Infectious Disease Practitioner

No matter how much we’d like to leave it in the dust, COVID-19 remains prevalent and potent. Tens of thousands of people still contract COVID per week in the United States. Hundreds die. And those who don’t may still develop long COVID.

Pleas from public health officials for people to get a COVID vaccine or booster shot have been ignored by many people. About 80% of eligible Americans haven’t taken any kind of COVID booster. Meantime, the virus continues to mutate, eroding the efficacy of the vaccine’s past versions.

How to get more people to get the jab? Vaccine hesitancy, said infectious disease specialist William Schaffner, MD, is likely rooted in a lack of trust in authority, whether it’s public health officials or politicians.

Dr. Schaffner, professor of infectious diseases at the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, and former medical director of the National Foundation for Infectious Diseases, recommended five strategies physicians can try when discussing the importance of staying up to date on COVID vaccines with patients.
 

#1: Be Patient With Your Patient

First and foremost, if doctors are feeling reluctance from their patients, they need to know “what they shouldn’t do,” Dr. Schaffner said.

When a patient initially doesn’t want the vaccine, doctors shouldn’t express surprise. “Do not scold or berate or belittle. Do not give the impression the patient is somehow wrong or has failed a test of some sort,” Dr. Schaffner said.

Step back and affirm that they understand what the patient is saying so they feel reassured, even if they don’t agree or it’s based on falsehoods about the vaccine.

He said patients need to feel “the doctor heard them; it’s okay to tell the doctor this.” When you affirm what the patient says, it puts them at ease and provides a smoother road to eventually getting them to say “yes.”

But if there’s still a roadblock, don’t bulldoze them. “You don’t want to punish the patient ... let them know you’ll continue to hear them,” Dr. Schaffner said.
 

#2: Always Acknowledge a Concern

Fear of side effects is great among some patients, even if the risks are low, Dr. Schaffner said. Patients may be hesitant because they’re afraid they’ll become one of the “two or three in a million” who suffer extremely rare side effects from the vaccine, Dr. Schaffner said.

In that case, doctors should acknowledge their concern is valid, he said. Never be dismissive. Ask the patients how they feel about the vaccine, listen to their responses, and let them know “I hear you. This is a new mRNA vaccine…you have concern about that,” Dr. Schaffner said.

Doctors can segue into how there’s little reason to wait for some elusive perfectly risk-free vaccine when they can help themselves right now.

“The adverse events that occur with vaccines occur within 2 months [and are typically mild]. I don’t know of a single vaccine that has genuinely long-term implications,” Dr. Schaffner said. “We should remember that old French philosopher Voltaire. He admonished us: Waiting for perfection is the great enemy of the current good.”
 

#3: Make a Strong Recommendation

Here’s something that may seem obvious: Don’t treat the vaccine as an afterthought. “Survey after survey tells us this ... it has everything to do with the strength of the recommendation,” Dr. Schaffner said.

Doctors typically make strong treatment recommendations such conditions as diabetes or high blood pressure, but “when it comes to vaccines, they’re often rather nonchalant,” he said.

If a patient is eligible for a vaccine, doctors should tell the patient they need to get it — not that you think they should get it. “Doctors have to make a firm recommendation: ‘You’re eligible for a vaccine ... and you need to get it ... you’ll receive it on your way out.’ It then becomes a distinct and strong recommendation,” he said.
 

#4: Appeal to Patients’ Hearts, Not Their Minds

In the opening of Charles Dickens’s novel “Hard Times,” the stern school superintendent, Mr. Gradgrind, scolds his students by beating their brow with the notion that, “Facts alone are wanted in life. Plant nothing else and root out everything else.”

The idea that facts alone can sway a vaccine-resistant patient is wrong. “It often doesn’t happen that way,” Dr. Schaffner said. “I don’t think facts do that. Psychologists tell us, yes, information is important, but it’s rarely sufficient to change behavior.”

Data and studies are foundational to medicine, but the key is to change how a patient feels about the data they’re presented with, not how they think about it. “Don’t attack their brain so much but their heart,” Dr. Schaffner said.

Dr. Schaffner has stressed with his patients that the COVID vaccine has become “the social norm,” suggesting virtually everyone he knows has received it and had no problem.

Once questions have been answered about whether the vaccine works and its various side effects, doctors could remind the patient, “You know, everyone in my office is getting the vaccine, and we’re trying to provide this protection to every patient,” he said.

You’re then delving deeper into their emotions and crossing a barrier that facts alone can’t breach.
 

#5: Make it Personal

Lead by example and personalize the fight against the virus. This allows doctors to act as if they’re building an alliance with their patients by framing the vaccine not as something that only affects them but can also confer benefits to a broader social circle.

Even after using these methods, patients may remain resistant, apprehensive, or even indifferent. In cases like these, Dr. Schaffner said it’s a good idea to let it go for the time being.

Let the patient know they “have access to you and can keep speaking with you about it” in the future, he said. “It takes more time, and you have to be cognizant of the nature of the conversation.”

Everybody is unique, but with trust, patience, and awareness of the patient’s feelings, doctors have a better shot at finding common ground with their patients and convincing them the vaccine is in their best interest, he said.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

No matter how much we’d like to leave it in the dust, COVID-19 remains prevalent and potent. Tens of thousands of people still contract COVID per week in the United States. Hundreds die. And those who don’t may still develop long COVID.

Pleas from public health officials for people to get a COVID vaccine or booster shot have been ignored by many people. About 80% of eligible Americans haven’t taken any kind of COVID booster. Meantime, the virus continues to mutate, eroding the efficacy of the vaccine’s past versions.

How to get more people to get the jab? Vaccine hesitancy, said infectious disease specialist William Schaffner, MD, is likely rooted in a lack of trust in authority, whether it’s public health officials or politicians.

Dr. Schaffner, professor of infectious diseases at the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, and former medical director of the National Foundation for Infectious Diseases, recommended five strategies physicians can try when discussing the importance of staying up to date on COVID vaccines with patients.
 

#1: Be Patient With Your Patient

First and foremost, if doctors are feeling reluctance from their patients, they need to know “what they shouldn’t do,” Dr. Schaffner said.

When a patient initially doesn’t want the vaccine, doctors shouldn’t express surprise. “Do not scold or berate or belittle. Do not give the impression the patient is somehow wrong or has failed a test of some sort,” Dr. Schaffner said.

Step back and affirm that they understand what the patient is saying so they feel reassured, even if they don’t agree or it’s based on falsehoods about the vaccine.

He said patients need to feel “the doctor heard them; it’s okay to tell the doctor this.” When you affirm what the patient says, it puts them at ease and provides a smoother road to eventually getting them to say “yes.”

But if there’s still a roadblock, don’t bulldoze them. “You don’t want to punish the patient ... let them know you’ll continue to hear them,” Dr. Schaffner said.
 

#2: Always Acknowledge a Concern

Fear of side effects is great among some patients, even if the risks are low, Dr. Schaffner said. Patients may be hesitant because they’re afraid they’ll become one of the “two or three in a million” who suffer extremely rare side effects from the vaccine, Dr. Schaffner said.

In that case, doctors should acknowledge their concern is valid, he said. Never be dismissive. Ask the patients how they feel about the vaccine, listen to their responses, and let them know “I hear you. This is a new mRNA vaccine…you have concern about that,” Dr. Schaffner said.

Doctors can segue into how there’s little reason to wait for some elusive perfectly risk-free vaccine when they can help themselves right now.

“The adverse events that occur with vaccines occur within 2 months [and are typically mild]. I don’t know of a single vaccine that has genuinely long-term implications,” Dr. Schaffner said. “We should remember that old French philosopher Voltaire. He admonished us: Waiting for perfection is the great enemy of the current good.”
 

#3: Make a Strong Recommendation

Here’s something that may seem obvious: Don’t treat the vaccine as an afterthought. “Survey after survey tells us this ... it has everything to do with the strength of the recommendation,” Dr. Schaffner said.

Doctors typically make strong treatment recommendations such conditions as diabetes or high blood pressure, but “when it comes to vaccines, they’re often rather nonchalant,” he said.

If a patient is eligible for a vaccine, doctors should tell the patient they need to get it — not that you think they should get it. “Doctors have to make a firm recommendation: ‘You’re eligible for a vaccine ... and you need to get it ... you’ll receive it on your way out.’ It then becomes a distinct and strong recommendation,” he said.
 

#4: Appeal to Patients’ Hearts, Not Their Minds

In the opening of Charles Dickens’s novel “Hard Times,” the stern school superintendent, Mr. Gradgrind, scolds his students by beating their brow with the notion that, “Facts alone are wanted in life. Plant nothing else and root out everything else.”

The idea that facts alone can sway a vaccine-resistant patient is wrong. “It often doesn’t happen that way,” Dr. Schaffner said. “I don’t think facts do that. Psychologists tell us, yes, information is important, but it’s rarely sufficient to change behavior.”

Data and studies are foundational to medicine, but the key is to change how a patient feels about the data they’re presented with, not how they think about it. “Don’t attack their brain so much but their heart,” Dr. Schaffner said.

Dr. Schaffner has stressed with his patients that the COVID vaccine has become “the social norm,” suggesting virtually everyone he knows has received it and had no problem.

Once questions have been answered about whether the vaccine works and its various side effects, doctors could remind the patient, “You know, everyone in my office is getting the vaccine, and we’re trying to provide this protection to every patient,” he said.

You’re then delving deeper into their emotions and crossing a barrier that facts alone can’t breach.
 

#5: Make it Personal

Lead by example and personalize the fight against the virus. This allows doctors to act as if they’re building an alliance with their patients by framing the vaccine not as something that only affects them but can also confer benefits to a broader social circle.

Even after using these methods, patients may remain resistant, apprehensive, or even indifferent. In cases like these, Dr. Schaffner said it’s a good idea to let it go for the time being.

Let the patient know they “have access to you and can keep speaking with you about it” in the future, he said. “It takes more time, and you have to be cognizant of the nature of the conversation.”

Everybody is unique, but with trust, patience, and awareness of the patient’s feelings, doctors have a better shot at finding common ground with their patients and convincing them the vaccine is in their best interest, he said.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

No matter how much we’d like to leave it in the dust, COVID-19 remains prevalent and potent. Tens of thousands of people still contract COVID per week in the United States. Hundreds die. And those who don’t may still develop long COVID.

Pleas from public health officials for people to get a COVID vaccine or booster shot have been ignored by many people. About 80% of eligible Americans haven’t taken any kind of COVID booster. Meantime, the virus continues to mutate, eroding the efficacy of the vaccine’s past versions.

How to get more people to get the jab? Vaccine hesitancy, said infectious disease specialist William Schaffner, MD, is likely rooted in a lack of trust in authority, whether it’s public health officials or politicians.

Dr. Schaffner, professor of infectious diseases at the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, and former medical director of the National Foundation for Infectious Diseases, recommended five strategies physicians can try when discussing the importance of staying up to date on COVID vaccines with patients.
 

#1: Be Patient With Your Patient

First and foremost, if doctors are feeling reluctance from their patients, they need to know “what they shouldn’t do,” Dr. Schaffner said.

When a patient initially doesn’t want the vaccine, doctors shouldn’t express surprise. “Do not scold or berate or belittle. Do not give the impression the patient is somehow wrong or has failed a test of some sort,” Dr. Schaffner said.

Step back and affirm that they understand what the patient is saying so they feel reassured, even if they don’t agree or it’s based on falsehoods about the vaccine.

He said patients need to feel “the doctor heard them; it’s okay to tell the doctor this.” When you affirm what the patient says, it puts them at ease and provides a smoother road to eventually getting them to say “yes.”

But if there’s still a roadblock, don’t bulldoze them. “You don’t want to punish the patient ... let them know you’ll continue to hear them,” Dr. Schaffner said.
 

#2: Always Acknowledge a Concern

Fear of side effects is great among some patients, even if the risks are low, Dr. Schaffner said. Patients may be hesitant because they’re afraid they’ll become one of the “two or three in a million” who suffer extremely rare side effects from the vaccine, Dr. Schaffner said.

In that case, doctors should acknowledge their concern is valid, he said. Never be dismissive. Ask the patients how they feel about the vaccine, listen to their responses, and let them know “I hear you. This is a new mRNA vaccine…you have concern about that,” Dr. Schaffner said.

Doctors can segue into how there’s little reason to wait for some elusive perfectly risk-free vaccine when they can help themselves right now.

“The adverse events that occur with vaccines occur within 2 months [and are typically mild]. I don’t know of a single vaccine that has genuinely long-term implications,” Dr. Schaffner said. “We should remember that old French philosopher Voltaire. He admonished us: Waiting for perfection is the great enemy of the current good.”
 

#3: Make a Strong Recommendation

Here’s something that may seem obvious: Don’t treat the vaccine as an afterthought. “Survey after survey tells us this ... it has everything to do with the strength of the recommendation,” Dr. Schaffner said.

Doctors typically make strong treatment recommendations such conditions as diabetes or high blood pressure, but “when it comes to vaccines, they’re often rather nonchalant,” he said.

If a patient is eligible for a vaccine, doctors should tell the patient they need to get it — not that you think they should get it. “Doctors have to make a firm recommendation: ‘You’re eligible for a vaccine ... and you need to get it ... you’ll receive it on your way out.’ It then becomes a distinct and strong recommendation,” he said.
 

#4: Appeal to Patients’ Hearts, Not Their Minds

In the opening of Charles Dickens’s novel “Hard Times,” the stern school superintendent, Mr. Gradgrind, scolds his students by beating their brow with the notion that, “Facts alone are wanted in life. Plant nothing else and root out everything else.”

The idea that facts alone can sway a vaccine-resistant patient is wrong. “It often doesn’t happen that way,” Dr. Schaffner said. “I don’t think facts do that. Psychologists tell us, yes, information is important, but it’s rarely sufficient to change behavior.”

Data and studies are foundational to medicine, but the key is to change how a patient feels about the data they’re presented with, not how they think about it. “Don’t attack their brain so much but their heart,” Dr. Schaffner said.

Dr. Schaffner has stressed with his patients that the COVID vaccine has become “the social norm,” suggesting virtually everyone he knows has received it and had no problem.

Once questions have been answered about whether the vaccine works and its various side effects, doctors could remind the patient, “You know, everyone in my office is getting the vaccine, and we’re trying to provide this protection to every patient,” he said.

You’re then delving deeper into their emotions and crossing a barrier that facts alone can’t breach.
 

#5: Make it Personal

Lead by example and personalize the fight against the virus. This allows doctors to act as if they’re building an alliance with their patients by framing the vaccine not as something that only affects them but can also confer benefits to a broader social circle.

Even after using these methods, patients may remain resistant, apprehensive, or even indifferent. In cases like these, Dr. Schaffner said it’s a good idea to let it go for the time being.

Let the patient know they “have access to you and can keep speaking with you about it” in the future, he said. “It takes more time, and you have to be cognizant of the nature of the conversation.”

Everybody is unique, but with trust, patience, and awareness of the patient’s feelings, doctors have a better shot at finding common ground with their patients and convincing them the vaccine is in their best interest, he said.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

COVID-19 may be headed toward a springtime retreat. 

The indication comes from declining levels of SARS-CoV-2 being detected in wastewater over the past 3 weeks. Virus levels are already considered “low” throughout western U.S. states. Detections are at medium levels in the Midwest and South, while high levels persist in the Northeast, according to WastewaterSCAN.

But it’s not time to let your guard down because high levels of other viruses that cause stomach and respiratory illnesses continue to circulate widely nationwide. Wastewater data currently shows threats from flu, RSV, norovirus, and rotavirus.

