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While COVID-19 vaccine mandates have sparked lawsuits and protests, the data shows that they’re working and increasing vaccination rates.

Some organizations have reported vaccination rates that jumped from less than 50% to more than 90%, according to ABC News. Workplace mandates have especially encouraged employees who were on the fence to get a shot.

“In general, vaccine mandates work,” James Colgrove, a public health professor at Columbia University’s Mailman School of Public Health, told ABC News.

For decades, the United States has monitored the effectiveness of vaccine mandates in schools, he noted, which have successfully required shots against measles, mumps, and other illnesses that used to be widespread. Certain employees, such as hospital workers, must take vaccines for their jobs, he said, and those requirements have also been effective over the years.

“The more normalized it becomes, the more people [know] someone else who is vaccinated, the more people will comply,” he said. “With any vaccine, the longer it’s been around, the more people get with it.”

With the widespread and contagious nature of COVID-19, workplaces have been forced to consider vaccine mandates to protect their employees and prevent worker shortages, Dr. Colgrove said.

Some companies began to issue vaccine rules this summer as the Delta variant caused a jump in cases, hospitalizations, and deaths. Major companies, including Google, Tyson Foods, United Airlines, and the Walt Disney Company, required in-person employees to get a shot. So far, the results from those mandates have been strong, ABC News reported.

For instance, Tyson announced a mandate in August, when less than half of its 140,000 employees were vaccinated. When the deadline came at the end of October, more than 60,000 additional employees had been vaccinated, and the vaccination rate was 96%.

“Has this made a difference in the health and safety of our team members? Absolutely. We’ve seen a significant decline in the number of active cases companywide,” Donnie King, CEO and president of Tyson Foods, said in a statement.

United Airlines has also shared that 99.7% of its 67,000 employees are vaccinated. Within 48 hours of announcing its mandate, the number of unvaccinated staffers fell from 593 to 320 people, ABC News reported.

Vaccine mandates appear to be working in the public sector as well. State health department officials in Washington told ABC News that the percentage of public employees who were vaccinated jumped from 49% in September to 96% by the vaccine mandate deadline in October.

Vaccination rates have also increased in New York City, where some employees in the fire, police, and sanitation departments protested the mandate. By the deadline, vaccination rates shifted from less than 75% to 82% in the fire department, 86% in the police department, and 91% of EMS personnel, ABC News reported.

Overall, vaccine mandates tend to reach groups who aren’t completely against the vaccine, medical experts told the news outlet. A small percentage of the population truly opposes the shot, and in most cases, unvaccinated people are on the fence or haven’t seen good enough messaging for it.

“When you look at vaccine resistance, the people who are the most opposed often make a very large amount of noise that is at odds with the actual numbers who are against vaccination,” Dr. Colgrove said.

A version of this article first appeared on WebMD.com.

While COVID-19 vaccine mandates have sparked lawsuits and protests, the data shows that they’re working and increasing vaccination rates.

Some organizations have reported vaccination rates that jumped from less than 50% to more than 90%, according to ABC News. Workplace mandates have especially encouraged employees who were on the fence to get a shot.

“In general, vaccine mandates work,” James Colgrove, a public health professor at Columbia University’s Mailman School of Public Health, told ABC News.

For decades, the United States has monitored the effectiveness of vaccine mandates in schools, he noted, which have successfully required shots against measles, mumps, and other illnesses that used to be widespread. Certain employees, such as hospital workers, must take vaccines for their jobs, he said, and those requirements have also been effective over the years.

“The more normalized it becomes, the more people [know] someone else who is vaccinated, the more people will comply,” he said. “With any vaccine, the longer it’s been around, the more people get with it.”

With the widespread and contagious nature of COVID-19, workplaces have been forced to consider vaccine mandates to protect their employees and prevent worker shortages, Dr. Colgrove said.

Some companies began to issue vaccine rules this summer as the Delta variant caused a jump in cases, hospitalizations, and deaths. Major companies, including Google, Tyson Foods, United Airlines, and the Walt Disney Company, required in-person employees to get a shot. So far, the results from those mandates have been strong, ABC News reported.

For instance, Tyson announced a mandate in August, when less than half of its 140,000 employees were vaccinated. When the deadline came at the end of October, more than 60,000 additional employees had been vaccinated, and the vaccination rate was 96%.

“Has this made a difference in the health and safety of our team members? Absolutely. We’ve seen a significant decline in the number of active cases companywide,” Donnie King, CEO and president of Tyson Foods, said in a statement.

United Airlines has also shared that 99.7% of its 67,000 employees are vaccinated. Within 48 hours of announcing its mandate, the number of unvaccinated staffers fell from 593 to 320 people, ABC News reported.

Vaccine mandates appear to be working in the public sector as well. State health department officials in Washington told ABC News that the percentage of public employees who were vaccinated jumped from 49% in September to 96% by the vaccine mandate deadline in October.

Vaccination rates have also increased in New York City, where some employees in the fire, police, and sanitation departments protested the mandate. By the deadline, vaccination rates shifted from less than 75% to 82% in the fire department, 86% in the police department, and 91% of EMS personnel, ABC News reported.

Overall, vaccine mandates tend to reach groups who aren’t completely against the vaccine, medical experts told the news outlet. A small percentage of the population truly opposes the shot, and in most cases, unvaccinated people are on the fence or haven’t seen good enough messaging for it.

“When you look at vaccine resistance, the people who are the most opposed often make a very large amount of noise that is at odds with the actual numbers who are against vaccination,” Dr. Colgrove said.

A version of this article first appeared on WebMD.com.

While COVID-19 vaccine mandates have sparked lawsuits and protests, the data shows that they’re working and increasing vaccination rates.

Some organizations have reported vaccination rates that jumped from less than 50% to more than 90%, according to ABC News. Workplace mandates have especially encouraged employees who were on the fence to get a shot.

“In general, vaccine mandates work,” James Colgrove, a public health professor at Columbia University’s Mailman School of Public Health, told ABC News.

For decades, the United States has monitored the effectiveness of vaccine mandates in schools, he noted, which have successfully required shots against measles, mumps, and other illnesses that used to be widespread. Certain employees, such as hospital workers, must take vaccines for their jobs, he said, and those requirements have also been effective over the years.

“The more normalized it becomes, the more people [know] someone else who is vaccinated, the more people will comply,” he said. “With any vaccine, the longer it’s been around, the more people get with it.”

With the widespread and contagious nature of COVID-19, workplaces have been forced to consider vaccine mandates to protect their employees and prevent worker shortages, Dr. Colgrove said.

Some companies began to issue vaccine rules this summer as the Delta variant caused a jump in cases, hospitalizations, and deaths. Major companies, including Google, Tyson Foods, United Airlines, and the Walt Disney Company, required in-person employees to get a shot. So far, the results from those mandates have been strong, ABC News reported.

For instance, Tyson announced a mandate in August, when less than half of its 140,000 employees were vaccinated. When the deadline came at the end of October, more than 60,000 additional employees had been vaccinated, and the vaccination rate was 96%.

“Has this made a difference in the health and safety of our team members? Absolutely. We’ve seen a significant decline in the number of active cases companywide,” Donnie King, CEO and president of Tyson Foods, said in a statement.

United Airlines has also shared that 99.7% of its 67,000 employees are vaccinated. Within 48 hours of announcing its mandate, the number of unvaccinated staffers fell from 593 to 320 people, ABC News reported.

Vaccine mandates appear to be working in the public sector as well. State health department officials in Washington told ABC News that the percentage of public employees who were vaccinated jumped from 49% in September to 96% by the vaccine mandate deadline in October.

Vaccination rates have also increased in New York City, where some employees in the fire, police, and sanitation departments protested the mandate. By the deadline, vaccination rates shifted from less than 75% to 82% in the fire department, 86% in the police department, and 91% of EMS personnel, ABC News reported.

Overall, vaccine mandates tend to reach groups who aren’t completely against the vaccine, medical experts told the news outlet. A small percentage of the population truly opposes the shot, and in most cases, unvaccinated people are on the fence or haven’t seen good enough messaging for it.

“When you look at vaccine resistance, the people who are the most opposed often make a very large amount of noise that is at odds with the actual numbers who are against vaccination,” Dr. Colgrove said.

A version of this article first appeared on WebMD.com.

The greatest autopsy on Earth?

The LOTME staff would like to apologize in advance. The following item contains historical facts.

P.T. Barnum is a rather controversial figure in American history. The greatest show on Earth was certainly popular in its day. However, Barnum got his start in 1835 by leasing a slave named Joyce Heth, an elderly Black woman who told vivid stories of caring for a young George Washington. He toured her around the country, advertising her as a 160-year-old woman who served as George Washington’s nanny. When Ms. Heth died the next year, Barnum sold tickets to the autopsy, charging the equivalent of $30 in today’s money.

fstop123/E+

When a doctor announced that Ms. Heth was actually 75-80 when she died, it caused great controversy in the press and ruined Barnum’s career. Wait, no, that’s not right. The opposite, actually. He weathered the storm, built his famous circus, and never again committed a hoax.

It’s difficult to quantify how wrong publicly dissecting a person and charging people to see said dissection is, but that was almost 200 years ago. At the very least, we can say that such terrible behavior is firmly in the distant past.

Oh wait.

David Saunders, a 98-year-old veteran of World War II and the Korean War, donated his body to science. His body, however, was purchased by DeathScience.org from a medical lab – with the buyer supposedly misleading the medical lab about its intentions, which was for use at the traveling Oddities and Curiosities Expo. Tickets went for up to $500 each to witness the public autopsy of Mr. Saunders’ body, which took place at a Marriott in Portland, Ore. It promised to be an exciting, all-day event from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m., with a break for lunch, of course. You can’t have an autopsy without a catered lunch.

Another public autopsy event was scheduled in Seattle but canceled after news of the first event broke. Oh, and for that extra little kick, Mr. Saunders died from COVID-19, meaning that all those paying customers were exposed.

P.T. Barnum is probably rolling over in his grave right now. His autopsy tickets were a bargain.
 

Go ahead, have that soda before math

We should all know by now that sugary drinks are bad, even artificially sweetened ones. It might not always stop us from drinking them, but we know the deal. But what if sugary drinks like soda could be helpful for girls in school?

©sjlocke/istock.com

You read that right. We said girls. A soda before class might have boys bouncing off the walls, but not girls. A recent study showed that not only was girls’ behavior unaffected by having a sugary drink, their math skills even improved.

Researchers analyzed the behavior of 4- to 6-year-old children before and after having a sugary drink. The sugar rush was actually calming for girls and helped them perform better with numerical skills, but the opposite was true for boys. “Our study is the first to provide large-scale experimental evidence on the impact of sugary drinks on preschool children. The results clearly indicate a causal impact of sugary drinks on children’s behavior and test scores,” Fritz Schiltz, PhD, said in a written statement.

This probably isn’t the green light to have as many sugary drinks as you want, but it might be interesting to see how your work is affected after a soda.
 

Chicken nuggets and the meat paradox

Two young children are fighting over the last chicken nugget when an adult comes in to see what’s going on.

Liam: Vegetable!

Olivia: Meat!

Liam: Chicken nuggets are vegetables!

Olivia: No, dorkface! They’re meat.

Caregiver: Good news, kids. You’re both right.

Olivia: How can we both be right?

At this point, a woman enters the room. She’s wearing a white lab coat, so she must be a scientist.

Dr. Scientist: You can’t both be right, Olivia. You are being fed a serving of the meat paradox. That’s why Liam here doesn’t know that chicken nuggets are made of chicken, which is a form of meat. Sadly, he’s not the only one.

pxfuel

In a recent study, scientists from Furman University in Greenville, S.C., found that 38% of 176 children aged 4-7 years thought that chicken nuggets were vegetables and more than 46% identified French fries as animal based.

Olivia: Did our caregiver lie to us, Dr. Scientist?

Dr. Scientist: Yes, Olivia. The researchers I mentioned explained that “many people experience unease while eating meat. Omnivores eat foods that entail animal suffering and death while at the same time endorsing the compassionate treatment of animals.” That’s the meat paradox.

Liam: What else did they say, Dr. Scientist?

Dr. Scientist: Over 70% of those children said that cows and pigs were not edible and 5% thought that cats and horses were. The investigators wrote “that children and youth should be viewed as agents of environmental change” in the future, but suggested that parents need to bring honesty to the table.

Caregiver: How did you get in here anyway? And how do you know their names?

Dr. Scientist: I’ve been rooting through your garbage for years. All in the name of science, of course.

Bedtimes aren’t just for children

There are multiple ways to prevent heart disease, but what if it could be as easy as switching your bedtime? A recent study in European Heart Journal–Digital Health suggests that there’s a sweet spot when it comes to sleep timing.

Tumisu/Pixabay

Through smartwatch-like devices, researchers measured the sleep-onset and wake-up times for 7 days in 88,026 participants aged 43-79 years. After 5.7 years of follow-up to see if anyone had a heart attack, stroke, or any other cardiovascular event, 3.6% developed some kind of cardiovascular disease.

Those who went to bed between 10 p.m. and 11 p.m. had a lower risk of developing heart disease. The risk was 25% higher for subjects who went to bed at midnight or later, 24% higher for bedtimes before 10 p.m., and 12% higher for bedtimes between 11 p.m. and midnight.

So, why can you go to bed before “The Tonight Show” and lower your cardiovascular risk but not before the nightly news? Well, it has something to do with your body’s natural clock.

“The optimum time to go to sleep is at a specific point in the body’s 24-hour cycle and deviations may be detrimental to health. The riskiest time was after midnight, potentially because it may reduce the likelihood of seeing morning light, which resets the body clock,” said study author Dr. David Plans of the University of Exeter, England.

Although a sleep schedule is preferred, it isn’t realistic all the time for those in certain occupations who might have to resort to other methods to keep their circadian clocks ticking optimally for their health. But if all it takes is prescribing a sleep time to reduce heart disease on a massive scale it would make a great “low-cost public health target.”

So bedtimes aren’t just for children.

The greatest autopsy on Earth?

The LOTME staff would like to apologize in advance. The following item contains historical facts.

P.T. Barnum is a rather controversial figure in American history. The greatest show on Earth was certainly popular in its day. However, Barnum got his start in 1835 by leasing a slave named Joyce Heth, an elderly Black woman who told vivid stories of caring for a young George Washington. He toured her around the country, advertising her as a 160-year-old woman who served as George Washington’s nanny. When Ms. Heth died the next year, Barnum sold tickets to the autopsy, charging the equivalent of $30 in today’s money.

fstop123/E+

When a doctor announced that Ms. Heth was actually 75-80 when she died, it caused great controversy in the press and ruined Barnum’s career. Wait, no, that’s not right. The opposite, actually. He weathered the storm, built his famous circus, and never again committed a hoax.

It’s difficult to quantify how wrong publicly dissecting a person and charging people to see said dissection is, but that was almost 200 years ago. At the very least, we can say that such terrible behavior is firmly in the distant past.

Oh wait.

David Saunders, a 98-year-old veteran of World War II and the Korean War, donated his body to science. His body, however, was purchased by DeathScience.org from a medical lab – with the buyer supposedly misleading the medical lab about its intentions, which was for use at the traveling Oddities and Curiosities Expo. Tickets went for up to $500 each to witness the public autopsy of Mr. Saunders’ body, which took place at a Marriott in Portland, Ore. It promised to be an exciting, all-day event from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m., with a break for lunch, of course. You can’t have an autopsy without a catered lunch.

Another public autopsy event was scheduled in Seattle but canceled after news of the first event broke. Oh, and for that extra little kick, Mr. Saunders died from COVID-19, meaning that all those paying customers were exposed.

P.T. Barnum is probably rolling over in his grave right now. His autopsy tickets were a bargain.
 

Go ahead, have that soda before math

We should all know by now that sugary drinks are bad, even artificially sweetened ones. It might not always stop us from drinking them, but we know the deal. But what if sugary drinks like soda could be helpful for girls in school?

©sjlocke/istock.com

You read that right. We said girls. A soda before class might have boys bouncing off the walls, but not girls. A recent study showed that not only was girls’ behavior unaffected by having a sugary drink, their math skills even improved.

Researchers analyzed the behavior of 4- to 6-year-old children before and after having a sugary drink. The sugar rush was actually calming for girls and helped them perform better with numerical skills, but the opposite was true for boys. “Our study is the first to provide large-scale experimental evidence on the impact of sugary drinks on preschool children. The results clearly indicate a causal impact of sugary drinks on children’s behavior and test scores,” Fritz Schiltz, PhD, said in a written statement.

This probably isn’t the green light to have as many sugary drinks as you want, but it might be interesting to see how your work is affected after a soda.
 

Chicken nuggets and the meat paradox

Two young children are fighting over the last chicken nugget when an adult comes in to see what’s going on.

Liam: Vegetable!

Olivia: Meat!

Liam: Chicken nuggets are vegetables!

