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To the Editor:

Drug-induced hyperpigmentation is a common cause of an acquired increase in pigmentation. Belumosudil is an oral selective inhibitor of Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase (ROCK2) that is approved for the treatment of chronic graft-vs-host disease (GVHD). We describe a patient who developed diffuse skin bronzing 3 weeks after initiation of belumosudil treatment.

A 64-year-old fair-skinned woman presented to the dermatology clinic with bronzing of the skin and dystrophic nails 3 weeks after starting belumosudil for treatment of chronic GVHD. Six months prior to presentation, the patient had received a bone marrow transplant for chronic lymphoid leukemia. She presented to dermatology 6 months after the transplant with a new-onset rash that was suspicious for GVHD. Physical examination revealed pruritic pink papules diffusely scattered on the legs and forearms (Figure 1). The patient declined biopsy at that time and later followed up with oncology. The patient’s oncologist supported a diagnosis of GVHD, and the patient began treatment with belumosudil 200 mg/d which was intended to be taken until treatment failure due to progression of chronic GVHD.

Three weeks after starting belumosudil, the patient developed diffuse bronzing of the skin and brown, evenly colored patches scattered on the trunk, back, and upper and lower extremities on a background of the presumed GVHD rash (Figure 2). The hyperpigmentation was abrupt, starting on the chest and spreading to the abdomen, extremities, and back (Figure 3).

Again, the patient was offered biopsy for the new-onset pigmentation but declined. During this time, she had no notable sun exposure and primarily stayed indoors despite living in a region with a sunny semi-arid climate. Her medication and supplement list were reviewed and included acalabrutinib, a multivitamin, lutein, biotin, and a fish oil supplement. A compete blood cell count as well as ferritin, transferrin, cortisol, and adrenocorticotropic hormone levels were unremarkable.

The patient continued to take belumosudil for treatment of GVHD. The hyperpigmentation faded slightly by a 2-month follow-up visit but persisted and was stable. She has not tried other treatments for GVHD to manage the hyperpigmentation.

Conditions known to cause diffuse bronzing of the skin include Addison disease, hemochromatosis, Cushing disease, and medication adverse events. Our patient presented with an absence of systemic symptoms, normal laboratory results, and no clinical indicators suggesting alternate causes. Given that the onset of the hyperpigmentation was 3 weeks after she started a new medication, we hypothesized that the bronzing was an adverse effect of the belumosudil—though this correlation cannot be definitively proven by this case.

The most common offending agents for drug-induced skin hyperpigmentation are nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drugs, antimalarials, amiodarone, cytotoxic drugs, and tetracyclines.^1,2 Our patient’s medication list included the cytotoxic agent acalabrutinib, a Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor used for the treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It has been associated with dermatologic findings of ecchymosis, bruising, panniculitis, and cellulitis, but there are no known reports of hyperpigmentation.³ Our patient had been taking acalabrutinib for 6 months when the GVHD rash developed. At the time, she also was taking a multivitamin and lutein, biotin, and fish oil supplements, none of which have been associated with hyperpigmentation.

Polypharmacy adds a layer of difficulty in identifying the inciting cause of pigmentary change. In our case, symptoms began 3 weeks after the initiation of belumosudil. There were no cutaneous reactions observed in the ROCKstar study of belumosudil; the most common adverse events were upper respiratory tract infection, diarrhea, fatigue, nausea, increased liver enzymes, and dyspnea.^4,5 Patients on belumosudil have developed aggressive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.⁶ However, a search of PubMed articles indexed for MEDLINE using the search terms acalabrutinib or belumosudil with hyperpigmentation or cutaneous reaction returned no reports of these medications causing hyperpigmentation or cutaneous deposits.

Treatment of drug-induced hyperpigmentation is difficult because discontinuation of the offending agent typically confirms diagnosis, but interruption of treatment is not always possible, as in our patient. The skin changes can fade over time, but effects typically are long lasting.

Dermatologists play a key role in the identification of drug-induced skin hyperpigmentation. After endocrine or metabolic causes of skin hyperpigmentation have been ruled out, a thorough review of the patient’s medication list should be done to assess for a drug-induced cause. Treatment is limited to sun avoidance, as interruption of treatment may not be possible, and lesions typically do fade over time. These chronic skin changes can have a psychosocial effect on patients and regular follow-up is recommended.

To the Editor:

Drug-induced hyperpigmentation is a common cause of an acquired increase in pigmentation. Belumosudil is an oral selective inhibitor of Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase (ROCK2) that is approved for the treatment of chronic graft-vs-host disease (GVHD). We describe a patient who developed diffuse skin bronzing 3 weeks after initiation of belumosudil treatment.

A 64-year-old fair-skinned woman presented to the dermatology clinic with bronzing of the skin and dystrophic nails 3 weeks after starting belumosudil for treatment of chronic GVHD. Six months prior to presentation, the patient had received a bone marrow transplant for chronic lymphoid leukemia. She presented to dermatology 6 months after the transplant with a new-onset rash that was suspicious for GVHD. Physical examination revealed pruritic pink papules diffusely scattered on the legs and forearms (Figure 1). The patient declined biopsy at that time and later followed up with oncology. The patient’s oncologist supported a diagnosis of GVHD, and the patient began treatment with belumosudil 200 mg/d which was intended to be taken until treatment failure due to progression of chronic GVHD.

Three weeks after starting belumosudil, the patient developed diffuse bronzing of the skin and brown, evenly colored patches scattered on the trunk, back, and upper and lower extremities on a background of the presumed GVHD rash (Figure 2). The hyperpigmentation was abrupt, starting on the chest and spreading to the abdomen, extremities, and back (Figure 3).

Again, the patient was offered biopsy for the new-onset pigmentation but declined. During this time, she had no notable sun exposure and primarily stayed indoors despite living in a region with a sunny semi-arid climate. Her medication and supplement list were reviewed and included acalabrutinib, a multivitamin, lutein, biotin, and a fish oil supplement. A compete blood cell count as well as ferritin, transferrin, cortisol, and adrenocorticotropic hormone levels were unremarkable.

The patient continued to take belumosudil for treatment of GVHD. The hyperpigmentation faded slightly by a 2-month follow-up visit but persisted and was stable. She has not tried other treatments for GVHD to manage the hyperpigmentation.

Conditions known to cause diffuse bronzing of the skin include Addison disease, hemochromatosis, Cushing disease, and medication adverse events. Our patient presented with an absence of systemic symptoms, normal laboratory results, and no clinical indicators suggesting alternate causes. Given that the onset of the hyperpigmentation was 3 weeks after she started a new medication, we hypothesized that the bronzing was an adverse effect of the belumosudil—though this correlation cannot be definitively proven by this case.

The most common offending agents for drug-induced skin hyperpigmentation are nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drugs, antimalarials, amiodarone, cytotoxic drugs, and tetracyclines.^1,2 Our patient’s medication list included the cytotoxic agent acalabrutinib, a Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor used for the treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It has been associated with dermatologic findings of ecchymosis, bruising, panniculitis, and cellulitis, but there are no known reports of hyperpigmentation.³ Our patient had been taking acalabrutinib for 6 months when the GVHD rash developed. At the time, she also was taking a multivitamin and lutein, biotin, and fish oil supplements, none of which have been associated with hyperpigmentation.

Polypharmacy adds a layer of difficulty in identifying the inciting cause of pigmentary change. In our case, symptoms began 3 weeks after the initiation of belumosudil. There were no cutaneous reactions observed in the ROCKstar study of belumosudil; the most common adverse events were upper respiratory tract infection, diarrhea, fatigue, nausea, increased liver enzymes, and dyspnea.^4,5 Patients on belumosudil have developed aggressive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.⁶ However, a search of PubMed articles indexed for MEDLINE using the search terms acalabrutinib or belumosudil with hyperpigmentation or cutaneous reaction returned no reports of these medications causing hyperpigmentation or cutaneous deposits.