The rate of positive flu tests reported to the CDC had been a downward trend since peaking around a rate of 16% in mid-January, but positive test rates are now climbing again, with the most recent weekly rate back around 15%. So far this flu season, 116 children and an estimated 20,000 adults have died from the flu, according to the CDC’s weekly flu publication, FluView.

RSV wastewater detection remains high, especially in the Midwest and Northeast, WastewaterSCAN data shows. But positive RSV test results reported to the CDC are at the lowest point of the 2023 to 2024 season, with less than 2,000 positive results listed for the week of March 9, down from a peak of more than 14,000 cases around Christmas.

Wastewater data tends to offer a real-time (and sometimes predictive) view of pathogen behavior in the general population, since sick people usually wait until symptoms worsen to seek medical care. About 12% of norovirus tests reported to the CDC in the last 3 weeks of February were positive, mirroring an upward trend observed during the same time period last year. In 2023, norovirus peaked in the U.S. in March with a positive test rate around 16%, CDC data show.

Last year, COVID also followed a downward springtime trend. Around this time last year, there were about 20,000 weekly hospital admissions due to COVID-19, compared to just over 13,000 in early March this year. All COVID metrics, including the positive test rate, hospitalizations, and ER visits, are currently trending downward, the CDC’s COVID Data Tracker indicates. The positive COVID test rate is 5%, and just 1% of ER visits in the U.S. involve a COVID-19 diagnosis.

“We’re seeing a downward trend, which is fantastic,” Marlene Wolfe, PhD, WastewaterSCAN’s program director, told USA Today. “Hopefully, that pattern continues as we enjoy some warmer weather and longer daylight.”
 

A version of this article appeared on WebMD.com.

COVID-19 may be headed toward a springtime retreat. 

The indication comes from declining levels of SARS-CoV-2 being detected in wastewater over the past 3 weeks. Virus levels are already considered “low” throughout western U.S. states. Detections are at medium levels in the Midwest and South, while high levels persist in the Northeast, according to WastewaterSCAN.

But it’s not time to let your guard down because high levels of other viruses that cause stomach and respiratory illnesses continue to circulate widely nationwide. Wastewater data currently shows threats from flu, RSV, norovirus, and rotavirus.

The rate of positive flu tests reported to the CDC had been a downward trend since peaking around a rate of 16% in mid-January, but positive test rates are now climbing again, with the most recent weekly rate back around 15%. So far this flu season, 116 children and an estimated 20,000 adults have died from the flu, according to the CDC’s weekly flu publication, FluView.

RSV wastewater detection remains high, especially in the Midwest and Northeast, WastewaterSCAN data shows. But positive RSV test results reported to the CDC are at the lowest point of the 2023 to 2024 season, with less than 2,000 positive results listed for the week of March 9, down from a peak of more than 14,000 cases around Christmas.

Wastewater data tends to offer a real-time (and sometimes predictive) view of pathogen behavior in the general population, since sick people usually wait until symptoms worsen to seek medical care. About 12% of norovirus tests reported to the CDC in the last 3 weeks of February were positive, mirroring an upward trend observed during the same time period last year. In 2023, norovirus peaked in the U.S. in March with a positive test rate around 16%, CDC data show.

Last year, COVID also followed a downward springtime trend. Around this time last year, there were about 20,000 weekly hospital admissions due to COVID-19, compared to just over 13,000 in early March this year. All COVID metrics, including the positive test rate, hospitalizations, and ER visits, are currently trending downward, the CDC’s COVID Data Tracker indicates. The positive COVID test rate is 5%, and just 1% of ER visits in the U.S. involve a COVID-19 diagnosis.

“We’re seeing a downward trend, which is fantastic,” Marlene Wolfe, PhD, WastewaterSCAN’s program director, told USA Today. “Hopefully, that pattern continues as we enjoy some warmer weather and longer daylight.”
 

A version of this article appeared on WebMD.com.

COVID-19 may be headed toward a springtime retreat. 

The indication comes from declining levels of SARS-CoV-2 being detected in wastewater over the past 3 weeks. Virus levels are already considered “low” throughout western U.S. states. Detections are at medium levels in the Midwest and South, while high levels persist in the Northeast, according to WastewaterSCAN.

But it’s not time to let your guard down because high levels of other viruses that cause stomach and respiratory illnesses continue to circulate widely nationwide. Wastewater data currently shows threats from flu, RSV, norovirus, and rotavirus.

The rate of positive flu tests reported to the CDC had been a downward trend since peaking around a rate of 16% in mid-January, but positive test rates are now climbing again, with the most recent weekly rate back around 15%. So far this flu season, 116 children and an estimated 20,000 adults have died from the flu, according to the CDC’s weekly flu publication, FluView.

RSV wastewater detection remains high, especially in the Midwest and Northeast, WastewaterSCAN data shows. But positive RSV test results reported to the CDC are at the lowest point of the 2023 to 2024 season, with less than 2,000 positive results listed for the week of March 9, down from a peak of more than 14,000 cases around Christmas.

Wastewater data tends to offer a real-time (and sometimes predictive) view of pathogen behavior in the general population, since sick people usually wait until symptoms worsen to seek medical care. About 12% of norovirus tests reported to the CDC in the last 3 weeks of February were positive, mirroring an upward trend observed during the same time period last year. In 2023, norovirus peaked in the U.S. in March with a positive test rate around 16%, CDC data show.

Last year, COVID also followed a downward springtime trend. Around this time last year, there were about 20,000 weekly hospital admissions due to COVID-19, compared to just over 13,000 in early March this year. All COVID metrics, including the positive test rate, hospitalizations, and ER visits, are currently trending downward, the CDC’s COVID Data Tracker indicates. The positive COVID test rate is 5%, and just 1% of ER visits in the U.S. involve a COVID-19 diagnosis.

“We’re seeing a downward trend, which is fantastic,” Marlene Wolfe, PhD, WastewaterSCAN’s program director, told USA Today. “Hopefully, that pattern continues as we enjoy some warmer weather and longer daylight.”
 

A version of this article appeared on WebMD.com.

Routine use of rapid respiratory virus testing in the emergency department (ED) appears to show limited benefit among patients with signs and symptoms of acute respiratory infection (ARI), according to a new study.

Rapid viral testing wasn’t associated with reduced antibiotic use, ED length of stay, or rates of ED return visits or hospitalization. However, testing was associated with a small increase in antiviral prescriptions and a small reduction in blood tests and chest x-rays.

“Our interest in studying the benefits of rapid viral testing in emergency departments comes from a commitment to diagnostic stewardship — ensuring that the right tests are administered to the right patients at the right time while also curbing overuse,” said lead author Tilmann Schober, MD, a resident in pediatric infectious disease at McGill University and Montreal Children’s Hospital.

“Following the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, we have seen a surge in the availability of rapid viral testing, including molecular multiplex panels,” he said. “However, the actual impact of these advancements on patient care in the ED remains uncertain.”

The study was published online on March 4, 2024, in JAMA Internal Medicine).
 

Rapid Viral Testing

Dr. Schober and colleagues conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of 11 randomized clinical trials to understand whether rapid testing for respiratory viruses was associated with patient treatment in the ED.

In particular, the research team looked at whether testing in patients with suspected ARI was associated with decreased antibiotic use, ancillary tests, ED length of stay, ED return visits, hospitalization, and increased influenza antiviral treatment.

Among the trials, seven studies included molecular testing, and eight used multiplex panels, including influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza/RSV/adenovirus/parainfluenza, or a panel of 15 or more respiratory viruses. No study evaluated testing for SARS-CoV-2. The research team reported risk ratios (RRs) and risk difference estimates.

In general, routine rapid viral testing was associated with higher use of influenza antivirals (RR, 1.33) and lower use of chest radiography (RR, 0.88) and blood tests (RR, 0.81). However, the magnitude of these effects was small. For instance, to achieve one additional viral prescription, 70 patients would need to be tested, and to save one x-ray, 30 patients would need to be tested.

“This suggests that, while statistically significant, the practical impact of these secondary outcomes may not justify the extensive effort and resources involved in widespread testing,” Dr. Schober said.

In addition, there was no association between rapid testing and antibiotic use (RR, 0.99), urine testing (RR, 0.95), ED length of stay (0 h), return visits (RR, 0.93), or hospitalization (RR, 1.01).

Notably, there was no association between rapid viral testing and antibiotic use in any prespecified subgroup based on age, test method, publication date, number of viral targets, risk of bias, or industry funding, the authors said. They concluded that rapid virus testing should be reserved for patients for whom the testing will change treatment, such as high-risk patients or those with severe disease.

“It’s crucial to note that our study specifically evaluated the impact of systematic testing of patients with signs and symptoms of acute respiratory infection. Our findings do not advocate against rapid respiratory virus testing in general,” Dr. Schober said. “There is well-established evidence supporting the benefits of viral testing in certain contexts, such as hospitalized patients, to guide infection control practices or in specific high-risk populations.”
 

Future Research

Additional studies should look at testing among subgroups, particularly those with high-risk conditions, the study authors wrote. In addition, the research team would like to study the implementation of novel diagnostic stewardship programs as compared with well-established antibiotic stewardship programs.

“Acute respiratory tract illnesses represent one of the most common reasons for being evaluated in an acute care setting, especially in pediatrics, and these visits have traditionally resulted in excessive antibiotic prescribing, despite the etiology of the infection mostly being viral,” said Suchitra Rao, MBBS, associate professor of pediatrics at the University of Colorado School of Medicine and associate medical director of infection prevention and control at Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora.

Dr. Rao, who wasn’t involved with this study, has surveyed ED providers about respiratory viral testing and changes in clinical decision-making. She and colleagues found that providers most commonly changed clinical decision-making while prescribing an antiviral if influenza was detected or withholding antivirals if influenza wasn’t detected.

“Multiplex testing for respiratory viruses and atypical bacteria is becoming more widespread, with newer-generation platforms having shorter turnaround times, and offers the potential to impact point-of-care decision-making,” she said. “However, these tests are expensive, and more studies are needed to explore whether respiratory pathogen panel testing in the acute care setting has an impact in terms of reduced antibiotic use as well as other outcomes, including ED visits, health-seeking behaviors, and hospitalization.”

For instance, more recent studies around SARS-CoV-2 with newer-generation panels may make a difference, as well as multiplex panels that include numerous viral targets, she said.

“Further RCTs are required to evaluate the impact of influenza/RSV/SARS-CoV-2 panels, as well as respiratory pathogen panel testing in conjunction with antimicrobial and diagnostic stewardship efforts, which have been associated with improved outcomes for other rapid molecular platforms, such as blood culture identification panels,” Rao said.

The study was funded by the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center. Dr. Schober reported no disclosures, and several study authors reported grants or personal fees from companies outside of this research. Dr. Rao disclosed no relevant relationships.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com .

Routine use of rapid respiratory virus testing in the emergency department (ED) appears to show limited benefit among patients with signs and symptoms of acute respiratory infection (ARI), according to a new study.

Rapid viral testing wasn’t associated with reduced antibiotic use, ED length of stay, or rates of ED return visits or hospitalization. However, testing was associated with a small increase in antiviral prescriptions and a small reduction in blood tests and chest x-rays.

“Our interest in studying the benefits of rapid viral testing in emergency departments comes from a commitment to diagnostic stewardship — ensuring that the right tests are administered to the right patients at the right time while also curbing overuse,” said lead author Tilmann Schober, MD, a resident in pediatric infectious disease at McGill University and Montreal Children’s Hospital.

“Following the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, we have seen a surge in the availability of rapid viral testing, including molecular multiplex panels,” he said. “However, the actual impact of these advancements on patient care in the ED remains uncertain.”

The study was published online on March 4, 2024, in JAMA Internal Medicine).
 

Rapid Viral Testing

Dr. Schober and colleagues conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of 11 randomized clinical trials to understand whether rapid testing for respiratory viruses was associated with patient treatment in the ED.

In particular, the research team looked at whether testing in patients with suspected ARI was associated with decreased antibiotic use, ancillary tests, ED length of stay, ED return visits, hospitalization, and increased influenza antiviral treatment.

Among the trials, seven studies included molecular testing, and eight used multiplex panels, including influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza/RSV/adenovirus/parainfluenza, or a panel of 15 or more respiratory viruses. No study evaluated testing for SARS-CoV-2. The research team reported risk ratios (RRs) and risk difference estimates.

In general, routine rapid viral testing was associated with higher use of influenza antivirals (RR, 1.33) and lower use of chest radiography (RR, 0.88) and blood tests (RR, 0.81). However, the magnitude of these effects was small. For instance, to achieve one additional viral prescription, 70 patients would need to be tested, and to save one x-ray, 30 patients would need to be tested.

“This suggests that, while statistically significant, the practical impact of these secondary outcomes may not justify the extensive effort and resources involved in widespread testing,” Dr. Schober said.

In addition, there was no association between rapid testing and antibiotic use (RR, 0.99), urine testing (RR, 0.95), ED length of stay (0 h), return visits (RR, 0.93), or hospitalization (RR, 1.01).

Notably, there was no association between rapid viral testing and antibiotic use in any prespecified subgroup based on age, test method, publication date, number of viral targets, risk of bias, or industry funding, the authors said. They concluded that rapid virus testing should be reserved for patients for whom the testing will change treatment, such as high-risk patients or those with severe disease.

“It’s crucial to note that our study specifically evaluated the impact of systematic testing of patients with signs and symptoms of acute respiratory infection. Our findings do not advocate against rapid respiratory virus testing in general,” Dr. Schober said. “There is well-established evidence supporting the benefits of viral testing in certain contexts, such as hospitalized patients, to guide infection control practices or in specific high-risk populations.”
 

Future Research

Additional studies should look at testing among subgroups, particularly those with high-risk conditions, the study authors wrote. In addition, the research team would like to study the implementation of novel diagnostic stewardship programs as compared with well-established antibiotic stewardship programs.

“Acute respiratory tract illnesses represent one of the most common reasons for being evaluated in an acute care setting, especially in pediatrics, and these visits have traditionally resulted in excessive antibiotic prescribing, despite the etiology of the infection mostly being viral,” said Suchitra Rao, MBBS, associate professor of pediatrics at the University of Colorado School of Medicine and associate medical director of infection prevention and control at Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora.

Dr. Rao, who wasn’t involved with this study, has surveyed ED providers about respiratory viral testing and changes in clinical decision-making. She and colleagues found that providers most commonly changed clinical decision-making while prescribing an antiviral if influenza was detected or withholding antivirals if influenza wasn’t detected.

“Multiplex testing for respiratory viruses and atypical bacteria is becoming more widespread, with newer-generation platforms having shorter turnaround times, and offers the potential to impact point-of-care decision-making,” she said. “However, these tests are expensive, and more studies are needed to explore whether respiratory pathogen panel testing in the acute care setting has an impact in terms of reduced antibiotic use as well as other outcomes, including ED visits, health-seeking behaviors, and hospitalization.”

For instance, more recent studies around SARS-CoV-2 with newer-generation panels may make a difference, as well as multiplex panels that include numerous viral targets, she said.

“Further RCTs are required to evaluate the impact of influenza/RSV/SARS-CoV-2 panels, as well as respiratory pathogen panel testing in conjunction with antimicrobial and diagnostic stewardship efforts, which have been associated with improved outcomes for other rapid molecular platforms, such as blood culture identification panels,” Rao said.

The study was funded by the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center. Dr. Schober reported no disclosures, and several study authors reported grants or personal fees from companies outside of this research. Dr. Rao disclosed no relevant relationships.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com .

Routine use of rapid respiratory virus testing in the emergency department (ED) appears to show limited benefit among patients with signs and symptoms of acute respiratory infection (ARI), according to a new study.

Rapid viral testing wasn’t associated with reduced antibiotic use, ED length of stay, or rates of ED return visits or hospitalization. However, testing was associated with a small increase in antiviral prescriptions and a small reduction in blood tests and chest x-rays.