Olivia: No, dorkface! They’re meat.

Caregiver: Good news, kids. You’re both right.

Olivia: How can we both be right?

At this point, a woman enters the room. She’s wearing a white lab coat, so she must be a scientist.

Dr. Scientist: You can’t both be right, Olivia. You are being fed a serving of the meat paradox. That’s why Liam here doesn’t know that chicken nuggets are made of chicken, which is a form of meat. Sadly, he’s not the only one.

pxfuel

In a recent study, scientists from Furman University in Greenville, S.C., found that 38% of 176 children aged 4-7 years thought that chicken nuggets were vegetables and more than 46% identified French fries as animal based.

Olivia: Did our caregiver lie to us, Dr. Scientist?

Dr. Scientist: Yes, Olivia. The researchers I mentioned explained that “many people experience unease while eating meat. Omnivores eat foods that entail animal suffering and death while at the same time endorsing the compassionate treatment of animals.” That’s the meat paradox.

Liam: What else did they say, Dr. Scientist?

Dr. Scientist: Over 70% of those children said that cows and pigs were not edible and 5% thought that cats and horses were. The investigators wrote “that children and youth should be viewed as agents of environmental change” in the future, but suggested that parents need to bring honesty to the table.

Caregiver: How did you get in here anyway? And how do you know their names?

Dr. Scientist: I’ve been rooting through your garbage for years. All in the name of science, of course.

Bedtimes aren’t just for children

There are multiple ways to prevent heart disease, but what if it could be as easy as switching your bedtime? A recent study in European Heart Journal–Digital Health suggests that there’s a sweet spot when it comes to sleep timing.

Tumisu/Pixabay

Through smartwatch-like devices, researchers measured the sleep-onset and wake-up times for 7 days in 88,026 participants aged 43-79 years. After 5.7 years of follow-up to see if anyone had a heart attack, stroke, or any other cardiovascular event, 3.6% developed some kind of cardiovascular disease.

Those who went to bed between 10 p.m. and 11 p.m. had a lower risk of developing heart disease. The risk was 25% higher for subjects who went to bed at midnight or later, 24% higher for bedtimes before 10 p.m., and 12% higher for bedtimes between 11 p.m. and midnight.

So, why can you go to bed before “The Tonight Show” and lower your cardiovascular risk but not before the nightly news? Well, it has something to do with your body’s natural clock.

“The optimum time to go to sleep is at a specific point in the body’s 24-hour cycle and deviations may be detrimental to health. The riskiest time was after midnight, potentially because it may reduce the likelihood of seeing morning light, which resets the body clock,” said study author Dr. David Plans of the University of Exeter, England.

Although a sleep schedule is preferred, it isn’t realistic all the time for those in certain occupations who might have to resort to other methods to keep their circadian clocks ticking optimally for their health. But if all it takes is prescribing a sleep time to reduce heart disease on a massive scale it would make a great “low-cost public health target.”

So bedtimes aren’t just for children.

The greatest autopsy on Earth?

The LOTME staff would like to apologize in advance. The following item contains historical facts.

P.T. Barnum is a rather controversial figure in American history. The greatest show on Earth was certainly popular in its day. However, Barnum got his start in 1835 by leasing a slave named Joyce Heth, an elderly Black woman who told vivid stories of caring for a young George Washington. He toured her around the country, advertising her as a 160-year-old woman who served as George Washington’s nanny. When Ms. Heth died the next year, Barnum sold tickets to the autopsy, charging the equivalent of $30 in today’s money.

fstop123/E+

When a doctor announced that Ms. Heth was actually 75-80 when she died, it caused great controversy in the press and ruined Barnum’s career. Wait, no, that’s not right. The opposite, actually. He weathered the storm, built his famous circus, and never again committed a hoax.

It’s difficult to quantify how wrong publicly dissecting a person and charging people to see said dissection is, but that was almost 200 years ago. At the very least, we can say that such terrible behavior is firmly in the distant past.

Oh wait.

David Saunders, a 98-year-old veteran of World War II and the Korean War, donated his body to science. His body, however, was purchased by DeathScience.org from a medical lab – with the buyer supposedly misleading the medical lab about its intentions, which was for use at the traveling Oddities and Curiosities Expo. Tickets went for up to $500 each to witness the public autopsy of Mr. Saunders’ body, which took place at a Marriott in Portland, Ore. It promised to be an exciting, all-day event from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m., with a break for lunch, of course. You can’t have an autopsy without a catered lunch.

Another public autopsy event was scheduled in Seattle but canceled after news of the first event broke. Oh, and for that extra little kick, Mr. Saunders died from COVID-19, meaning that all those paying customers were exposed.

P.T. Barnum is probably rolling over in his grave right now. His autopsy tickets were a bargain.
 

Go ahead, have that soda before math

We should all know by now that sugary drinks are bad, even artificially sweetened ones. It might not always stop us from drinking them, but we know the deal. But what if sugary drinks like soda could be helpful for girls in school?

©sjlocke/istock.com

You read that right. We said girls. A soda before class might have boys bouncing off the walls, but not girls. A recent study showed that not only was girls’ behavior unaffected by having a sugary drink, their math skills even improved.

Researchers analyzed the behavior of 4- to 6-year-old children before and after having a sugary drink. The sugar rush was actually calming for girls and helped them perform better with numerical skills, but the opposite was true for boys. “Our study is the first to provide large-scale experimental evidence on the impact of sugary drinks on preschool children. The results clearly indicate a causal impact of sugary drinks on children’s behavior and test scores,” Fritz Schiltz, PhD, said in a written statement.

This probably isn’t the green light to have as many sugary drinks as you want, but it might be interesting to see how your work is affected after a soda.
 

Chicken nuggets and the meat paradox

Two young children are fighting over the last chicken nugget when an adult comes in to see what’s going on.

Liam: Vegetable!

Olivia: Meat!

Liam: Chicken nuggets are vegetables!

Olivia: No, dorkface! They’re meat.

Caregiver: Good news, kids. You’re both right.

Olivia: How can we both be right?

At this point, a woman enters the room. She’s wearing a white lab coat, so she must be a scientist.

Dr. Scientist: You can’t both be right, Olivia. You are being fed a serving of the meat paradox. That’s why Liam here doesn’t know that chicken nuggets are made of chicken, which is a form of meat. Sadly, he’s not the only one.

pxfuel

In a recent study, scientists from Furman University in Greenville, S.C., found that 38% of 176 children aged 4-7 years thought that chicken nuggets were vegetables and more than 46% identified French fries as animal based.

Olivia: Did our caregiver lie to us, Dr. Scientist?

Dr. Scientist: Yes, Olivia. The researchers I mentioned explained that “many people experience unease while eating meat. Omnivores eat foods that entail animal suffering and death while at the same time endorsing the compassionate treatment of animals.” That’s the meat paradox.

Liam: What else did they say, Dr. Scientist?

Dr. Scientist: Over 70% of those children said that cows and pigs were not edible and 5% thought that cats and horses were. The investigators wrote “that children and youth should be viewed as agents of environmental change” in the future, but suggested that parents need to bring honesty to the table.

Caregiver: How did you get in here anyway? And how do you know their names?

Dr. Scientist: I’ve been rooting through your garbage for years. All in the name of science, of course.

Bedtimes aren’t just for children

There are multiple ways to prevent heart disease, but what if it could be as easy as switching your bedtime? A recent study in European Heart Journal–Digital Health suggests that there’s a sweet spot when it comes to sleep timing.

Tumisu/Pixabay

Through smartwatch-like devices, researchers measured the sleep-onset and wake-up times for 7 days in 88,026 participants aged 43-79 years. After 5.7 years of follow-up to see if anyone had a heart attack, stroke, or any other cardiovascular event, 3.6% developed some kind of cardiovascular disease.

Those who went to bed between 10 p.m. and 11 p.m. had a lower risk of developing heart disease. The risk was 25% higher for subjects who went to bed at midnight or later, 24% higher for bedtimes before 10 p.m., and 12% higher for bedtimes between 11 p.m. and midnight.

So, why can you go to bed before “The Tonight Show” and lower your cardiovascular risk but not before the nightly news? Well, it has something to do with your body’s natural clock.

“The optimum time to go to sleep is at a specific point in the body’s 24-hour cycle and deviations may be detrimental to health. The riskiest time was after midnight, potentially because it may reduce the likelihood of seeing morning light, which resets the body clock,” said study author Dr. David Plans of the University of Exeter, England.

Although a sleep schedule is preferred, it isn’t realistic all the time for those in certain occupations who might have to resort to other methods to keep their circadian clocks ticking optimally for their health. But if all it takes is prescribing a sleep time to reduce heart disease on a massive scale it would make a great “low-cost public health target.”

So bedtimes aren’t just for children.

 Stephanie J. Estes, MD is a board certified Obstetrician/Gynecologist and Professor of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility at the Penn State Hershey Medical center in Hershey, Pennsylvania.  As a subspecialist, she has a focus on endometriosis and fibroid research and also advances the care of women through advanced reproductive surgery techniques and robotic surgery. 

Q: At what point do you consider medical therapies in your approach to a patient with endometriosis?

Dr. Estes: I consider medical therapies for every patient that I see. There are 3 categories that I think about:

• Are they a candidate for medical therapy?
• Are they a candidate for surgical therapy?
• Lastly, are they a candidate for fertility treatment?

The difference between the plans is if the patient desires fertility. Next, I consider the advantages and disadvantages of medical therapy. The pros of medical therapy are avoiding the risks of surgery, with known and unknown complications or adhesions. And the cons are side effects of medical therapy. Also, medical therapy does not address treating hydrosalpinges, endometriomas, or other deep infiltrating nodules and, clearly, it also inhibits fertility treatment. So, my overall process is looking at the patient’s goal of symptom management and how best to limit their number of surgical procedures. My approach spans many options, and I look at all of those to make an appropriate decision for each patient.

Q: How do you determine what options would be best suited for the patient?

Dr. Estes: The first line of symptom treatment best suited for the patient is always NSAIDs, which are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. These are an appropriate first start in managing the dysmenorrhea and pelvic pain that can be associated with endometriosis. If there are no contraindications, the next most common way to manage endometriosis symptoms is combined oral contraceptive pills, transdermal patches, or rings. A key principle, especially when selecting a pill, is to look at the type of estrogen and progestin you’re choosing. Some practitioners may see these pills as equals, but there are differences. I always select a 20-µm ethinyl estradiol pill for my endometriosis patients. Then, I select a progestin, such as norethindrone or levonorgestrel, which provide good suppressive treatment.

The preferred hormonal therapy for endometriosis symptoms not only should be easy for the patient to use but also accomplish management of the symptoms that they are coming in for. Hormonal therapies have a low side-effect profile, which allows the patient to feel well for a long time. We know that endometriosis is a chronic disease, so this is something that the patient is going to need to manage for a long time. I really like to help my patients because they have other things to do in life. They want to take care of their kids, or they’re in school, or have other goals. Patients want to feel well while doing all these activities of life, and so an individualized approach is important. Some of my patients love taking pills, and they are perfectly happy to do so. Other people would prefer a more long-acting treatment so that they do not have to deal with remembering to take a medication every day.

Q: Explain how you would apply the use of an intrauterine device (IUD) to manage endometriosis. 

Dr. Estes: I use many IUDs with progestin because evidence has shown them to be effective in managing endometriosis symptoms, specifically by decreasing dysmenorrhea. I will usually insert them during a patient’s surgery in the operating room. If I identify endometriosis and can place the IUD at the same time of the surgery, this see-and-treat philosophy maximizes the efficiency of patient care—and the patient avoids the discomfort of an in-office insertion. During the patient’s post-operative check, I evaluate how they feel and how the IUD is working for them. I think many patients are candidates for progestin IUDs, especially those who cannot take an estrogen-containing compound.

Q: Where do newly available therapies for endometriosis fit into your overall management approach?

Dr. Estes: Norethindrone 5 mg is an effective treatment for endometriosis and it is US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)‒approved for that cause. And then, the other medications that Penn State Hershey was part of the clinical trials for include Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonists such as elagolix. I saw the improvement in symptoms not only in the trial but also in continued follow-up of patients. GnRH antagonists are a group of medications that have a very good side-effect profile. Patients typically do not have significant side effects, however, hot flashes can me common. Hot flashes that can be ameliorated with some add back hormone therapy. The other drugs in the pipeline are relugolix and linzagolix. Relugolix is FDA approved for prostate cancer treatment. Endometriosis trials are expensive, and they are long and hard to do because of the pain factor—people do not want to stop their other medications to do the trial; however, the use of these medications will continue to be studied, and I look further to continuing to fine tune treatment options

Q: Is cost to the patient a consideration during management counseling, and should it be? 

Dr. Estes: Absolutely. It comes up in every conversation because endometriosis is a long-term disease process that needs to be managed throughout the life cycle of a woman; you cannot have something that is going to be so expensive that will have to be taken for years and years or is not going to be continued. Because cost is critical, I use Lupron Depot as well as letrozole, and goserelin implants are also approved for endometriosis treatment. I also occasionally use danazol, which is a very different mechanism of action in select patients, so multiple options are all present. We have streamlined our pre-approval process for the GnRH antagonists to make it fairly easy.

It used to be a little bit harder, but now, if a patient has found that other medications did not offer relief for her endometriosis, then GnRH antagonists are much easier to obtain.

Q: Is there anything else you’d like to add?

Dr. Estes: Our patient involvement in clinical trials is just so valuable for endometriosis disease research. So, anyone out there living with endometriosis who would like to help medical science—wherever you live, wherever you are—get involved because this can help not only you but also the next person who comes after you. We are currently participating in a study right now on quinagolide. It is a vaginal ring that is not hormonal.

Again, we want to keep all options open and see what works and does not work. Science is so fantastic, and it is one of those summary points to note that we always need more information in terms of endometriosis. We really are aspiring to develop and apply treatment options that are effective throughout the lifespan of those affected by endometriosis.

 Stephanie J. Estes, MD is a board certified Obstetrician/Gynecologist and Professor of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility at the Penn State Hershey Medical center in Hershey, Pennsylvania.  As a subspecialist, she has a focus on endometriosis and fibroid research and also advances the care of women through advanced reproductive surgery techniques and robotic surgery. 

Q: At what point do you consider medical therapies in your approach to a patient with endometriosis?

Dr. Estes: I consider medical therapies for every patient that I see. There are 3 categories that I think about:

• Are they a candidate for medical therapy?
• Are they a candidate for surgical therapy?
• Lastly, are they a candidate for fertility treatment?

The difference between the plans is if the patient desires fertility. Next, I consider the advantages and disadvantages of medical therapy. The pros of medical therapy are avoiding the risks of surgery, with known and unknown complications or adhesions. And the cons are side effects of medical therapy. Also, medical therapy does not address treating hydrosalpinges, endometriomas, or other deep infiltrating nodules and, clearly, it also inhibits fertility treatment. So, my overall process is looking at the patient’s goal of symptom management and how best to limit their number of surgical procedures. My approach spans many options, and I look at all of those to make an appropriate decision for each patient.

Q: How do you determine what options would be best suited for the patient?

Dr. Estes: The first line of symptom treatment best suited for the patient is always NSAIDs, which are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. These are an appropriate first start in managing the dysmenorrhea and pelvic pain that can be associated with endometriosis. If there are no contraindications, the next most common way to manage endometriosis symptoms is combined oral contraceptive pills, transdermal patches, or rings. A key principle, especially when selecting a pill, is to look at the type of estrogen and progestin you’re choosing. Some practitioners may see these pills as equals, but there are differences. I always select a 20-µm ethinyl estradiol pill for my endometriosis patients. Then, I select a progestin, such as norethindrone or levonorgestrel, which provide good suppressive treatment.

The preferred hormonal therapy for endometriosis symptoms not only should be easy for the patient to use but also accomplish management of the symptoms that they are coming in for. Hormonal therapies have a low side-effect profile, which allows the patient to feel well for a long time. We know that endometriosis is a chronic disease, so this is something that the patient is going to need to manage for a long time. I really like to help my patients because they have other things to do in life. They want to take care of their kids, or they’re in school, or have other goals. Patients want to feel well while doing all these activities of life, and so an individualized approach is important. Some of my patients love taking pills, and they are perfectly happy to do so. Other people would prefer a more long-acting treatment so that they do not have to deal with remembering to take a medication every day.

Q: Explain how you would apply the use of an intrauterine device (IUD) to manage endometriosis. 

Dr. Estes: I use many IUDs with progestin because evidence has shown them to be effective in managing endometriosis symptoms, specifically by decreasing dysmenorrhea. I will usually insert them during a patient’s surgery in the operating room. If I identify endometriosis and can place the IUD at the same time of the surgery, this see-and-treat philosophy maximizes the efficiency of patient care—and the patient avoids the discomfort of an in-office insertion. During the patient’s post-operative check, I evaluate how they feel and how the IUD is working for them. I think many patients are candidates for progestin IUDs, especially those who cannot take an estrogen-containing compound.