Treatment of drug-induced hyperpigmentation is difficult because discontinuation of the offending agent typically confirms diagnosis, but interruption of treatment is not always possible, as in our patient. The skin changes can fade over time, but effects typically are long lasting.

Dermatologists play a key role in the identification of drug-induced skin hyperpigmentation. After endocrine or metabolic causes of skin hyperpigmentation have been ruled out, a thorough review of the patient’s medication list should be done to assess for a drug-induced cause. Treatment is limited to sun avoidance, as interruption of treatment may not be possible, and lesions typically do fade over time. These chronic skin changes can have a psychosocial effect on patients and regular follow-up is recommended.

To the Editor:

Drug-induced hyperpigmentation is a common cause of an acquired increase in pigmentation. Belumosudil is an oral selective inhibitor of Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase (ROCK2) that is approved for the treatment of chronic graft-vs-host disease (GVHD). We describe a patient who developed diffuse skin bronzing 3 weeks after initiation of belumosudil treatment.

A 64-year-old fair-skinned woman presented to the dermatology clinic with bronzing of the skin and dystrophic nails 3 weeks after starting belumosudil for treatment of chronic GVHD. Six months prior to presentation, the patient had received a bone marrow transplant for chronic lymphoid leukemia. She presented to dermatology 6 months after the transplant with a new-onset rash that was suspicious for GVHD. Physical examination revealed pruritic pink papules diffusely scattered on the legs and forearms (Figure 1). The patient declined biopsy at that time and later followed up with oncology. The patient’s oncologist supported a diagnosis of GVHD, and the patient began treatment with belumosudil 200 mg/d which was intended to be taken until treatment failure due to progression of chronic GVHD.

Three weeks after starting belumosudil, the patient developed diffuse bronzing of the skin and brown, evenly colored patches scattered on the trunk, back, and upper and lower extremities on a background of the presumed GVHD rash (Figure 2). The hyperpigmentation was abrupt, starting on the chest and spreading to the abdomen, extremities, and back (Figure 3).

Again, the patient was offered biopsy for the new-onset pigmentation but declined. During this time, she had no notable sun exposure and primarily stayed indoors despite living in a region with a sunny semi-arid climate. Her medication and supplement list were reviewed and included acalabrutinib, a multivitamin, lutein, biotin, and a fish oil supplement. A compete blood cell count as well as ferritin, transferrin, cortisol, and adrenocorticotropic hormone levels were unremarkable.

The patient continued to take belumosudil for treatment of GVHD. The hyperpigmentation faded slightly by a 2-month follow-up visit but persisted and was stable. She has not tried other treatments for GVHD to manage the hyperpigmentation.

Conditions known to cause diffuse bronzing of the skin include Addison disease, hemochromatosis, Cushing disease, and medication adverse events. Our patient presented with an absence of systemic symptoms, normal laboratory results, and no clinical indicators suggesting alternate causes. Given that the onset of the hyperpigmentation was 3 weeks after she started a new medication, we hypothesized that the bronzing was an adverse effect of the belumosudil—though this correlation cannot be definitively proven by this case.

The most common offending agents for drug-induced skin hyperpigmentation are nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drugs, antimalarials, amiodarone, cytotoxic drugs, and tetracyclines.^1,2 Our patient’s medication list included the cytotoxic agent acalabrutinib, a Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor used for the treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It has been associated with dermatologic findings of ecchymosis, bruising, panniculitis, and cellulitis, but there are no known reports of hyperpigmentation.³ Our patient had been taking acalabrutinib for 6 months when the GVHD rash developed. At the time, she also was taking a multivitamin and lutein, biotin, and fish oil supplements, none of which have been associated with hyperpigmentation.

Polypharmacy adds a layer of difficulty in identifying the inciting cause of pigmentary change. In our case, symptoms began 3 weeks after the initiation of belumosudil. There were no cutaneous reactions observed in the ROCKstar study of belumosudil; the most common adverse events were upper respiratory tract infection, diarrhea, fatigue, nausea, increased liver enzymes, and dyspnea.^4,5 Patients on belumosudil have developed aggressive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.⁶ However, a search of PubMed articles indexed for MEDLINE using the search terms acalabrutinib or belumosudil with hyperpigmentation or cutaneous reaction returned no reports of these medications causing hyperpigmentation or cutaneous deposits.

Treatment of drug-induced hyperpigmentation is difficult because discontinuation of the offending agent typically confirms diagnosis, but interruption of treatment is not always possible, as in our patient. The skin changes can fade over time, but effects typically are long lasting.

Dermatologists play a key role in the identification of drug-induced skin hyperpigmentation. After endocrine or metabolic causes of skin hyperpigmentation have been ruled out, a thorough review of the patient’s medication list should be done to assess for a drug-induced cause. Treatment is limited to sun avoidance, as interruption of treatment may not be possible, and lesions typically do fade over time. These chronic skin changes can have a psychosocial effect on patients and regular follow-up is recommended.

Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS)—developed by Dr. Frederic Mohs in the 1930s—is the gold standard for treating various cutaneous malignancies. It provides maximal conservation of uninvolved tissues while producing higher cure rates compared to wide local excision.^1,2

We sought to assess the various characteristics that impact patient satisfaction to help Mohs surgeons incorporate relatively simple yet clinically significant practices into their patient encounters. We conducted a systematic literature search of peer-reviewed PubMed articles indexed for MEDLINE from database inception through November 2023 using the terms Mohs micrographic surgery and patient satisfaction. Among the inclusion criteria were studies involving participants having undergone MMS, with objective assessments on patient-reported satisfaction or preferences related to patient education, communication, anxiety-alleviating measures, or QOL in MMS. Studies were excluded if they failed to meet these criteria, were outdated and no longer clinically relevant, or measured unalterable factors with no significant impact on how Mohs surgeons could change clinical practice. Of the 157 nonreplicated studies identified, 34 met inclusion criteria.

Perioperative Patient Communication and Education Techniques

Perioperative Patient Communication—Many studies have evaluated the impact of perioperative patient-provider communication and education on patient satisfaction in those undergoing MMS. Studies focusing on preoperative and postoperative telephone calls, patient consultation formats, and patient-perceived impact of such communication modalities have been well documented (Table 1).^3-8 The importance of the patient follow-up after MMS was further supported by a retrospective study concluding that 88.7% (86/97) of patients regarded follow-up visits as important, and 80% (77/97) desired additional follow-up 3 months after MMS.⁹ Additional studies have highlighted the importance of thorough and open perioperative patient-provider communication during MMS (Table 2).^10-12

Patient-Education Techniques—Many studies have assessed the use of visual models to aid in patient education on MMS, specifically the preprocedural consent process (Table 3).^13-16 Additionally, 2 randomized controlled trials assessing the use of at-home and same-day in-office preoperative educational videos concluded that these interventions increased patient knowledge and confidence regarding procedural risks and benefits, with no statistically significant differences in patient anxiety or satisfaction.^17,18

Despite the availability of these educational videos, many patients often turn to online resources for self-education, which is problematic if reader literacy is incongruent with online readability. One study assessing readability of online MMS resources concluded that the most accessed articles exceeded the recommended reading level for adequate patient comprehension.¹⁹ A survey studying a wide range of variables related to patient satisfaction (eg, demographics, socioeconomics, health status) in 339 MMS patients found that those who considered themselves more involved in the decision-making process were more satisfied in the short-term, and married patients had even higher long-term satisfaction. Interestingly, this study also concluded that undergoing 3 or more MMS stages was associated with higher short- and long-term satisfaction, likely secondary to perceived effects of increased overall care, medical attention, and time spent with the provider.²⁰

Synthesis of this information with emphasis on the higher evidence-based studies—including systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and randomized controlled trials—yields the following beneficial interventions regarding patient education and communication^13-20:

• Preoperative and same-day postoperative telephone follow-up (TFU) do not show statistically significant impacts on patient satisfaction; however, TFU allows for identification of postoperative concerns and inadequate pain management, which may have downstream effects on long-term perception of the overall patient experience.
• The use of video-assisted consent yields improved patient satisfaction and knowledge, while video content—traditional or didactic—has no impact on satisfaction in new MMS patients.
• The use of at-home or same-day in-office preoperative educational videos can improve procedural knowledge and risk-benefit understanding of MMS while having no impact on satisfaction.
• Bedside manner and effective in-person communication by the provider often takes precedence in the patient experience; however, implementation of additional educational modalities should be considered.