“Our interest in studying the benefits of rapid viral testing in emergency departments comes from a commitment to diagnostic stewardship — ensuring that the right tests are administered to the right patients at the right time while also curbing overuse,” said lead author Tilmann Schober, MD, a resident in pediatric infectious disease at McGill University and Montreal Children’s Hospital.

“Following the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, we have seen a surge in the availability of rapid viral testing, including molecular multiplex panels,” he said. “However, the actual impact of these advancements on patient care in the ED remains uncertain.”

The study was published online on March 4, 2024, in JAMA Internal Medicine).
 

Rapid Viral Testing

Dr. Schober and colleagues conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of 11 randomized clinical trials to understand whether rapid testing for respiratory viruses was associated with patient treatment in the ED.

In particular, the research team looked at whether testing in patients with suspected ARI was associated with decreased antibiotic use, ancillary tests, ED length of stay, ED return visits, hospitalization, and increased influenza antiviral treatment.

Among the trials, seven studies included molecular testing, and eight used multiplex panels, including influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza/RSV/adenovirus/parainfluenza, or a panel of 15 or more respiratory viruses. No study evaluated testing for SARS-CoV-2. The research team reported risk ratios (RRs) and risk difference estimates.

In general, routine rapid viral testing was associated with higher use of influenza antivirals (RR, 1.33) and lower use of chest radiography (RR, 0.88) and blood tests (RR, 0.81). However, the magnitude of these effects was small. For instance, to achieve one additional viral prescription, 70 patients would need to be tested, and to save one x-ray, 30 patients would need to be tested.

“This suggests that, while statistically significant, the practical impact of these secondary outcomes may not justify the extensive effort and resources involved in widespread testing,” Dr. Schober said.

In addition, there was no association between rapid testing and antibiotic use (RR, 0.99), urine testing (RR, 0.95), ED length of stay (0 h), return visits (RR, 0.93), or hospitalization (RR, 1.01).

Notably, there was no association between rapid viral testing and antibiotic use in any prespecified subgroup based on age, test method, publication date, number of viral targets, risk of bias, or industry funding, the authors said. They concluded that rapid virus testing should be reserved for patients for whom the testing will change treatment, such as high-risk patients or those with severe disease.

“It’s crucial to note that our study specifically evaluated the impact of systematic testing of patients with signs and symptoms of acute respiratory infection. Our findings do not advocate against rapid respiratory virus testing in general,” Dr. Schober said. “There is well-established evidence supporting the benefits of viral testing in certain contexts, such as hospitalized patients, to guide infection control practices or in specific high-risk populations.”
 

Future Research

Additional studies should look at testing among subgroups, particularly those with high-risk conditions, the study authors wrote. In addition, the research team would like to study the implementation of novel diagnostic stewardship programs as compared with well-established antibiotic stewardship programs.

“Acute respiratory tract illnesses represent one of the most common reasons for being evaluated in an acute care setting, especially in pediatrics, and these visits have traditionally resulted in excessive antibiotic prescribing, despite the etiology of the infection mostly being viral,” said Suchitra Rao, MBBS, associate professor of pediatrics at the University of Colorado School of Medicine and associate medical director of infection prevention and control at Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora.

Dr. Rao, who wasn’t involved with this study, has surveyed ED providers about respiratory viral testing and changes in clinical decision-making. She and colleagues found that providers most commonly changed clinical decision-making while prescribing an antiviral if influenza was detected or withholding antivirals if influenza wasn’t detected.

“Multiplex testing for respiratory viruses and atypical bacteria is becoming more widespread, with newer-generation platforms having shorter turnaround times, and offers the potential to impact point-of-care decision-making,” she said. “However, these tests are expensive, and more studies are needed to explore whether respiratory pathogen panel testing in the acute care setting has an impact in terms of reduced antibiotic use as well as other outcomes, including ED visits, health-seeking behaviors, and hospitalization.”

For instance, more recent studies around SARS-CoV-2 with newer-generation panels may make a difference, as well as multiplex panels that include numerous viral targets, she said.

“Further RCTs are required to evaluate the impact of influenza/RSV/SARS-CoV-2 panels, as well as respiratory pathogen panel testing in conjunction with antimicrobial and diagnostic stewardship efforts, which have been associated with improved outcomes for other rapid molecular platforms, such as blood culture identification panels,” Rao said.

The study was funded by the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center. Dr. Schober reported no disclosures, and several study authors reported grants or personal fees from companies outside of this research. Dr. Rao disclosed no relevant relationships.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com .

About 7% of US adults report having or having had symptoms of long COVID such as fatigue, heart palpitations and/or dizziness. These are 3 of the 12 symptoms identified as part of the National Institute of Health’s RECOVER initiative that can be reliably used to classify someone as having long COVID.

While there is no standard federally approved treatment for long COVID, physicians can recommend several strategies to their patients to help them recover.

The good news is that many people experience improvements in their symptoms over time by adopting these strategies, said Andrew Schamess, MD, an internal medicine physician at the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and director of its Post-COVID Recovery Program. 

1. Pace yourself.

Fatigue and postexertional malaise are 2 of the 12 symptoms used to classify someone as having long COVID. 

“There’s mental, or cognitive, fatigue, where people become exhausted after any span of time trying to do complicated cognitive tasks,” said Dr. Schamess. “There’s also general fatigue, or sleepiness, where after a few hours you feel like you could go right back to sleep.” 

The third category, he added, is postexertional malaise, where patients are exhausted by exercise, either immediately or up to 24-48 hours later.

That’s where a technique known as “pacing” can help. Pacing is an energy-conservation technique often used among people with other disabling conditions, such as chronic fatigue syndrome, said Ravindra Ganesh, MD, an internal medicine physician at the Mayo Clinic in Minnesota who specializes in long COVID.

“I tell patients that they have to figure out what their energy envelope is, which is the fixed amount of energy that they can use every day without crashing,” he said. 

You may be able to handle a daily 30-minute walk, for example, but if you pair it with something cognitively difficult, such as doing your taxes, your fatigue symptoms may flare up. 

“It’s hard advice for my patients to follow, as most are real go-getters,” he said. “But I point out to them that if they aim to minimize crashes, it will help them make slow progress.”

Over time, he said, their energy levels should gradually rise so that they can engage in more and more activity.

2. Follow a plant-based, anti-inflammatory diet.

There’s no research to suggest that following a certain eating pattern will help to reverse long COVID, said Dr. Ganesh. But in general, he said his patients anecdotally report that they feel better when they limit refined sugar and follow a plant-based diet that can help to lower inflammation in the body. 

“It makes sense, because it prevents dramatic blood glucose changes that can cause their body to crash,” he said. He generally recommends an anti-inflammatory diet like the Mediterranean diet, which is rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and mono-unsaturated fat.

Many people with long COVID take an array of supplements, Dr. Ganesh said, although there’s little research to suggest that they may help. He does encourage patients to take about 2 g of an omega-3 supplement, such as fish oil, as it may help to reduce inflammation associated with long COVID. 

He also recommends fisetin, a dietary flavonoid found in fruits such as strawberries and kiwis. Preliminary research suggests that it may help to combat some of the neurologic damage associated with long COVID. 

“It appears to maintain mitochondrial function and has anti-inflammatory activities,” said Dr. Ganesh.

3. Modify exercise. 

Most of the time, exercise boosts health and reduces risk for certain diseases. But this strategy may not work for people who have certain symptoms from long COVID, such as postexertional malaise or postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS), a condition that causes symptoms such as a fast heart rate, dizziness, and fatigue when transitioning from lying down to standing up. 

“With long-COVID patients, it often has to be symptom-titrated exercise,” said Dr. Schamess. This means physical activity needs to be constantly monitored and adjusted on the basis of a patient’s symptoms. “We need to figure out what they can do that doesn’t provoke their symptoms,” he explained. 

Dr. Schamess often recommends that patients with long COVID, at least initially, focus on exercises in which they are sitting (such as cycling) or prone. 

“The key thing is most people with long COVID can do a lot more exercise in a sitting or lying position than a standing position,” he said. “It’s baffling to them that they can’t walk two blocks but can bike 10 miles.” 

For symptoms like fatigue or postexertional malaise, Dr. Schamess often refers patients to physical therapy to develop an individualized exercise program. A 2022 study published in Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports found that when long-COVID patients completed an 8-week program of three exercise sessions per week, they experienced significant improvements in quality of life, fatigue, muscle strength, and overall fitness compared with a control group. 

“It’s important to make sure that workouts are supervised, so that they can be modified as necessary” said Dr. Schamess. 

4. Take steps to improve sleep quality.

A 2023 study published in the Journal of General Internal Medicine found that about 40% of people with long COVID report sleep issues such as insomnia or not feeling refreshed in the morning. 

“Sleep may become challenging, which can be frustrating for a patient with long COVID who desperately needs rest,” said Lawrence Purpura, MD, an infectious disease specialist and director of the long COVID clinic at Columbia University Medical Center in New York City.

Some of the simplest ways to improve sleep are common sense; however, these issues never affected the person pre-COVID, so they have to become new habits.

“A lot of my patients with long COVID find that they are more sensitive to caffeine, so they really can’t have it anymore later in the day,” he said. “The same goes for bright screens” such as those on cell phones, tablets, and e-book readers, he said. “They may find that it’s harder for them to fall and stay asleep if they’re on their iPhone right before bed. These are all things that may not have been issues before they were diagnosed with long COVID.”

Dr. Purpura also said that he encourages his patients to practice mindfulness or relaxation exercises before bed, such as deep breathing. One technique he recommends is called box breathing, where the patient inhales for 4 seconds, holds his or her breath for 4 seconds, exhales for 4 seconds, then holds his or her breath again for 4 seconds. Some research suggests that this paced breathing technique, when done for 20 minutes before bed, helps to improve symptoms of insomnia. 

While sleep medications such as zolpidem (Ambien) are often used as short-term relief for insomnia, Dr. Schamess said he has not found them particularly helpful for sleep issues that stem from long COVID. 

“They help patients fall asleep but not necessarily stay asleep, which can be an issue for people with long COVID,” he said.

5. Consider medications.

No standard drugs or treatments have yet been approved to treat long COVID (although some, such as Paxlovid, are in clinical trials). But some medications may help to relieve symptoms, said Dr. Ganesh. These include:

• Blood pressure drugs such as beta-blockers now used to treat POTS symptoms
• Nerve-pain medications such as gabapentin or pregabalin. “These can also help with sleep, since patients don’t have pain to distract them,” said Dr. Ganesh.
• Low-dose naltrexone to help with fatigue

“There’s not a one-size-fits-all approach to treat long-COVID symptoms,” said Dr. Ganesh. “You really need to work with the patient and possibly even cycle through several different medications before you find one that helps.”

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

About 7% of US adults report having or having had symptoms of long COVID such as fatigue, heart palpitations and/or dizziness. These are 3 of the 12 symptoms identified as part of the National Institute of Health’s RECOVER initiative that can be reliably used to classify someone as having long COVID.

While there is no standard federally approved treatment for long COVID, physicians can recommend several strategies to their patients to help them recover.

The good news is that many people experience improvements in their symptoms over time by adopting these strategies, said Andrew Schamess, MD, an internal medicine physician at the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and director of its Post-COVID Recovery Program. 

1. Pace yourself.

Fatigue and postexertional malaise are 2 of the 12 symptoms used to classify someone as having long COVID. 

“There’s mental, or cognitive, fatigue, where people become exhausted after any span of time trying to do complicated cognitive tasks,” said Dr. Schamess. “There’s also general fatigue, or sleepiness, where after a few hours you feel like you could go right back to sleep.” 

The third category, he added, is postexertional malaise, where patients are exhausted by exercise, either immediately or up to 24-48 hours later.

That’s where a technique known as “pacing” can help. Pacing is an energy-conservation technique often used among people with other disabling conditions, such as chronic fatigue syndrome, said Ravindra Ganesh, MD, an internal medicine physician at the Mayo Clinic in Minnesota who specializes in long COVID.

“I tell patients that they have to figure out what their energy envelope is, which is the fixed amount of energy that they can use every day without crashing,” he said. 

You may be able to handle a daily 30-minute walk, for example, but if you pair it with something cognitively difficult, such as doing your taxes, your fatigue symptoms may flare up. 

“It’s hard advice for my patients to follow, as most are real go-getters,” he said. “But I point out to them that if they aim to minimize crashes, it will help them make slow progress.”

Over time, he said, their energy levels should gradually rise so that they can engage in more and more activity.

2. Follow a plant-based, anti-inflammatory diet.

There’s no research to suggest that following a certain eating pattern will help to reverse long COVID, said Dr. Ganesh. But in general, he said his patients anecdotally report that they feel better when they limit refined sugar and follow a plant-based diet that can help to lower inflammation in the body. 

“It makes sense, because it prevents dramatic blood glucose changes that can cause their body to crash,” he said. He generally recommends an anti-inflammatory diet like the Mediterranean diet, which is rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and mono-unsaturated fat.

Many people with long COVID take an array of supplements, Dr. Ganesh said, although there’s little research to suggest that they may help. He does encourage patients to take about 2 g of an omega-3 supplement, such as fish oil, as it may help to reduce inflammation associated with long COVID. 

He also recommends fisetin, a dietary flavonoid found in fruits such as strawberries and kiwis. Preliminary research suggests that it may help to combat some of the neurologic damage associated with long COVID. 

“It appears to maintain mitochondrial function and has anti-inflammatory activities,” said Dr. Ganesh.

3. Modify exercise. 

Most of the time, exercise boosts health and reduces risk for certain diseases. But this strategy may not work for people who have certain symptoms from long COVID, such as postexertional malaise or postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS), a condition that causes symptoms such as a fast heart rate, dizziness, and fatigue when transitioning from lying down to standing up. 

“With long-COVID patients, it often has to be symptom-titrated exercise,” said Dr. Schamess. This means physical activity needs to be constantly monitored and adjusted on the basis of a patient’s symptoms. “We need to figure out what they can do that doesn’t provoke their symptoms,” he explained. 

Dr. Schamess often recommends that patients with long COVID, at least initially, focus on exercises in which they are sitting (such as cycling) or prone. 

“The key thing is most people with long COVID can do a lot more exercise in a sitting or lying position than a standing position,” he said. “It’s baffling to them that they can’t walk two blocks but can bike 10 miles.” 

For symptoms like fatigue or postexertional malaise, Dr. Schamess often refers patients to physical therapy to develop an individualized exercise program. A 2022 study published in Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports found that when long-COVID patients completed an 8-week program of three exercise sessions per week, they experienced significant improvements in quality of life, fatigue, muscle strength, and overall fitness compared with a control group. 

“It’s important to make sure that workouts are supervised, so that they can be modified as necessary” said Dr. Schamess. 

4. Take steps to improve sleep quality.

A 2023 study published in the Journal of General Internal Medicine found that about 40% of people with long COVID report sleep issues such as insomnia or not feeling refreshed in the morning. 

“Sleep may become challenging, which can be frustrating for a patient with long COVID who desperately needs rest,” said Lawrence Purpura, MD, an infectious disease specialist and director of the long COVID clinic at Columbia University Medical Center in New York City.

Some of the simplest ways to improve sleep are common sense; however, these issues never affected the person pre-COVID, so they have to become new habits.

“A lot of my patients with long COVID find that they are more sensitive to caffeine, so they really can’t have it anymore later in the day,” he said. “The same goes for bright screens” such as those on cell phones, tablets, and e-book readers, he said. “They may find that it’s harder for them to fall and stay asleep if they’re on their iPhone right before bed. These are all things that may not have been issues before they were diagnosed with long COVID.”

