can have the most long-term impact?

Dr. Taylor: It is important to understand that endometriosis has long-term effects on the entire body. For example, it affects the brain, increasing anxiety and depression. It causes pain sensitization, fatigue, and body inflammation. Endometriosis can also damage blood vessels or cause atherosclerosis.

A quick diagnosis is crucial because often this disease affects women at the most critical points in their life—either when they are in school, or in the early part of their career, when they need to be able to focus. It is important to get their endometriosis under control early and prevent long-term complications. Unfortunately, the long-term impacts are an aspect we do not focus on enough.

Infertility is another common long-term consequence of endometriosis. The sooner we can diagnose endometriosis, the sooner we can begin treatment and the more likely we can preserve someone's fertility. Our goal is to catch endometriosis early enough, preserve the patient’s fertility, and prevent any damage, so they hopefully will not have trouble getting pregnant or need medical intervention to get pregnant.

What methods do you use to diagnose endometriosis as quickly as possible?

Dr. Taylor: The sooner we can pinpoint the correct diagnosis and begin treatment, the more we can not only relieve patients of pain, but also stop that inflammation and all of these other manifestations of endometriosis so that they are not saddled with this for life.

We used to say you needed a laparoscopy to accurately diagnose endometriosis, and that statement is still true. You cannot see the most common types of endometriosis on an ultrasound or MRI. The endometriosis has to be pretty bad before you see it on an MRI or an ultrasound, and at that point it is often a big cyst in the ovary or a big nodule that is invasive.

However, you can diagnose endometriosis just by listening to your patients. If they have extremely painful menstrual cycles, dysmenorrhea, or painful menstrual cramps that get worse over the years, the problem is most likely endometriosis. You can rule out a few other things, and you can make that empiric clinical diagnosis of endometriosis. You can know with confidence that somebody likely has endometriosis. The treatments are benign. The first-line therapy would be to try a birth control pill. If we had to perform a laparoscopy before beginning endometriosis treatment, I think we would be doing our patients a huge disservice.

In addition to birth control pills, what are the most common therapeutic treatments you use in day-to-day practice?

Dr. Taylor: Birth control pills are still the first-line therapy. We use birth control pills because they are easy, well-tolerated, and inexpensive, but about a third of women will be resistant. Birth control pills are a great option when they work, but they do not always work 100% of the time.

We have a couple of other hormonal treatment options. Rarely, but occasionally, we use something called danazol, which is a mild male hormone. Side effects can be acne or hair growth, but it works well and is inexpensive. We used to give injectable agents, like leuprolide. Leuprolide is a harsh medication with once-a-month injections, and it puts someone in a temporary menopausal state with hot flashes and the possibility of decreased bone mineral density.

Today, we have the new class of GnRH antagonists that are a milder, gentler version of those injectable medications. They are oral, and you do not have to fully suppress estrogen levels all the way down to menopause. Patients can take the GnRH antagonists, stop treatment, and try to get pregnant at their next cycle.

Occasionally, we find that someone does not respond to any medical therapies, so surgery still has an important role. The usual reason for surgery is that you may suppress the active disease with medications, but the old damage is still there causing some pain, which can only be removed with surgery. Surgery is a good way to relieve that pain and it helps improve pregnancy rates for people with endometriosis wishing to conceive.

What does the future look like for endometriosis-related infertility, particularly related to in vitro fertilization (IVF)?

Dr. Taylor: We currently have an IVF trial in the works, in which we are using a hormone-suppressing GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) antagonist, elagolix, which suppresses endometriosis. The medication is administered before IVF. The goal is to determine if this approach leads to a better pregnancy rate in IVF cycles.

We are also working on nonhormonal medications in the laboratory, but these strategies are not yet ready for human clinical trials. These laboratory trials are investigating the basic biology of endometriosis, with the goal of learning what makes endometrial tissue grow in the wrong place, what makes it grow aggressively, and how it signals to other organs to cause damage.