Patient Anxiety and QOL

Reducing Patient Anxiety—The use of perioperative distractors to reduce patient anxiety may play an integral role when patients undergo MMS, as there often are prolonged waiting periods between stages when patients may feel increasingly vulnerable or anxious. Table 4 reviews studies on perioperative distractors that showed a statistically significant reduction in MMS patient anxiety.^21-24

Although not statistically significant, additional studies evaluating the use of intraoperative anxiety-reduction methods in MMS have demonstrated a downtrend in patient anxiety with the following interventions: engaging in small talk with clinic staff, bringing a guest, eating, watching television, communicating surgical expectations with the provider, handholding, use of a stress ball, and use of 3-dimensional educational MMS models.^25-27 Similarly, a survey of 73 patients undergoing MMS found that patients tended to enjoy complimentary beverages preprocedurally in the waiting room, reading, speaking with their guest, watching television, or using their telephone during wait times.²⁸ Table 5 lists additional perioperative factors encompassing specific patient and surgical characteristics that help reduce patient anxiety.^29-32

Patient QOL—Many methods aimed at decreasing MMS-related patient anxiety often show no direct impact on patient satisfaction, likely due to the multifactorial nature of the patient-perceived experience. A prospective observational study of MMS patients noted a statistically significant improvement in patient QOL scores 3 months postsurgery (P=.0007), demonstrating that MMS generally results in positive patient outcomes despite preprocedural anxiety.³³ An additional prospective study in MMS patients with nonmelanoma skin cancer concluded that sex, age, and closure type—factors often shown to affect anxiety levels—did not significantly impact patient satisfaction.³⁴ Similarly, high satisfaction levels can be expected among MMS patients undergoing treatment of melanoma in situ, with more than 90% of patients rating their treatment experience a 4 (agree) or 5 (strongly agree) out of 5 in short- and long-term satisfaction assessments (38/41 and 40/42, respectively).³⁵ This assessment, conducted 3 months postoperatively, asked patients to score the statement, “I am completely satisfied with the treatment of my skin problem,” on a scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).

Lastly, patient perception of their surgeon’s skill may contribute to levels of patient satisfaction. Although suture spacing has not been shown to affect surgical outcomes, it has been demonstrated to impact the patient’s perception of surgical skill and is further supported by a study concluding that closures with 2-mm spacing were ranked significantly lower by patients compared with closures with either 4- or 6-mm spacing (P=.005 and P=.012, respectively).³⁶

Synthesis of this information with emphasis on the higher evidence-based studies—including systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and randomized controlled trials—yields the following beneficial interventions regarding anxiety-reducing measures and patient-perceived QOL^21-36:

• Factors shown to decrease patient anxiety include patient personalized music, virtual-reality experience, perioperative informational videos, and 3-dimensional–printed MMS models.
• Many methods aimed at decreasing MMS-related patient anxiety show no direct impact on patient satisfaction, likely due to the multifactorial nature of the patient-perceived experience.
• Higher anxiety can be associated with worse QOL scores in MMS patients, and additional factors that may have a negative impact on anxiety include female sex, younger age, and tumor location on the face.

Conclusion

Many factors affect patient satisfaction in MMS. Increased awareness and acknowledgement of these factors can foster improved clinical practice and patient experience, which can have downstream effects on patient compliance and overall psychosocial and medical well-being. With the movement toward value-based health care, patient satisfaction ratings are likely to play an increasingly important role in physician reimbursement. Adapting one’s practice to include high-quality, time-efficient, patient-centered care goes hand in hand with increasing MMS patient satisfaction. Careful evaluation and scrutiny of one’s current practices while remaining cognizant of patient population, resource availability, and clinical limitations often reveal opportunities for small adjustments that can have a great impact on patient satisfaction. This thorough assessment and review of the published literature aims to assist MMS surgeons in understanding the role that certain factors—(1) perioperative patient communication and education techniques and (2) patient anxiety, QOL, and additional considerations—have on overall satisfaction with MMS. Specific consideration should be placed on the fact that patient satisfaction is multifactorial, and many different interventions can have a positive impact on the overall patient experience.

Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS)—developed by Dr. Frederic Mohs in the 1930s—is the gold standard for treating various cutaneous malignancies. It provides maximal conservation of uninvolved tissues while producing higher cure rates compared to wide local excision.^1,2

We sought to assess the various characteristics that impact patient satisfaction to help Mohs surgeons incorporate relatively simple yet clinically significant practices into their patient encounters. We conducted a systematic literature search of peer-reviewed PubMed articles indexed for MEDLINE from database inception through November 2023 using the terms Mohs micrographic surgery and patient satisfaction. Among the inclusion criteria were studies involving participants having undergone MMS, with objective assessments on patient-reported satisfaction or preferences related to patient education, communication, anxiety-alleviating measures, or QOL in MMS. Studies were excluded if they failed to meet these criteria, were outdated and no longer clinically relevant, or measured unalterable factors with no significant impact on how Mohs surgeons could change clinical practice. Of the 157 nonreplicated studies identified, 34 met inclusion criteria.

Perioperative Patient Communication and Education Techniques

Perioperative Patient Communication—Many studies have evaluated the impact of perioperative patient-provider communication and education on patient satisfaction in those undergoing MMS. Studies focusing on preoperative and postoperative telephone calls, patient consultation formats, and patient-perceived impact of such communication modalities have been well documented (Table 1).^3-8 The importance of the patient follow-up after MMS was further supported by a retrospective study concluding that 88.7% (86/97) of patients regarded follow-up visits as important, and 80% (77/97) desired additional follow-up 3 months after MMS.⁹ Additional studies have highlighted the importance of thorough and open perioperative patient-provider communication during MMS (Table 2).^10-12

Patient-Education Techniques—Many studies have assessed the use of visual models to aid in patient education on MMS, specifically the preprocedural consent process (Table 3).^13-16 Additionally, 2 randomized controlled trials assessing the use of at-home and same-day in-office preoperative educational videos concluded that these interventions increased patient knowledge and confidence regarding procedural risks and benefits, with no statistically significant differences in patient anxiety or satisfaction.^17,18

Despite the availability of these educational videos, many patients often turn to online resources for self-education, which is problematic if reader literacy is incongruent with online readability. One study assessing readability of online MMS resources concluded that the most accessed articles exceeded the recommended reading level for adequate patient comprehension.¹⁹ A survey studying a wide range of variables related to patient satisfaction (eg, demographics, socioeconomics, health status) in 339 MMS patients found that those who considered themselves more involved in the decision-making process were more satisfied in the short-term, and married patients had even higher long-term satisfaction. Interestingly, this study also concluded that undergoing 3 or more MMS stages was associated with higher short- and long-term satisfaction, likely secondary to perceived effects of increased overall care, medical attention, and time spent with the provider.²⁰

Synthesis of this information with emphasis on the higher evidence-based studies—including systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and randomized controlled trials—yields the following beneficial interventions regarding patient education and communication^13-20:

• Preoperative and same-day postoperative telephone follow-up (TFU) do not show statistically significant impacts on patient satisfaction; however, TFU allows for identification of postoperative concerns and inadequate pain management, which may have downstream effects on long-term perception of the overall patient experience.
• The use of video-assisted consent yields improved patient satisfaction and knowledge, while video content—traditional or didactic—has no impact on satisfaction in new MMS patients.
• The use of at-home or same-day in-office preoperative educational videos can improve procedural knowledge and risk-benefit understanding of MMS while having no impact on satisfaction.
• Bedside manner and effective in-person communication by the provider often takes precedence in the patient experience; however, implementation of additional educational modalities should be considered.