Dr. Purpura also said that he encourages his patients to practice mindfulness or relaxation exercises before bed, such as deep breathing. One technique he recommends is called box breathing, where the patient inhales for 4 seconds, holds his or her breath for 4 seconds, exhales for 4 seconds, then holds his or her breath again for 4 seconds. Some research suggests that this paced breathing technique, when done for 20 minutes before bed, helps to improve symptoms of insomnia. 

While sleep medications such as zolpidem (Ambien) are often used as short-term relief for insomnia, Dr. Schamess said he has not found them particularly helpful for sleep issues that stem from long COVID. 

“They help patients fall asleep but not necessarily stay asleep, which can be an issue for people with long COVID,” he said.

5. Consider medications.

No standard drugs or treatments have yet been approved to treat long COVID (although some, such as Paxlovid, are in clinical trials). But some medications may help to relieve symptoms, said Dr. Ganesh. These include:

• Blood pressure drugs such as beta-blockers now used to treat POTS symptoms
• Nerve-pain medications such as gabapentin or pregabalin. “These can also help with sleep, since patients don’t have pain to distract them,” said Dr. Ganesh.
• Low-dose naltrexone to help with fatigue

“There’s not a one-size-fits-all approach to treat long-COVID symptoms,” said Dr. Ganesh. “You really need to work with the patient and possibly even cycle through several different medications before you find one that helps.”

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

About 7% of US adults report having or having had symptoms of long COVID such as fatigue, heart palpitations and/or dizziness. These are 3 of the 12 symptoms identified as part of the National Institute of Health’s RECOVER initiative that can be reliably used to classify someone as having long COVID.

While there is no standard federally approved treatment for long COVID, physicians can recommend several strategies to their patients to help them recover.

The good news is that many people experience improvements in their symptoms over time by adopting these strategies, said Andrew Schamess, MD, an internal medicine physician at the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and director of its Post-COVID Recovery Program. 

1. Pace yourself.

Fatigue and postexertional malaise are 2 of the 12 symptoms used to classify someone as having long COVID. 

“There’s mental, or cognitive, fatigue, where people become exhausted after any span of time trying to do complicated cognitive tasks,” said Dr. Schamess. “There’s also general fatigue, or sleepiness, where after a few hours you feel like you could go right back to sleep.” 

The third category, he added, is postexertional malaise, where patients are exhausted by exercise, either immediately or up to 24-48 hours later.

That’s where a technique known as “pacing” can help. Pacing is an energy-conservation technique often used among people with other disabling conditions, such as chronic fatigue syndrome, said Ravindra Ganesh, MD, an internal medicine physician at the Mayo Clinic in Minnesota who specializes in long COVID.

“I tell patients that they have to figure out what their energy envelope is, which is the fixed amount of energy that they can use every day without crashing,” he said. 

You may be able to handle a daily 30-minute walk, for example, but if you pair it with something cognitively difficult, such as doing your taxes, your fatigue symptoms may flare up. 

“It’s hard advice for my patients to follow, as most are real go-getters,” he said. “But I point out to them that if they aim to minimize crashes, it will help them make slow progress.”

Over time, he said, their energy levels should gradually rise so that they can engage in more and more activity.

2. Follow a plant-based, anti-inflammatory diet.

There’s no research to suggest that following a certain eating pattern will help to reverse long COVID, said Dr. Ganesh. But in general, he said his patients anecdotally report that they feel better when they limit refined sugar and follow a plant-based diet that can help to lower inflammation in the body. 

“It makes sense, because it prevents dramatic blood glucose changes that can cause their body to crash,” he said. He generally recommends an anti-inflammatory diet like the Mediterranean diet, which is rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and mono-unsaturated fat.

Many people with long COVID take an array of supplements, Dr. Ganesh said, although there’s little research to suggest that they may help. He does encourage patients to take about 2 g of an omega-3 supplement, such as fish oil, as it may help to reduce inflammation associated with long COVID. 

He also recommends fisetin, a dietary flavonoid found in fruits such as strawberries and kiwis. Preliminary research suggests that it may help to combat some of the neurologic damage associated with long COVID. 

“It appears to maintain mitochondrial function and has anti-inflammatory activities,” said Dr. Ganesh.

3. Modify exercise. 

Most of the time, exercise boosts health and reduces risk for certain diseases. But this strategy may not work for people who have certain symptoms from long COVID, such as postexertional malaise or postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS), a condition that causes symptoms such as a fast heart rate, dizziness, and fatigue when transitioning from lying down to standing up. 

“With long-COVID patients, it often has to be symptom-titrated exercise,” said Dr. Schamess. This means physical activity needs to be constantly monitored and adjusted on the basis of a patient’s symptoms. “We need to figure out what they can do that doesn’t provoke their symptoms,” he explained. 

Dr. Schamess often recommends that patients with long COVID, at least initially, focus on exercises in which they are sitting (such as cycling) or prone. 

“The key thing is most people with long COVID can do a lot more exercise in a sitting or lying position than a standing position,” he said. “It’s baffling to them that they can’t walk two blocks but can bike 10 miles.” 

For symptoms like fatigue or postexertional malaise, Dr. Schamess often refers patients to physical therapy to develop an individualized exercise program. A 2022 study published in Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports found that when long-COVID patients completed an 8-week program of three exercise sessions per week, they experienced significant improvements in quality of life, fatigue, muscle strength, and overall fitness compared with a control group. 

“It’s important to make sure that workouts are supervised, so that they can be modified as necessary” said Dr. Schamess. 

4. Take steps to improve sleep quality.

A 2023 study published in the Journal of General Internal Medicine found that about 40% of people with long COVID report sleep issues such as insomnia or not feeling refreshed in the morning. 

“Sleep may become challenging, which can be frustrating for a patient with long COVID who desperately needs rest,” said Lawrence Purpura, MD, an infectious disease specialist and director of the long COVID clinic at Columbia University Medical Center in New York City.

Some of the simplest ways to improve sleep are common sense; however, these issues never affected the person pre-COVID, so they have to become new habits.

“A lot of my patients with long COVID find that they are more sensitive to caffeine, so they really can’t have it anymore later in the day,” he said. “The same goes for bright screens” such as those on cell phones, tablets, and e-book readers, he said. “They may find that it’s harder for them to fall and stay asleep if they’re on their iPhone right before bed. These are all things that may not have been issues before they were diagnosed with long COVID.”

Dr. Purpura also said that he encourages his patients to practice mindfulness or relaxation exercises before bed, such as deep breathing. One technique he recommends is called box breathing, where the patient inhales for 4 seconds, holds his or her breath for 4 seconds, exhales for 4 seconds, then holds his or her breath again for 4 seconds. Some research suggests that this paced breathing technique, when done for 20 minutes before bed, helps to improve symptoms of insomnia. 

While sleep medications such as zolpidem (Ambien) are often used as short-term relief for insomnia, Dr. Schamess said he has not found them particularly helpful for sleep issues that stem from long COVID. 

“They help patients fall asleep but not necessarily stay asleep, which can be an issue for people with long COVID,” he said.

5. Consider medications.

No standard drugs or treatments have yet been approved to treat long COVID (although some, such as Paxlovid, are in clinical trials). But some medications may help to relieve symptoms, said Dr. Ganesh. These include:

• Blood pressure drugs such as beta-blockers now used to treat POTS symptoms
• Nerve-pain medications such as gabapentin or pregabalin. “These can also help with sleep, since patients don’t have pain to distract them,” said Dr. Ganesh.
• Low-dose naltrexone to help with fatigue

“There’s not a one-size-fits-all approach to treat long-COVID symptoms,” said Dr. Ganesh. “You really need to work with the patient and possibly even cycle through several different medications before you find one that helps.”

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE: 

The results of a recent study suggest that biologics and small molecule inhibitors (SMIs) do not impair the protective effect of COVID-19 vaccine against hospitalization in patients with psoriasis and hidradenitis suppurativa (HS).

METHODOLOGY:

• It remains unknown whether immunomodulatory therapies impair COVID-19 vaccine efficacy and increase hospitalization rates linked to COVID-19 in patients with inflammatory skin conditions such as psoriasis or HS.
• Researchers conducted a cross-sectional study using data from the Epic Cosmos database from January 2020 to October 2023, identifying 30,845 patients with psoriasis or HS.
• Overall, 22,293 patients with documented completion of their primary COVID-19 vaccine series were included in the analysis.
• Of the vaccinated patients, they compared 7046 patients with psoriasis on SMIs and 2033 with psoriasis or HS on biologics with 13,214 patients who did not receive biologics or SMIs.
• The primary outcome was the COVID-19 hospitalization rate.
• Treatment with biologics did not increase COVID-19-related hospitalization rates in vaccinated patients with psoriasis or HS (hospitalization rate, 6.0% for both those taking and those not taking a biologic; P > .99).
• Similarly, hospitalization rates did not significantly differ between vaccinated patients who received SMIs vs those who did not (7.1% vs 6.0%; P = .0596).

IN PRACTICE:

These findings “encourage dermatologists to continue treating [psoriasis]/HS confidently despite the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic,” the authors concluded.

SOURCE:

The study led by Bella R. Lee from Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, was published online on March 13, 2024, in the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 

LIMITATIONS:

Multivariable adjustments could not be performed in this study due to unavailability of individual-level data, and hospital admissions that occurred outside the Epic system were not captured.

DISCLOSURES:

The study did not receive any funding. All authors declared no conflicts of interest.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE: 

The results of a recent study suggest that biologics and small molecule inhibitors (SMIs) do not impair the protective effect of COVID-19 vaccine against hospitalization in patients with psoriasis and hidradenitis suppurativa (HS).

METHODOLOGY:

• It remains unknown whether immunomodulatory therapies impair COVID-19 vaccine efficacy and increase hospitalization rates linked to COVID-19 in patients with inflammatory skin conditions such as psoriasis or HS.
• Researchers conducted a cross-sectional study using data from the Epic Cosmos database from January 2020 to October 2023, identifying 30,845 patients with psoriasis or HS.
• Overall, 22,293 patients with documented completion of their primary COVID-19 vaccine series were included in the analysis.
• Of the vaccinated patients, they compared 7046 patients with psoriasis on SMIs and 2033 with psoriasis or HS on biologics with 13,214 patients who did not receive biologics or SMIs.
• The primary outcome was the COVID-19 hospitalization rate.
• Treatment with biologics did not increase COVID-19-related hospitalization rates in vaccinated patients with psoriasis or HS (hospitalization rate, 6.0% for both those taking and those not taking a biologic; P > .99).
• Similarly, hospitalization rates did not significantly differ between vaccinated patients who received SMIs vs those who did not (7.1% vs 6.0%; P = .0596).

IN PRACTICE:

These findings “encourage dermatologists to continue treating [psoriasis]/HS confidently despite the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic,” the authors concluded.

SOURCE:

The study led by Bella R. Lee from Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, was published online on March 13, 2024, in the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 

LIMITATIONS:

Multivariable adjustments could not be performed in this study due to unavailability of individual-level data, and hospital admissions that occurred outside the Epic system were not captured.

DISCLOSURES:

The study did not receive any funding. All authors declared no conflicts of interest.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE: 

The results of a recent study suggest that biologics and small molecule inhibitors (SMIs) do not impair the protective effect of COVID-19 vaccine against hospitalization in patients with psoriasis and hidradenitis suppurativa (HS).

METHODOLOGY:

• It remains unknown whether immunomodulatory therapies impair COVID-19 vaccine efficacy and increase hospitalization rates linked to COVID-19 in patients with inflammatory skin conditions such as psoriasis or HS.
• Researchers conducted a cross-sectional study using data from the Epic Cosmos database from January 2020 to October 2023, identifying 30,845 patients with psoriasis or HS.
• Overall, 22,293 patients with documented completion of their primary COVID-19 vaccine series were included in the analysis.
• Of the vaccinated patients, they compared 7046 patients with psoriasis on SMIs and 2033 with psoriasis or HS on biologics with 13,214 patients who did not receive biologics or SMIs.
• The primary outcome was the COVID-19 hospitalization rate.
• Treatment with biologics did not increase COVID-19-related hospitalization rates in vaccinated patients with psoriasis or HS (hospitalization rate, 6.0% for both those taking and those not taking a biologic; P > .99).
• Similarly, hospitalization rates did not significantly differ between vaccinated patients who received SMIs vs those who did not (7.1% vs 6.0%; P = .0596).

IN PRACTICE:

These findings “encourage dermatologists to continue treating [psoriasis]/HS confidently despite the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic,” the authors concluded.

SOURCE:

The study led by Bella R. Lee from Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, was published online on March 13, 2024, in the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 

LIMITATIONS:

Multivariable adjustments could not be performed in this study due to unavailability of individual-level data, and hospital admissions that occurred outside the Epic system were not captured.

DISCLOSURES:

The study did not receive any funding. All authors declared no conflicts of interest.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

Stefan Bornstein, MD, PhD, professor, made it clear during a press conference at the 67th Congress of the German Society of Endocrinology (DGE) that there is more than one interaction between them. Nowadays, one can almost speak of an “endocrine virology and even of the virome as an additional, hormonally metabolically active gland,” said Dr. Bornstein, who will receive the Berthold Medal from the DGE in 2024.

Many questions remain unanswered: “We need a better understanding of the interaction of hormone systems with infectious agents — from basics to therapeutic applications,” emphasized the director of the Medical Clinic and Polyclinic III and the Center for Internal Medicine at the Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Dresden, Germany.

If infectious diseases could trigger diabetes and other metabolic diseases, this means that “through vaccination programs, we may be able to prevent the occurrence of common metabolic diseases such as diabetes,” said Dr. Bornstein. He highlighted that many people who experienced severe COVID-19 during the pandemic, or died from it, exhibited diabetes or a pre-metabolic syndrome.

“SARS-CoV-2 has utilized an endocrine signaling pathway to invade our cells and cause damage in the organ systems and inflammation,” said Dr. Bornstein. Conversely, it is now known that infections with coronaviruses or other infectious agents like influenza can significantly worsen metabolic status, diabetes, and other endocrine diseases.
 

SARS-CoV-2 Infects the Beta Cells

Data from the COVID-19 pandemic showed that the likelihood of developing type 1 diabetes significantly increases with a SARS-CoV-2 infection. Researchers led by Dr. Bornstein demonstrated in 2021 that SARS-CoV-2 can infect the insulin-producing cells of the organ. They examined pancreatic tissue from 20 patients who died from COVID-19 using immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, RNA in situ hybridization, and electron microscopy.

They found viral SARS-CoV-2 infiltration of the beta cells in all patients. In 11 patients with COVID-19, the expression of ACE2, TMPRSS, and other receptors and factors like DPP4, HMBG1, and NRP1 that can facilitate virus entry was examined. They found that even in the absence of manifest newly onset diabetes, necroptotic cell death, immune cell infiltration, and SARS-CoV-2 infection of the pancreas beta cells can contribute to varying degrees of metabolic disturbance in patients with COVID-19.

In a report published in October 2020, Tim Hollstein, MD, from the Institute for Diabetology and Clinical Metabolic Research at UKSH in Kiel, Germany, and colleagues described the case of a 19-year-old man who developed symptoms of insulin-dependent diabetes after a SARS-CoV-2 infection, without the presence of autoantibodies typical for type 1 diabetes.

The man presented to the emergency department with diabetic ketoacidosis, a C-peptide level of 0.62 µg/L, a blood glucose concentration of 30.6 mmol/L (552 mg/dL), and an A1c level of 16.8%. The patient’s history revealed a probable SARS-CoV-2 infection 5-7 weeks before admission, based on a positive antibody test against SARS-CoV-2.
 

Some Viruses Produce Insulin-Like Proteins

Recent studies have shown that some viruses can produce insulin-like proteins or hormones that interfere with the metabolism of the affected organism, reported Dr. Bornstein. In addition to metabolic regulation, these “viral hormones” also seem to influence cell turnover and cell death.