We are looking at some additional nonhormonal medications that may possibly be used in someone trying to conceive, so that we can increase their chances of becoming pregnant. We are testing these medications in mice, but eventually we hope they progress to human clinical trials. The future for endometriosis therapy is nonhormonal treatments that can be used in somebody trying to conceive. That is what we have on the horizon.

Unfortunately for people with endometriosis wishing to conceive, all the classic first-line medications used to treat the condition are reproductive hormones that interfere with the ability to become pregnant. When we stop these medications, many women with endometriosis get pregnant spontaneously always suggest patients with endometriosis wishing to conceive try this approach, unless we know the endometriosis is very extensive. However, IVF is a good way to correct even the worst cases of endometriosis. As long as somebody has not waited until they are in their 40s and they have run out of eggs, IVF will usually correct endometriosis-related infertility.

Overall, how we treat endometriosis has been revolutionized and we have much better options than we had just 5 years ago. In my day-to-day practice, I recognize the importance of talking more openly about endometriosis, understanding the different symptoms, and not dismissing those connections. We should be able to talk about this important medical problem and all of its manifestations. I published a paper in The Lancet at the end of 2021 about the concept of endometriosis as a systemic whole-body disease and its effects. I think open conversations with patients about endometriosis is making a world of difference for the women with this disease.

Increased public health and research efforts to optimize prepregnancy cardiovascular health are needed, particularly among those in under-represented racial and ethnic groups, according to a new scientific statement from the American Heart Association.

“We have released this statement at this time because there is a maternal health crisis in the U.S. with rising maternal morbidity and mortality rates, which are the highest among high-income countries,” chair of the scientific statement writing group, Sadiya S. Khan, MD, told this news organization.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death during pregnancy and the postpartum period and represents 26.5% of pregnancy-related deaths, the statement reports.

“While there is a lot of emphasis in trying to reduce cardiovascular risk during the period of actual pregnancy, much of that risk has often already developed and the women have been living with it for some time, so interventions during pregnancy may be too late,” Dr. Khan, assistant professor of medicine and preventive medicine at Northwestern University, Chicago, said.

“We wanted to try and emphasize the importance of starting to reduce cardiovascular risk earlier before pregnancy. In terms of improving cardiovascular health, this should have benefits both for the mother and the child,” she added.

The statement, “Optimizing Prepregnancy Cardiovascular Health to Improve Outcomes in Pregnant and Postpartum Individuals and Offspring” was published online in a “Go Red For Women” spotlight issue of the AHA publication Circulation.

The statement notes that low levels of prepregnancy cardiovascular health are associated with several pregnancy complications, including hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, preterm birth, small-for-gestational-age birth, and gestational diabetes. Currently, nearly one in five births are complicated by such an adverse pregnancy outcome, and there is a strong association between these complications and risk for subsequent cardiovascular disease.
 

Prepregnancy window

Over the past decade, rates of adverse pregnancy outcomes have increased significantly in the United States, with a near doubling in rates of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, and there are persistent disparities, with Black individuals significantly more likely to experience adverse pregnancy outcomes, the statement notes.

Emerging data suggest that these complications have, at least in part, prepregnancy origins. Thus, the prepregnancy period may be a critical window during which interventions have a great potential for benefit in both women and their offspring, it says.

The authors suggest a life-course approach to measure, modify, and monitor prepregnancy cardiovascular health, with all clinicians who interact with pregnancy-capable individuals emphasizing optimization of cardiovascular health beginning early in childhood.

“Leveraging these opportunities to target cardiovascular health has the potential to improve health across the life course and for subsequent generations,” they add.
 

Critical research gap

Despite the evidence linking an individual’s prepregnancy health to their offspring’s health, there are no large trials to test whether improving overall cardiovascular health before pregnancy will reduce pregnancy complications, pregnancy-related cardiovascular death, or cardiovascular risk for offspring. The statement authors suggest that such a trial should be considered.