Patient Anxiety and QOL

Reducing Patient Anxiety—The use of perioperative distractors to reduce patient anxiety may play an integral role when patients undergo MMS, as there often are prolonged waiting periods between stages when patients may feel increasingly vulnerable or anxious. Table 4 reviews studies on perioperative distractors that showed a statistically significant reduction in MMS patient anxiety.^21-24

Although not statistically significant, additional studies evaluating the use of intraoperative anxiety-reduction methods in MMS have demonstrated a downtrend in patient anxiety with the following interventions: engaging in small talk with clinic staff, bringing a guest, eating, watching television, communicating surgical expectations with the provider, handholding, use of a stress ball, and use of 3-dimensional educational MMS models.^25-27 Similarly, a survey of 73 patients undergoing MMS found that patients tended to enjoy complimentary beverages preprocedurally in the waiting room, reading, speaking with their guest, watching television, or using their telephone during wait times.²⁸ Table 5 lists additional perioperative factors encompassing specific patient and surgical characteristics that help reduce patient anxiety.^29-32

Patient QOL—Many methods aimed at decreasing MMS-related patient anxiety often show no direct impact on patient satisfaction, likely due to the multifactorial nature of the patient-perceived experience. A prospective observational study of MMS patients noted a statistically significant improvement in patient QOL scores 3 months postsurgery (P=.0007), demonstrating that MMS generally results in positive patient outcomes despite preprocedural anxiety.³³ An additional prospective study in MMS patients with nonmelanoma skin cancer concluded that sex, age, and closure type—factors often shown to affect anxiety levels—did not significantly impact patient satisfaction.³⁴ Similarly, high satisfaction levels can be expected among MMS patients undergoing treatment of melanoma in situ, with more than 90% of patients rating their treatment experience a 4 (agree) or 5 (strongly agree) out of 5 in short- and long-term satisfaction assessments (38/41 and 40/42, respectively).³⁵ This assessment, conducted 3 months postoperatively, asked patients to score the statement, “I am completely satisfied with the treatment of my skin problem,” on a scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).

Lastly, patient perception of their surgeon’s skill may contribute to levels of patient satisfaction. Although suture spacing has not been shown to affect surgical outcomes, it has been demonstrated to impact the patient’s perception of surgical skill and is further supported by a study concluding that closures with 2-mm spacing were ranked significantly lower by patients compared with closures with either 4- or 6-mm spacing (P=.005 and P=.012, respectively).³⁶

Synthesis of this information with emphasis on the higher evidence-based studies—including systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and randomized controlled trials—yields the following beneficial interventions regarding anxiety-reducing measures and patient-perceived QOL^21-36:

• Factors shown to decrease patient anxiety include patient personalized music, virtual-reality experience, perioperative informational videos, and 3-dimensional–printed MMS models.
• Many methods aimed at decreasing MMS-related patient anxiety show no direct impact on patient satisfaction, likely due to the multifactorial nature of the patient-perceived experience.
• Higher anxiety can be associated with worse QOL scores in MMS patients, and additional factors that may have a negative impact on anxiety include female sex, younger age, and tumor location on the face.

Conclusion

Many factors affect patient satisfaction in MMS. Increased awareness and acknowledgement of these factors can foster improved clinical practice and patient experience, which can have downstream effects on patient compliance and overall psychosocial and medical well-being. With the movement toward value-based health care, patient satisfaction ratings are likely to play an increasingly important role in physician reimbursement. Adapting one’s practice to include high-quality, time-efficient, patient-centered care goes hand in hand with increasing MMS patient satisfaction. Careful evaluation and scrutiny of one’s current practices while remaining cognizant of patient population, resource availability, and clinical limitations often reveal opportunities for small adjustments that can have a great impact on patient satisfaction. This thorough assessment and review of the published literature aims to assist MMS surgeons in understanding the role that certain factors—(1) perioperative patient communication and education techniques and (2) patient anxiety, QOL, and additional considerations—have on overall satisfaction with MMS. Specific consideration should be placed on the fact that patient satisfaction is multifactorial, and many different interventions can have a positive impact on the overall patient experience.

Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS)—developed by Dr. Frederic Mohs in the 1930s—is the gold standard for treating various cutaneous malignancies. It provides maximal conservation of uninvolved tissues while producing higher cure rates compared to wide local excision.^1,2

We sought to assess the various characteristics that impact patient satisfaction to help Mohs surgeons incorporate relatively simple yet clinically significant practices into their patient encounters. We conducted a systematic literature search of peer-reviewed PubMed articles indexed for MEDLINE from database inception through November 2023 using the terms Mohs micrographic surgery and patient satisfaction. Among the inclusion criteria were studies involving participants having undergone MMS, with objective assessments on patient-reported satisfaction or preferences related to patient education, communication, anxiety-alleviating measures, or QOL in MMS. Studies were excluded if they failed to meet these criteria, were outdated and no longer clinically relevant, or measured unalterable factors with no significant impact on how Mohs surgeons could change clinical practice. Of the 157 nonreplicated studies identified, 34 met inclusion criteria.

Perioperative Patient Communication and Education Techniques

Perioperative Patient Communication—Many studies have evaluated the impact of perioperative patient-provider communication and education on patient satisfaction in those undergoing MMS. Studies focusing on preoperative and postoperative telephone calls, patient consultation formats, and patient-perceived impact of such communication modalities have been well documented (Table 1).^3-8 The importance of the patient follow-up after MMS was further supported by a retrospective study concluding that 88.7% (86/97) of patients regarded follow-up visits as important, and 80% (77/97) desired additional follow-up 3 months after MMS.⁹ Additional studies have highlighted the importance of thorough and open perioperative patient-provider communication during MMS (Table 2).^10-12

Patient-Education Techniques—Many studies have assessed the use of visual models to aid in patient education on MMS, specifically the preprocedural consent process (Table 3).^13-16 Additionally, 2 randomized controlled trials assessing the use of at-home and same-day in-office preoperative educational videos concluded that these interventions increased patient knowledge and confidence regarding procedural risks and benefits, with no statistically significant differences in patient anxiety or satisfaction.^17,18

Despite the availability of these educational videos, many patients often turn to online resources for self-education, which is problematic if reader literacy is incongruent with online readability. One study assessing readability of online MMS resources concluded that the most accessed articles exceeded the recommended reading level for adequate patient comprehension.¹⁹ A survey studying a wide range of variables related to patient satisfaction (eg, demographics, socioeconomics, health status) in 339 MMS patients found that those who considered themselves more involved in the decision-making process were more satisfied in the short-term, and married patients had even higher long-term satisfaction. Interestingly, this study also concluded that undergoing 3 or more MMS stages was associated with higher short- and long-term satisfaction, likely secondary to perceived effects of increased overall care, medical attention, and time spent with the provider.²⁰

Synthesis of this information with emphasis on the higher evidence-based studies—including systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and randomized controlled trials—yields the following beneficial interventions regarding patient education and communication^13-20:

• Preoperative and same-day postoperative telephone follow-up (TFU) do not show statistically significant impacts on patient satisfaction; however, TFU allows for identification of postoperative concerns and inadequate pain management, which may have downstream effects on long-term perception of the overall patient experience.
• The use of video-assisted consent yields improved patient satisfaction and knowledge, while video content—traditional or didactic—has no impact on satisfaction in new MMS patients.
• The use of at-home or same-day in-office preoperative educational videos can improve procedural knowledge and risk-benefit understanding of MMS while having no impact on satisfaction.
• Bedside manner and effective in-person communication by the provider often takes precedence in the patient experience; however, implementation of additional educational modalities should be considered.