Dr. Bornstein pointed out that antiviral medications can delay the onset of type 1 diabetes by preserving the function of insulin-producing beta cells. It has also been shown that conventional medications used to treat hormonal disorders can reduce the susceptibility of the organism to infections — such as antidiabetic preparations like DPP-4 inhibitors or metformin.

In a review published in 2023, Nikolaos Perakakis, MD, professor, research group leader at the Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, Dresden, Germany, Dr. Bornstein, and colleagues discussed scientific evidence for a close mutual dependence between various virus infections and metabolic diseases. They discussed how viruses can lead to the development or progression of metabolic diseases and vice versa and how metabolic diseases can increase the severity of a virus infection.
 

Viruses Favor Metabolic Diseases...

Viruses can favor metabolic diseases by, for example, influencing the regulation of cell survival and specific signaling pathways relevant for cell death, proliferation, or dedifferentiation in important endocrine and metabolic organs. Viruses are also capable of controlling cellular glucose metabolism by modulating glucose transporters, altering glucose uptake, regulating signaling pathways, and stimulating glycolysis in infected cells.

Due to the destruction of beta cells, enteroviruses, but also the mumps virus, parainfluenza virus, or human herpes virus 6, are associated with the development of diabetes. The timing of infection often precedes or coincides with the peak of development of islet autoantibodies. The fact that only a small proportion of patients actually develop type 1 diabetes suggests that genetic background, and likely the timing of infection, play an important role.
 

...And Metabolic Diseases Influence the Course of Infection

Infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV), on the other hand, is associated with an increased risk for type 2 diabetes, with the risk being higher for older individuals with a family history of diabetes. The negative effects of HCV on glucose balance are mainly attributed to increased insulin resistance in the liver. HCV reduces hepatic glucose uptake by downregulating the expression of glucose transporters and additionally impairs insulin signal transduction by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

People with obesity, diabetes, or insulin resistance show significant changes in the innate and adaptive functions of the immune system. Regarding the innate immune system, impaired chemotaxis and phagocytosis of neutrophils have been observed in patients with type 2 diabetes.

In the case of obesity, the number of natural killer T cells in adipose tissue decreases, whereas B cells accumulate in adipose tissue and secrete more proinflammatory cytokines. Longitudinal multiomics analyses of various biopsies from individuals with insulin resistance showed a delayed immune response to respiratory virus infections compared with individuals with normal insulin sensitivity.

This story was translated from Medscape Germany using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

Stefan Bornstein, MD, PhD, professor, made it clear during a press conference at the 67th Congress of the German Society of Endocrinology (DGE) that there is more than one interaction between them. Nowadays, one can almost speak of an “endocrine virology and even of the virome as an additional, hormonally metabolically active gland,” said Dr. Bornstein, who will receive the Berthold Medal from the DGE in 2024.

Many questions remain unanswered: “We need a better understanding of the interaction of hormone systems with infectious agents — from basics to therapeutic applications,” emphasized the director of the Medical Clinic and Polyclinic III and the Center for Internal Medicine at the Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Dresden, Germany.

If infectious diseases could trigger diabetes and other metabolic diseases, this means that “through vaccination programs, we may be able to prevent the occurrence of common metabolic diseases such as diabetes,” said Dr. Bornstein. He highlighted that many people who experienced severe COVID-19 during the pandemic, or died from it, exhibited diabetes or a pre-metabolic syndrome.

“SARS-CoV-2 has utilized an endocrine signaling pathway to invade our cells and cause damage in the organ systems and inflammation,” said Dr. Bornstein. Conversely, it is now known that infections with coronaviruses or other infectious agents like influenza can significantly worsen metabolic status, diabetes, and other endocrine diseases.
 

SARS-CoV-2 Infects the Beta Cells

Data from the COVID-19 pandemic showed that the likelihood of developing type 1 diabetes significantly increases with a SARS-CoV-2 infection. Researchers led by Dr. Bornstein demonstrated in 2021 that SARS-CoV-2 can infect the insulin-producing cells of the organ. They examined pancreatic tissue from 20 patients who died from COVID-19 using immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, RNA in situ hybridization, and electron microscopy.

They found viral SARS-CoV-2 infiltration of the beta cells in all patients. In 11 patients with COVID-19, the expression of ACE2, TMPRSS, and other receptors and factors like DPP4, HMBG1, and NRP1 that can facilitate virus entry was examined. They found that even in the absence of manifest newly onset diabetes, necroptotic cell death, immune cell infiltration, and SARS-CoV-2 infection of the pancreas beta cells can contribute to varying degrees of metabolic disturbance in patients with COVID-19.

In a report published in October 2020, Tim Hollstein, MD, from the Institute for Diabetology and Clinical Metabolic Research at UKSH in Kiel, Germany, and colleagues described the case of a 19-year-old man who developed symptoms of insulin-dependent diabetes after a SARS-CoV-2 infection, without the presence of autoantibodies typical for type 1 diabetes.

The man presented to the emergency department with diabetic ketoacidosis, a C-peptide level of 0.62 µg/L, a blood glucose concentration of 30.6 mmol/L (552 mg/dL), and an A1c level of 16.8%. The patient’s history revealed a probable SARS-CoV-2 infection 5-7 weeks before admission, based on a positive antibody test against SARS-CoV-2.
 

Some Viruses Produce Insulin-Like Proteins

Recent studies have shown that some viruses can produce insulin-like proteins or hormones that interfere with the metabolism of the affected organism, reported Dr. Bornstein. In addition to metabolic regulation, these “viral hormones” also seem to influence cell turnover and cell death.

Dr. Bornstein pointed out that antiviral medications can delay the onset of type 1 diabetes by preserving the function of insulin-producing beta cells. It has also been shown that conventional medications used to treat hormonal disorders can reduce the susceptibility of the organism to infections — such as antidiabetic preparations like DPP-4 inhibitors or metformin.

In a review published in 2023, Nikolaos Perakakis, MD, professor, research group leader at the Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, Dresden, Germany, Dr. Bornstein, and colleagues discussed scientific evidence for a close mutual dependence between various virus infections and metabolic diseases. They discussed how viruses can lead to the development or progression of metabolic diseases and vice versa and how metabolic diseases can increase the severity of a virus infection.
 

Viruses Favor Metabolic Diseases...

Viruses can favor metabolic diseases by, for example, influencing the regulation of cell survival and specific signaling pathways relevant for cell death, proliferation, or dedifferentiation in important endocrine and metabolic organs. Viruses are also capable of controlling cellular glucose metabolism by modulating glucose transporters, altering glucose uptake, regulating signaling pathways, and stimulating glycolysis in infected cells.

Due to the destruction of beta cells, enteroviruses, but also the mumps virus, parainfluenza virus, or human herpes virus 6, are associated with the development of diabetes. The timing of infection often precedes or coincides with the peak of development of islet autoantibodies. The fact that only a small proportion of patients actually develop type 1 diabetes suggests that genetic background, and likely the timing of infection, play an important role.
 

...And Metabolic Diseases Influence the Course of Infection

Infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV), on the other hand, is associated with an increased risk for type 2 diabetes, with the risk being higher for older individuals with a family history of diabetes. The negative effects of HCV on glucose balance are mainly attributed to increased insulin resistance in the liver. HCV reduces hepatic glucose uptake by downregulating the expression of glucose transporters and additionally impairs insulin signal transduction by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

People with obesity, diabetes, or insulin resistance show significant changes in the innate and adaptive functions of the immune system. Regarding the innate immune system, impaired chemotaxis and phagocytosis of neutrophils have been observed in patients with type 2 diabetes.

In the case of obesity, the number of natural killer T cells in adipose tissue decreases, whereas B cells accumulate in adipose tissue and secrete more proinflammatory cytokines. Longitudinal multiomics analyses of various biopsies from individuals with insulin resistance showed a delayed immune response to respiratory virus infections compared with individuals with normal insulin sensitivity.

This story was translated from Medscape Germany using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

Stefan Bornstein, MD, PhD, professor, made it clear during a press conference at the 67th Congress of the German Society of Endocrinology (DGE) that there is more than one interaction between them. Nowadays, one can almost speak of an “endocrine virology and even of the virome as an additional, hormonally metabolically active gland,” said Dr. Bornstein, who will receive the Berthold Medal from the DGE in 2024.

Many questions remain unanswered: “We need a better understanding of the interaction of hormone systems with infectious agents — from basics to therapeutic applications,” emphasized the director of the Medical Clinic and Polyclinic III and the Center for Internal Medicine at the Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Dresden, Germany.

If infectious diseases could trigger diabetes and other metabolic diseases, this means that “through vaccination programs, we may be able to prevent the occurrence of common metabolic diseases such as diabetes,” said Dr. Bornstein. He highlighted that many people who experienced severe COVID-19 during the pandemic, or died from it, exhibited diabetes or a pre-metabolic syndrome.

“SARS-CoV-2 has utilized an endocrine signaling pathway to invade our cells and cause damage in the organ systems and inflammation,” said Dr. Bornstein. Conversely, it is now known that infections with coronaviruses or other infectious agents like influenza can significantly worsen metabolic status, diabetes, and other endocrine diseases.
 

SARS-CoV-2 Infects the Beta Cells

Data from the COVID-19 pandemic showed that the likelihood of developing type 1 diabetes significantly increases with a SARS-CoV-2 infection. Researchers led by Dr. Bornstein demonstrated in 2021 that SARS-CoV-2 can infect the insulin-producing cells of the organ. They examined pancreatic tissue from 20 patients who died from COVID-19 using immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, RNA in situ hybridization, and electron microscopy.

They found viral SARS-CoV-2 infiltration of the beta cells in all patients. In 11 patients with COVID-19, the expression of ACE2, TMPRSS, and other receptors and factors like DPP4, HMBG1, and NRP1 that can facilitate virus entry was examined. They found that even in the absence of manifest newly onset diabetes, necroptotic cell death, immune cell infiltration, and SARS-CoV-2 infection of the pancreas beta cells can contribute to varying degrees of metabolic disturbance in patients with COVID-19.

In a report published in October 2020, Tim Hollstein, MD, from the Institute for Diabetology and Clinical Metabolic Research at UKSH in Kiel, Germany, and colleagues described the case of a 19-year-old man who developed symptoms of insulin-dependent diabetes after a SARS-CoV-2 infection, without the presence of autoantibodies typical for type 1 diabetes.

The man presented to the emergency department with diabetic ketoacidosis, a C-peptide level of 0.62 µg/L, a blood glucose concentration of 30.6 mmol/L (552 mg/dL), and an A1c level of 16.8%. The patient’s history revealed a probable SARS-CoV-2 infection 5-7 weeks before admission, based on a positive antibody test against SARS-CoV-2.
 

Some Viruses Produce Insulin-Like Proteins

Recent studies have shown that some viruses can produce insulin-like proteins or hormones that interfere with the metabolism of the affected organism, reported Dr. Bornstein. In addition to metabolic regulation, these “viral hormones” also seem to influence cell turnover and cell death.

Dr. Bornstein pointed out that antiviral medications can delay the onset of type 1 diabetes by preserving the function of insulin-producing beta cells. It has also been shown that conventional medications used to treat hormonal disorders can reduce the susceptibility of the organism to infections — such as antidiabetic preparations like DPP-4 inhibitors or metformin.

In a review published in 2023, Nikolaos Perakakis, MD, professor, research group leader at the Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, Dresden, Germany, Dr. Bornstein, and colleagues discussed scientific evidence for a close mutual dependence between various virus infections and metabolic diseases. They discussed how viruses can lead to the development or progression of metabolic diseases and vice versa and how metabolic diseases can increase the severity of a virus infection.
 

Viruses Favor Metabolic Diseases...

Viruses can favor metabolic diseases by, for example, influencing the regulation of cell survival and specific signaling pathways relevant for cell death, proliferation, or dedifferentiation in important endocrine and metabolic organs. Viruses are also capable of controlling cellular glucose metabolism by modulating glucose transporters, altering glucose uptake, regulating signaling pathways, and stimulating glycolysis in infected cells.

Due to the destruction of beta cells, enteroviruses, but also the mumps virus, parainfluenza virus, or human herpes virus 6, are associated with the development of diabetes. The timing of infection often precedes or coincides with the peak of development of islet autoantibodies. The fact that only a small proportion of patients actually develop type 1 diabetes suggests that genetic background, and likely the timing of infection, play an important role.
 

...And Metabolic Diseases Influence the Course of Infection

Infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV), on the other hand, is associated with an increased risk for type 2 diabetes, with the risk being higher for older individuals with a family history of diabetes. The negative effects of HCV on glucose balance are mainly attributed to increased insulin resistance in the liver. HCV reduces hepatic glucose uptake by downregulating the expression of glucose transporters and additionally impairs insulin signal transduction by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

People with obesity, diabetes, or insulin resistance show significant changes in the innate and adaptive functions of the immune system. Regarding the innate immune system, impaired chemotaxis and phagocytosis of neutrophils have been observed in patients with type 2 diabetes.

In the case of obesity, the number of natural killer T cells in adipose tissue decreases, whereas B cells accumulate in adipose tissue and secrete more proinflammatory cytokines. Longitudinal multiomics analyses of various biopsies from individuals with insulin resistance showed a delayed immune response to respiratory virus infections compared with individuals with normal insulin sensitivity.

This story was translated from Medscape Germany using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

There are over 3700 types of mosquitoes worldwide and over 200 types in the continental United States, of which only 12 are associated with transmitting diseases to humans. The majority are just a nuisance. Since they cannot readily be distinguished, strategies to prevent any bites are recommended.

West Nile Virus

In the US, West Nile virus (WNV) is the leading cause of neuroinvasive arboviral disease. Just hearing the name took me back to New York in 1999 when sightings of dead birds around the city and boroughs were reported daily. The virus was isolated that same year. The enzootic circle occurs between mosquitoes and birds, which are the primary vertebrate host via the bite of Culex mosquitoes. After a bite from an infected mosquito, humans are usually a dead-end host since the level and duration of viremia needed to infect another mosquito is insufficient.

Human-to-human transmission is documented through blood transfusion and solid organ transplantation. Vertical transmission is rarely described. Initially isolated in New York, WNV quickly spread across North America and has been isolated in every continent except Antarctica. Most cases occur in the summer and autumn.

Most infected individuals are asymptomatic. Those who do develop symptoms have fever, headache, myalgia, arthralgia, nausea, vomiting, and a transient rash. Less than 1% develop meningitis/encephalitis symptoms similar to other causes of aseptic meningitis. Those with encephalitis in addition to fever and headache may have altered mental status and focal neurologic deficits including flaccid paralysis or movement disorders.

Detection of anti-WNV IgM antibodies (AB) in serum or CSF is the most common way to make the diagnosis. IgM AB usually is present within 3-8 days after onset of symptoms and persists up to 90 days. Data from ArboNET, the national arboviral surveillance system managed by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and state health departments, reveal that from 1999 to 2022 there were 56,575 cases of WNV including 28,684 cases of neuroinvasive disease. In 2023 there were 2,406 and 1,599 cases, respectively. Those historic totals for WNV are 10 times greater than the totals for all the other etiologies of neuroinvasive arboviral diseases in the US combined (Jamestown Canyon, LaCrosse, St. Louis, and Eastern Equine encephalitis n = 1813).

Remember to include WNV in your differential of a febrile patient with neurologic symptoms, mosquito bites, blood transfusions, and organ transplantation. Treatment is supportive care.

The US began screening all blood donations for WNV in 2003. Organ donor screening is not universal.

Dengue

Dengue, another arbovirus, is transmitted by bites of infected Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes, which prefer to feed during the daytime. There are four dengue virus serotypes: DENV-1 DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4. In endemic areas, all four serotypes are usually co-circulating and people can be infected by each one.