“This would be a big undertaking, but it could be feasible and could be really impactful,” Dr. Khan said. “Of course it would be challenging to recruit women who are planning a pregnancy and to follow them to see if they do get pregnant and consider interventions and outcomes, but given the importance of the need, we think this is something that should be invested in.”

She pointed out that the main way to improve the cardiovascular health of this cohort would be through behavioral counseling on physical activity and diet. “We need to develop strategies tailored to this age group – young women and those who may already have young children – and often the last thing they are thinking about is themselves and their own health.”

She explained that while it is presumed that controlling cardiovascular risk factors will be beneficial, the bigger question is how that can be achieved. “Behavioral interventions are difficult to achieve and often have low adherence, so the focus of the trials should be on strategies on how to deliver behavioral counseling to achieve better cardiovascular health in this population.”

Dr. Khan stressed that any approaches to improving prepregnancy cardiovascular health must address the current racial disparities that are present. “We must make sure that our policies are successful not just in improving cardiovascular health but to ensure it is done equitably. We must find ways to ensure all individuals can access care.”

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Increased public health and research efforts to optimize prepregnancy cardiovascular health are needed, particularly among those in under-represented racial and ethnic groups, according to a new scientific statement from the American Heart Association.

“We have released this statement at this time because there is a maternal health crisis in the U.S. with rising maternal morbidity and mortality rates, which are the highest among high-income countries,” chair of the scientific statement writing group, Sadiya S. Khan, MD, told this news organization.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death during pregnancy and the postpartum period and represents 26.5% of pregnancy-related deaths, the statement reports.

“While there is a lot of emphasis in trying to reduce cardiovascular risk during the period of actual pregnancy, much of that risk has often already developed and the women have been living with it for some time, so interventions during pregnancy may be too late,” Dr. Khan, assistant professor of medicine and preventive medicine at Northwestern University, Chicago, said.

“We wanted to try and emphasize the importance of starting to reduce cardiovascular risk earlier before pregnancy. In terms of improving cardiovascular health, this should have benefits both for the mother and the child,” she added.

The statement, “Optimizing Prepregnancy Cardiovascular Health to Improve Outcomes in Pregnant and Postpartum Individuals and Offspring” was published online in a “Go Red For Women” spotlight issue of the AHA publication Circulation.

The statement notes that low levels of prepregnancy cardiovascular health are associated with several pregnancy complications, including hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, preterm birth, small-for-gestational-age birth, and gestational diabetes. Currently, nearly one in five births are complicated by such an adverse pregnancy outcome, and there is a strong association between these complications and risk for subsequent cardiovascular disease.
 

Prepregnancy window

Over the past decade, rates of adverse pregnancy outcomes have increased significantly in the United States, with a near doubling in rates of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, and there are persistent disparities, with Black individuals significantly more likely to experience adverse pregnancy outcomes, the statement notes.

Emerging data suggest that these complications have, at least in part, prepregnancy origins. Thus, the prepregnancy period may be a critical window during which interventions have a great potential for benefit in both women and their offspring, it says.

The authors suggest a life-course approach to measure, modify, and monitor prepregnancy cardiovascular health, with all clinicians who interact with pregnancy-capable individuals emphasizing optimization of cardiovascular health beginning early in childhood.

“Leveraging these opportunities to target cardiovascular health has the potential to improve health across the life course and for subsequent generations,” they add.
 

Critical research gap

Despite the evidence linking an individual’s prepregnancy health to their offspring’s health, there are no large trials to test whether improving overall cardiovascular health before pregnancy will reduce pregnancy complications, pregnancy-related cardiovascular death, or cardiovascular risk for offspring. The statement authors suggest that such a trial should be considered.

“This would be a big undertaking, but it could be feasible and could be really impactful,” Dr. Khan said. “Of course it would be challenging to recruit women who are planning a pregnancy and to follow them to see if they do get pregnant and consider interventions and outcomes, but given the importance of the need, we think this is something that should be invested in.”