Q: Where do newly available therapies for endometriosis fit into your overall management approach?

Dr. Estes: Norethindrone 5 mg is an effective treatment for endometriosis and it is US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)‒approved for that cause. And then, the other medications that Penn State Hershey was part of the clinical trials for include Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonists such as elagolix. I saw the improvement in symptoms not only in the trial but also in continued follow-up of patients. GnRH antagonists are a group of medications that have a very good side-effect profile. Patients typically do not have significant side effects, however, hot flashes can me common. Hot flashes that can be ameliorated with some add back hormone therapy. The other drugs in the pipeline are relugolix and linzagolix. Relugolix is FDA approved for prostate cancer treatment. Endometriosis trials are expensive, and they are long and hard to do because of the pain factor—people do not want to stop their other medications to do the trial; however, the use of these medications will continue to be studied, and I look further to continuing to fine tune treatment options

Q: Is cost to the patient a consideration during management counseling, and should it be? 

Dr. Estes: Absolutely. It comes up in every conversation because endometriosis is a long-term disease process that needs to be managed throughout the life cycle of a woman; you cannot have something that is going to be so expensive that will have to be taken for years and years or is not going to be continued. Because cost is critical, I use Lupron Depot as well as letrozole, and goserelin implants are also approved for endometriosis treatment. I also occasionally use danazol, which is a very different mechanism of action in select patients, so multiple options are all present. We have streamlined our pre-approval process for the GnRH antagonists to make it fairly easy.

It used to be a little bit harder, but now, if a patient has found that other medications did not offer relief for her endometriosis, then GnRH antagonists are much easier to obtain.

Q: Is there anything else you’d like to add?

Dr. Estes: Our patient involvement in clinical trials is just so valuable for endometriosis disease research. So, anyone out there living with endometriosis who would like to help medical science—wherever you live, wherever you are—get involved because this can help not only you but also the next person who comes after you. We are currently participating in a study right now on quinagolide. It is a vaginal ring that is not hormonal.

Again, we want to keep all options open and see what works and does not work. Science is so fantastic, and it is one of those summary points to note that we always need more information in terms of endometriosis. We really are aspiring to develop and apply treatment options that are effective throughout the lifespan of those affected by endometriosis.

 Stephanie J. Estes, MD is a board certified Obstetrician/Gynecologist and Professor of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility at the Penn State Hershey Medical center in Hershey, Pennsylvania.  As a subspecialist, she has a focus on endometriosis and fibroid research and also advances the care of women through advanced reproductive surgery techniques and robotic surgery. 

Q: At what point do you consider medical therapies in your approach to a patient with endometriosis?

Dr. Estes: I consider medical therapies for every patient that I see. There are 3 categories that I think about:

• Are they a candidate for medical therapy?
• Are they a candidate for surgical therapy?
• Lastly, are they a candidate for fertility treatment?

The difference between the plans is if the patient desires fertility. Next, I consider the advantages and disadvantages of medical therapy. The pros of medical therapy are avoiding the risks of surgery, with known and unknown complications or adhesions. And the cons are side effects of medical therapy. Also, medical therapy does not address treating hydrosalpinges, endometriomas, or other deep infiltrating nodules and, clearly, it also inhibits fertility treatment. So, my overall process is looking at the patient’s goal of symptom management and how best to limit their number of surgical procedures. My approach spans many options, and I look at all of those to make an appropriate decision for each patient.

Q: How do you determine what options would be best suited for the patient?

Dr. Estes: The first line of symptom treatment best suited for the patient is always NSAIDs, which are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. These are an appropriate first start in managing the dysmenorrhea and pelvic pain that can be associated with endometriosis. If there are no contraindications, the next most common way to manage endometriosis symptoms is combined oral contraceptive pills, transdermal patches, or rings. A key principle, especially when selecting a pill, is to look at the type of estrogen and progestin you’re choosing. Some practitioners may see these pills as equals, but there are differences. I always select a 20-µm ethinyl estradiol pill for my endometriosis patients. Then, I select a progestin, such as norethindrone or levonorgestrel, which provide good suppressive treatment.

The preferred hormonal therapy for endometriosis symptoms not only should be easy for the patient to use but also accomplish management of the symptoms that they are coming in for. Hormonal therapies have a low side-effect profile, which allows the patient to feel well for a long time. We know that endometriosis is a chronic disease, so this is something that the patient is going to need to manage for a long time. I really like to help my patients because they have other things to do in life. They want to take care of their kids, or they’re in school, or have other goals. Patients want to feel well while doing all these activities of life, and so an individualized approach is important. Some of my patients love taking pills, and they are perfectly happy to do so. Other people would prefer a more long-acting treatment so that they do not have to deal with remembering to take a medication every day.

Q: Explain how you would apply the use of an intrauterine device (IUD) to manage endometriosis. 

Dr. Estes: I use many IUDs with progestin because evidence has shown them to be effective in managing endometriosis symptoms, specifically by decreasing dysmenorrhea. I will usually insert them during a patient’s surgery in the operating room. If I identify endometriosis and can place the IUD at the same time of the surgery, this see-and-treat philosophy maximizes the efficiency of patient care—and the patient avoids the discomfort of an in-office insertion. During the patient’s post-operative check, I evaluate how they feel and how the IUD is working for them. I think many patients are candidates for progestin IUDs, especially those who cannot take an estrogen-containing compound.

Q: Where do newly available therapies for endometriosis fit into your overall management approach?

Dr. Estes: Norethindrone 5 mg is an effective treatment for endometriosis and it is US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)‒approved for that cause. And then, the other medications that Penn State Hershey was part of the clinical trials for include Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonists such as elagolix. I saw the improvement in symptoms not only in the trial but also in continued follow-up of patients. GnRH antagonists are a group of medications that have a very good side-effect profile. Patients typically do not have significant side effects, however, hot flashes can me common. Hot flashes that can be ameliorated with some add back hormone therapy. The other drugs in the pipeline are relugolix and linzagolix. Relugolix is FDA approved for prostate cancer treatment. Endometriosis trials are expensive, and they are long and hard to do because of the pain factor—people do not want to stop their other medications to do the trial; however, the use of these medications will continue to be studied, and I look further to continuing to fine tune treatment options

Q: Is cost to the patient a consideration during management counseling, and should it be? 

Dr. Estes: Absolutely. It comes up in every conversation because endometriosis is a long-term disease process that needs to be managed throughout the life cycle of a woman; you cannot have something that is going to be so expensive that will have to be taken for years and years or is not going to be continued. Because cost is critical, I use Lupron Depot as well as letrozole, and goserelin implants are also approved for endometriosis treatment. I also occasionally use danazol, which is a very different mechanism of action in select patients, so multiple options are all present. We have streamlined our pre-approval process for the GnRH antagonists to make it fairly easy.

It used to be a little bit harder, but now, if a patient has found that other medications did not offer relief for her endometriosis, then GnRH antagonists are much easier to obtain.

Q: Is there anything else you’d like to add?

Dr. Estes: Our patient involvement in clinical trials is just so valuable for endometriosis disease research. So, anyone out there living with endometriosis who would like to help medical science—wherever you live, wherever you are—get involved because this can help not only you but also the next person who comes after you. We are currently participating in a study right now on quinagolide. It is a vaginal ring that is not hormonal.

Again, we want to keep all options open and see what works and does not work. Science is so fantastic, and it is one of those summary points to note that we always need more information in terms of endometriosis. We really are aspiring to develop and apply treatment options that are effective throughout the lifespan of those affected by endometriosis.

As the United States rounds out its second year of the pandemic, many people are trying to figure out just how vulnerable they may be to COVID-19 infection, and whether it’s finally safe to fully return to all the activities they miss.

On an individual basis, the degree and durability of the immunity a person gets after vaccination versus an infection is not an easy question to answer. But it’s one that science is hotly pursing.

“This virus is teaching us a lot about immunology,” says Gregory Poland, MD, who studies how the body responds to vaccines at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn. Dr. Poland says this moment in science reminds him of a quote attributed to Ralph Waldo Emerson: “We learn about geology the morning after the earthquake.”

“And that’s the case here. It is and will continue to teach us a lot of immunology,” he says.

It’s vital to understand how a COVID-19 infection reshapes the body’s immune defenses so that researchers can tailor vaccines and therapies to do the same or better.

“Because, of course, it’s much more risky to get infected with the actual virus, than with the vaccine,” says Daniela Weiskopf, PhD, a researcher at the La Jolla Institute for Immunology in California.

What is known so far is that how much protection you get and how long you may have it depends on several factors. Those include your age, whether you’ve had COVID-19 before and how severe your symptoms were, your vaccination status, and how long it has been since you were infected or inoculated. Your underlying health matters, too. Immune protection also depends on the virus and how much it is changing as it evolves to evade all our hard-won defenses.

In a new scientific brief, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention digs into the evidence behind the immune protection created by infection compared with immunity after vaccination. Here’s what we know so far:
 

Durability of immunity

The agency’s researchers say if you’ve recovered from a COVID-19 infection or are fully vaccinated, you’re probably in good shape for at least 6 months. That’s why this is the recommended interval for people to consider getting a booster dose.

Even though the protection you get after infection and vaccination is generally strong, it’s not perfect.

Getting COVID-19 after you’ve been vaccinated or recovered is still possible. But having some immunity -- whether from infection or vaccination -- really drops the odds of this happening to you. And if you do happen to catch COVID, if your immune system has already gotten a heads up about the virus, your infection is much less likely to be one that lands you in the hospital or morgue.

According to CDC data, at the height of the Delta surge in August, fully vaccinated people were six times less likely to get a COVID-19 infection compared with unvaccinated people, and 11 times less likely to die if they did get it.
 

How strong is immunity after a COVID-19 Infection?

About 90% of people develop some number of protective antibodies after a COVID-19 infection, according to the CDC. But how high those levels climb appears to be all over the map. Studies show peak antibody concentrations can vary as much as 200-fold, or 2,000%.

Where you fall within that very large range will depend on your age and how sick you became from your COVID-19 infection. It also depends on whether you have an underlying health condition or take a medication that blunts immune function.

Our immune system slows down with age. Immunosenescence starts to affect a person’s health around the age of 60. But there’s no bright line for failure. People who exercise and are generally healthy will have better immune function than someone who doesn’t, no matter their age. In general, though, the older you are, the less likely you are to get a robust immune response after an infection or a vaccination. That’s why this group has been prioritized both for first vaccine doses and boosters.

Beyond age, your protection from future infection seems to depend on how ill you were with the first. Several studies have shown that blood levels of antibodies rise faster and reach a higher peak in people with more severe infections.

In general, people with cold-like symptoms who tested positive but recovered at home are better protected than people who didn’t get any symptoms. And people who were hospitalized for their infections are better protected over the long term than people with milder infections. They may have paid a steep price for that protection: Many hospitalized patients continue to have debilitating symptoms that last for months after they go home.

On average, though, protection after infection seems to be comparable to vaccination, at least for a while. Six large studies from different countries have looked into this question, and five of them have used the very sensitive real-time polymerase chain reaction test (RT-PCR) to count people as truly being previously infected. These studies found that for 6 to 9 months after recovery, a person was 80% to 93% less likely to get COVID-19 again.

There are some caveats to mention, though. Early in the pandemic when supplies were scarce, it was hard to get tested unless you were so sick you landed in the hospital. Studies have shown that the concentration of antibodies a person makes after an infection seems to depend on how sick they got in the first place.

People who had milder infections, or who didn’t have any symptoms at all, may not develop as much protection as those who have more severe symptoms. So these studies may reflect the immunity developed by people who were pretty ill during their first infections.

One study of 25,000 health care workers, who were all tested every 2 weeks -- whether they had symptoms or not -- may offer a clearer picture. In this study, health care workers who’d previously tested positive for COVID-19 were 84% less likely to test positive for the virus again. They were 93% less likely to get an infection that made them sick, and 52% less likely to get an infection without symptoms, for at least 6 months after they recovered.
 

How does protection after infection compare to vaccination?

Two weeks after your final vaccine dose, protection against a COVID-19 infection is high -- around 90% for the Pfizer and Moderna mRNA vaccines and 66% for the one-dose Johnson & Johnson shot. Clinical trials conducted by the manufacturer have shown that a second dose of the Johnson & Johnson vaccine given at least 2 months after vaccination boosts protection against illness in the United States to about 94%, which is why another dose has been recommended for all Johnson & Johnson vaccine recipients 2 months after their first shot.

It’s not yet known how long the COVID-19 vaccines remain protective. There’s some evidence that protection against symptomatic infections wanes a bit over time as antibody levels drop. But protection against severe illness, including hospitalization and death, has remained high so far, even without a booster.
 

Are antibodies different after infection compared to vaccination?

Yes. And researchers don’t yet understand what these differences mean.

It seems to come down to a question of quality versus quantity. Vaccines seem to produce higher peak antibody levels than natural infections do. But these antibodies are highly specialized, able to recognize only the parts of the virus they were designed to target.

“The mRNA vaccine directs all the immune responses to the single spike protein,” says Alice Cho, PhD, who is studying the differences in vaccine and infection-created immunity at the Rockefeller University in New York. “There’s a lot more to respond to with a virus than there is in a vaccine.”

During an infection, the immune system learns to recognize and grab onto many parts of the virus, not just its spike.

The job of remembering the various pieces and parts of a foreign invader, so that it can be quickly recognized and disarmed should it ever return, falls to memory B cells.

Memory B cells, in turn, make plasma cells that then crank out antibodies that are custom tailored to attach to their targets.

Antibody levels gradually fall over a few months’ time as the plasma cells that make them die off. But memory B cells live for extended periods. One study that was attempting to measure the lifespan of individual memory B cells in mice found that these cells probably live as long as the mouse itself. Memory B cells induced by smallpox vaccination may live at least 60 years -- virtually an entire lifetime.

Dr. Cho’s research team has found that when memory B cells are trained by the vaccine, they become one-hit wonders, cranking out copious amounts of the same kinds of antibodies over and over again.

Memory B cells trained by viral infection, however, are more versatile. They continue to evolve over several months and produce higher quality antibodies that appear to become more potent over time and can even develop activity against future variants.

Still, the researchers stress that it’s not smart to wait to get a COVID-19 infection in hopes of getting these more versatile antibodies.

“While a natural infection may induce maturation of antibodies with broader activity than a vaccine does -- a natural infection can also kill you,” says Michel Nussenzweig, MD, PhD, head of Rockefeller’s Laboratory of Molecular Immunology.

Sure, memory B cells generated by infections may be immunological Swiss Army Knives, but maybe, argues Donna Farber, PhD, an immunologist at Columbia University in New York, we really only need a single blade.

“The thing with the vaccine is that it’s really focused,” she says. “It’s not giving you all these other viral proteins. It’s only giving you the spike.”

“It may be even better than the level of neutralizing spike antibodies you’re going to get from the infection,” she says. “With a viral infection, the immune response really has a lot to do. It’s really being distracted by all these other proteins.”

“Whereas with the vaccine, it’s just saying to the immune response, ‘This is the immunity we need,’” Dr. Farber says. “‘Just generate this immunity.’ So it’s focusing the immune response in a way that’s going to guarantee that you’re going to get that protective response.”
 

What if you had COVID and later got vaccinated?

This is called hybrid immunity, and it’s the best of both worlds.

“You have the benefit of very deep, but narrow, immunity produced by vaccine, and very broad, but not very deep, immunity produced by infection,” Dr. Poland says. He says you’ve effectively cross-trained your immune system.

In studies of people who recovered from COVID-19 and then went on to get an mRNA vaccine, after one dose, their antibodies were as high as someone who had been fully vaccinated. After two doses, their antibody levels were about double the average levels seen in someone who’d only been vaccinated.

Studies have shown this kind of immunity has real benefits, too. A recent study by researchers at the University of Kentucky and the CDC found that people who’d gotten COVID-19 in 2020, but had not been vaccinated, were about twice as likely to be reinfected in May and June compared with those who recovered and went on to get their vaccines.
 

What antibody level is protective?

Scientists aren’t exactly sure how high antibody levels need to be for protection, or even which kinds of antibodies or other immune components matter most yet.

But vaccines appear to generate higher antibody levels than infections do. In a recent study published in the journal Science , Dr. Weiskopf and her colleagues at the La Jolla Institute of Immunology detail the findings of a de-escalation study, where they gave people one-quarter of the normal dose of the Moderna mRNA vaccine and then collected blood samples over time to study their immune responses.

Their immune responses were scaled down with the dose.

“We saw that this has the exact same levels as natural infection,” Dr. Weiskopf says. “People who are vaccinated have much higher immune memory than people who are naturally infected,” she says.

Antibody levels are not easy to determine in the real world. Can you take a test to find out how protected you are? The answer is no, because we don’t yet know what antibody level, or even which kind of antibodies, correlate with protection.