Wikimedia Commons/Muhammad Mahdi Karim/Creative Commons License

Long-term immunity is type specific. Heterologous protection lasts only a few months. Dengue is endemic throughout the tropics and subtropics of Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Approximately 53% of the world’s population live in an area where dengue transmission can occur. In the US, most cases are reported from Puerto Rico. Dengue is endemic in the following US territories: Puerto Rico, US Virgin Islands, American Samoa, and free associated states. Most cases reported on the mainland are travel related. However, locally acquired dengue has been reported. From 2010 to 2023 Hawaii reported 250 cases, Florida 438, and Texas 40 locally acquired cases. During that same period, Puerto Rico reported more than 32,000 cases. It is the leading cause of febrile illness for travelers returning from the Caribbean, Latin America, and South Asia.Peru is currently experiencing an outbreak with more than 25,000 cases reported since January 2024. Most cases of dengue occur in adolescents and young adults. Severe disease occurs most often in infants, those with underlying chronic disease, pregnant women, and persons infected with dengue for the second time.

Symptoms range from a mild febrile illness to severe disease associated with hemorrhage and shock. Onset is usually 7-10 days after infection and symptoms include high fever, severe headache, retro-orbital pain, arthralgia and myalgias, nausea, and vomiting; some may develop a generalized rash.

The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies dengue as 1) dengue with or without warning signs for progression of disease and 2) severe dengue. Warning signs for disease progression include abdominal pain or tenderness, persistent vomiting, fluid accumulation (e.g., ascites, pericardial or pleural effusion), mucosal bleeding, restlessness, postural hypotension, liver enlargement greater than 2 cm. Severe dengue is defined as any sign of severe plasma leakage leading to shock, severe bleeding or organ failure, or fluid accumulation with respiratory distress. Management is supportive care.

Prevention: In the US, Dengvaxia, a live attenuated tetravalent vaccine, is approved for use in children aged 9–16 years with laboratory-confirmed previous dengue virus infection and living in areas where dengue is endemic. It is administered at 0, 6, and 12 months. It is not available for purchase on the mainland. Continued control of the vector and personal protection is necessary to prevent recurrent infections.
 

CHIKV

Chikungunya (CHIKV), which means “that which bends up” in the Mkonde language of Tanzania, refers to the appearance of the person with severe usually symmetric arthralgias characteristic for this infection that otherwise is often clinically confused with dengue and Zika. It too is transmitted by A. aegypti and A. albopictus and is prevalent in tropical Africa, Asia, Central and South America, and the Caribbean. Like dengue it is predominantly an urban disease. The WHO reported the first case in the Western Hemisphere in Saint Martin in December 2013. By August 2014, 31 additional territories and Caribbean or South American countries reported 576,535 suspected cases.Florida first reported locally acquired CHIKV in June 2014. By December an additional 11 cases had been identified. Texas reported one case in 2015. Diagnosis is with IgM ab or PCR. Treatment is supportive with most recovering from acute illness within 2 weeks. Data in adults indicate 40-52% may develop chronic or recurrent joint pain.

Prevention: IXCHIQ, a live attenuated vaccine, was licensed in November 2023 and recommended by the CDC in February 2024 for use in persons at least 18 years of age with travel to destinations where there is a CHIKV outbreak. It may be considered for persons traveling to a country or territory without an outbreak but with evidence of CHIKV transmission among humans within the last 5 years and those staying in endemic areas for a cumulative period of at least 6 months over a 2-year period. Specific recommendations for lab workers and persons older than 65 years were also made. This is good news for your older patients who may be participating in mission trips, volunteering, studying abroad, or just vacationing in an endemic area. Adolescent vaccine trials are ongoing and pediatric trials will soon be initiated. In addition, vector control and use of personal protective measures cannot be emphasized enough.

There are several other mosquito borne diseases, however our discussion here is limited to three. Why these three? WNV as a reminder that it is the most common neuroinvasive agent in the US. Dengue and CHIKV because they are not endemic in the US so they might not routinely be considered in febrile patients; both diseases have been reported and acquired on the mainland and your patients may travel to an endemic area and return home with an unwanted souvenir. You will be ready for them.

Dr. Word is a pediatric infectious disease specialist and director of the Houston Travel Medicine Clinic. She said she had no relevant financial disclosures.

Suggested Reading

Chikungunya. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/recommendations.html.

Fagrem AC et al. West Nile and Other Nationally Notifiable Arboviral Diseases–United States, 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023 Aug 25;72(34):901-906.

Fever in Returned Travelers, Travel Medicine (Fourth Edition). 2019. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-323-54696-6.00056-2.

Paz-Baily et al. Dengue Vaccine: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2021 MMWR Recomm Rep. 2021 Dec 17;70(6):1-16).

Staples JE and Fischer M. Chikungunya virus in the Americas — what a vectorborne pathogen can do. N Engl J Med. 2014 Sep 4;371(10):887-9.

Mosquitoes and Diseases A-Z, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/mosquitoes/about/diseases.html.

There are over 3700 types of mosquitoes worldwide and over 200 types in the continental United States, of which only 12 are associated with transmitting diseases to humans. The majority are just a nuisance. Since they cannot readily be distinguished, strategies to prevent any bites are recommended.

West Nile Virus

In the US, West Nile virus (WNV) is the leading cause of neuroinvasive arboviral disease. Just hearing the name took me back to New York in 1999 when sightings of dead birds around the city and boroughs were reported daily. The virus was isolated that same year. The enzootic circle occurs between mosquitoes and birds, which are the primary vertebrate host via the bite of Culex mosquitoes. After a bite from an infected mosquito, humans are usually a dead-end host since the level and duration of viremia needed to infect another mosquito is insufficient.

Human-to-human transmission is documented through blood transfusion and solid organ transplantation. Vertical transmission is rarely described. Initially isolated in New York, WNV quickly spread across North America and has been isolated in every continent except Antarctica. Most cases occur in the summer and autumn.

Most infected individuals are asymptomatic. Those who do develop symptoms have fever, headache, myalgia, arthralgia, nausea, vomiting, and a transient rash. Less than 1% develop meningitis/encephalitis symptoms similar to other causes of aseptic meningitis. Those with encephalitis in addition to fever and headache may have altered mental status and focal neurologic deficits including flaccid paralysis or movement disorders.

Detection of anti-WNV IgM antibodies (AB) in serum or CSF is the most common way to make the diagnosis. IgM AB usually is present within 3-8 days after onset of symptoms and persists up to 90 days. Data from ArboNET, the national arboviral surveillance system managed by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and state health departments, reveal that from 1999 to 2022 there were 56,575 cases of WNV including 28,684 cases of neuroinvasive disease. In 2023 there were 2,406 and 1,599 cases, respectively. Those historic totals for WNV are 10 times greater than the totals for all the other etiologies of neuroinvasive arboviral diseases in the US combined (Jamestown Canyon, LaCrosse, St. Louis, and Eastern Equine encephalitis n = 1813).

Remember to include WNV in your differential of a febrile patient with neurologic symptoms, mosquito bites, blood transfusions, and organ transplantation. Treatment is supportive care.

The US began screening all blood donations for WNV in 2003. Organ donor screening is not universal.

Dengue

Dengue, another arbovirus, is transmitted by bites of infected Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes, which prefer to feed during the daytime. There are four dengue virus serotypes: DENV-1 DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4. In endemic areas, all four serotypes are usually co-circulating and people can be infected by each one.

Wikimedia Commons/Muhammad Mahdi Karim/Creative Commons License

Long-term immunity is type specific. Heterologous protection lasts only a few months. Dengue is endemic throughout the tropics and subtropics of Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Approximately 53% of the world’s population live in an area where dengue transmission can occur. In the US, most cases are reported from Puerto Rico. Dengue is endemic in the following US territories: Puerto Rico, US Virgin Islands, American Samoa, and free associated states. Most cases reported on the mainland are travel related. However, locally acquired dengue has been reported. From 2010 to 2023 Hawaii reported 250 cases, Florida 438, and Texas 40 locally acquired cases. During that same period, Puerto Rico reported more than 32,000 cases. It is the leading cause of febrile illness for travelers returning from the Caribbean, Latin America, and South Asia.Peru is currently experiencing an outbreak with more than 25,000 cases reported since January 2024. Most cases of dengue occur in adolescents and young adults. Severe disease occurs most often in infants, those with underlying chronic disease, pregnant women, and persons infected with dengue for the second time.

Symptoms range from a mild febrile illness to severe disease associated with hemorrhage and shock. Onset is usually 7-10 days after infection and symptoms include high fever, severe headache, retro-orbital pain, arthralgia and myalgias, nausea, and vomiting; some may develop a generalized rash.

The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies dengue as 1) dengue with or without warning signs for progression of disease and 2) severe dengue. Warning signs for disease progression include abdominal pain or tenderness, persistent vomiting, fluid accumulation (e.g., ascites, pericardial or pleural effusion), mucosal bleeding, restlessness, postural hypotension, liver enlargement greater than 2 cm. Severe dengue is defined as any sign of severe plasma leakage leading to shock, severe bleeding or organ failure, or fluid accumulation with respiratory distress. Management is supportive care.

Prevention: In the US, Dengvaxia, a live attenuated tetravalent vaccine, is approved for use in children aged 9–16 years with laboratory-confirmed previous dengue virus infection and living in areas where dengue is endemic. It is administered at 0, 6, and 12 months. It is not available for purchase on the mainland. Continued control of the vector and personal protection is necessary to prevent recurrent infections.
 

CHIKV

Chikungunya (CHIKV), which means “that which bends up” in the Mkonde language of Tanzania, refers to the appearance of the person with severe usually symmetric arthralgias characteristic for this infection that otherwise is often clinically confused with dengue and Zika. It too is transmitted by A. aegypti and A. albopictus and is prevalent in tropical Africa, Asia, Central and South America, and the Caribbean. Like dengue it is predominantly an urban disease. The WHO reported the first case in the Western Hemisphere in Saint Martin in December 2013. By August 2014, 31 additional territories and Caribbean or South American countries reported 576,535 suspected cases.Florida first reported locally acquired CHIKV in June 2014. By December an additional 11 cases had been identified. Texas reported one case in 2015. Diagnosis is with IgM ab or PCR. Treatment is supportive with most recovering from acute illness within 2 weeks. Data in adults indicate 40-52% may develop chronic or recurrent joint pain.

Prevention: IXCHIQ, a live attenuated vaccine, was licensed in November 2023 and recommended by the CDC in February 2024 for use in persons at least 18 years of age with travel to destinations where there is a CHIKV outbreak. It may be considered for persons traveling to a country or territory without an outbreak but with evidence of CHIKV transmission among humans within the last 5 years and those staying in endemic areas for a cumulative period of at least 6 months over a 2-year period. Specific recommendations for lab workers and persons older than 65 years were also made. This is good news for your older patients who may be participating in mission trips, volunteering, studying abroad, or just vacationing in an endemic area. Adolescent vaccine trials are ongoing and pediatric trials will soon be initiated. In addition, vector control and use of personal protective measures cannot be emphasized enough.

There are several other mosquito borne diseases, however our discussion here is limited to three. Why these three? WNV as a reminder that it is the most common neuroinvasive agent in the US. Dengue and CHIKV because they are not endemic in the US so they might not routinely be considered in febrile patients; both diseases have been reported and acquired on the mainland and your patients may travel to an endemic area and return home with an unwanted souvenir. You will be ready for them.

Dr. Word is a pediatric infectious disease specialist and director of the Houston Travel Medicine Clinic. She said she had no relevant financial disclosures.

Suggested Reading

Chikungunya. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/recommendations.html.

Fagrem AC et al. West Nile and Other Nationally Notifiable Arboviral Diseases–United States, 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023 Aug 25;72(34):901-906.

Fever in Returned Travelers, Travel Medicine (Fourth Edition). 2019. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-323-54696-6.00056-2.

Paz-Baily et al. Dengue Vaccine: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2021 MMWR Recomm Rep. 2021 Dec 17;70(6):1-16).

Staples JE and Fischer M. Chikungunya virus in the Americas — what a vectorborne pathogen can do. N Engl J Med. 2014 Sep 4;371(10):887-9.

Mosquitoes and Diseases A-Z, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/mosquitoes/about/diseases.html.

There are over 3700 types of mosquitoes worldwide and over 200 types in the continental United States, of which only 12 are associated with transmitting diseases to humans. The majority are just a nuisance. Since they cannot readily be distinguished, strategies to prevent any bites are recommended.

West Nile Virus

In the US, West Nile virus (WNV) is the leading cause of neuroinvasive arboviral disease. Just hearing the name took me back to New York in 1999 when sightings of dead birds around the city and boroughs were reported daily. The virus was isolated that same year. The enzootic circle occurs between mosquitoes and birds, which are the primary vertebrate host via the bite of Culex mosquitoes. After a bite from an infected mosquito, humans are usually a dead-end host since the level and duration of viremia needed to infect another mosquito is insufficient.

Human-to-human transmission is documented through blood transfusion and solid organ transplantation. Vertical transmission is rarely described. Initially isolated in New York, WNV quickly spread across North America and has been isolated in every continent except Antarctica. Most cases occur in the summer and autumn.

Most infected individuals are asymptomatic. Those who do develop symptoms have fever, headache, myalgia, arthralgia, nausea, vomiting, and a transient rash. Less than 1% develop meningitis/encephalitis symptoms similar to other causes of aseptic meningitis. Those with encephalitis in addition to fever and headache may have altered mental status and focal neurologic deficits including flaccid paralysis or movement disorders.

Detection of anti-WNV IgM antibodies (AB) in serum or CSF is the most common way to make the diagnosis. IgM AB usually is present within 3-8 days after onset of symptoms and persists up to 90 days. Data from ArboNET, the national arboviral surveillance system managed by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and state health departments, reveal that from 1999 to 2022 there were 56,575 cases of WNV including 28,684 cases of neuroinvasive disease. In 2023 there were 2,406 and 1,599 cases, respectively. Those historic totals for WNV are 10 times greater than the totals for all the other etiologies of neuroinvasive arboviral diseases in the US combined (Jamestown Canyon, LaCrosse, St. Louis, and Eastern Equine encephalitis n = 1813).

Remember to include WNV in your differential of a febrile patient with neurologic symptoms, mosquito bites, blood transfusions, and organ transplantation. Treatment is supportive care.

The US began screening all blood donations for WNV in 2003. Organ donor screening is not universal.

Dengue

Dengue, another arbovirus, is transmitted by bites of infected Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes, which prefer to feed during the daytime. There are four dengue virus serotypes: DENV-1 DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4. In endemic areas, all four serotypes are usually co-circulating and people can be infected by each one.

Wikimedia Commons/Muhammad Mahdi Karim/Creative Commons License

Long-term immunity is type specific. Heterologous protection lasts only a few months. Dengue is endemic throughout the tropics and subtropics of Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Approximately 53% of the world’s population live in an area where dengue transmission can occur. In the US, most cases are reported from Puerto Rico. Dengue is endemic in the following US territories: Puerto Rico, US Virgin Islands, American Samoa, and free associated states. Most cases reported on the mainland are travel related. However, locally acquired dengue has been reported. From 2010 to 2023 Hawaii reported 250 cases, Florida 438, and Texas 40 locally acquired cases. During that same period, Puerto Rico reported more than 32,000 cases. It is the leading cause of febrile illness for travelers returning from the Caribbean, Latin America, and South Asia.Peru is currently experiencing an outbreak with more than 25,000 cases reported since January 2024. Most cases of dengue occur in adolescents and young adults. Severe disease occurs most often in infants, those with underlying chronic disease, pregnant women, and persons infected with dengue for the second time.