She pointed out that the main way to improve the cardiovascular health of this cohort would be through behavioral counseling on physical activity and diet. “We need to develop strategies tailored to this age group – young women and those who may already have young children – and often the last thing they are thinking about is themselves and their own health.”

She explained that while it is presumed that controlling cardiovascular risk factors will be beneficial, the bigger question is how that can be achieved. “Behavioral interventions are difficult to achieve and often have low adherence, so the focus of the trials should be on strategies on how to deliver behavioral counseling to achieve better cardiovascular health in this population.”

Dr. Khan stressed that any approaches to improving prepregnancy cardiovascular health must address the current racial disparities that are present. “We must make sure that our policies are successful not just in improving cardiovascular health but to ensure it is done equitably. We must find ways to ensure all individuals can access care.”

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Increased public health and research efforts to optimize prepregnancy cardiovascular health are needed, particularly among those in under-represented racial and ethnic groups, according to a new scientific statement from the American Heart Association.

“We have released this statement at this time because there is a maternal health crisis in the U.S. with rising maternal morbidity and mortality rates, which are the highest among high-income countries,” chair of the scientific statement writing group, Sadiya S. Khan, MD, told this news organization.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death during pregnancy and the postpartum period and represents 26.5% of pregnancy-related deaths, the statement reports.

“While there is a lot of emphasis in trying to reduce cardiovascular risk during the period of actual pregnancy, much of that risk has often already developed and the women have been living with it for some time, so interventions during pregnancy may be too late,” Dr. Khan, assistant professor of medicine and preventive medicine at Northwestern University, Chicago, said.

“We wanted to try and emphasize the importance of starting to reduce cardiovascular risk earlier before pregnancy. In terms of improving cardiovascular health, this should have benefits both for the mother and the child,” she added.

The statement, “Optimizing Prepregnancy Cardiovascular Health to Improve Outcomes in Pregnant and Postpartum Individuals and Offspring” was published online in a “Go Red For Women” spotlight issue of the AHA publication Circulation.

The statement notes that low levels of prepregnancy cardiovascular health are associated with several pregnancy complications, including hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, preterm birth, small-for-gestational-age birth, and gestational diabetes. Currently, nearly one in five births are complicated by such an adverse pregnancy outcome, and there is a strong association between these complications and risk for subsequent cardiovascular disease.
 

Prepregnancy window

Over the past decade, rates of adverse pregnancy outcomes have increased significantly in the United States, with a near doubling in rates of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, and there are persistent disparities, with Black individuals significantly more likely to experience adverse pregnancy outcomes, the statement notes.

Emerging data suggest that these complications have, at least in part, prepregnancy origins. Thus, the prepregnancy period may be a critical window during which interventions have a great potential for benefit in both women and their offspring, it says.

The authors suggest a life-course approach to measure, modify, and monitor prepregnancy cardiovascular health, with all clinicians who interact with pregnancy-capable individuals emphasizing optimization of cardiovascular health beginning early in childhood.

“Leveraging these opportunities to target cardiovascular health has the potential to improve health across the life course and for subsequent generations,” they add.
 

Critical research gap

Despite the evidence linking an individual’s prepregnancy health to their offspring’s health, there are no large trials to test whether improving overall cardiovascular health before pregnancy will reduce pregnancy complications, pregnancy-related cardiovascular death, or cardiovascular risk for offspring. The statement authors suggest that such a trial should be considered.

“This would be a big undertaking, but it could be feasible and could be really impactful,” Dr. Khan said. “Of course it would be challenging to recruit women who are planning a pregnancy and to follow them to see if they do get pregnant and consider interventions and outcomes, but given the importance of the need, we think this is something that should be invested in.”