Also, there are many different kinds of antibody tests and they all use a slightly different scale, so there’s no broadly agreed upon way to measure them yet. It’s difficult to compare levels test to test.
 

Weeks or months between doses? Which is best?

Both the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines were tested to be given 3 and 4 weeks apart, respectively. But when the vaccines were first rolling out, shortages prompted some countries to stretch the interval between doses to 4 or more months.

Researchers who have studied the immune responses of people who were inoculated on an extended dosing schedule noticed something interesting: When the interval was stretched, people had better antibody responses. In fact, their antibody responses looked like the sky-high levels people got with hybrid immunity.

Susanna Dunachie, PhD, a global research professor at the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom, wondered why. She’s leading a team of researchers who are doing detailed studies of the immune responses of health care workers after their vaccinations.

“We found that B cells, which are the cells that make antibodies to the viral spike protein after vaccination, carry on increasing in number between 4 and 10 weeks after vaccination,” she says.

Waiting to give the second vaccine 6 to 14 weeks seems to stimulate the immune system when all of its antibody-making factories are finally up and running.

For this reason, giving the second dose at 3 weeks, she says, might be premature.

But there’s a tradeoff involved in waiting. If there are high levels of the virus circulating in a community, you want to get people fully vaccinated as quickly as possible to maximize their protection in the shortest window of time, which is what we decided to do in the United States.

Researchers say it might be a good idea to revisit the dosing interval when it’s less risky to try it.
 

A version of this article first appeared on WebMD.com.

As the United States rounds out its second year of the pandemic, many people are trying to figure out just how vulnerable they may be to COVID-19 infection, and whether it’s finally safe to fully return to all the activities they miss.

On an individual basis, the degree and durability of the immunity a person gets after vaccination versus an infection is not an easy question to answer. But it’s one that science is hotly pursing.

“This virus is teaching us a lot about immunology,” says Gregory Poland, MD, who studies how the body responds to vaccines at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn. Dr. Poland says this moment in science reminds him of a quote attributed to Ralph Waldo Emerson: “We learn about geology the morning after the earthquake.”

“And that’s the case here. It is and will continue to teach us a lot of immunology,” he says.

It’s vital to understand how a COVID-19 infection reshapes the body’s immune defenses so that researchers can tailor vaccines and therapies to do the same or better.

“Because, of course, it’s much more risky to get infected with the actual virus, than with the vaccine,” says Daniela Weiskopf, PhD, a researcher at the La Jolla Institute for Immunology in California.

What is known so far is that how much protection you get and how long you may have it depends on several factors. Those include your age, whether you’ve had COVID-19 before and how severe your symptoms were, your vaccination status, and how long it has been since you were infected or inoculated. Your underlying health matters, too. Immune protection also depends on the virus and how much it is changing as it evolves to evade all our hard-won defenses.

In a new scientific brief, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention digs into the evidence behind the immune protection created by infection compared with immunity after vaccination. Here’s what we know so far:
 

Durability of immunity

The agency’s researchers say if you’ve recovered from a COVID-19 infection or are fully vaccinated, you’re probably in good shape for at least 6 months. That’s why this is the recommended interval for people to consider getting a booster dose.

Even though the protection you get after infection and vaccination is generally strong, it’s not perfect.

Getting COVID-19 after you’ve been vaccinated or recovered is still possible. But having some immunity -- whether from infection or vaccination -- really drops the odds of this happening to you. And if you do happen to catch COVID, if your immune system has already gotten a heads up about the virus, your infection is much less likely to be one that lands you in the hospital or morgue.

According to CDC data, at the height of the Delta surge in August, fully vaccinated people were six times less likely to get a COVID-19 infection compared with unvaccinated people, and 11 times less likely to die if they did get it.
 

How strong is immunity after a COVID-19 Infection?

About 90% of people develop some number of protective antibodies after a COVID-19 infection, according to the CDC. But how high those levels climb appears to be all over the map. Studies show peak antibody concentrations can vary as much as 200-fold, or 2,000%.

Where you fall within that very large range will depend on your age and how sick you became from your COVID-19 infection. It also depends on whether you have an underlying health condition or take a medication that blunts immune function.

Our immune system slows down with age. Immunosenescence starts to affect a person’s health around the age of 60. But there’s no bright line for failure. People who exercise and are generally healthy will have better immune function than someone who doesn’t, no matter their age. In general, though, the older you are, the less likely you are to get a robust immune response after an infection or a vaccination. That’s why this group has been prioritized both for first vaccine doses and boosters.

Beyond age, your protection from future infection seems to depend on how ill you were with the first. Several studies have shown that blood levels of antibodies rise faster and reach a higher peak in people with more severe infections.

In general, people with cold-like symptoms who tested positive but recovered at home are better protected than people who didn’t get any symptoms. And people who were hospitalized for their infections are better protected over the long term than people with milder infections. They may have paid a steep price for that protection: Many hospitalized patients continue to have debilitating symptoms that last for months after they go home.

On average, though, protection after infection seems to be comparable to vaccination, at least for a while. Six large studies from different countries have looked into this question, and five of them have used the very sensitive real-time polymerase chain reaction test (RT-PCR) to count people as truly being previously infected. These studies found that for 6 to 9 months after recovery, a person was 80% to 93% less likely to get COVID-19 again.

There are some caveats to mention, though. Early in the pandemic when supplies were scarce, it was hard to get tested unless you were so sick you landed in the hospital. Studies have shown that the concentration of antibodies a person makes after an infection seems to depend on how sick they got in the first place.

People who had milder infections, or who didn’t have any symptoms at all, may not develop as much protection as those who have more severe symptoms. So these studies may reflect the immunity developed by people who were pretty ill during their first infections.

One study of 25,000 health care workers, who were all tested every 2 weeks -- whether they had symptoms or not -- may offer a clearer picture. In this study, health care workers who’d previously tested positive for COVID-19 were 84% less likely to test positive for the virus again. They were 93% less likely to get an infection that made them sick, and 52% less likely to get an infection without symptoms, for at least 6 months after they recovered.
 

How does protection after infection compare to vaccination?

Two weeks after your final vaccine dose, protection against a COVID-19 infection is high -- around 90% for the Pfizer and Moderna mRNA vaccines and 66% for the one-dose Johnson & Johnson shot. Clinical trials conducted by the manufacturer have shown that a second dose of the Johnson & Johnson vaccine given at least 2 months after vaccination boosts protection against illness in the United States to about 94%, which is why another dose has been recommended for all Johnson & Johnson vaccine recipients 2 months after their first shot.

It’s not yet known how long the COVID-19 vaccines remain protective. There’s some evidence that protection against symptomatic infections wanes a bit over time as antibody levels drop. But protection against severe illness, including hospitalization and death, has remained high so far, even without a booster.
 

Are antibodies different after infection compared to vaccination?

Yes. And researchers don’t yet understand what these differences mean.

It seems to come down to a question of quality versus quantity. Vaccines seem to produce higher peak antibody levels than natural infections do. But these antibodies are highly specialized, able to recognize only the parts of the virus they were designed to target.

“The mRNA vaccine directs all the immune responses to the single spike protein,” says Alice Cho, PhD, who is studying the differences in vaccine and infection-created immunity at the Rockefeller University in New York. “There’s a lot more to respond to with a virus than there is in a vaccine.”

During an infection, the immune system learns to recognize and grab onto many parts of the virus, not just its spike.

The job of remembering the various pieces and parts of a foreign invader, so that it can be quickly recognized and disarmed should it ever return, falls to memory B cells.

Memory B cells, in turn, make plasma cells that then crank out antibodies that are custom tailored to attach to their targets.

Antibody levels gradually fall over a few months’ time as the plasma cells that make them die off. But memory B cells live for extended periods. One study that was attempting to measure the lifespan of individual memory B cells in mice found that these cells probably live as long as the mouse itself. Memory B cells induced by smallpox vaccination may live at least 60 years -- virtually an entire lifetime.

Dr. Cho’s research team has found that when memory B cells are trained by the vaccine, they become one-hit wonders, cranking out copious amounts of the same kinds of antibodies over and over again.

Memory B cells trained by viral infection, however, are more versatile. They continue to evolve over several months and produce higher quality antibodies that appear to become more potent over time and can even develop activity against future variants.

Still, the researchers stress that it’s not smart to wait to get a COVID-19 infection in hopes of getting these more versatile antibodies.

“While a natural infection may induce maturation of antibodies with broader activity than a vaccine does -- a natural infection can also kill you,” says Michel Nussenzweig, MD, PhD, head of Rockefeller’s Laboratory of Molecular Immunology.

Sure, memory B cells generated by infections may be immunological Swiss Army Knives, but maybe, argues Donna Farber, PhD, an immunologist at Columbia University in New York, we really only need a single blade.

“The thing with the vaccine is that it’s really focused,” she says. “It’s not giving you all these other viral proteins. It’s only giving you the spike.”

“It may be even better than the level of neutralizing spike antibodies you’re going to get from the infection,” she says. “With a viral infection, the immune response really has a lot to do. It’s really being distracted by all these other proteins.”

“Whereas with the vaccine, it’s just saying to the immune response, ‘This is the immunity we need,’” Dr. Farber says. “‘Just generate this immunity.’ So it’s focusing the immune response in a way that’s going to guarantee that you’re going to get that protective response.”
 

What if you had COVID and later got vaccinated?

This is called hybrid immunity, and it’s the best of both worlds.

“You have the benefit of very deep, but narrow, immunity produced by vaccine, and very broad, but not very deep, immunity produced by infection,” Dr. Poland says. He says you’ve effectively cross-trained your immune system.

In studies of people who recovered from COVID-19 and then went on to get an mRNA vaccine, after one dose, their antibodies were as high as someone who had been fully vaccinated. After two doses, their antibody levels were about double the average levels seen in someone who’d only been vaccinated.

Studies have shown this kind of immunity has real benefits, too. A recent study by researchers at the University of Kentucky and the CDC found that people who’d gotten COVID-19 in 2020, but had not been vaccinated, were about twice as likely to be reinfected in May and June compared with those who recovered and went on to get their vaccines.
 

What antibody level is protective?

Scientists aren’t exactly sure how high antibody levels need to be for protection, or even which kinds of antibodies or other immune components matter most yet.

But vaccines appear to generate higher antibody levels than infections do. In a recent study published in the journal Science , Dr. Weiskopf and her colleagues at the La Jolla Institute of Immunology detail the findings of a de-escalation study, where they gave people one-quarter of the normal dose of the Moderna mRNA vaccine and then collected blood samples over time to study their immune responses.

Their immune responses were scaled down with the dose.

“We saw that this has the exact same levels as natural infection,” Dr. Weiskopf says. “People who are vaccinated have much higher immune memory than people who are naturally infected,” she says.

Antibody levels are not easy to determine in the real world. Can you take a test to find out how protected you are? The answer is no, because we don’t yet know what antibody level, or even which kind of antibodies, correlate with protection.

Also, there are many different kinds of antibody tests and they all use a slightly different scale, so there’s no broadly agreed upon way to measure them yet. It’s difficult to compare levels test to test.
 

Weeks or months between doses? Which is best?

Both the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines were tested to be given 3 and 4 weeks apart, respectively. But when the vaccines were first rolling out, shortages prompted some countries to stretch the interval between doses to 4 or more months.

Researchers who have studied the immune responses of people who were inoculated on an extended dosing schedule noticed something interesting: When the interval was stretched, people had better antibody responses. In fact, their antibody responses looked like the sky-high levels people got with hybrid immunity.

Susanna Dunachie, PhD, a global research professor at the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom, wondered why. She’s leading a team of researchers who are doing detailed studies of the immune responses of health care workers after their vaccinations.

“We found that B cells, which are the cells that make antibodies to the viral spike protein after vaccination, carry on increasing in number between 4 and 10 weeks after vaccination,” she says.

Waiting to give the second vaccine 6 to 14 weeks seems to stimulate the immune system when all of its antibody-making factories are finally up and running.

For this reason, giving the second dose at 3 weeks, she says, might be premature.

But there’s a tradeoff involved in waiting. If there are high levels of the virus circulating in a community, you want to get people fully vaccinated as quickly as possible to maximize their protection in the shortest window of time, which is what we decided to do in the United States.

Researchers say it might be a good idea to revisit the dosing interval when it’s less risky to try it.
 

A version of this article first appeared on WebMD.com.

As the United States rounds out its second year of the pandemic, many people are trying to figure out just how vulnerable they may be to COVID-19 infection, and whether it’s finally safe to fully return to all the activities they miss.

On an individual basis, the degree and durability of the immunity a person gets after vaccination versus an infection is not an easy question to answer. But it’s one that science is hotly pursing.

“This virus is teaching us a lot about immunology,” says Gregory Poland, MD, who studies how the body responds to vaccines at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn. Dr. Poland says this moment in science reminds him of a quote attributed to Ralph Waldo Emerson: “We learn about geology the morning after the earthquake.”

“And that’s the case here. It is and will continue to teach us a lot of immunology,” he says.

It’s vital to understand how a COVID-19 infection reshapes the body’s immune defenses so that researchers can tailor vaccines and therapies to do the same or better.

“Because, of course, it’s much more risky to get infected with the actual virus, than with the vaccine,” says Daniela Weiskopf, PhD, a researcher at the La Jolla Institute for Immunology in California.

What is known so far is that how much protection you get and how long you may have it depends on several factors. Those include your age, whether you’ve had COVID-19 before and how severe your symptoms were, your vaccination status, and how long it has been since you were infected or inoculated. Your underlying health matters, too. Immune protection also depends on the virus and how much it is changing as it evolves to evade all our hard-won defenses.

In a new scientific brief, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention digs into the evidence behind the immune protection created by infection compared with immunity after vaccination. Here’s what we know so far:
 

Durability of immunity

The agency’s researchers say if you’ve recovered from a COVID-19 infection or are fully vaccinated, you’re probably in good shape for at least 6 months. That’s why this is the recommended interval for people to consider getting a booster dose.

Even though the protection you get after infection and vaccination is generally strong, it’s not perfect.

Getting COVID-19 after you’ve been vaccinated or recovered is still possible. But having some immunity -- whether from infection or vaccination -- really drops the odds of this happening to you. And if you do happen to catch COVID, if your immune system has already gotten a heads up about the virus, your infection is much less likely to be one that lands you in the hospital or morgue.

According to CDC data, at the height of the Delta surge in August, fully vaccinated people were six times less likely to get a COVID-19 infection compared with unvaccinated people, and 11 times less likely to die if they did get it.
 

How strong is immunity after a COVID-19 Infection?

About 90% of people develop some number of protective antibodies after a COVID-19 infection, according to the CDC. But how high those levels climb appears to be all over the map. Studies show peak antibody concentrations can vary as much as 200-fold, or 2,000%.

Where you fall within that very large range will depend on your age and how sick you became from your COVID-19 infection. It also depends on whether you have an underlying health condition or take a medication that blunts immune function.

Our immune system slows down with age. Immunosenescence starts to affect a person’s health around the age of 60. But there’s no bright line for failure. People who exercise and are generally healthy will have better immune function than someone who doesn’t, no matter their age. In general, though, the older you are, the less likely you are to get a robust immune response after an infection or a vaccination. That’s why this group has been prioritized both for first vaccine doses and boosters.

Beyond age, your protection from future infection seems to depend on how ill you were with the first. Several studies have shown that blood levels of antibodies rise faster and reach a higher peak in people with more severe infections.

In general, people with cold-like symptoms who tested positive but recovered at home are better protected than people who didn’t get any symptoms. And people who were hospitalized for their infections are better protected over the long term than people with milder infections. They may have paid a steep price for that protection: Many hospitalized patients continue to have debilitating symptoms that last for months after they go home.

On average, though, protection after infection seems to be comparable to vaccination, at least for a while. Six large studies from different countries have looked into this question, and five of them have used the very sensitive real-time polymerase chain reaction test (RT-PCR) to count people as truly being previously infected. These studies found that for 6 to 9 months after recovery, a person was 80% to 93% less likely to get COVID-19 again.

There are some caveats to mention, though. Early in the pandemic when supplies were scarce, it was hard to get tested unless you were so sick you landed in the hospital. Studies have shown that the concentration of antibodies a person makes after an infection seems to depend on how sick they got in the first place.

People who had milder infections, or who didn’t have any symptoms at all, may not develop as much protection as those who have more severe symptoms. So these studies may reflect the immunity developed by people who were pretty ill during their first infections.

One study of 25,000 health care workers, who were all tested every 2 weeks -- whether they had symptoms or not -- may offer a clearer picture. In this study, health care workers who’d previously tested positive for COVID-19 were 84% less likely to test positive for the virus again. They were 93% less likely to get an infection that made them sick, and 52% less likely to get an infection without symptoms, for at least 6 months after they recovered.
 

How does protection after infection compare to vaccination?