Symptoms range from a mild febrile illness to severe disease associated with hemorrhage and shock. Onset is usually 7-10 days after infection and symptoms include high fever, severe headache, retro-orbital pain, arthralgia and myalgias, nausea, and vomiting; some may develop a generalized rash.

The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies dengue as 1) dengue with or without warning signs for progression of disease and 2) severe dengue. Warning signs for disease progression include abdominal pain or tenderness, persistent vomiting, fluid accumulation (e.g., ascites, pericardial or pleural effusion), mucosal bleeding, restlessness, postural hypotension, liver enlargement greater than 2 cm. Severe dengue is defined as any sign of severe plasma leakage leading to shock, severe bleeding or organ failure, or fluid accumulation with respiratory distress. Management is supportive care.

Prevention: In the US, Dengvaxia, a live attenuated tetravalent vaccine, is approved for use in children aged 9–16 years with laboratory-confirmed previous dengue virus infection and living in areas where dengue is endemic. It is administered at 0, 6, and 12 months. It is not available for purchase on the mainland. Continued control of the vector and personal protection is necessary to prevent recurrent infections.
 

CHIKV

Chikungunya (CHIKV), which means “that which bends up” in the Mkonde language of Tanzania, refers to the appearance of the person with severe usually symmetric arthralgias characteristic for this infection that otherwise is often clinically confused with dengue and Zika. It too is transmitted by A. aegypti and A. albopictus and is prevalent in tropical Africa, Asia, Central and South America, and the Caribbean. Like dengue it is predominantly an urban disease. The WHO reported the first case in the Western Hemisphere in Saint Martin in December 2013. By August 2014, 31 additional territories and Caribbean or South American countries reported 576,535 suspected cases.Florida first reported locally acquired CHIKV in June 2014. By December an additional 11 cases had been identified. Texas reported one case in 2015. Diagnosis is with IgM ab or PCR. Treatment is supportive with most recovering from acute illness within 2 weeks. Data in adults indicate 40-52% may develop chronic or recurrent joint pain.

Prevention: IXCHIQ, a live attenuated vaccine, was licensed in November 2023 and recommended by the CDC in February 2024 for use in persons at least 18 years of age with travel to destinations where there is a CHIKV outbreak. It may be considered for persons traveling to a country or territory without an outbreak but with evidence of CHIKV transmission among humans within the last 5 years and those staying in endemic areas for a cumulative period of at least 6 months over a 2-year period. Specific recommendations for lab workers and persons older than 65 years were also made. This is good news for your older patients who may be participating in mission trips, volunteering, studying abroad, or just vacationing in an endemic area. Adolescent vaccine trials are ongoing and pediatric trials will soon be initiated. In addition, vector control and use of personal protective measures cannot be emphasized enough.

There are several other mosquito borne diseases, however our discussion here is limited to three. Why these three? WNV as a reminder that it is the most common neuroinvasive agent in the US. Dengue and CHIKV because they are not endemic in the US so they might not routinely be considered in febrile patients; both diseases have been reported and acquired on the mainland and your patients may travel to an endemic area and return home with an unwanted souvenir. You will be ready for them.

Dr. Word is a pediatric infectious disease specialist and director of the Houston Travel Medicine Clinic. She said she had no relevant financial disclosures.

Suggested Reading

Chikungunya. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/recommendations.html.

Fagrem AC et al. West Nile and Other Nationally Notifiable Arboviral Diseases–United States, 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023 Aug 25;72(34):901-906.

Fever in Returned Travelers, Travel Medicine (Fourth Edition). 2019. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-323-54696-6.00056-2.

Paz-Baily et al. Dengue Vaccine: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2021 MMWR Recomm Rep. 2021 Dec 17;70(6):1-16).

Staples JE and Fischer M. Chikungunya virus in the Americas — what a vectorborne pathogen can do. N Engl J Med. 2014 Sep 4;371(10):887-9.

Mosquitoes and Diseases A-Z, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/mosquitoes/about/diseases.html.

With rates of syphilis rising quickly in the United States and elsewhere, clinicians are having to up their game when it comes to diagnosing and treating an infection that they may not be paying enough attention to.

More than 200,000 cases of syphilis were reported in the United States in 2022, which is the highest number since 1950 and is a 17.3% increase over 2021, according to the latest figures from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The rate of infection has increased almost every year since a historic low in 2001.

And the trend is not limited to the United States. Last year, the infection rate in the United Kingdom hit a 50-year high, said David Mabey, BCh, DM, from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Syphilis and other sexually transmitted infections are also a major problem in low- and middle-income countries, he added, although good data are not always available.

Many of today’s healthcare professionals have little experience with the disease, shared Ina Park, MD, a sexually transmitted infections specialist at the University of California at San Francisco. “An entire generation of physicians — including myself — did not see any cases until we were well out of our training,” Dr. Park reported. “We’re really playing catch-up.”
 

A Centuries-Old Ailment

Dr. Park offered some advice on the challenges of diagnosing what can be an elusive infection at the Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI) 2024 Annual Meeting in Denver. That advice boiled down to one simple rule: “Test, test, test.”

Because syphilis can mimic so many other conditions and can have long periods of latency, it can be easily missed or even misdiagnosed by experienced physicians, said Dr. Park. Clinicians need to keep it front of mind and have a lower threshold for testing, even if there are no obvious symptoms.

Following the CDC’s new recommendations for syphilis screening will help, she noted; every sexually active patient aged between 15 and 44 years who lives in a county with a syphilis infection rate of 4.6 per 100,000 people or higher should get the test. And clinicians should remain vigilant, even in areas with a lower prevalence. “If you can’t account for new symptoms in a sexually active patient, order a test,” said Dr. Park.
 

Complicated Cases

The lack of experience with syphilis affects not just diagnosis but also treatment, particularly for complex cases, said Khalil Ghanem, MD, PhD, from the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in Baltimore. “When you don’t have to deal with something for a while, you forget how to deal with it,” he added.

At CROI, Dr. Ghanem offered suggestions for how to navigate complicated cases of ocular syphilis, otic syphilis, and neurosyphilis, and how to interpret test results when a patient’s antigen titers are being “unruly.”

With potential ocular or otic syphilis, you shouldn’t wait for a specialist like an ophthalmologist to weigh in but instead refer the patient directly to the emergency department because of the risk that the symptoms may become irreversible and result in permanent blindness or deafness. “You don’t want to dilly-dally with those conditions,” Dr. Ghanem said.

Closely monitoring a patient’s rapid plasma regain and venereal disease research laboratory antigen levels is the only way to manage syphilis and to determine whether the infection is responding to treatment, he noted, but sometimes those titers “don’t do what you think they should be doing” and fail to decline or even go up after treatment.

“You don’t know if they went up because the patient was re-infected, or they developed neurosyphilis, or there was a problem at the lab,” he said. “It can be challenging to interpret.”

To decipher confusing test results, Dr. Ghanem recommended getting a detailed history to understand whether a patient is at risk for reinfection, whether there are signs of neurosyphilis or other complications, whether pregnancy is possible, and so on. “Based on the answers, you can determine what the most rational approach to treatment would be,” he shared.
 

Drug Shortages

Efforts to get the infection under control have become more complicated. Last summer, Pfizer announced that it had run out of penicillin G benzathine (Bicillin), an injectable, long-acting drug that is one of the main treatments for syphilis and the only one that can be given to pregnant people. Supplies for children ran out at the end of June 2023, and supplies for adults were gone by the end of September.

Because Pfizer is the only company that manufactures penicillin G benzathine, there is no one to pick up the slack in the short-term, so the shortage is expected to continue until at least the middle of 2024.

In response, the US Food and Drug Administration has temporarily allowed the use of benzylpenicillin benzathine (Extencilline), a French formulation that has not been approved in the United States, until supplies of penicillin G benzathine are stabilized.

The shortage has shone a spotlight on the important issue of a lack of alternatives for the treatment of syphilis during pregnancy, which increases the risk for congenital syphilis. “Hopefully, this pushes the National Institutes of Health and others to step up their game on studies for alternative drugs for use in pregnancy,” Dr. Ghanem said.
 

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

With rates of syphilis rising quickly in the United States and elsewhere, clinicians are having to up their game when it comes to diagnosing and treating an infection that they may not be paying enough attention to.

More than 200,000 cases of syphilis were reported in the United States in 2022, which is the highest number since 1950 and is a 17.3% increase over 2021, according to the latest figures from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The rate of infection has increased almost every year since a historic low in 2001.

And the trend is not limited to the United States. Last year, the infection rate in the United Kingdom hit a 50-year high, said David Mabey, BCh, DM, from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Syphilis and other sexually transmitted infections are also a major problem in low- and middle-income countries, he added, although good data are not always available.

Many of today’s healthcare professionals have little experience with the disease, shared Ina Park, MD, a sexually transmitted infections specialist at the University of California at San Francisco. “An entire generation of physicians — including myself — did not see any cases until we were well out of our training,” Dr. Park reported. “We’re really playing catch-up.”
 

A Centuries-Old Ailment

Dr. Park offered some advice on the challenges of diagnosing what can be an elusive infection at the Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI) 2024 Annual Meeting in Denver. That advice boiled down to one simple rule: “Test, test, test.”

Because syphilis can mimic so many other conditions and can have long periods of latency, it can be easily missed or even misdiagnosed by experienced physicians, said Dr. Park. Clinicians need to keep it front of mind and have a lower threshold for testing, even if there are no obvious symptoms.

Following the CDC’s new recommendations for syphilis screening will help, she noted; every sexually active patient aged between 15 and 44 years who lives in a county with a syphilis infection rate of 4.6 per 100,000 people or higher should get the test. And clinicians should remain vigilant, even in areas with a lower prevalence. “If you can’t account for new symptoms in a sexually active patient, order a test,” said Dr. Park.
 

Complicated Cases

The lack of experience with syphilis affects not just diagnosis but also treatment, particularly for complex cases, said Khalil Ghanem, MD, PhD, from the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in Baltimore. “When you don’t have to deal with something for a while, you forget how to deal with it,” he added.

At CROI, Dr. Ghanem offered suggestions for how to navigate complicated cases of ocular syphilis, otic syphilis, and neurosyphilis, and how to interpret test results when a patient’s antigen titers are being “unruly.”

With potential ocular or otic syphilis, you shouldn’t wait for a specialist like an ophthalmologist to weigh in but instead refer the patient directly to the emergency department because of the risk that the symptoms may become irreversible and result in permanent blindness or deafness. “You don’t want to dilly-dally with those conditions,” Dr. Ghanem said.

Closely monitoring a patient’s rapid plasma regain and venereal disease research laboratory antigen levels is the only way to manage syphilis and to determine whether the infection is responding to treatment, he noted, but sometimes those titers “don’t do what you think they should be doing” and fail to decline or even go up after treatment.

“You don’t know if they went up because the patient was re-infected, or they developed neurosyphilis, or there was a problem at the lab,” he said. “It can be challenging to interpret.”

To decipher confusing test results, Dr. Ghanem recommended getting a detailed history to understand whether a patient is at risk for reinfection, whether there are signs of neurosyphilis or other complications, whether pregnancy is possible, and so on. “Based on the answers, you can determine what the most rational approach to treatment would be,” he shared.
 

Drug Shortages

Efforts to get the infection under control have become more complicated. Last summer, Pfizer announced that it had run out of penicillin G benzathine (Bicillin), an injectable, long-acting drug that is one of the main treatments for syphilis and the only one that can be given to pregnant people. Supplies for children ran out at the end of June 2023, and supplies for adults were gone by the end of September.

Because Pfizer is the only company that manufactures penicillin G benzathine, there is no one to pick up the slack in the short-term, so the shortage is expected to continue until at least the middle of 2024.

In response, the US Food and Drug Administration has temporarily allowed the use of benzylpenicillin benzathine (Extencilline), a French formulation that has not been approved in the United States, until supplies of penicillin G benzathine are stabilized.

The shortage has shone a spotlight on the important issue of a lack of alternatives for the treatment of syphilis during pregnancy, which increases the risk for congenital syphilis. “Hopefully, this pushes the National Institutes of Health and others to step up their game on studies for alternative drugs for use in pregnancy,” Dr. Ghanem said.
 

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

With rates of syphilis rising quickly in the United States and elsewhere, clinicians are having to up their game when it comes to diagnosing and treating an infection that they may not be paying enough attention to.

More than 200,000 cases of syphilis were reported in the United States in 2022, which is the highest number since 1950 and is a 17.3% increase over 2021, according to the latest figures from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The rate of infection has increased almost every year since a historic low in 2001.

And the trend is not limited to the United States. Last year, the infection rate in the United Kingdom hit a 50-year high, said David Mabey, BCh, DM, from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Syphilis and other sexually transmitted infections are also a major problem in low- and middle-income countries, he added, although good data are not always available.

Many of today’s healthcare professionals have little experience with the disease, shared Ina Park, MD, a sexually transmitted infections specialist at the University of California at San Francisco. “An entire generation of physicians — including myself — did not see any cases until we were well out of our training,” Dr. Park reported. “We’re really playing catch-up.”
 

A Centuries-Old Ailment

Dr. Park offered some advice on the challenges of diagnosing what can be an elusive infection at the Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI) 2024 Annual Meeting in Denver. That advice boiled down to one simple rule: “Test, test, test.”

Because syphilis can mimic so many other conditions and can have long periods of latency, it can be easily missed or even misdiagnosed by experienced physicians, said Dr. Park. Clinicians need to keep it front of mind and have a lower threshold for testing, even if there are no obvious symptoms.

Following the CDC’s new recommendations for syphilis screening will help, she noted; every sexually active patient aged between 15 and 44 years who lives in a county with a syphilis infection rate of 4.6 per 100,000 people or higher should get the test. And clinicians should remain vigilant, even in areas with a lower prevalence. “If you can’t account for new symptoms in a sexually active patient, order a test,” said Dr. Park.
 

Complicated Cases

The lack of experience with syphilis affects not just diagnosis but also treatment, particularly for complex cases, said Khalil Ghanem, MD, PhD, from the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in Baltimore. “When you don’t have to deal with something for a while, you forget how to deal with it,” he added.

At CROI, Dr. Ghanem offered suggestions for how to navigate complicated cases of ocular syphilis, otic syphilis, and neurosyphilis, and how to interpret test results when a patient’s antigen titers are being “unruly.”

With potential ocular or otic syphilis, you shouldn’t wait for a specialist like an ophthalmologist to weigh in but instead refer the patient directly to the emergency department because of the risk that the symptoms may become irreversible and result in permanent blindness or deafness. “You don’t want to dilly-dally with those conditions,” Dr. Ghanem said.

Closely monitoring a patient’s rapid plasma regain and venereal disease research laboratory antigen levels is the only way to manage syphilis and to determine whether the infection is responding to treatment, he noted, but sometimes those titers “don’t do what you think they should be doing” and fail to decline or even go up after treatment.

“You don’t know if they went up because the patient was re-infected, or they developed neurosyphilis, or there was a problem at the lab,” he said. “It can be challenging to interpret.”

To decipher confusing test results, Dr. Ghanem recommended getting a detailed history to understand whether a patient is at risk for reinfection, whether there are signs of neurosyphilis or other complications, whether pregnancy is possible, and so on. “Based on the answers, you can determine what the most rational approach to treatment would be,” he shared.
 

Drug Shortages

Efforts to get the infection under control have become more complicated. Last summer, Pfizer announced that it had run out of penicillin G benzathine (Bicillin), an injectable, long-acting drug that is one of the main treatments for syphilis and the only one that can be given to pregnant people. Supplies for children ran out at the end of June 2023, and supplies for adults were gone by the end of September.

Because Pfizer is the only company that manufactures penicillin G benzathine, there is no one to pick up the slack in the short-term, so the shortage is expected to continue until at least the middle of 2024.