She pointed out that the main way to improve the cardiovascular health of this cohort would be through behavioral counseling on physical activity and diet. “We need to develop strategies tailored to this age group – young women and those who may already have young children – and often the last thing they are thinking about is themselves and their own health.”

She explained that while it is presumed that controlling cardiovascular risk factors will be beneficial, the bigger question is how that can be achieved. “Behavioral interventions are difficult to achieve and often have low adherence, so the focus of the trials should be on strategies on how to deliver behavioral counseling to achieve better cardiovascular health in this population.”

Dr. Khan stressed that any approaches to improving prepregnancy cardiovascular health must address the current racial disparities that are present. “We must make sure that our policies are successful not just in improving cardiovascular health but to ensure it is done equitably. We must find ways to ensure all individuals can access care.”

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

FRANCE – Conducted every 5 years since 2005, the Cancer Survey documents the knowledge, perceptions, and way of life of the French people in relation to cancer. The French National Cancer Institute (InCA), in partnership with Public Health France (SPF), has published the results of its 2021 survey. The researchers analyzed responses to telephone interviews of a representative sample of almost 5,000 individuals aged 15-85 years.

This study shows how thinking has changed over time and how difficult it is to alter preconceived notions.
 

Is cancer hereditary?

The report shows that 67.7% of respondents believe that cancer is a hereditary disease. Respondents were asked to explain their answer. “Data show that medical practices for cancer treatment substantiate this belief [that cancer is hereditary],” wrote the authors of the report.

“Indeed, health care professionals almost systematically ask questions about family history of breast cancer and, when a family member has been diagnosed with cancer, medical monitoring of other family members is often sought out, thus reinforcing the belief that cancer is hereditary,” they said.

Furthermore, there seems to be confusion regarding the role of genes in the development of cancer. A person can inherit cancer-predisposing genes, not cancer itself. The authors highlighted their concern that this confusion may “lead people to think that prevention measures are unnecessary because cancer is inherited.”
 

Misconceptions about smoking

About 41% of smokers think that the length of time one has been smoking is the biggest determining factor for developing cancer; 58.1% think the number of cigarettes smoked per day has a bigger impact.

Experts at InCA and SPF put the debate to rest, stating that prolonged exposure to carcinogenic substances is far more toxic. As for the danger threshold concerning the number of cigarettes smoked per day, respondents believed this to be 9.2 cigarettes per day, on average. They believed that the danger threshold for the number of years as an active smoker is 13.4, on average.

“The [survey] respondents clearly understand that smoking carries a risk, but many smokers think that light smoking or smoking for a short period of time doesn’t carry any risks.” Yet it is understood that even occasional tobacco consumption increases mortality.

This was not the only misconception regarding smoking and its relationship with cancer. About 34% of survey respondents agreed with the following statement: “Smoking doesn’t cause cancer unless you’re a heavy smoker and have smoked for a long time.” Furthermore, 43.3% agreed with the statement, “Pollution is more likely to cause cancer than smoking,” 54.6% think that “exercising cleans your lungs of tobacco,” and 61.6% think that “a smoker can prevent developing cancer caused by smoking if they know to quit on time.”
 

Overweight and obesity

Although diet and excess weight represent the third and fourth biggest avoidable cancer risk factors, after smoking and alcohol, only 30% of survey respondents knew of this link.

“Among the causes of cancer known and cited by respondents without prompting, excessive weight and obesity were mentioned only 100 times out of 12,558 responses,” highlighted the authors of the report. The explanation put forward by the authors is that discourse about diet has been more focused on diet as a protective health factor, especially in preventing cardiovascular diseases. “The link between cancer and diet is less prominent in the public space,” they noted.
 

Breastfeeding and cancer

About 63% of survey respondents, which for the first time included both women and men, believe that breastfeeding does not affect mothers’ risk of breast cancer, but this is a misconception. And almost 1 in 3 respondents said that breastfeeding provides health benefits for the mother.