Two weeks after your final vaccine dose, protection against a COVID-19 infection is high -- around 90% for the Pfizer and Moderna mRNA vaccines and 66% for the one-dose Johnson & Johnson shot. Clinical trials conducted by the manufacturer have shown that a second dose of the Johnson & Johnson vaccine given at least 2 months after vaccination boosts protection against illness in the United States to about 94%, which is why another dose has been recommended for all Johnson & Johnson vaccine recipients 2 months after their first shot.

It’s not yet known how long the COVID-19 vaccines remain protective. There’s some evidence that protection against symptomatic infections wanes a bit over time as antibody levels drop. But protection against severe illness, including hospitalization and death, has remained high so far, even without a booster.
 

Are antibodies different after infection compared to vaccination?

Yes. And researchers don’t yet understand what these differences mean.

It seems to come down to a question of quality versus quantity. Vaccines seem to produce higher peak antibody levels than natural infections do. But these antibodies are highly specialized, able to recognize only the parts of the virus they were designed to target.

“The mRNA vaccine directs all the immune responses to the single spike protein,” says Alice Cho, PhD, who is studying the differences in vaccine and infection-created immunity at the Rockefeller University in New York. “There’s a lot more to respond to with a virus than there is in a vaccine.”

During an infection, the immune system learns to recognize and grab onto many parts of the virus, not just its spike.

The job of remembering the various pieces and parts of a foreign invader, so that it can be quickly recognized and disarmed should it ever return, falls to memory B cells.

Memory B cells, in turn, make plasma cells that then crank out antibodies that are custom tailored to attach to their targets.

Antibody levels gradually fall over a few months’ time as the plasma cells that make them die off. But memory B cells live for extended periods. One study that was attempting to measure the lifespan of individual memory B cells in mice found that these cells probably live as long as the mouse itself. Memory B cells induced by smallpox vaccination may live at least 60 years -- virtually an entire lifetime.

Dr. Cho’s research team has found that when memory B cells are trained by the vaccine, they become one-hit wonders, cranking out copious amounts of the same kinds of antibodies over and over again.

Memory B cells trained by viral infection, however, are more versatile. They continue to evolve over several months and produce higher quality antibodies that appear to become more potent over time and can even develop activity against future variants.

Still, the researchers stress that it’s not smart to wait to get a COVID-19 infection in hopes of getting these more versatile antibodies.

“While a natural infection may induce maturation of antibodies with broader activity than a vaccine does -- a natural infection can also kill you,” says Michel Nussenzweig, MD, PhD, head of Rockefeller’s Laboratory of Molecular Immunology.

Sure, memory B cells generated by infections may be immunological Swiss Army Knives, but maybe, argues Donna Farber, PhD, an immunologist at Columbia University in New York, we really only need a single blade.

“The thing with the vaccine is that it’s really focused,” she says. “It’s not giving you all these other viral proteins. It’s only giving you the spike.”

“It may be even better than the level of neutralizing spike antibodies you’re going to get from the infection,” she says. “With a viral infection, the immune response really has a lot to do. It’s really being distracted by all these other proteins.”

“Whereas with the vaccine, it’s just saying to the immune response, ‘This is the immunity we need,’” Dr. Farber says. “‘Just generate this immunity.’ So it’s focusing the immune response in a way that’s going to guarantee that you’re going to get that protective response.”
 

What if you had COVID and later got vaccinated?

This is called hybrid immunity, and it’s the best of both worlds.

“You have the benefit of very deep, but narrow, immunity produced by vaccine, and very broad, but not very deep, immunity produced by infection,” Dr. Poland says. He says you’ve effectively cross-trained your immune system.

In studies of people who recovered from COVID-19 and then went on to get an mRNA vaccine, after one dose, their antibodies were as high as someone who had been fully vaccinated. After two doses, their antibody levels were about double the average levels seen in someone who’d only been vaccinated.

Studies have shown this kind of immunity has real benefits, too. A recent study by researchers at the University of Kentucky and the CDC found that people who’d gotten COVID-19 in 2020, but had not been vaccinated, were about twice as likely to be reinfected in May and June compared with those who recovered and went on to get their vaccines.
 

What antibody level is protective?

Scientists aren’t exactly sure how high antibody levels need to be for protection, or even which kinds of antibodies or other immune components matter most yet.

But vaccines appear to generate higher antibody levels than infections do. In a recent study published in the journal Science , Dr. Weiskopf and her colleagues at the La Jolla Institute of Immunology detail the findings of a de-escalation study, where they gave people one-quarter of the normal dose of the Moderna mRNA vaccine and then collected blood samples over time to study their immune responses.

Their immune responses were scaled down with the dose.

“We saw that this has the exact same levels as natural infection,” Dr. Weiskopf says. “People who are vaccinated have much higher immune memory than people who are naturally infected,” she says.

Antibody levels are not easy to determine in the real world. Can you take a test to find out how protected you are? The answer is no, because we don’t yet know what antibody level, or even which kind of antibodies, correlate with protection.

Also, there are many different kinds of antibody tests and they all use a slightly different scale, so there’s no broadly agreed upon way to measure them yet. It’s difficult to compare levels test to test.
 

Weeks or months between doses? Which is best?

Both the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines were tested to be given 3 and 4 weeks apart, respectively. But when the vaccines were first rolling out, shortages prompted some countries to stretch the interval between doses to 4 or more months.

Researchers who have studied the immune responses of people who were inoculated on an extended dosing schedule noticed something interesting: When the interval was stretched, people had better antibody responses. In fact, their antibody responses looked like the sky-high levels people got with hybrid immunity.

Susanna Dunachie, PhD, a global research professor at the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom, wondered why. She’s leading a team of researchers who are doing detailed studies of the immune responses of health care workers after their vaccinations.

“We found that B cells, which are the cells that make antibodies to the viral spike protein after vaccination, carry on increasing in number between 4 and 10 weeks after vaccination,” she says.

Waiting to give the second vaccine 6 to 14 weeks seems to stimulate the immune system when all of its antibody-making factories are finally up and running.

For this reason, giving the second dose at 3 weeks, she says, might be premature.

But there’s a tradeoff involved in waiting. If there are high levels of the virus circulating in a community, you want to get people fully vaccinated as quickly as possible to maximize their protection in the shortest window of time, which is what we decided to do in the United States.

Researchers say it might be a good idea to revisit the dosing interval when it’s less risky to try it.
 

A version of this article first appeared on WebMD.com.

Pfizer and its European partner BioNTech on Nov. 9 asked the U.S. government to expand emergency use authorization (EUA) to allow everybody over 18 to receive their COVID-19 booster shots.

If the request is approved, the broader use of Pfizer boosters would be a step toward President Biden’s goal of boosters for all adults. He announced the goal last August but backed off after some scientists said younger people may not need boosters, especially with large parts of the world unvaccinated.

Pfizer is submitting a study of booster effects on 10,000 people to make its case, according to The Associated Press.

This would be Pfizer’s second attempt. In September, a Food and Drug Administration advisory panel turned down Pfizer’s idea of booster shots for everybody over 18.

However, the committee recommended Pfizer booster shots for people 65 and over, essential workers, and people with underlying health conditions.

The FDA and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention authorized the Pfizer booster for those other groups and later authorization was granted for the same groups with Moderna and Johnson & Johnson boosters. People who got the two-shot Pfizer or Moderna vaccines should get a booster 6 months after the second dose and people who got the one-dose J&J vaccine should get a booster 2 months later.

The pro-booster argument has strengthened because new data have come in from Israel that confirm boosters provide protection as vaccine effectiveness wanes over time, The Washington Post reported. Also, health officials are worried about a post-holiday surge and because COVID-19 case counts and deaths are not dropping in every part of the country, though they are declining overall, according to the The Post report.

The regulatory path for a booster-for-all application is unclear. The Post, citing two unnamed officials, said the FDA probably won’t send the Pfizer application to the FDA advisory committee this time because the committee has already had extensive discussions about boosters. If the FDA gives the green light, CDC Director Rochelle Walensky, MD, would have to make updated recommendations on boosters, The Post article noted.
 

A version of this article first appeared on WebMD.com.

Pfizer and its European partner BioNTech on Nov. 9 asked the U.S. government to expand emergency use authorization (EUA) to allow everybody over 18 to receive their COVID-19 booster shots.

If the request is approved, the broader use of Pfizer boosters would be a step toward President Biden’s goal of boosters for all adults. He announced the goal last August but backed off after some scientists said younger people may not need boosters, especially with large parts of the world unvaccinated.

Pfizer is submitting a study of booster effects on 10,000 people to make its case, according to The Associated Press.

This would be Pfizer’s second attempt. In September, a Food and Drug Administration advisory panel turned down Pfizer’s idea of booster shots for everybody over 18.

However, the committee recommended Pfizer booster shots for people 65 and over, essential workers, and people with underlying health conditions.

The FDA and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention authorized the Pfizer booster for those other groups and later authorization was granted for the same groups with Moderna and Johnson & Johnson boosters. People who got the two-shot Pfizer or Moderna vaccines should get a booster 6 months after the second dose and people who got the one-dose J&J vaccine should get a booster 2 months later.

The pro-booster argument has strengthened because new data have come in from Israel that confirm boosters provide protection as vaccine effectiveness wanes over time, The Washington Post reported. Also, health officials are worried about a post-holiday surge and because COVID-19 case counts and deaths are not dropping in every part of the country, though they are declining overall, according to the The Post report.

The regulatory path for a booster-for-all application is unclear. The Post, citing two unnamed officials, said the FDA probably won’t send the Pfizer application to the FDA advisory committee this time because the committee has already had extensive discussions about boosters. If the FDA gives the green light, CDC Director Rochelle Walensky, MD, would have to make updated recommendations on boosters, The Post article noted.
 

A version of this article first appeared on WebMD.com.

Pfizer and its European partner BioNTech on Nov. 9 asked the U.S. government to expand emergency use authorization (EUA) to allow everybody over 18 to receive their COVID-19 booster shots.

If the request is approved, the broader use of Pfizer boosters would be a step toward President Biden’s goal of boosters for all adults. He announced the goal last August but backed off after some scientists said younger people may not need boosters, especially with large parts of the world unvaccinated.

Pfizer is submitting a study of booster effects on 10,000 people to make its case, according to The Associated Press.

This would be Pfizer’s second attempt. In September, a Food and Drug Administration advisory panel turned down Pfizer’s idea of booster shots for everybody over 18.

However, the committee recommended Pfizer booster shots for people 65 and over, essential workers, and people with underlying health conditions.

The FDA and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention authorized the Pfizer booster for those other groups and later authorization was granted for the same groups with Moderna and Johnson & Johnson boosters. People who got the two-shot Pfizer or Moderna vaccines should get a booster 6 months after the second dose and people who got the one-dose J&J vaccine should get a booster 2 months later.

The pro-booster argument has strengthened because new data have come in from Israel that confirm boosters provide protection as vaccine effectiveness wanes over time, The Washington Post reported. Also, health officials are worried about a post-holiday surge and because COVID-19 case counts and deaths are not dropping in every part of the country, though they are declining overall, according to the The Post report.

The regulatory path for a booster-for-all application is unclear. The Post, citing two unnamed officials, said the FDA probably won’t send the Pfizer application to the FDA advisory committee this time because the committee has already had extensive discussions about boosters. If the FDA gives the green light, CDC Director Rochelle Walensky, MD, would have to make updated recommendations on boosters, The Post article noted.
 

A version of this article first appeared on WebMD.com.

Should doctors seeking healthcare disclose that they are a doctor? 

The question drew spirited debate when urologist Ashley Winter, MD, made a simple, straightforward request on Twitter: “If you are a doctor & you come to an appointment please tell me you are a doctor, not because I will treat you differently but because it’s easier to speak in jargon.”

She later added, “This doesn’t’ mean I would be less patient-focused or emotional with a physician or other [healthcare worker]. Just means that, instead of saying ‘you will have a catheter draining your urine to a bag,’ I can say, ‘you will have a Foley.’ ”

The Tweet followed an encounter with a patient who told Dr. Winter that he was a doctor only after she had gone to some length explaining a surgical procedure in lay terms.

“I explained the surgery, obviously assuming he was an intelligent adult, but using fully layman’s terms,” she said in an interview. The patient then told her that he was a doctor. “I guess I felt this embarrassment — I wouldn’t have treated him differently, but I just could have discussed the procedure with him in more professional terms.” 

“To some extent, it was my own fault,” she commented in an interview. “I didn’t take the time to ask [about his work] at the beginning of the consultation, but that’s a fine line, also,” added Dr. Winter, a urologist and sexual medicine physician in Portland, Ore.

“You know that patient is there because they want care from you and it’s not necessarily always at the forefront of importance to be asking them what they do for their work, but alternatively, if you don’t ask then you put them in this position where they have to find a way to go ahead and tell you.”

Several people chimed in on the thread to voice their thoughts on the matter. Some commiserated with Dr. Winter’s experience:

“I took care of a retired cardiologist in the hospital as a second-year resident and honest to god he let me ramble on ‘explaining’ his echo result and never told me. I found out a couple days later and wanted to die,” posted @MaddyAndrewsMD.

Another recalled a similarly embarrassing experience when she “went on and on” discussing headaches with a patient whose husband “was in the corner smirking.”

“They told my attending later [that the] husband was a retired FM doc who practiced medicine longer than I’ve been alive. I wanted to die,” posted @JSinghDO.

Many on the thread, though, were doctors and other healthcare professionals speaking as patients. Some said they didn’t want to disclose their status as a healthcare provider because they felt it affected the care they received.

For example, @drhelenrainford commented: “In my experience my care is less ‘caring’ when they know I am a [doctor]. I get spoken to like they are discussing a patient with me — no empathy just facts and difficult results just blurted out without consideration. Awful awful time as an inpatient …but that’s another story!”

@Dr_B_Ring said: “Nope – You and I speak different jargon – I would want you to speak to me like a human that doesn’t know your jargon. My ego would get in the way of asking about the acronyms I don’t know if you knew I was a fellow physician.”

Conversely, @lozzlemcfozzle said: “Honestly I prefer not to tell my Doctors — I’ve found people skip explanations assuming I ‘know,’ or seem a little nervous when I tell them!”

Others said they felt uncomfortable — pretentious, even — in announcing their status, or worried that they might come across as expecting special care.

“It’s such a tough needle to thread. Want to tell people early but not come off as demanding special treatment, but don’t want to wait too long and it seems like a trap,” said @MDaware.

Twitter user @MsBabyCatcher wrote: “I have a hard time doing this because I don’t want people to think I’m being pretentious or going to micromanage/dictate care.”

Replying to @MsBabyCatcher, @RedStethoscope wrote: “I used to think this too until I got [very poor] care a few times, and was advised by other doctor moms to ‘play the doctor card.’ I have gotten better/more compassionate care by making sure it’s clear that I’m a physician (which is junk, but here we are).”

Several of those responding used the words “tricky” and “awkward,” suggesting a common theme for doctors presenting as patients.

“I struggle with this. My 5-year-old broke her arm this weekend, we spent hours in the ED, of my own hospital, I never mentioned it because I didn’t want to get preferential care. But as they were explaining her type of fracture, it felt awkward and inefficient,” said @lindsay_petty.

To avoid the awkwardness, a number of respondents said they purposefully use medical jargon to open up a conversation rather than just offering up the information that they are a doctor.

Still others offered suggestions on how to broach the subject more directly when presenting as a patient:

‘”Just FYI I’m a X doc but I’m here because I really want your help and advice!” That’s what I usually do,” wrote @drcakefm.

@BeeSting14618 Tweeted: “I usually say ‘I know some of this but I’m here because I want YOUR guidance. Also I may ask dumb questions, and I’ll tell you if a question is asking your opinion or making a request.’”

A few others injected a bit of humor: “I just do the 14-part handshake that only doctors know. Is that not customary?” quipped @Branmiz25.

“Ah yes, that transmits the entire [history of present illness],” replied Dr. Winter.

Jokes aside, the topic is obviously one that touched on a shared experience among healthcare providers, Dr. Winter commented. The Twitter thread she started just “blew up.”

That’s typically a sign that the Tweet is relatable for a lot of people, she said.

“It’s definitely something that all of us as care providers and as patients understand. It’s a funny, awkward thing that can really change an interaction, so we probably all feel pretty strongly about our experiences related to that,” she added.

The debate begs the question: Is there a duty or ethical reason to disclose?

“I definitely think it is very reasonable to disclose that one is a medical professional to another doctor,” medical ethicist Charlotte Blease, PhD, said in an interview. “There are good reasons to believe doing so might make a difference to the quality of communication and transparency.”

If the ability to use medical terminology or jargon more freely improves patient understanding, autonomy, and shared decision-making, then it may be of benefit, said Dr. Blease, a Keane OpenNotes Scholar at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston.