In response, the US Food and Drug Administration has temporarily allowed the use of benzylpenicillin benzathine (Extencilline), a French formulation that has not been approved in the United States, until supplies of penicillin G benzathine are stabilized.

The shortage has shone a spotlight on the important issue of a lack of alternatives for the treatment of syphilis during pregnancy, which increases the risk for congenital syphilis. “Hopefully, this pushes the National Institutes of Health and others to step up their game on studies for alternative drugs for use in pregnancy,” Dr. Ghanem said.
 

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

The new RSV antibody treatment for babies has been highly effective in its first season, according to a first look at data from four children’s hospitals.

Babies who received the new preventive treatment for RSV shortly after birth were 90% less likely to be severely sickened with the potentially deadly respiratory illness, according to the new estimate published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. It is the first real-world evaluation of Beyfortus (the generic name is nirsevimab), which was approved by the Food and Drug Administration last July.

RSV is a seasonal illness that affects more people — particularly infants and the elderly — in the fall and winter. Symptoms are usually mild in healthy adults, but infants are particularly at risk of getting bronchiolitis, which results in exhausting wheezing and coughing in babies due to swelling in their airways and lungs. Babies who are hospitalized may need fluids and medical devices to help them breathe.

RSV peaked this season from November to January, with more than 10,000 monthly diagnoses reported to the CDC. 

The new CDC analysis was conducted among about 700 babies hospitalized for severe respiratory problems from October to the end of February. Among the babies in the study, 407 were diagnosed with RSV and 292 tested negative. The researchers found that 1% of babies in the study who were diagnosed with RSV had received Beyfortus, while the remaining babies who were positive for the virus had not. 

Among the babies hospitalized for other severe respiratory problems, 18% had received Beyfortus. Overall, just 59 babies among the nearly 700 in the study received Beyfortus, perhaps reflecting the short supply of the medicine the first season it was available. The report authors noted that babies in the study who did receive Beyfortus also tended to have high-risk medical conditions.

The number of babies nationwide who received Beyfortus during this first season of availability is unclear, but a January CDC survey showed that 4 in 10 parents said their babies under 8 months old had received the treatment. The Wall Street Journal reported recently that a shortage last fall resulted from underestimated demand and from production plans that were set before the CDC decided to recommend that all infants under 8 months old receive Beyfortus if their mothers did not get a maternal vaccine that can protect infants from RSV.

Both the antibody treatment for infants and the maternal vaccine were shown in clinical trials to be about 80% effective at preventing severe illness stemming from RSV.

The authors of the latest CDC report concluded that “this early estimate supports the current nirsevimab recommendation for the prevention of severe RSV disease in infants. Infants should be protected by maternal RSV vaccination or infant receipt of nirsevimab.”

A version of this article appeared on WebMD.com.

The new RSV antibody treatment for babies has been highly effective in its first season, according to a first look at data from four children’s hospitals.

Babies who received the new preventive treatment for RSV shortly after birth were 90% less likely to be severely sickened with the potentially deadly respiratory illness, according to the new estimate published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. It is the first real-world evaluation of Beyfortus (the generic name is nirsevimab), which was approved by the Food and Drug Administration last July.

RSV is a seasonal illness that affects more people — particularly infants and the elderly — in the fall and winter. Symptoms are usually mild in healthy adults, but infants are particularly at risk of getting bronchiolitis, which results in exhausting wheezing and coughing in babies due to swelling in their airways and lungs. Babies who are hospitalized may need fluids and medical devices to help them breathe.

RSV peaked this season from November to January, with more than 10,000 monthly diagnoses reported to the CDC. 

The new CDC analysis was conducted among about 700 babies hospitalized for severe respiratory problems from October to the end of February. Among the babies in the study, 407 were diagnosed with RSV and 292 tested negative. The researchers found that 1% of babies in the study who were diagnosed with RSV had received Beyfortus, while the remaining babies who were positive for the virus had not. 

Among the babies hospitalized for other severe respiratory problems, 18% had received Beyfortus. Overall, just 59 babies among the nearly 700 in the study received Beyfortus, perhaps reflecting the short supply of the medicine the first season it was available. The report authors noted that babies in the study who did receive Beyfortus also tended to have high-risk medical conditions.

The number of babies nationwide who received Beyfortus during this first season of availability is unclear, but a January CDC survey showed that 4 in 10 parents said their babies under 8 months old had received the treatment. The Wall Street Journal reported recently that a shortage last fall resulted from underestimated demand and from production plans that were set before the CDC decided to recommend that all infants under 8 months old receive Beyfortus if their mothers did not get a maternal vaccine that can protect infants from RSV.

Both the antibody treatment for infants and the maternal vaccine were shown in clinical trials to be about 80% effective at preventing severe illness stemming from RSV.

The authors of the latest CDC report concluded that “this early estimate supports the current nirsevimab recommendation for the prevention of severe RSV disease in infants. Infants should be protected by maternal RSV vaccination or infant receipt of nirsevimab.”

A version of this article appeared on WebMD.com.

The new RSV antibody treatment for babies has been highly effective in its first season, according to a first look at data from four children’s hospitals.

Babies who received the new preventive treatment for RSV shortly after birth were 90% less likely to be severely sickened with the potentially deadly respiratory illness, according to the new estimate published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. It is the first real-world evaluation of Beyfortus (the generic name is nirsevimab), which was approved by the Food and Drug Administration last July.

RSV is a seasonal illness that affects more people — particularly infants and the elderly — in the fall and winter. Symptoms are usually mild in healthy adults, but infants are particularly at risk of getting bronchiolitis, which results in exhausting wheezing and coughing in babies due to swelling in their airways and lungs. Babies who are hospitalized may need fluids and medical devices to help them breathe.

RSV peaked this season from November to January, with more than 10,000 monthly diagnoses reported to the CDC. 

The new CDC analysis was conducted among about 700 babies hospitalized for severe respiratory problems from October to the end of February. Among the babies in the study, 407 were diagnosed with RSV and 292 tested negative. The researchers found that 1% of babies in the study who were diagnosed with RSV had received Beyfortus, while the remaining babies who were positive for the virus had not. 

Among the babies hospitalized for other severe respiratory problems, 18% had received Beyfortus. Overall, just 59 babies among the nearly 700 in the study received Beyfortus, perhaps reflecting the short supply of the medicine the first season it was available. The report authors noted that babies in the study who did receive Beyfortus also tended to have high-risk medical conditions.

The number of babies nationwide who received Beyfortus during this first season of availability is unclear, but a January CDC survey showed that 4 in 10 parents said their babies under 8 months old had received the treatment. The Wall Street Journal reported recently that a shortage last fall resulted from underestimated demand and from production plans that were set before the CDC decided to recommend that all infants under 8 months old receive Beyfortus if their mothers did not get a maternal vaccine that can protect infants from RSV.

Both the antibody treatment for infants and the maternal vaccine were shown in clinical trials to be about 80% effective at preventing severe illness stemming from RSV.

The authors of the latest CDC report concluded that “this early estimate supports the current nirsevimab recommendation for the prevention of severe RSV disease in infants. Infants should be protected by maternal RSV vaccination or infant receipt of nirsevimab.”

A version of this article appeared on WebMD.com.

The first pentavalent vaccine approved against all five major serogroups of meningococcal disease has clinicians evaluating the optimal timing for vaccination, according to a new analysis.

Vaccines have helped greatly reduce the rate of invasive meningococcal disease among adolescents over the past 20 years, and the new formulation that covers all main types of the bacteria could help improve vaccination coverage and drive infection rates even lower, reported the research led by senior author Gregory Zimet from the department of pediatrics at the Indiana University School of Medicine in Indianapolis, Indiana.

The five main serogroups — labeled A, B, C, W, and Y — cause most of the disease set off by the bacteria Neisseria meningitidis. It is a rare but serious illness that mostly affects adolescents and young adults.

Meningitis often presents with nonspecific symptoms and can progress to serious illness and even death within hours.

“Clinical features of invasive meningococcal disease, coupled with its unpredictable epidemiology, suggest that vaccination is the best strategy for preventing associated adverse outcomes,” the researchers reported.

Before the introduction of vaccines in 2005, the incidence of disease in the United States ranged from 0.5 to 1.1 cases per 100,000 people, with ≥ 10% of cases being fatal.
 

The Quadrivalent Vaccine

In 2005, the first quadrivalent meningococcal vaccine, covering serogroups A, C, W, and Y, was approved in the United States and recommended for routine use in 11- and 12-year-olds, followed by a 2010 booster recommendation at age 16 years.

Between 2006 and 2017, the estimated incidence among 11- to 15-year-olds dropped by > 26% each year.

For those aged 16-22 years, the incidence dropped even further by > 35% per year between 2011 and 2017 after the booster was introduced.

Rates also fell in other groups that had not been vaccinated, such as in infants and adults, suggesting possible herd protection after the vaccines.
 

With Serogroup B

By 2015, a vaccine covering serogroup B was also approved. However, it was not added to the routine vaccination schedule and was subject to shared clinical decision-making between clinicians and patients.

The B vaccine has been less successful, reported the researchers, who said this is likely because uptake was much lower due to it not being part of the routine schedule.

Today, serogroup B makes up a greater proportion of meningitis cases. Before the vaccines were introduced, it accounted for about one third of cases, and now it is the cause of about half of all cases.
 

Two Doses With a Boost?

In October, the US Food and Drug Administration approved the first pentavalent vaccine against all five major serogroups, which the authors of the analysis said, “may help optimize the existing US adolescent meningococcal vaccination platform”.

A modeling study suggested that the current vaccination schedule of two doses each of the vaccines would prevent 165 cases of meningitis over 10 years. However, a two-dose pentavalent vaccine at age 11 years plus a booster at age 16 years would not only simplify the process and reduce the number of injections required but would also increase the number of cases prevented to 256.

“Use of pentavalent vaccines yields the potential to build on the success of the incumbent program, raising B vaccination coverage by simplifying existing recommendations and decreasing the number of injections required,” the researchers reported, thus “…reducing the clinical and economic burden of meningococcal disease.”

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

The first pentavalent vaccine approved against all five major serogroups of meningococcal disease has clinicians evaluating the optimal timing for vaccination, according to a new analysis.

Vaccines have helped greatly reduce the rate of invasive meningococcal disease among adolescents over the past 20 years, and the new formulation that covers all main types of the bacteria could help improve vaccination coverage and drive infection rates even lower, reported the research led by senior author Gregory Zimet from the department of pediatrics at the Indiana University School of Medicine in Indianapolis, Indiana.

The five main serogroups — labeled A, B, C, W, and Y — cause most of the disease set off by the bacteria Neisseria meningitidis. It is a rare but serious illness that mostly affects adolescents and young adults.

Meningitis often presents with nonspecific symptoms and can progress to serious illness and even death within hours.

“Clinical features of invasive meningococcal disease, coupled with its unpredictable epidemiology, suggest that vaccination is the best strategy for preventing associated adverse outcomes,” the researchers reported.

Before the introduction of vaccines in 2005, the incidence of disease in the United States ranged from 0.5 to 1.1 cases per 100,000 people, with ≥ 10% of cases being fatal.
 

The Quadrivalent Vaccine

In 2005, the first quadrivalent meningococcal vaccine, covering serogroups A, C, W, and Y, was approved in the United States and recommended for routine use in 11- and 12-year-olds, followed by a 2010 booster recommendation at age 16 years.

Between 2006 and 2017, the estimated incidence among 11- to 15-year-olds dropped by > 26% each year.

For those aged 16-22 years, the incidence dropped even further by > 35% per year between 2011 and 2017 after the booster was introduced.

Rates also fell in other groups that had not been vaccinated, such as in infants and adults, suggesting possible herd protection after the vaccines.
 

With Serogroup B

By 2015, a vaccine covering serogroup B was also approved. However, it was not added to the routine vaccination schedule and was subject to shared clinical decision-making between clinicians and patients.

The B vaccine has been less successful, reported the researchers, who said this is likely because uptake was much lower due to it not being part of the routine schedule.

Today, serogroup B makes up a greater proportion of meningitis cases. Before the vaccines were introduced, it accounted for about one third of cases, and now it is the cause of about half of all cases.
 

Two Doses With a Boost?

In October, the US Food and Drug Administration approved the first pentavalent vaccine against all five major serogroups, which the authors of the analysis said, “may help optimize the existing US adolescent meningococcal vaccination platform”.

A modeling study suggested that the current vaccination schedule of two doses each of the vaccines would prevent 165 cases of meningitis over 10 years. However, a two-dose pentavalent vaccine at age 11 years plus a booster at age 16 years would not only simplify the process and reduce the number of injections required but would also increase the number of cases prevented to 256.

“Use of pentavalent vaccines yields the potential to build on the success of the incumbent program, raising B vaccination coverage by simplifying existing recommendations and decreasing the number of injections required,” the researchers reported, thus “…reducing the clinical and economic burden of meningococcal disease.”

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

The first pentavalent vaccine approved against all five major serogroups of meningococcal disease has clinicians evaluating the optimal timing for vaccination, according to a new analysis.

Vaccines have helped greatly reduce the rate of invasive meningococcal disease among adolescents over the past 20 years, and the new formulation that covers all main types of the bacteria could help improve vaccination coverage and drive infection rates even lower, reported the research led by senior author Gregory Zimet from the department of pediatrics at the Indiana University School of Medicine in Indianapolis, Indiana.

The five main serogroups — labeled A, B, C, W, and Y — cause most of the disease set off by the bacteria Neisseria meningitidis. It is a rare but serious illness that mostly affects adolescents and young adults.

Meningitis often presents with nonspecific symptoms and can progress to serious illness and even death within hours.

“Clinical features of invasive meningococcal disease, coupled with its unpredictable epidemiology, suggest that vaccination is the best strategy for preventing associated adverse outcomes,” the researchers reported.

Before the introduction of vaccines in 2005, the incidence of disease in the United States ranged from 0.5 to 1.1 cases per 100,000 people, with ≥ 10% of cases being fatal.
 

The Quadrivalent Vaccine

In 2005, the first quadrivalent meningococcal vaccine, covering serogroups A, C, W, and Y, was approved in the United States and recommended for routine use in 11- and 12-year-olds, followed by a 2010 booster recommendation at age 16 years.

Between 2006 and 2017, the estimated incidence among 11- to 15-year-olds dropped by > 26% each year.

For those aged 16-22 years, the incidence dropped even further by > 35% per year between 2011 and 2017 after the booster was introduced.

Rates also fell in other groups that had not been vaccinated, such as in infants and adults, suggesting possible herd protection after the vaccines.
 

With Serogroup B

By 2015, a vaccine covering serogroup B was also approved. However, it was not added to the routine vaccination schedule and was subject to shared clinical decision-making between clinicians and patients.

The B vaccine has been less successful, reported the researchers, who said this is likely because uptake was much lower due to it not being part of the routine schedule.

Today, serogroup B makes up a greater proportion of meningitis cases. Before the vaccines were introduced, it accounted for about one third of cases, and now it is the cause of about half of all cases.
 

Two Doses With a Boost?

In October, the US Food and Drug Administration approved the first pentavalent vaccine against all five major serogroups, which the authors of the analysis said, “may help optimize the existing US adolescent meningococcal vaccination platform”.

A modeling study suggested that the current vaccination schedule of two doses each of the vaccines would prevent 165 cases of meningitis over 10 years. However, a two-dose pentavalent vaccine at age 11 years plus a booster at age 16 years would not only simplify the process and reduce the number of injections required but would also increase the number of cases prevented to 256.

“Use of pentavalent vaccines yields the potential to build on the success of the incumbent program, raising B vaccination coverage by simplifying existing recommendations and decreasing the number of injections required,” the researchers reported, thus “…reducing the clinical and economic burden of meningococcal disease.”

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.