Artificial UV rays

Exposure to UV rays, whether of natural or artificial origin, is a major risk factor for skin cancer. However, 1 in 5 people (20.9%) think that a session in a tanning bed is less harmful than sun exposure.

Daily stress

Regarding psychological factors linked to cancer, the authors noted that risk factors not supported by scientific evidence were, ironically, cited more often by respondents than proven risk factors. There is a real knowledge gap between scientific data and the beliefs of the French people. For example, “working at night” is largely not seen as a risk factor, but data show that it presents a clear risk. However, “not being able to express one’s feelings,” “having been weakened by traumatic experiences,” and “being exposed to the stress of modern life” are seen as risk factors of cancer, without any scientific evidence.

Cigarettes and e-cigarettes

About 53% of respondents agreed that “e-cigarettes are just as harmful or more harmful than traditional cigarettes.” Nicotine and the flavors in e-cigarettes are largely perceived as “very” or “extremely” harmful to the health of a person. However, the authors note that “no published study on nicotine substitutes has shown harmful effects on the health of a person, let alone determined it a risk factor for cancer. The nicotine doses in e-cigarettes are similar to traditional nicotine substitutes, and no cytotoxic effect of nicotine in its inhaled form has been found.” There seems to be confusion between dependence and risk of cancer.

Alcohol consumption

Eight of 10 respondents believe that “some people can drink a lot of alcohol all their life without ever getting cancer,” which goes against the scientific literature. The authors of the report state that the negative effects of alcohol on health seem poorly understood. Although alcohol is the second biggest cause of cancer, only a third of survey respondents cited it without having been prompted as one of the main causes of cancer. And 23.5% even think that “in terms of decreasing your risk of cancer, it’s better to drink a little wine than to drink no wine at all.”

This article was translated from the Medscape French edition. A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

FRANCE – Conducted every 5 years since 2005, the Cancer Survey documents the knowledge, perceptions, and way of life of the French people in relation to cancer. The French National Cancer Institute (InCA), in partnership with Public Health France (SPF), has published the results of its 2021 survey. The researchers analyzed responses to telephone interviews of a representative sample of almost 5,000 individuals aged 15-85 years.

This study shows how thinking has changed over time and how difficult it is to alter preconceived notions.
 

Is cancer hereditary?

The report shows that 67.7% of respondents believe that cancer is a hereditary disease. Respondents were asked to explain their answer. “Data show that medical practices for cancer treatment substantiate this belief [that cancer is hereditary],” wrote the authors of the report.

“Indeed, health care professionals almost systematically ask questions about family history of breast cancer and, when a family member has been diagnosed with cancer, medical monitoring of other family members is often sought out, thus reinforcing the belief that cancer is hereditary,” they said.

Furthermore, there seems to be confusion regarding the role of genes in the development of cancer. A person can inherit cancer-predisposing genes, not cancer itself. The authors highlighted their concern that this confusion may “lead people to think that prevention measures are unnecessary because cancer is inherited.”
 

Misconceptions about smoking

About 41% of smokers think that the length of time one has been smoking is the biggest determining factor for developing cancer; 58.1% think the number of cigarettes smoked per day has a bigger impact.

Experts at InCA and SPF put the debate to rest, stating that prolonged exposure to carcinogenic substances is far more toxic. As for the danger threshold concerning the number of cigarettes smoked per day, respondents believed this to be 9.2 cigarettes per day, on average. They believed that the danger threshold for the number of years as an active smoker is 13.4, on average.

“The [survey] respondents clearly understand that smoking carries a risk, but many smokers think that light smoking or smoking for a short period of time doesn’t carry any risks.” Yet it is understood that even occasional tobacco consumption increases mortality.