“Since doctors should strive to communicate effectively with every patient and to respect their unique needs and level of understanding, then I see no reason to deny that one is a medic,” she added.”

Knowing how to share the information is another story.

“This is something that affects all of us as physicians — we’re going to be patients at some point, right?” Dr. Winter commented. “But I don’t think how to disclose that is something that was ever brought up in my medical training.”

“Maybe there should just be a discussion of this one day when people are in medical school — maybe in a professionalism course — to broach this topic or look at if there’s any literature on outcomes related to disclosure of status or what are best practices,” she suggested. 

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Should doctors seeking healthcare disclose that they are a doctor? 

The question drew spirited debate when urologist Ashley Winter, MD, made a simple, straightforward request on Twitter: “If you are a doctor & you come to an appointment please tell me you are a doctor, not because I will treat you differently but because it’s easier to speak in jargon.”

She later added, “This doesn’t’ mean I would be less patient-focused or emotional with a physician or other [healthcare worker]. Just means that, instead of saying ‘you will have a catheter draining your urine to a bag,’ I can say, ‘you will have a Foley.’ ”

The Tweet followed an encounter with a patient who told Dr. Winter that he was a doctor only after she had gone to some length explaining a surgical procedure in lay terms.

“I explained the surgery, obviously assuming he was an intelligent adult, but using fully layman’s terms,” she said in an interview. The patient then told her that he was a doctor. “I guess I felt this embarrassment — I wouldn’t have treated him differently, but I just could have discussed the procedure with him in more professional terms.” 

“To some extent, it was my own fault,” she commented in an interview. “I didn’t take the time to ask [about his work] at the beginning of the consultation, but that’s a fine line, also,” added Dr. Winter, a urologist and sexual medicine physician in Portland, Ore.

“You know that patient is there because they want care from you and it’s not necessarily always at the forefront of importance to be asking them what they do for their work, but alternatively, if you don’t ask then you put them in this position where they have to find a way to go ahead and tell you.”

Several people chimed in on the thread to voice their thoughts on the matter. Some commiserated with Dr. Winter’s experience:

“I took care of a retired cardiologist in the hospital as a second-year resident and honest to god he let me ramble on ‘explaining’ his echo result and never told me. I found out a couple days later and wanted to die,” posted @MaddyAndrewsMD.

Another recalled a similarly embarrassing experience when she “went on and on” discussing headaches with a patient whose husband “was in the corner smirking.”

“They told my attending later [that the] husband was a retired FM doc who practiced medicine longer than I’ve been alive. I wanted to die,” posted @JSinghDO.

Many on the thread, though, were doctors and other healthcare professionals speaking as patients. Some said they didn’t want to disclose their status as a healthcare provider because they felt it affected the care they received.

For example, @drhelenrainford commented: “In my experience my care is less ‘caring’ when they know I am a [doctor]. I get spoken to like they are discussing a patient with me — no empathy just facts and difficult results just blurted out without consideration. Awful awful time as an inpatient …but that’s another story!”

@Dr_B_Ring said: “Nope – You and I speak different jargon – I would want you to speak to me like a human that doesn’t know your jargon. My ego would get in the way of asking about the acronyms I don’t know if you knew I was a fellow physician.”

Conversely, @lozzlemcfozzle said: “Honestly I prefer not to tell my Doctors — I’ve found people skip explanations assuming I ‘know,’ or seem a little nervous when I tell them!”

Others said they felt uncomfortable — pretentious, even — in announcing their status, or worried that they might come across as expecting special care.

“It’s such a tough needle to thread. Want to tell people early but not come off as demanding special treatment, but don’t want to wait too long and it seems like a trap,” said @MDaware.

Twitter user @MsBabyCatcher wrote: “I have a hard time doing this because I don’t want people to think I’m being pretentious or going to micromanage/dictate care.”

Replying to @MsBabyCatcher, @RedStethoscope wrote: “I used to think this too until I got [very poor] care a few times, and was advised by other doctor moms to ‘play the doctor card.’ I have gotten better/more compassionate care by making sure it’s clear that I’m a physician (which is junk, but here we are).”

Several of those responding used the words “tricky” and “awkward,” suggesting a common theme for doctors presenting as patients.

“I struggle with this. My 5-year-old broke her arm this weekend, we spent hours in the ED, of my own hospital, I never mentioned it because I didn’t want to get preferential care. But as they were explaining her type of fracture, it felt awkward and inefficient,” said @lindsay_petty.

To avoid the awkwardness, a number of respondents said they purposefully use medical jargon to open up a conversation rather than just offering up the information that they are a doctor.

Still others offered suggestions on how to broach the subject more directly when presenting as a patient:

‘”Just FYI I’m a X doc but I’m here because I really want your help and advice!” That’s what I usually do,” wrote @drcakefm.

@BeeSting14618 Tweeted: “I usually say ‘I know some of this but I’m here because I want YOUR guidance. Also I may ask dumb questions, and I’ll tell you if a question is asking your opinion or making a request.’”

A few others injected a bit of humor: “I just do the 14-part handshake that only doctors know. Is that not customary?” quipped @Branmiz25.

“Ah yes, that transmits the entire [history of present illness],” replied Dr. Winter.

Jokes aside, the topic is obviously one that touched on a shared experience among healthcare providers, Dr. Winter commented. The Twitter thread she started just “blew up.”

That’s typically a sign that the Tweet is relatable for a lot of people, she said.

“It’s definitely something that all of us as care providers and as patients understand. It’s a funny, awkward thing that can really change an interaction, so we probably all feel pretty strongly about our experiences related to that,” she added.

The debate begs the question: Is there a duty or ethical reason to disclose?

“I definitely think it is very reasonable to disclose that one is a medical professional to another doctor,” medical ethicist Charlotte Blease, PhD, said in an interview. “There are good reasons to believe doing so might make a difference to the quality of communication and transparency.”

If the ability to use medical terminology or jargon more freely improves patient understanding, autonomy, and shared decision-making, then it may be of benefit, said Dr. Blease, a Keane OpenNotes Scholar at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston.

“Since doctors should strive to communicate effectively with every patient and to respect their unique needs and level of understanding, then I see no reason to deny that one is a medic,” she added.”

Knowing how to share the information is another story.

“This is something that affects all of us as physicians — we’re going to be patients at some point, right?” Dr. Winter commented. “But I don’t think how to disclose that is something that was ever brought up in my medical training.”

“Maybe there should just be a discussion of this one day when people are in medical school — maybe in a professionalism course — to broach this topic or look at if there’s any literature on outcomes related to disclosure of status or what are best practices,” she suggested. 

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Should doctors seeking healthcare disclose that they are a doctor? 

The question drew spirited debate when urologist Ashley Winter, MD, made a simple, straightforward request on Twitter: “If you are a doctor & you come to an appointment please tell me you are a doctor, not because I will treat you differently but because it’s easier to speak in jargon.”

She later added, “This doesn’t’ mean I would be less patient-focused or emotional with a physician or other [healthcare worker]. Just means that, instead of saying ‘you will have a catheter draining your urine to a bag,’ I can say, ‘you will have a Foley.’ ”

The Tweet followed an encounter with a patient who told Dr. Winter that he was a doctor only after she had gone to some length explaining a surgical procedure in lay terms.

“I explained the surgery, obviously assuming he was an intelligent adult, but using fully layman’s terms,” she said in an interview. The patient then told her that he was a doctor. “I guess I felt this embarrassment — I wouldn’t have treated him differently, but I just could have discussed the procedure with him in more professional terms.” 

“To some extent, it was my own fault,” she commented in an interview. “I didn’t take the time to ask [about his work] at the beginning of the consultation, but that’s a fine line, also,” added Dr. Winter, a urologist and sexual medicine physician in Portland, Ore.

“You know that patient is there because they want care from you and it’s not necessarily always at the forefront of importance to be asking them what they do for their work, but alternatively, if you don’t ask then you put them in this position where they have to find a way to go ahead and tell you.”

Several people chimed in on the thread to voice their thoughts on the matter. Some commiserated with Dr. Winter’s experience:

“I took care of a retired cardiologist in the hospital as a second-year resident and honest to god he let me ramble on ‘explaining’ his echo result and never told me. I found out a couple days later and wanted to die,” posted @MaddyAndrewsMD.

Another recalled a similarly embarrassing experience when she “went on and on” discussing headaches with a patient whose husband “was in the corner smirking.”

“They told my attending later [that the] husband was a retired FM doc who practiced medicine longer than I’ve been alive. I wanted to die,” posted @JSinghDO.

Many on the thread, though, were doctors and other healthcare professionals speaking as patients. Some said they didn’t want to disclose their status as a healthcare provider because they felt it affected the care they received.

For example, @drhelenrainford commented: “In my experience my care is less ‘caring’ when they know I am a [doctor]. I get spoken to like they are discussing a patient with me — no empathy just facts and difficult results just blurted out without consideration. Awful awful time as an inpatient …but that’s another story!”

@Dr_B_Ring said: “Nope – You and I speak different jargon – I would want you to speak to me like a human that doesn’t know your jargon. My ego would get in the way of asking about the acronyms I don’t know if you knew I was a fellow physician.”

Conversely, @lozzlemcfozzle said: “Honestly I prefer not to tell my Doctors — I’ve found people skip explanations assuming I ‘know,’ or seem a little nervous when I tell them!”

Others said they felt uncomfortable — pretentious, even — in announcing their status, or worried that they might come across as expecting special care.

“It’s such a tough needle to thread. Want to tell people early but not come off as demanding special treatment, but don’t want to wait too long and it seems like a trap,” said @MDaware.

Twitter user @MsBabyCatcher wrote: “I have a hard time doing this because I don’t want people to think I’m being pretentious or going to micromanage/dictate care.”

Replying to @MsBabyCatcher, @RedStethoscope wrote: “I used to think this too until I got [very poor] care a few times, and was advised by other doctor moms to ‘play the doctor card.’ I have gotten better/more compassionate care by making sure it’s clear that I’m a physician (which is junk, but here we are).”

Several of those responding used the words “tricky” and “awkward,” suggesting a common theme for doctors presenting as patients.

“I struggle with this. My 5-year-old broke her arm this weekend, we spent hours in the ED, of my own hospital, I never mentioned it because I didn’t want to get preferential care. But as they were explaining her type of fracture, it felt awkward and inefficient,” said @lindsay_petty.

To avoid the awkwardness, a number of respondents said they purposefully use medical jargon to open up a conversation rather than just offering up the information that they are a doctor.

Still others offered suggestions on how to broach the subject more directly when presenting as a patient:

‘”Just FYI I’m a X doc but I’m here because I really want your help and advice!” That’s what I usually do,” wrote @drcakefm.

@BeeSting14618 Tweeted: “I usually say ‘I know some of this but I’m here because I want YOUR guidance. Also I may ask dumb questions, and I’ll tell you if a question is asking your opinion or making a request.’”

A few others injected a bit of humor: “I just do the 14-part handshake that only doctors know. Is that not customary?” quipped @Branmiz25.

“Ah yes, that transmits the entire [history of present illness],” replied Dr. Winter.

Jokes aside, the topic is obviously one that touched on a shared experience among healthcare providers, Dr. Winter commented. The Twitter thread she started just “blew up.”

That’s typically a sign that the Tweet is relatable for a lot of people, she said.

“It’s definitely something that all of us as care providers and as patients understand. It’s a funny, awkward thing that can really change an interaction, so we probably all feel pretty strongly about our experiences related to that,” she added.

The debate begs the question: Is there a duty or ethical reason to disclose?

“I definitely think it is very reasonable to disclose that one is a medical professional to another doctor,” medical ethicist Charlotte Blease, PhD, said in an interview. “There are good reasons to believe doing so might make a difference to the quality of communication and transparency.”

If the ability to use medical terminology or jargon more freely improves patient understanding, autonomy, and shared decision-making, then it may be of benefit, said Dr. Blease, a Keane OpenNotes Scholar at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston.

“Since doctors should strive to communicate effectively with every patient and to respect their unique needs and level of understanding, then I see no reason to deny that one is a medic,” she added.”

Knowing how to share the information is another story.

“This is something that affects all of us as physicians — we’re going to be patients at some point, right?” Dr. Winter commented. “But I don’t think how to disclose that is something that was ever brought up in my medical training.”

“Maybe there should just be a discussion of this one day when people are in medical school — maybe in a professionalism course — to broach this topic or look at if there’s any literature on outcomes related to disclosure of status or what are best practices,” she suggested. 

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals linked to a variety of health problems are abundant in fast foods sold in the United States, such as chicken nuggets, hamburgers, and cheese pizza, new research suggests.

Digital Vision./Thinkstock

The first-of-its-kind study, which measured concentrations of chemicals such as phthalates in foods and gloves from U.S. fast food chains, is also the first to detect the plasticizer DEHT in fast foods.

“We knew from prior research that fast food consumption is linked to higher levels of phthalates in people’s bodies, but our study was novel because we actually collected these food items from fast food places and measured them,” said study author Lariah Edwards, PhD, a postdoctoral research scientist at the Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington.

“Our research added an additional piece of information to the puzzle,” Dr. Edwards said in an interview.

A class of chemicals used in food packaging and food processing equipment, phthalates such as DEHP and DnBP, can leach out of these items and interfere with hormone production, Dr. Edwards said. They are linked with a wide variety of reproductive, developmental, brain, and immune effects, as well as with childhood obesity, asthma, cancer, and cardiovascular problems.

Meanwhile, nonphthalate or replacement plasticizers have been used in place of phthalates, some of which have been banned in certain products. But these plasticizers aren’t well studied, Dr. Edwards said, making the detection of DEHT in fast foods particularly concerning.

“There’s very limited research out there to understand the human health effects” of DEHT in food, she said, “so we’re being exposed before we understand what it’s doing to our health. It’s almost like we’re setting ourselves up for a big experiment.”

The study was recently published in the Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology .
 

Fast foods containing meat had highest concentrations of chemicals

Dr. Edwards and colleagues obtained 64 food samples, including hamburgers, fries, chicken nuggets, chicken burritos, and cheese pizza, as well as three pairs of unused gloves from six different fast food restaurants in San Antonio.

Using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, they analyzed the samples for 11 chemicals, including eight phthalates and three replacement plasticizers.

The researchers detected 10 of the 11 chemicals in fast food samples: 81% of foods contained DnBP (di-n-butyl phthalate), and 70% contained DEHP (di(2-ethylhexyl phthalate)). Meanwhile 86% of samples contained replacement plasticizer DEHT (di(2-ethylhexyl terephthalate)).

Overall, fast food samples containing meat — including chicken nuggets, chicken burritos, and hamburgers — contained higher levels of these chemicals, Dr. Edwards noted.

“We know fast food is not the most nutritious, and now we’re seeing these chemicals in it we shouldn’t be exposed to,” she said.

The results also create implications for health equity, Dr. Edwards said, as Black people in the United States report eating more fast foods than other racial and ethnic groups for many reasons, such as longstanding residential segregation.

Many advocacy groups are pushing for stronger regulations on phthalates in foods, she said, and the study can be used to fuel those efforts.

“We’re hoping our findings help people understand what they’re eating and what’s in food,” Dr. Edwards said. “If they want to reduce exposure to phthalates in fast food, they can choose foods without meat in them. But not everyone has the option of reducing fast food consumption — personal choice is important, but policy is what’s going to protect us.”

Dr. Edwards noted that the research was limited by small sample sizes gathered in one U.S. city. Limitations in extraction methods also meant the researchers were able to detect chemicals in gloves only at high concentrations.

“That being said, I do think our results are fairly generalizable,” she added, “because the way fast foods are prepared at these restaurants is fairly consistent.”

The study was funded by the Passport Foundation, Forsythia Foundation, and Marisla Foundation. Dr. Edwards has reported no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals linked to a variety of health problems are abundant in fast foods sold in the United States, such as chicken nuggets, hamburgers, and cheese pizza, new research suggests.

Digital Vision./Thinkstock

The first-of-its-kind study, which measured concentrations of chemicals such as phthalates in foods and gloves from U.S. fast food chains, is also the first to detect the plasticizer DEHT in fast foods.

“We knew from prior research that fast food consumption is linked to higher levels of phthalates in people’s bodies, but our study was novel because we actually collected these food items from fast food places and measured them,” said study author Lariah Edwards, PhD, a postdoctoral research scientist at the Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington.

“Our research added an additional piece of information to the puzzle,” Dr. Edwards said in an interview.

A class of chemicals used in food packaging and food processing equipment, phthalates such as DEHP and DnBP, can leach out of these items and interfere with hormone production, Dr. Edwards said. They are linked with a wide variety of reproductive, developmental, brain, and immune effects, as well as with childhood obesity, asthma, cancer, and cardiovascular problems.

Meanwhile, nonphthalate or replacement plasticizers have been used in place of phthalates, some of which have been banned in certain products. But these plasticizers aren’t well studied, Dr. Edwards said, making the detection of DEHT in fast foods particularly concerning.