Patient Anxiety and QOL

Reducing Patient Anxiety—The use of perioperative distractors to reduce patient anxiety may play an integral role when patients undergo MMS, as there often are prolonged waiting periods between stages when patients may feel increasingly vulnerable or anxious. Table 4 reviews studies on perioperative distractors that showed a statistically significant reduction in MMS patient anxiety.^21-24

Although not statistically significant, additional studies evaluating the use of intraoperative anxiety-reduction methods in MMS have demonstrated a downtrend in patient anxiety with the following interventions: engaging in small talk with clinic staff, bringing a guest, eating, watching television, communicating surgical expectations with the provider, handholding, use of a stress ball, and use of 3-dimensional educational MMS models.^25-27 Similarly, a survey of 73 patients undergoing MMS found that patients tended to enjoy complimentary beverages preprocedurally in the waiting room, reading, speaking with their guest, watching television, or using their telephone during wait times.²⁸ Table 5 lists additional perioperative factors encompassing specific patient and surgical characteristics that help reduce patient anxiety.^29-32

Patient QOL—Many methods aimed at decreasing MMS-related patient anxiety often show no direct impact on patient satisfaction, likely due to the multifactorial nature of the patient-perceived experience. A prospective observational study of MMS patients noted a statistically significant improvement in patient QOL scores 3 months postsurgery (P=.0007), demonstrating that MMS generally results in positive patient outcomes despite preprocedural anxiety.³³ An additional prospective study in MMS patients with nonmelanoma skin cancer concluded that sex, age, and closure type—factors often shown to affect anxiety levels—did not significantly impact patient satisfaction.³⁴ Similarly, high satisfaction levels can be expected among MMS patients undergoing treatment of melanoma in situ, with more than 90% of patients rating their treatment experience a 4 (agree) or 5 (strongly agree) out of 5 in short- and long-term satisfaction assessments (38/41 and 40/42, respectively).³⁵ This assessment, conducted 3 months postoperatively, asked patients to score the statement, “I am completely satisfied with the treatment of my skin problem,” on a scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).

Lastly, patient perception of their surgeon’s skill may contribute to levels of patient satisfaction. Although suture spacing has not been shown to affect surgical outcomes, it has been demonstrated to impact the patient’s perception of surgical skill and is further supported by a study concluding that closures with 2-mm spacing were ranked significantly lower by patients compared with closures with either 4- or 6-mm spacing (P=.005 and P=.012, respectively).³⁶

Synthesis of this information with emphasis on the higher evidence-based studies—including systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and randomized controlled trials—yields the following beneficial interventions regarding anxiety-reducing measures and patient-perceived QOL^21-36:

• Factors shown to decrease patient anxiety include patient personalized music, virtual-reality experience, perioperative informational videos, and 3-dimensional–printed MMS models.
• Many methods aimed at decreasing MMS-related patient anxiety show no direct impact on patient satisfaction, likely due to the multifactorial nature of the patient-perceived experience.
• Higher anxiety can be associated with worse QOL scores in MMS patients, and additional factors that may have a negative impact on anxiety include female sex, younger age, and tumor location on the face.

Conclusion

Many factors affect patient satisfaction in MMS. Increased awareness and acknowledgement of these factors can foster improved clinical practice and patient experience, which can have downstream effects on patient compliance and overall psychosocial and medical well-being. With the movement toward value-based health care, patient satisfaction ratings are likely to play an increasingly important role in physician reimbursement. Adapting one’s practice to include high-quality, time-efficient, patient-centered care goes hand in hand with increasing MMS patient satisfaction. Careful evaluation and scrutiny of one’s current practices while remaining cognizant of patient population, resource availability, and clinical limitations often reveal opportunities for small adjustments that can have a great impact on patient satisfaction. This thorough assessment and review of the published literature aims to assist MMS surgeons in understanding the role that certain factors—(1) perioperative patient communication and education techniques and (2) patient anxiety, QOL, and additional considerations—have on overall satisfaction with MMS. Specific consideration should be placed on the fact that patient satisfaction is multifactorial, and many different interventions can have a positive impact on the overall patient experience.

Pseudofolliculitis barbae (PFB), also known as razor bumps, is a common inflammatory condition characterized by papules and pustules that typically appear in the beard and cheek regions. It occurs when shaved hair regrows and penetrates the skin, leading to irritation and inflammation. While anyone who shaves can develop PFB, it is more prevalent and severe in individuals with naturally tightly coiled, coarse-textured hair.^1,2 PFB is common in individuals who shave frequently due to personal choice or profession, such as members of the US military^3,4 and firefighters, who are required to remain clean shaven for safety (eg, ensuring proper fit of a respirator mask).⁵ Early diagnosis and treatment of PFB are essential to prevent long-term complications such as scarring or hyperpigmentation, which may be more severe in those with darker skin tones.

Epidemiology

PFB is most common in Black men, affecting 45% to 83% of men of African ancestry.^1,2 This condition also can affect individuals of various ethnicities with coarse or curly hair. The spiral shape of the hair increases the likelihood that it will regrow into the skin after shaving.⁶ Women with hirsutism who shave also can develop PFB.

Key Clinical Features

The papules and pustules seen in PFB may be flesh colored, erythematous, hyperpigmented, brown, or violaceous. Erythema may be less pronounced in darker vs lighter skin tones. Persistent and severe postinflammatory hyperpigmentation may occur, and hypertrophic or keloidal scars may develop in affected areas. Dermoscopy may reveal extrafollicular hair penetration as well as follicular or perifollicular pustules accompanied by hyperkeratosis.

Worth Noting

The most effective management for PFB is to discontinue shaving.¹ If shaving is desired or necessary, it is recommended that patients apply lukewarm water to the affected area followed by a generous amount of shaving foam or gel to create a protective antifriction layer that allows the razor to glide more smoothly over the skin and reduces subsequent irritation.² Using the right razor technology also may help alleviate symptoms. Research has shown that multiblade razors used in conjunction with preshave hair hydration and postshave moisturization do not worsen PFB.² A recent study found that multiblade razor technology paired with use of a shave foam or gel actually improved skin appearance in patients with PFB.⁷

It is important to direct patients to shave in the direction of hair growth; however, this may not be possible for individuals with curly or coarse hair, as the hair may grow in many directions.^8,9 Patients also should avoid pulling the skin taut while shaving, as doing so allows the hair to be clipped below the surface, where it can repenetrate the skin and cause further irritation. As an alternative to shaving with a razor, patients can use hair clippers to trim beard hair, which leaves behind stubble and interrupts the cycle of retracted hairs under the skin. Nd:YAG laser therapy has demonstrated efficacy in reduction of PFB papules and pustules.^9-12 Greater mean improvement in inflammatory papules and reduction in hair density was noted in participants who received Nd:YAG laser plus eflornithine compared with those who received the laser or eflornithine alone.¹¹ Patients should not pluck or dig into the skin to remove any ingrown hairs. If a tweezer is used, the patient should gently lift the tip of the ingrown hair with the tweezer to dislodge it from the skin and prevent plucking out the hair completely.