This was not the only misconception regarding smoking and its relationship with cancer. About 34% of survey respondents agreed with the following statement: “Smoking doesn’t cause cancer unless you’re a heavy smoker and have smoked for a long time.” Furthermore, 43.3% agreed with the statement, “Pollution is more likely to cause cancer than smoking,” 54.6% think that “exercising cleans your lungs of tobacco,” and 61.6% think that “a smoker can prevent developing cancer caused by smoking if they know to quit on time.”
 

Overweight and obesity

Although diet and excess weight represent the third and fourth biggest avoidable cancer risk factors, after smoking and alcohol, only 30% of survey respondents knew of this link.

“Among the causes of cancer known and cited by respondents without prompting, excessive weight and obesity were mentioned only 100 times out of 12,558 responses,” highlighted the authors of the report. The explanation put forward by the authors is that discourse about diet has been more focused on diet as a protective health factor, especially in preventing cardiovascular diseases. “The link between cancer and diet is less prominent in the public space,” they noted.
 

Breastfeeding and cancer

About 63% of survey respondents, which for the first time included both women and men, believe that breastfeeding does not affect mothers’ risk of breast cancer, but this is a misconception. And almost 1 in 3 respondents said that breastfeeding provides health benefits for the mother.

Artificial UV rays

Exposure to UV rays, whether of natural or artificial origin, is a major risk factor for skin cancer. However, 1 in 5 people (20.9%) think that a session in a tanning bed is less harmful than sun exposure.

Daily stress

Regarding psychological factors linked to cancer, the authors noted that risk factors not supported by scientific evidence were, ironically, cited more often by respondents than proven risk factors. There is a real knowledge gap between scientific data and the beliefs of the French people. For example, “working at night” is largely not seen as a risk factor, but data show that it presents a clear risk. However, “not being able to express one’s feelings,” “having been weakened by traumatic experiences,” and “being exposed to the stress of modern life” are seen as risk factors of cancer, without any scientific evidence.

Cigarettes and e-cigarettes

About 53% of respondents agreed that “e-cigarettes are just as harmful or more harmful than traditional cigarettes.” Nicotine and the flavors in e-cigarettes are largely perceived as “very” or “extremely” harmful to the health of a person. However, the authors note that “no published study on nicotine substitutes has shown harmful effects on the health of a person, let alone determined it a risk factor for cancer. The nicotine doses in e-cigarettes are similar to traditional nicotine substitutes, and no cytotoxic effect of nicotine in its inhaled form has been found.” There seems to be confusion between dependence and risk of cancer.

Alcohol consumption

Eight of 10 respondents believe that “some people can drink a lot of alcohol all their life without ever getting cancer,” which goes against the scientific literature. The authors of the report state that the negative effects of alcohol on health seem poorly understood. Although alcohol is the second biggest cause of cancer, only a third of survey respondents cited it without having been prompted as one of the main causes of cancer. And 23.5% even think that “in terms of decreasing your risk of cancer, it’s better to drink a little wine than to drink no wine at all.”

This article was translated from the Medscape French edition. A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

FRANCE – Conducted every 5 years since 2005, the Cancer Survey documents the knowledge, perceptions, and way of life of the French people in relation to cancer. The French National Cancer Institute (InCA), in partnership with Public Health France (SPF), has published the results of its 2021 survey. The researchers analyzed responses to telephone interviews of a representative sample of almost 5,000 individuals aged 15-85 years.

This study shows how thinking has changed over time and how difficult it is to alter preconceived notions.
 

Is cancer hereditary?

The report shows that 67.7% of respondents believe that cancer is a hereditary disease. Respondents were asked to explain their answer. “Data show that medical practices for cancer treatment substantiate this belief [that cancer is hereditary],” wrote the authors of the report.

“Indeed, health care professionals almost systematically ask questions about family history of breast cancer and, when a family member has been diagnosed with cancer, medical monitoring of other family members is often sought out, thus reinforcing the belief that cancer is hereditary,” they said.

Furthermore, there seems to be confusion regarding the role of genes in the development of cancer. A person can inherit cancer-predisposing genes, not cancer itself. The authors highlighted their concern that this confusion may “lead people to think that prevention measures are unnecessary because cancer is inherited.”
 