“There’s very limited research out there to understand the human health effects” of DEHT in food, she said, “so we’re being exposed before we understand what it’s doing to our health. It’s almost like we’re setting ourselves up for a big experiment.”

The study was recently published in the Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology .
 

Fast foods containing meat had highest concentrations of chemicals

Dr. Edwards and colleagues obtained 64 food samples, including hamburgers, fries, chicken nuggets, chicken burritos, and cheese pizza, as well as three pairs of unused gloves from six different fast food restaurants in San Antonio.

Using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, they analyzed the samples for 11 chemicals, including eight phthalates and three replacement plasticizers.

The researchers detected 10 of the 11 chemicals in fast food samples: 81% of foods contained DnBP (di-n-butyl phthalate), and 70% contained DEHP (di(2-ethylhexyl phthalate)). Meanwhile 86% of samples contained replacement plasticizer DEHT (di(2-ethylhexyl terephthalate)).

Overall, fast food samples containing meat — including chicken nuggets, chicken burritos, and hamburgers — contained higher levels of these chemicals, Dr. Edwards noted.

“We know fast food is not the most nutritious, and now we’re seeing these chemicals in it we shouldn’t be exposed to,” she said.

The results also create implications for health equity, Dr. Edwards said, as Black people in the United States report eating more fast foods than other racial and ethnic groups for many reasons, such as longstanding residential segregation.

Many advocacy groups are pushing for stronger regulations on phthalates in foods, she said, and the study can be used to fuel those efforts.

“We’re hoping our findings help people understand what they’re eating and what’s in food,” Dr. Edwards said. “If they want to reduce exposure to phthalates in fast food, they can choose foods without meat in them. But not everyone has the option of reducing fast food consumption — personal choice is important, but policy is what’s going to protect us.”

Dr. Edwards noted that the research was limited by small sample sizes gathered in one U.S. city. Limitations in extraction methods also meant the researchers were able to detect chemicals in gloves only at high concentrations.

“That being said, I do think our results are fairly generalizable,” she added, “because the way fast foods are prepared at these restaurants is fairly consistent.”

The study was funded by the Passport Foundation, Forsythia Foundation, and Marisla Foundation. Dr. Edwards has reported no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals linked to a variety of health problems are abundant in fast foods sold in the United States, such as chicken nuggets, hamburgers, and cheese pizza, new research suggests.

Digital Vision./Thinkstock

The first-of-its-kind study, which measured concentrations of chemicals such as phthalates in foods and gloves from U.S. fast food chains, is also the first to detect the plasticizer DEHT in fast foods.

“We knew from prior research that fast food consumption is linked to higher levels of phthalates in people’s bodies, but our study was novel because we actually collected these food items from fast food places and measured them,” said study author Lariah Edwards, PhD, a postdoctoral research scientist at the Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington.

“Our research added an additional piece of information to the puzzle,” Dr. Edwards said in an interview.

A class of chemicals used in food packaging and food processing equipment, phthalates such as DEHP and DnBP, can leach out of these items and interfere with hormone production, Dr. Edwards said. They are linked with a wide variety of reproductive, developmental, brain, and immune effects, as well as with childhood obesity, asthma, cancer, and cardiovascular problems.

Meanwhile, nonphthalate or replacement plasticizers have been used in place of phthalates, some of which have been banned in certain products. But these plasticizers aren’t well studied, Dr. Edwards said, making the detection of DEHT in fast foods particularly concerning.

“There’s very limited research out there to understand the human health effects” of DEHT in food, she said, “so we’re being exposed before we understand what it’s doing to our health. It’s almost like we’re setting ourselves up for a big experiment.”

The study was recently published in the Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology .
 

Fast foods containing meat had highest concentrations of chemicals

Dr. Edwards and colleagues obtained 64 food samples, including hamburgers, fries, chicken nuggets, chicken burritos, and cheese pizza, as well as three pairs of unused gloves from six different fast food restaurants in San Antonio.

Using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, they analyzed the samples for 11 chemicals, including eight phthalates and three replacement plasticizers.

The researchers detected 10 of the 11 chemicals in fast food samples: 81% of foods contained DnBP (di-n-butyl phthalate), and 70% contained DEHP (di(2-ethylhexyl phthalate)). Meanwhile 86% of samples contained replacement plasticizer DEHT (di(2-ethylhexyl terephthalate)).

Overall, fast food samples containing meat — including chicken nuggets, chicken burritos, and hamburgers — contained higher levels of these chemicals, Dr. Edwards noted.

“We know fast food is not the most nutritious, and now we’re seeing these chemicals in it we shouldn’t be exposed to,” she said.

The results also create implications for health equity, Dr. Edwards said, as Black people in the United States report eating more fast foods than other racial and ethnic groups for many reasons, such as longstanding residential segregation.

Many advocacy groups are pushing for stronger regulations on phthalates in foods, she said, and the study can be used to fuel those efforts.

“We’re hoping our findings help people understand what they’re eating and what’s in food,” Dr. Edwards said. “If they want to reduce exposure to phthalates in fast food, they can choose foods without meat in them. But not everyone has the option of reducing fast food consumption — personal choice is important, but policy is what’s going to protect us.”

Dr. Edwards noted that the research was limited by small sample sizes gathered in one U.S. city. Limitations in extraction methods also meant the researchers were able to detect chemicals in gloves only at high concentrations.

“That being said, I do think our results are fairly generalizable,” she added, “because the way fast foods are prepared at these restaurants is fairly consistent.”

The study was funded by the Passport Foundation, Forsythia Foundation, and Marisla Foundation. Dr. Edwards has reported no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

During the month of September, Texans who weren’t vaccinated against COVID-19 were 20 times more likely to die from COVID-19 and related complications than those who were fully vaccinated, according to a new study from the Texas Department of State Health Services.

The data also showed that unvaccinated people were 13 times more likely to test positive for COVID-19 than people who were fully vaccinated.

“This analysis quantifies what we’ve known for months,” Jennifer Shuford, MD, the state’s chief epidemiologist, told The Dallas Morning News.

“The COVID-19 vaccines are doing an excellent job of protecting people from getting sick and from dying from COVID-19,” she said. “Vaccination remains the best way to keep yourself and the people close to you safe from this deadly disease.”

As part of the study, researchers analyzed electronic lab reports, death certificates, and state immunization records, with a particular focus on September when the contagious Delta variant surged across Texas. The research marks the state’s first statistical analysis of COVID-19 vaccinations in Texas and the effects, the newspaper reported.

The protective effect of vaccination was most noticeable among younger groups. During September, the risk of COVID-19 death was 23 times higher in unvaccinated people in their 30s and 55 times higher for unvaccinated people in their 40s.

In addition, there were fewer than 10 COVID-19 deaths in September among fully vaccinated people between ages 18-29, as compared with 339 deaths among unvaccinated people in the same age group.

Then, looking at a longer time period -- from Jan. 15 to Oct. 1 -- the researchers found that unvaccinated people were 45 times more likely to contract COVID-19 than fully vaccinated people. The protective effect of vaccination against infection was strong across all adult age groups but greatest among ages 12-17.

“All authorized COVID-19 vaccines in the United States are highly effective at protecting people from getting sick or severely ill with COVID-19, including those infected with Delta and other known variants,” the study authors wrote. “Real world data from Texas clearly shows these benefits.”

About 15.6 million people in Texas have been fully vaccinated against COVID-19 in a state of about 29 million residents, according to state data. About 66% of the population has received at least one dose, while 58% is fully vaccinated.

A version of this article first appeared on WebMD.com.

During the month of September, Texans who weren’t vaccinated against COVID-19 were 20 times more likely to die from COVID-19 and related complications than those who were fully vaccinated, according to a new study from the Texas Department of State Health Services.

The data also showed that unvaccinated people were 13 times more likely to test positive for COVID-19 than people who were fully vaccinated.

“This analysis quantifies what we’ve known for months,” Jennifer Shuford, MD, the state’s chief epidemiologist, told The Dallas Morning News.

“The COVID-19 vaccines are doing an excellent job of protecting people from getting sick and from dying from COVID-19,” she said. “Vaccination remains the best way to keep yourself and the people close to you safe from this deadly disease.”

As part of the study, researchers analyzed electronic lab reports, death certificates, and state immunization records, with a particular focus on September when the contagious Delta variant surged across Texas. The research marks the state’s first statistical analysis of COVID-19 vaccinations in Texas and the effects, the newspaper reported.

The protective effect of vaccination was most noticeable among younger groups. During September, the risk of COVID-19 death was 23 times higher in unvaccinated people in their 30s and 55 times higher for unvaccinated people in their 40s.

In addition, there were fewer than 10 COVID-19 deaths in September among fully vaccinated people between ages 18-29, as compared with 339 deaths among unvaccinated people in the same age group.

Then, looking at a longer time period -- from Jan. 15 to Oct. 1 -- the researchers found that unvaccinated people were 45 times more likely to contract COVID-19 than fully vaccinated people. The protective effect of vaccination against infection was strong across all adult age groups but greatest among ages 12-17.

“All authorized COVID-19 vaccines in the United States are highly effective at protecting people from getting sick or severely ill with COVID-19, including those infected with Delta and other known variants,” the study authors wrote. “Real world data from Texas clearly shows these benefits.”

About 15.6 million people in Texas have been fully vaccinated against COVID-19 in a state of about 29 million residents, according to state data. About 66% of the population has received at least one dose, while 58% is fully vaccinated.

A version of this article first appeared on WebMD.com.

During the month of September, Texans who weren’t vaccinated against COVID-19 were 20 times more likely to die from COVID-19 and related complications than those who were fully vaccinated, according to a new study from the Texas Department of State Health Services.

The data also showed that unvaccinated people were 13 times more likely to test positive for COVID-19 than people who were fully vaccinated.

“This analysis quantifies what we’ve known for months,” Jennifer Shuford, MD, the state’s chief epidemiologist, told The Dallas Morning News.

“The COVID-19 vaccines are doing an excellent job of protecting people from getting sick and from dying from COVID-19,” she said. “Vaccination remains the best way to keep yourself and the people close to you safe from this deadly disease.”

As part of the study, researchers analyzed electronic lab reports, death certificates, and state immunization records, with a particular focus on September when the contagious Delta variant surged across Texas. The research marks the state’s first statistical analysis of COVID-19 vaccinations in Texas and the effects, the newspaper reported.

The protective effect of vaccination was most noticeable among younger groups. During September, the risk of COVID-19 death was 23 times higher in unvaccinated people in their 30s and 55 times higher for unvaccinated people in their 40s.

In addition, there were fewer than 10 COVID-19 deaths in September among fully vaccinated people between ages 18-29, as compared with 339 deaths among unvaccinated people in the same age group.

Then, looking at a longer time period -- from Jan. 15 to Oct. 1 -- the researchers found that unvaccinated people were 45 times more likely to contract COVID-19 than fully vaccinated people. The protective effect of vaccination against infection was strong across all adult age groups but greatest among ages 12-17.

“All authorized COVID-19 vaccines in the United States are highly effective at protecting people from getting sick or severely ill with COVID-19, including those infected with Delta and other known variants,” the study authors wrote. “Real world data from Texas clearly shows these benefits.”

About 15.6 million people in Texas have been fully vaccinated against COVID-19 in a state of about 29 million residents, according to state data. About 66% of the population has received at least one dose, while 58% is fully vaccinated.

A version of this article first appeared on WebMD.com.

In September, when Texas’ near-total abortion ban took effect, Planned Parenthood clinics in the Lone Star State started offering every patient who walked in information on Senate Bill 8, as well as emergency contraception, condoms, and two pregnancy tests. The plan is to distribute 22,000 “empowerment kits” this year.

“We felt it was very important for patients to have as many tools on hand to help them meet this really onerous law,” said Elizabeth Cardwell, lead clinician at Planned Parenthood of Greater Texas, which has 24 clinics across the northern and central regions of the state and provides care to tens of thousands of people annually.

Most of their patients – who tend to be uninsured and have annual household incomes of less than $25,000 – had not known about SB 8 the first several weeks after implementation, said Dr. Cardwell. But once they learned about it, patients seemed to rush to get on birth control, she said.

SB 8 allows private citizens, in Texas or elsewhere, to sue anyone who performs an abortion in the state or who “aided or abetted” someone getting an abortion once fetal cardiac activity is detected. This is generally around six weeks, before most people know they’re pregnant. It’s had a chilling effect in Texas, where access to abortion was already limited.

Medical staffs are doubling down on educating patients about birth control. They recognize the strategy isn’t foolproof but are desperate to prevent unintended pregnancies, nearly half of which nationwide end in abortion.

“It’s more important now than it ever has been,” said Dr. Cardwell. “I’ve been in abortion care 30-plus years, and my go-to line was ‘You’ve got plenty of time. You don’t have to feel rushed. Talk with your partner. Talk with your family,’” she said. “Now we don’t have that luxury.”

Patients, too, seem to feel a sense of urgency. During September, according to data from Planned Parenthood of Greater Texas, medical staff provided patients with some form of birth control — for example, pill packs, Depo-Provera shots or IUD implant insertions – in more than 3,750 visits, 5% more than in Sept. 2020.

Dr. Jennifer Liedtke, a family physician in West Texas, said she and her nurse practitioners explain SB 8 to every patient who comes to their private practice and saw a 20% increase in requests for long-acting reversible contraceptive methods, known as LARCs, in September.

LARCs, a category that includes intrauterine devices and hormonal implants, have become increasingly appealing because they are 99% effective at preventing pregnancy and last several years. They are also simpler than the pill, which needs to be taken daily, or the vaginal ring, which needs to be changed monthly.

Still, LARCs are not everyone’s preferred method. For example, inserting an IUD can be painful.

A doctor’s office is one of the few opportunities for reliable birth control education. Texas law doesn’t require schools to teach sex education, and if they do, educators must stress abstinence as the preferred birth control method. Some doctors opt to explain abortion access in the state when naming birth control options.

Dr. Liedtke is used to having to explain new laws passed by the Texas legislature. “It happens all the time,” she said. But the controversy surrounding SB 8 confuses patients all the more as the law works its way through the court system with differing rulings, one of which briefly blocked the measure. The U.S. Supreme Court heard related arguments Nov. 1.

“People just don’t understand,” said Dr. Liedtke. “It was tied up for 48 hours, so they are like, ‘It’s not a law anymore?’ Well, no, technically it is.”

Not all providers are able to talk freely about abortion access. In 2019, the Trump administration barred providers that participate in the federally funded family planning program, Title X, from mentioning abortion care to patients, even if patients themselves raise questions. In early October, the Biden administration reversed that rule. The change will kick in this month. Planned Parenthood can discuss SB 8 in Texas because Texas affiliates do not receive Title X dollars.

Dr. Lindsey Vasquez of Legacy Community Health, the largest federally qualified health center in Texas and a recipient of Title X dollars, said she and other staff members have not discussed abortion or SB 8 because they also must juggle a variety of other priorities. Legacy’s patients are underserved, she said. A majority live at or below the federal poverty level.

Nearly two years into the Covid-19 pandemic, “we’re literally maximizing those visits,” Dr. Vasquez said. Their jobs go beyond offering reproductive care. “We’re making sure they have food resources, that they have their housing stable,” she said. “We really are trying to make sure that all of their needs are met because we know for these types of populations – patients that we serve – this may be our only moment that we get to meet them.”

Specialized family planning clinics that receive Title X dollars do have proactive conversations about contraceptive methods, according to Every Body Texas, the Title X grantee for the state.

Discussions of long-acting reversible contraception must be handled with sensitivity because these forms of birth control have a questionable history among certain populations, primarily lower-income patients. In the 1990s, lawmakers in several states, including Texas, introduced bills to offer cash assistance recipients financial incentives to get an implant or mandate insertion for people on government benefits, a move seen as reproductive coercion.

“It’s important for a client to get on the contraceptive method of their choice,” said Mimi Garcia, communications director for Every Body Texas. “Some people will just say, ‘Let’s get everyone on IUDs’ or ‘Let’s get everybody on hormonal implants’ because those are the most effective methods. ... That’s not something that’s going to work for [every] individual. ... Either they don’t agree with it philosophically, or they don’t like how it makes their body feel.”

It’s a nuanced subject for providers to broach, so some suggest starting the conversation by asking the patient about their future.

“The best question to ask is ‘When do you want to have another baby?’” said Dr. Liedtke. And then if they say, ‘Oh, gosh, I’m not even sure I want to have more kids’ or ‘Five or six years from now,’ then we start talking LARCs. ... But if it’s like, ‘Man, I really want to start trying in a year,’ then I don’t talk to them about putting one of those in.”

The Biden administration expected more demand for birth control in Texas, so Health & Human Services Secretary Xavier Becerra announced in mid-September that Every Body Texas would receive additional Title X funding, as would local providers experiencing an influx of clients as a result of SB 8.