To help manage inflammation after shaving, topical treatments such as benzoyl peroxide 5%/clindamycin 1% gel can be used.^3,13 A low-potency steroid such as topical hydrocortisone 2.5% applied once or twice daily for up to 2 to 3 days may be helpful.^1,14 Adjunctive treatments including keratolytics (eg, topical retinoids, hydroxy acids) reduce perifollicular hyperkeratosis.^14,15 Agents containing alpha hydroxy acids (eg, glycolic acid) also can decrease the curvature of the hair itself by reducing the sulfhydryl bonds.⁶ If secondary bacterial infections occur, oral antibiotics (eg, doxycycline) may be necessary.

Health Disparity Highlight

Individuals with darker skin tones are at higher risk for PFB and associated complications. Limited access to dermatology services may further exacerbate these challenges. Individuals with PFB may not seek medical treatment until the condition becomes severe. Clinicians also may underestimate the severity of PFB—particularly in those with darker skin tones—based on erythema alone because it may be less pronounced in darker vs lighter skin tones.¹⁶

While permanent hair reduction with laser therapy is a treatment option for PFB, it may be inaccessible to some patients because it can be expensive and is coded as a cosmetic procedure. Additionally, patients may not have access to specialists who are experienced in performing the procedure in those with darker skin tones.⁹ Some patients also may not want to permanently reduce the amount of hair that grows in the beard area for personal or religious reasons.¹⁷

Pseudofolliculitis barbae also has been linked to professional disparities. One study found that members of the US Air Force who had medical shaving waivers experienced longer times to promotion than those with no waiver.¹⁸ Delays in promotion may be linked to perceptions of unprofessionalism, exclusion from high-profile duties, and concerns about career progression. While this delay was similar for individuals of all races, the majority of those in the waiver group were Black/African American. In 2021, 4 Black firefighters with PFB were unsuccessful in their bid to get a medical accommodation regarding a New York City Fire Department policy requiring them to be clean shaven where the oxygen mask seals against the skin.⁵ More research is needed on mask safety and efficiency relative to the length of facial hair. Accommodations or tailored masks for facial hair conditions also are necessary so individuals with PFB can meet job requirements while managing their condition.

Pseudofolliculitis barbae (PFB), also known as razor bumps, is a common inflammatory condition characterized by papules and pustules that typically appear in the beard and cheek regions. It occurs when shaved hair regrows and penetrates the skin, leading to irritation and inflammation. While anyone who shaves can develop PFB, it is more prevalent and severe in individuals with naturally tightly coiled, coarse-textured hair.^1,2 PFB is common in individuals who shave frequently due to personal choice or profession, such as members of the US military^3,4 and firefighters, who are required to remain clean shaven for safety (eg, ensuring proper fit of a respirator mask).⁵ Early diagnosis and treatment of PFB are essential to prevent long-term complications such as scarring or hyperpigmentation, which may be more severe in those with darker skin tones.

Epidemiology

PFB is most common in Black men, affecting 45% to 83% of men of African ancestry.^1,2 This condition also can affect individuals of various ethnicities with coarse or curly hair. The spiral shape of the hair increases the likelihood that it will regrow into the skin after shaving.⁶ Women with hirsutism who shave also can develop PFB.

Key Clinical Features

The papules and pustules seen in PFB may be flesh colored, erythematous, hyperpigmented, brown, or violaceous. Erythema may be less pronounced in darker vs lighter skin tones. Persistent and severe postinflammatory hyperpigmentation may occur, and hypertrophic or keloidal scars may develop in affected areas. Dermoscopy may reveal extrafollicular hair penetration as well as follicular or perifollicular pustules accompanied by hyperkeratosis.

Worth Noting

The most effective management for PFB is to discontinue shaving.¹ If shaving is desired or necessary, it is recommended that patients apply lukewarm water to the affected area followed by a generous amount of shaving foam or gel to create a protective antifriction layer that allows the razor to glide more smoothly over the skin and reduces subsequent irritation.² Using the right razor technology also may help alleviate symptoms. Research has shown that multiblade razors used in conjunction with preshave hair hydration and postshave moisturization do not worsen PFB.² A recent study found that multiblade razor technology paired with use of a shave foam or gel actually improved skin appearance in patients with PFB.⁷

It is important to direct patients to shave in the direction of hair growth; however, this may not be possible for individuals with curly or coarse hair, as the hair may grow in many directions.^8,9 Patients also should avoid pulling the skin taut while shaving, as doing so allows the hair to be clipped below the surface, where it can repenetrate the skin and cause further irritation. As an alternative to shaving with a razor, patients can use hair clippers to trim beard hair, which leaves behind stubble and interrupts the cycle of retracted hairs under the skin. Nd:YAG laser therapy has demonstrated efficacy in reduction of PFB papules and pustules.^9-12 Greater mean improvement in inflammatory papules and reduction in hair density was noted in participants who received Nd:YAG laser plus eflornithine compared with those who received the laser or eflornithine alone.¹¹ Patients should not pluck or dig into the skin to remove any ingrown hairs. If a tweezer is used, the patient should gently lift the tip of the ingrown hair with the tweezer to dislodge it from the skin and prevent plucking out the hair completely.

To help manage inflammation after shaving, topical treatments such as benzoyl peroxide 5%/clindamycin 1% gel can be used.^3,13 A low-potency steroid such as topical hydrocortisone 2.5% applied once or twice daily for up to 2 to 3 days may be helpful.^1,14 Adjunctive treatments including keratolytics (eg, topical retinoids, hydroxy acids) reduce perifollicular hyperkeratosis.^14,15 Agents containing alpha hydroxy acids (eg, glycolic acid) also can decrease the curvature of the hair itself by reducing the sulfhydryl bonds.⁶ If secondary bacterial infections occur, oral antibiotics (eg, doxycycline) may be necessary.

Health Disparity Highlight

Individuals with darker skin tones are at higher risk for PFB and associated complications. Limited access to dermatology services may further exacerbate these challenges. Individuals with PFB may not seek medical treatment until the condition becomes severe. Clinicians also may underestimate the severity of PFB—particularly in those with darker skin tones—based on erythema alone because it may be less pronounced in darker vs lighter skin tones.¹⁶

While permanent hair reduction with laser therapy is a treatment option for PFB, it may be inaccessible to some patients because it can be expensive and is coded as a cosmetic procedure. Additionally, patients may not have access to specialists who are experienced in performing the procedure in those with darker skin tones.⁹ Some patients also may not want to permanently reduce the amount of hair that grows in the beard area for personal or religious reasons.¹⁷

Pseudofolliculitis barbae also has been linked to professional disparities. One study found that members of the US Air Force who had medical shaving waivers experienced longer times to promotion than those with no waiver.¹⁸ Delays in promotion may be linked to perceptions of unprofessionalism, exclusion from high-profile duties, and concerns about career progression. While this delay was similar for individuals of all races, the majority of those in the waiver group were Black/African American. In 2021, 4 Black firefighters with PFB were unsuccessful in their bid to get a medical accommodation regarding a New York City Fire Department policy requiring them to be clean shaven where the oxygen mask seals against the skin.⁵ More research is needed on mask safety and efficiency relative to the length of facial hair. Accommodations or tailored masks for facial hair conditions also are necessary so individuals with PFB can meet job requirements while managing their condition.