Misconceptions about smoking

About 41% of smokers think that the length of time one has been smoking is the biggest determining factor for developing cancer; 58.1% think the number of cigarettes smoked per day has a bigger impact.

Experts at InCA and SPF put the debate to rest, stating that prolonged exposure to carcinogenic substances is far more toxic. As for the danger threshold concerning the number of cigarettes smoked per day, respondents believed this to be 9.2 cigarettes per day, on average. They believed that the danger threshold for the number of years as an active smoker is 13.4, on average.

“The [survey] respondents clearly understand that smoking carries a risk, but many smokers think that light smoking or smoking for a short period of time doesn’t carry any risks.” Yet it is understood that even occasional tobacco consumption increases mortality.

This was not the only misconception regarding smoking and its relationship with cancer. About 34% of survey respondents agreed with the following statement: “Smoking doesn’t cause cancer unless you’re a heavy smoker and have smoked for a long time.” Furthermore, 43.3% agreed with the statement, “Pollution is more likely to cause cancer than smoking,” 54.6% think that “exercising cleans your lungs of tobacco,” and 61.6% think that “a smoker can prevent developing cancer caused by smoking if they know to quit on time.”
 

Overweight and obesity

Although diet and excess weight represent the third and fourth biggest avoidable cancer risk factors, after smoking and alcohol, only 30% of survey respondents knew of this link.

“Among the causes of cancer known and cited by respondents without prompting, excessive weight and obesity were mentioned only 100 times out of 12,558 responses,” highlighted the authors of the report. The explanation put forward by the authors is that discourse about diet has been more focused on diet as a protective health factor, especially in preventing cardiovascular diseases. “The link between cancer and diet is less prominent in the public space,” they noted.
 

Breastfeeding and cancer

About 63% of survey respondents, which for the first time included both women and men, believe that breastfeeding does not affect mothers’ risk of breast cancer, but this is a misconception. And almost 1 in 3 respondents said that breastfeeding provides health benefits for the mother.

Artificial UV rays

Exposure to UV rays, whether of natural or artificial origin, is a major risk factor for skin cancer. However, 1 in 5 people (20.9%) think that a session in a tanning bed is less harmful than sun exposure.

Daily stress

Regarding psychological factors linked to cancer, the authors noted that risk factors not supported by scientific evidence were, ironically, cited more often by respondents than proven risk factors. There is a real knowledge gap between scientific data and the beliefs of the French people. For example, “working at night” is largely not seen as a risk factor, but data show that it presents a clear risk. However, “not being able to express one’s feelings,” “having been weakened by traumatic experiences,” and “being exposed to the stress of modern life” are seen as risk factors of cancer, without any scientific evidence.

Cigarettes and e-cigarettes

About 53% of respondents agreed that “e-cigarettes are just as harmful or more harmful than traditional cigarettes.” Nicotine and the flavors in e-cigarettes are largely perceived as “very” or “extremely” harmful to the health of a person. However, the authors note that “no published study on nicotine substitutes has shown harmful effects on the health of a person, let alone determined it a risk factor for cancer. The nicotine doses in e-cigarettes are similar to traditional nicotine substitutes, and no cytotoxic effect of nicotine in its inhaled form has been found.” There seems to be confusion between dependence and risk of cancer.

Alcohol consumption

Eight of 10 respondents believe that “some people can drink a lot of alcohol all their life without ever getting cancer,” which goes against the scientific literature. The authors of the report state that the negative effects of alcohol on health seem poorly understood. Although alcohol is the second biggest cause of cancer, only a third of survey respondents cited it without having been prompted as one of the main causes of cancer. And 23.5% even think that “in terms of decreasing your risk of cancer, it’s better to drink a little wine than to drink no wine at all.”

This article was translated from the Medscape French edition. A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.