Pseudofolliculitis barbae (PFB), also known as razor bumps, is a common inflammatory condition characterized by papules and pustules that typically appear in the beard and cheek regions. It occurs when shaved hair regrows and penetrates the skin, leading to irritation and inflammation. While anyone who shaves can develop PFB, it is more prevalent and severe in individuals with naturally tightly coiled, coarse-textured hair.^1,2 PFB is common in individuals who shave frequently due to personal choice or profession, such as members of the US military^3,4 and firefighters, who are required to remain clean shaven for safety (eg, ensuring proper fit of a respirator mask).⁵ Early diagnosis and treatment of PFB are essential to prevent long-term complications such as scarring or hyperpigmentation, which may be more severe in those with darker skin tones.

Epidemiology

PFB is most common in Black men, affecting 45% to 83% of men of African ancestry.^1,2 This condition also can affect individuals of various ethnicities with coarse or curly hair. The spiral shape of the hair increases the likelihood that it will regrow into the skin after shaving.⁶ Women with hirsutism who shave also can develop PFB.

Key Clinical Features

The papules and pustules seen in PFB may be flesh colored, erythematous, hyperpigmented, brown, or violaceous. Erythema may be less pronounced in darker vs lighter skin tones. Persistent and severe postinflammatory hyperpigmentation may occur, and hypertrophic or keloidal scars may develop in affected areas. Dermoscopy may reveal extrafollicular hair penetration as well as follicular or perifollicular pustules accompanied by hyperkeratosis.

Worth Noting

The most effective management for PFB is to discontinue shaving.¹ If shaving is desired or necessary, it is recommended that patients apply lukewarm water to the affected area followed by a generous amount of shaving foam or gel to create a protective antifriction layer that allows the razor to glide more smoothly over the skin and reduces subsequent irritation.² Using the right razor technology also may help alleviate symptoms. Research has shown that multiblade razors used in conjunction with preshave hair hydration and postshave moisturization do not worsen PFB.² A recent study found that multiblade razor technology paired with use of a shave foam or gel actually improved skin appearance in patients with PFB.⁷

It is important to direct patients to shave in the direction of hair growth; however, this may not be possible for individuals with curly or coarse hair, as the hair may grow in many directions.^8,9 Patients also should avoid pulling the skin taut while shaving, as doing so allows the hair to be clipped below the surface, where it can repenetrate the skin and cause further irritation. As an alternative to shaving with a razor, patients can use hair clippers to trim beard hair, which leaves behind stubble and interrupts the cycle of retracted hairs under the skin. Nd:YAG laser therapy has demonstrated efficacy in reduction of PFB papules and pustules.^9-12 Greater mean improvement in inflammatory papules and reduction in hair density was noted in participants who received Nd:YAG laser plus eflornithine compared with those who received the laser or eflornithine alone.¹¹ Patients should not pluck or dig into the skin to remove any ingrown hairs. If a tweezer is used, the patient should gently lift the tip of the ingrown hair with the tweezer to dislodge it from the skin and prevent plucking out the hair completely.

To help manage inflammation after shaving, topical treatments such as benzoyl peroxide 5%/clindamycin 1% gel can be used.^3,13 A low-potency steroid such as topical hydrocortisone 2.5% applied once or twice daily for up to 2 to 3 days may be helpful.^1,14 Adjunctive treatments including keratolytics (eg, topical retinoids, hydroxy acids) reduce perifollicular hyperkeratosis.^14,15 Agents containing alpha hydroxy acids (eg, glycolic acid) also can decrease the curvature of the hair itself by reducing the sulfhydryl bonds.⁶ If secondary bacterial infections occur, oral antibiotics (eg, doxycycline) may be necessary.

Health Disparity Highlight

Individuals with darker skin tones are at higher risk for PFB and associated complications. Limited access to dermatology services may further exacerbate these challenges. Individuals with PFB may not seek medical treatment until the condition becomes severe. Clinicians also may underestimate the severity of PFB—particularly in those with darker skin tones—based on erythema alone because it may be less pronounced in darker vs lighter skin tones.¹⁶

While permanent hair reduction with laser therapy is a treatment option for PFB, it may be inaccessible to some patients because it can be expensive and is coded as a cosmetic procedure. Additionally, patients may not have access to specialists who are experienced in performing the procedure in those with darker skin tones.⁹ Some patients also may not want to permanently reduce the amount of hair that grows in the beard area for personal or religious reasons.¹⁷

Pseudofolliculitis barbae also has been linked to professional disparities. One study found that members of the US Air Force who had medical shaving waivers experienced longer times to promotion than those with no waiver.¹⁸ Delays in promotion may be linked to perceptions of unprofessionalism, exclusion from high-profile duties, and concerns about career progression. While this delay was similar for individuals of all races, the majority of those in the waiver group were Black/African American. In 2021, 4 Black firefighters with PFB were unsuccessful in their bid to get a medical accommodation regarding a New York City Fire Department policy requiring them to be clean shaven where the oxygen mask seals against the skin.⁵ More research is needed on mask safety and efficiency relative to the length of facial hair. Accommodations or tailored masks for facial hair conditions also are necessary so individuals with PFB can meet job requirements while managing their condition.

This patient’s presentation is indicative of moderate-stage Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which is confirmed by physical exam and testing; most notably, her MMSE score of 18 (a score of ≥ 25 is considered normal) and MRI results showing distinct cortical atrophy. At this stage of disease, signs and symptoms become more pronounced and widespread to include not only language deficiencies, prominent memory loss, and sensory processing, but also motor deficits and behavioral issues, all of which are clearly present in this patient.

A very important clinical consideration is a possible delay in diagnosis. It is atypical for an initial diagnosis of AD to be made when a patient is in the moderate stage of disease. This patient’s history over 5 years before her diagnosis included complaints of forgetfulness and low-level dyspraxia, which were not pursued. Reasons for this can vary. Broadly, patient interactions in a primary care setting tend to be brief, thus, many patients are not engaged in their care. Early symptoms — eg, memory impairment — can be missed during routine office visits.

There are also significant racial disparities in the diagnosis of dementia. According to National Institute of Aging-funded studies that were conducted in 39 AD Research Centers, White patients > 65 years old had a significantly higher prevalence of dementia diagnoses at baseline visits than Black patients in the same age group. Black patients, especially Black women, tend not to be diagnosed with AD until it has progressed. Conversely, Black patients had more risk factors for AD, greater cognitive impairment, and more severe neuropsychiatric symptoms (delusions and hallucinations) than those of other races and ethnicities.

Another barrier to timely diagnosis in Black patients is disparity in access to neuroimaging. In a study conducted by Wibecan and colleagues at Boston Medical Center, researchers found that among neuroimaging assessments conducted at the facility, Black patients who received MRI or CT scan for the diagnosis of cognitive impairment were older than White patients (72.5 years vs 67 years). Additionally, Black patients were significantly less likely to undergo MRI (the gold standard of care for dementia diagnosis) than CT scan.  

Hypothyroidism is an endocrine disorder that occurs because of a deficiency in thyroid hormone. Symptoms tend to be subtle and non-specific but vary greatly. Some of the hallmark symptoms are fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, dry skin, and hair loss. Additionally, emotional lability and depressed mood with mental impairment, slowed speech, and movement, as evident in this patient. However, hypothyroidism was ruled out when her laboratory results returned with all values within normal range.  

Vascular dementia is the second-most prevalent form of dementia after AD. It is characterized as cognitive impairment that occurs after one, or a series of, neurologic events and does not refer to a single disease but to a variety of vascular disorders. Patients with vascular dementia often exhibit mood and behavioral changes, deficits in executive function, and severe memory loss, all of which are present in this patient. However, as there were no (known) neurologic events in this patient — and no evidence thereof on imaging — and her hypertension is relatively well controlled, this is not a diagnostic consideration for this patient.  

Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is caused by the build-up of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain. It is characterized by abnormal gait, dementia, and urinary incontinence. Patients with NPH experience decreased attention, significant memory loss, bradyphrenia, bradykinesia, and broad-based gait, all of which feature in this patient. However, brain MRI was negative for structural abnormalities of this type, and there was no indication of NPH, which rules it out as a potential diagnosis.  

Shaheen E. Lakhan, MD, PhD, MS, MEd, Chief of Pain Management, Carilion Clinic and Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia.

Disclosure: Shaheen E. Lakhan, MD, PhD, MS, MEd, has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

Image Quizzes are fictional or fictionalized clinical scenarios intended to provide evidence-based educational takeaways.
 

This patient’s presentation is indicative of moderate-stage Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which is confirmed by physical exam and testing; most notably, her MMSE score of 18 (a score of ≥ 25 is considered normal) and MRI results showing distinct cortical atrophy. At this stage of disease, signs and symptoms become more pronounced and widespread to include not only language deficiencies, prominent memory loss, and sensory processing, but also motor deficits and behavioral issues, all of which are clearly present in this patient.

A very important clinical consideration is a possible delay in diagnosis. It is atypical for an initial diagnosis of AD to be made when a patient is in the moderate stage of disease. This patient’s history over 5 years before her diagnosis included complaints of forgetfulness and low-level dyspraxia, which were not pursued. Reasons for this can vary. Broadly, patient interactions in a primary care setting tend to be brief, thus, many patients are not engaged in their care. Early symptoms — eg, memory impairment — can be missed during routine office visits.

There are also significant racial disparities in the diagnosis of dementia. According to National Institute of Aging-funded studies that were conducted in 39 AD Research Centers, White patients > 65 years old had a significantly higher prevalence of dementia diagnoses at baseline visits than Black patients in the same age group. Black patients, especially Black women, tend not to be diagnosed with AD until it has progressed. Conversely, Black patients had more risk factors for AD, greater cognitive impairment, and more severe neuropsychiatric symptoms (delusions and hallucinations) than those of other races and ethnicities.

Another barrier to timely diagnosis in Black patients is disparity in access to neuroimaging. In a study conducted by Wibecan and colleagues at Boston Medical Center, researchers found that among neuroimaging assessments conducted at the facility, Black patients who received MRI or CT scan for the diagnosis of cognitive impairment were older than White patients (72.5 years vs 67 years). Additionally, Black patients were significantly less likely to undergo MRI (the gold standard of care for dementia diagnosis) than CT scan.  

Hypothyroidism is an endocrine disorder that occurs because of a deficiency in thyroid hormone. Symptoms tend to be subtle and non-specific but vary greatly. Some of the hallmark symptoms are fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, dry skin, and hair loss. Additionally, emotional lability and depressed mood with mental impairment, slowed speech, and movement, as evident in this patient. However, hypothyroidism was ruled out when her laboratory results returned with all values within normal range.  

Vascular dementia is the second-most prevalent form of dementia after AD. It is characterized as cognitive impairment that occurs after one, or a series of, neurologic events and does not refer to a single disease but to a variety of vascular disorders. Patients with vascular dementia often exhibit mood and behavioral changes, deficits in executive function, and severe memory loss, all of which are present in this patient. However, as there were no (known) neurologic events in this patient — and no evidence thereof on imaging — and her hypertension is relatively well controlled, this is not a diagnostic consideration for this patient.  

Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is caused by the build-up of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain. It is characterized by abnormal gait, dementia, and urinary incontinence. Patients with NPH experience decreased attention, significant memory loss, bradyphrenia, bradykinesia, and broad-based gait, all of which feature in this patient. However, brain MRI was negative for structural abnormalities of this type, and there was no indication of NPH, which rules it out as a potential diagnosis.  

Shaheen E. Lakhan, MD, PhD, MS, MEd, Chief of Pain Management, Carilion Clinic and Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia.

Disclosure: Shaheen E. Lakhan, MD, PhD, MS, MEd, has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

Image Quizzes are fictional or fictionalized clinical scenarios intended to provide evidence-based educational takeaways.
 

This patient’s presentation is indicative of moderate-stage Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which is confirmed by physical exam and testing; most notably, her MMSE score of 18 (a score of ≥ 25 is considered normal) and MRI results showing distinct cortical atrophy. At this stage of disease, signs and symptoms become more pronounced and widespread to include not only language deficiencies, prominent memory loss, and sensory processing, but also motor deficits and behavioral issues, all of which are clearly present in this patient.

A very important clinical consideration is a possible delay in diagnosis. It is atypical for an initial diagnosis of AD to be made when a patient is in the moderate stage of disease. This patient’s history over 5 years before her diagnosis included complaints of forgetfulness and low-level dyspraxia, which were not pursued. Reasons for this can vary. Broadly, patient interactions in a primary care setting tend to be brief, thus, many patients are not engaged in their care. Early symptoms — eg, memory impairment — can be missed during routine office visits.

There are also significant racial disparities in the diagnosis of dementia. According to National Institute of Aging-funded studies that were conducted in 39 AD Research Centers, White patients > 65 years old had a significantly higher prevalence of dementia diagnoses at baseline visits than Black patients in the same age group. Black patients, especially Black women, tend not to be diagnosed with AD until it has progressed. Conversely, Black patients had more risk factors for AD, greater cognitive impairment, and more severe neuropsychiatric symptoms (delusions and hallucinations) than those of other races and ethnicities.

Another barrier to timely diagnosis in Black patients is disparity in access to neuroimaging. In a study conducted by Wibecan and colleagues at Boston Medical Center, researchers found that among neuroimaging assessments conducted at the facility, Black patients who received MRI or CT scan for the diagnosis of cognitive impairment were older than White patients (72.5 years vs 67 years). Additionally, Black patients were significantly less likely to undergo MRI (the gold standard of care for dementia diagnosis) than CT scan.  

Hypothyroidism is an endocrine disorder that occurs because of a deficiency in thyroid hormone. Symptoms tend to be subtle and non-specific but vary greatly. Some of the hallmark symptoms are fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, dry skin, and hair loss. Additionally, emotional lability and depressed mood with mental impairment, slowed speech, and movement, as evident in this patient. However, hypothyroidism was ruled out when her laboratory results returned with all values within normal range.  

Vascular dementia is the second-most prevalent form of dementia after AD. It is characterized as cognitive impairment that occurs after one, or a series of, neurologic events and does not refer to a single disease but to a variety of vascular disorders. Patients with vascular dementia often exhibit mood and behavioral changes, deficits in executive function, and severe memory loss, all of which are present in this patient. However, as there were no (known) neurologic events in this patient — and no evidence thereof on imaging — and her hypertension is relatively well controlled, this is not a diagnostic consideration for this patient.  

Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is caused by the build-up of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain. It is characterized by abnormal gait, dementia, and urinary incontinence. Patients with NPH experience decreased attention, significant memory loss, bradyphrenia, bradykinesia, and broad-based gait, all of which feature in this patient. However, brain MRI was negative for structural abnormalities of this type, and there was no indication of NPH, which rules it out as a potential diagnosis.  

Shaheen E. Lakhan, MD, PhD, MS, MEd, Chief of Pain Management, Carilion Clinic and Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia.

Disclosure: Shaheen E. Lakhan, MD, PhD, MS, MEd, has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

Image Quizzes are fictional or fictionalized clinical scenarios intended to provide evidence-based educational takeaways.