But providers said improved access to contraception will not blunt the law’s effects. It will not protect patients who want to get pregnant but ultimately decide on abortion because they receive a diagnosis of a serious complication, their relationship status changes, or they lose financial or social support, said Dr. Elissa Serapio, an OB-GYN in the Rio Grande Valley and a fellow with Physicians for Reproductive Health.

“It’s the very best that we can do,” said Dr. Cardwell, of Planned Parenthood of Greater Texas. “There’s no 100% effective method of birth control.”

KHN (Kaiser Health News) is a national newsroom that produces in-depth journalism about health issues. Together with Policy Analysis and Polling, KHN is one of the three major operating programs at KFF (Kaiser Family Foundation). KFF is an endowed nonprofit organization providing information on health issues to the nation.

In September, when Texas’ near-total abortion ban took effect, Planned Parenthood clinics in the Lone Star State started offering every patient who walked in information on Senate Bill 8, as well as emergency contraception, condoms, and two pregnancy tests. The plan is to distribute 22,000 “empowerment kits” this year.

“We felt it was very important for patients to have as many tools on hand to help them meet this really onerous law,” said Elizabeth Cardwell, lead clinician at Planned Parenthood of Greater Texas, which has 24 clinics across the northern and central regions of the state and provides care to tens of thousands of people annually.

Most of their patients – who tend to be uninsured and have annual household incomes of less than $25,000 – had not known about SB 8 the first several weeks after implementation, said Dr. Cardwell. But once they learned about it, patients seemed to rush to get on birth control, she said.

SB 8 allows private citizens, in Texas or elsewhere, to sue anyone who performs an abortion in the state or who “aided or abetted” someone getting an abortion once fetal cardiac activity is detected. This is generally around six weeks, before most people know they’re pregnant. It’s had a chilling effect in Texas, where access to abortion was already limited.

Medical staffs are doubling down on educating patients about birth control. They recognize the strategy isn’t foolproof but are desperate to prevent unintended pregnancies, nearly half of which nationwide end in abortion.

“It’s more important now than it ever has been,” said Dr. Cardwell. “I’ve been in abortion care 30-plus years, and my go-to line was ‘You’ve got plenty of time. You don’t have to feel rushed. Talk with your partner. Talk with your family,’” she said. “Now we don’t have that luxury.”

Patients, too, seem to feel a sense of urgency. During September, according to data from Planned Parenthood of Greater Texas, medical staff provided patients with some form of birth control — for example, pill packs, Depo-Provera shots or IUD implant insertions – in more than 3,750 visits, 5% more than in Sept. 2020.

Dr. Jennifer Liedtke, a family physician in West Texas, said she and her nurse practitioners explain SB 8 to every patient who comes to their private practice and saw a 20% increase in requests for long-acting reversible contraceptive methods, known as LARCs, in September.

LARCs, a category that includes intrauterine devices and hormonal implants, have become increasingly appealing because they are 99% effective at preventing pregnancy and last several years. They are also simpler than the pill, which needs to be taken daily, or the vaginal ring, which needs to be changed monthly.

Still, LARCs are not everyone’s preferred method. For example, inserting an IUD can be painful.

A doctor’s office is one of the few opportunities for reliable birth control education. Texas law doesn’t require schools to teach sex education, and if they do, educators must stress abstinence as the preferred birth control method. Some doctors opt to explain abortion access in the state when naming birth control options.

Dr. Liedtke is used to having to explain new laws passed by the Texas legislature. “It happens all the time,” she said. But the controversy surrounding SB 8 confuses patients all the more as the law works its way through the court system with differing rulings, one of which briefly blocked the measure. The U.S. Supreme Court heard related arguments Nov. 1.

“People just don’t understand,” said Dr. Liedtke. “It was tied up for 48 hours, so they are like, ‘It’s not a law anymore?’ Well, no, technically it is.”

Not all providers are able to talk freely about abortion access. In 2019, the Trump administration barred providers that participate in the federally funded family planning program, Title X, from mentioning abortion care to patients, even if patients themselves raise questions. In early October, the Biden administration reversed that rule. The change will kick in this month. Planned Parenthood can discuss SB 8 in Texas because Texas affiliates do not receive Title X dollars.

Dr. Lindsey Vasquez of Legacy Community Health, the largest federally qualified health center in Texas and a recipient of Title X dollars, said she and other staff members have not discussed abortion or SB 8 because they also must juggle a variety of other priorities. Legacy’s patients are underserved, she said. A majority live at or below the federal poverty level.

Nearly two years into the Covid-19 pandemic, “we’re literally maximizing those visits,” Dr. Vasquez said. Their jobs go beyond offering reproductive care. “We’re making sure they have food resources, that they have their housing stable,” she said. “We really are trying to make sure that all of their needs are met because we know for these types of populations – patients that we serve – this may be our only moment that we get to meet them.”

Specialized family planning clinics that receive Title X dollars do have proactive conversations about contraceptive methods, according to Every Body Texas, the Title X grantee for the state.

Discussions of long-acting reversible contraception must be handled with sensitivity because these forms of birth control have a questionable history among certain populations, primarily lower-income patients. In the 1990s, lawmakers in several states, including Texas, introduced bills to offer cash assistance recipients financial incentives to get an implant or mandate insertion for people on government benefits, a move seen as reproductive coercion.

“It’s important for a client to get on the contraceptive method of their choice,” said Mimi Garcia, communications director for Every Body Texas. “Some people will just say, ‘Let’s get everyone on IUDs’ or ‘Let’s get everybody on hormonal implants’ because those are the most effective methods. ... That’s not something that’s going to work for [every] individual. ... Either they don’t agree with it philosophically, or they don’t like how it makes their body feel.”

It’s a nuanced subject for providers to broach, so some suggest starting the conversation by asking the patient about their future.

“The best question to ask is ‘When do you want to have another baby?’” said Dr. Liedtke. And then if they say, ‘Oh, gosh, I’m not even sure I want to have more kids’ or ‘Five or six years from now,’ then we start talking LARCs. ... But if it’s like, ‘Man, I really want to start trying in a year,’ then I don’t talk to them about putting one of those in.”

The Biden administration expected more demand for birth control in Texas, so Health & Human Services Secretary Xavier Becerra announced in mid-September that Every Body Texas would receive additional Title X funding, as would local providers experiencing an influx of clients as a result of SB 8.

But providers said improved access to contraception will not blunt the law’s effects. It will not protect patients who want to get pregnant but ultimately decide on abortion because they receive a diagnosis of a serious complication, their relationship status changes, or they lose financial or social support, said Dr. Elissa Serapio, an OB-GYN in the Rio Grande Valley and a fellow with Physicians for Reproductive Health.

“It’s the very best that we can do,” said Dr. Cardwell, of Planned Parenthood of Greater Texas. “There’s no 100% effective method of birth control.”

KHN (Kaiser Health News) is a national newsroom that produces in-depth journalism about health issues. Together with Policy Analysis and Polling, KHN is one of the three major operating programs at KFF (Kaiser Family Foundation). KFF is an endowed nonprofit organization providing information on health issues to the nation.

In September, when Texas’ near-total abortion ban took effect, Planned Parenthood clinics in the Lone Star State started offering every patient who walked in information on Senate Bill 8, as well as emergency contraception, condoms, and two pregnancy tests. The plan is to distribute 22,000 “empowerment kits” this year.

“We felt it was very important for patients to have as many tools on hand to help them meet this really onerous law,” said Elizabeth Cardwell, lead clinician at Planned Parenthood of Greater Texas, which has 24 clinics across the northern and central regions of the state and provides care to tens of thousands of people annually.

Most of their patients – who tend to be uninsured and have annual household incomes of less than $25,000 – had not known about SB 8 the first several weeks after implementation, said Dr. Cardwell. But once they learned about it, patients seemed to rush to get on birth control, she said.

SB 8 allows private citizens, in Texas or elsewhere, to sue anyone who performs an abortion in the state or who “aided or abetted” someone getting an abortion once fetal cardiac activity is detected. This is generally around six weeks, before most people know they’re pregnant. It’s had a chilling effect in Texas, where access to abortion was already limited.

Medical staffs are doubling down on educating patients about birth control. They recognize the strategy isn’t foolproof but are desperate to prevent unintended pregnancies, nearly half of which nationwide end in abortion.

“It’s more important now than it ever has been,” said Dr. Cardwell. “I’ve been in abortion care 30-plus years, and my go-to line was ‘You’ve got plenty of time. You don’t have to feel rushed. Talk with your partner. Talk with your family,’” she said. “Now we don’t have that luxury.”

Patients, too, seem to feel a sense of urgency. During September, according to data from Planned Parenthood of Greater Texas, medical staff provided patients with some form of birth control — for example, pill packs, Depo-Provera shots or IUD implant insertions – in more than 3,750 visits, 5% more than in Sept. 2020.

Dr. Jennifer Liedtke, a family physician in West Texas, said she and her nurse practitioners explain SB 8 to every patient who comes to their private practice and saw a 20% increase in requests for long-acting reversible contraceptive methods, known as LARCs, in September.

LARCs, a category that includes intrauterine devices and hormonal implants, have become increasingly appealing because they are 99% effective at preventing pregnancy and last several years. They are also simpler than the pill, which needs to be taken daily, or the vaginal ring, which needs to be changed monthly.

Still, LARCs are not everyone’s preferred method. For example, inserting an IUD can be painful.

A doctor’s office is one of the few opportunities for reliable birth control education. Texas law doesn’t require schools to teach sex education, and if they do, educators must stress abstinence as the preferred birth control method. Some doctors opt to explain abortion access in the state when naming birth control options.

Dr. Liedtke is used to having to explain new laws passed by the Texas legislature. “It happens all the time,” she said. But the controversy surrounding SB 8 confuses patients all the more as the law works its way through the court system with differing rulings, one of which briefly blocked the measure. The U.S. Supreme Court heard related arguments Nov. 1.

“People just don’t understand,” said Dr. Liedtke. “It was tied up for 48 hours, so they are like, ‘It’s not a law anymore?’ Well, no, technically it is.”

Not all providers are able to talk freely about abortion access. In 2019, the Trump administration barred providers that participate in the federally funded family planning program, Title X, from mentioning abortion care to patients, even if patients themselves raise questions. In early October, the Biden administration reversed that rule. The change will kick in this month. Planned Parenthood can discuss SB 8 in Texas because Texas affiliates do not receive Title X dollars.

Dr. Lindsey Vasquez of Legacy Community Health, the largest federally qualified health center in Texas and a recipient of Title X dollars, said she and other staff members have not discussed abortion or SB 8 because they also must juggle a variety of other priorities. Legacy’s patients are underserved, she said. A majority live at or below the federal poverty level.

Nearly two years into the Covid-19 pandemic, “we’re literally maximizing those visits,” Dr. Vasquez said. Their jobs go beyond offering reproductive care. “We’re making sure they have food resources, that they have their housing stable,” she said. “We really are trying to make sure that all of their needs are met because we know for these types of populations – patients that we serve – this may be our only moment that we get to meet them.”

Specialized family planning clinics that receive Title X dollars do have proactive conversations about contraceptive methods, according to Every Body Texas, the Title X grantee for the state.

Discussions of long-acting reversible contraception must be handled with sensitivity because these forms of birth control have a questionable history among certain populations, primarily lower-income patients. In the 1990s, lawmakers in several states, including Texas, introduced bills to offer cash assistance recipients financial incentives to get an implant or mandate insertion for people on government benefits, a move seen as reproductive coercion.

“It’s important for a client to get on the contraceptive method of their choice,” said Mimi Garcia, communications director for Every Body Texas. “Some people will just say, ‘Let’s get everyone on IUDs’ or ‘Let’s get everybody on hormonal implants’ because those are the most effective methods. ... That’s not something that’s going to work for [every] individual. ... Either they don’t agree with it philosophically, or they don’t like how it makes their body feel.”

It’s a nuanced subject for providers to broach, so some suggest starting the conversation by asking the patient about their future.

“The best question to ask is ‘When do you want to have another baby?’” said Dr. Liedtke. And then if they say, ‘Oh, gosh, I’m not even sure I want to have more kids’ or ‘Five or six years from now,’ then we start talking LARCs. ... But if it’s like, ‘Man, I really want to start trying in a year,’ then I don’t talk to them about putting one of those in.”

The Biden administration expected more demand for birth control in Texas, so Health & Human Services Secretary Xavier Becerra announced in mid-September that Every Body Texas would receive additional Title X funding, as would local providers experiencing an influx of clients as a result of SB 8.

But providers said improved access to contraception will not blunt the law’s effects. It will not protect patients who want to get pregnant but ultimately decide on abortion because they receive a diagnosis of a serious complication, their relationship status changes, or they lose financial or social support, said Dr. Elissa Serapio, an OB-GYN in the Rio Grande Valley and a fellow with Physicians for Reproductive Health.

“It’s the very best that we can do,” said Dr. Cardwell, of Planned Parenthood of Greater Texas. “There’s no 100% effective method of birth control.”

KHN (Kaiser Health News) is a national newsroom that produces in-depth journalism about health issues. Together with Policy Analysis and Polling, KHN is one of the three major operating programs at KFF (Kaiser Family Foundation). KFF is an endowed nonprofit organization providing information on health issues to the nation.

Exposure to arsenic and other metals in utero is associated with an elevated risk for atopic dermatitis in children, researchers report in a study published Oct. 27, 2021, in JAMA Network Open.

In this multicenter cohort study, led by epidemiologist Shu-Li Wang, PhD, of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, in Taiwan, each twofold increase in prenatal arsenic level correlated with a 2.4-fold higher rate of atopic dermatitis in 4-year-olds.

Atopic diseases have been on the rise. Eczema (atopic dermatitis) is the first stage of the so-called atopic march, followed by food allergies, allergic rhinitis, and asthma later in childhood. Previous research has linked heavy metal exposure to allergic diseases in adults. In another study by Dr. Wang and colleagues that was published in 2021, prenatal and early-life arsenic exposure was found to correlate with higher rates of allergic rhinitis and asthma in children. In that study, the participants were followed every 2-3 years through the age of 14 as part of the Taiwan Maternal and Infant Cohort Study.

The new study included 370 mother and child pairs who were enrolled in that birth cohort study between October 2012 and May 2015. During their third trimester of pregnancy, women completed questionnaires about their lifestyle, diet, and living environment. In addition, their height, weight, and blood pressure were recorded, and urine samples were taken. In follow-up interviews 3-4 years later, the mothers were asked whether their child had ever been diagnosed with atopic dermatitis.

The researchers used an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer to analyze the participants’ urine samples. They assessed for exposures in utero to eight metals: arsenic, cadmium, lead, cobalt, copper, nickel, thallium, and zinc.

Each unit increase of an index that estimates the combined exposure to these metals during pregnancy was associated with 63% higher odds of atopic dermatitis in the children by age 4. The researchers adjusted for parental allergies (yes or no), mother’s educational level (<12 years, 13-16 years, or >16 years), geographic area (central or eastern Taiwan), exposure to tobacco smoke during pregnancy, and the child’s gender. Arsenic (40.1%) and cadmium (20.5%) accounted for most of the metal coexposure index.

A wealth of previous research links arsenic exposure during adulthood to skin disease and immune dysfunction. Early-life arsenic exposure has been linked with elevated risk for various adult disorders, including cancer, diabetes, and heart disease, years later. In light of such research, “the findings in this paper are not surprising,” J. Christopher States, PhD, director of the Center for Integrative Environmental Health Science at the University of Louisville (Ky.), told this news organization. “Low-level arsenic exposure does not cause disease immediately, but it does appear to have long-lasting effects, making individuals susceptible to ‘second hits’ with another environmental agent.”

Research into the molecular mechanisms for these links has shown that arsenic and cadmium exposure can promote allergic phenotypes in immune cells. “We think the toxic metals activate the alarmin pathway, thus inducing innate lymphoid cells, then activating T-helper 2 cells, which drive immunoglobulin E production and breakdown of the epithelium and promotion of allergies,” said Kari Nadeau, MD, PhD, director of the Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research at Stanford University. Dr. Nadeau led that study, published in 2017 in PLOS One, along with epidemiologist Margaret Karagas, PhD, of Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, N.H.

As for what pregnant women can do to minimize their exposure to heavy metals, “that is a difficult problem and primarily a function of where one lives,” said Dr. States.

Drinking water and food are major sources of arsenic exposure. Groundwater is naturally contaminated with arsenic deposits that seep in from bedrock, said Dr. States. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency regulates arsenic levels in public drinking water that is supplied to more than a few thousand people. However, small water supplies and private wells are unregulated, he said, and having these water sources tested for arsenic or fitted with systems to reduce arsenic can be very expensive.

Among foods, rice can have high concentrations of arsenic, Dr. Karagas told this news organization. To minimize arsenic exposure through the diet, women can limit rice-based foods, according to a web-based tool developed by her and coworkers.

In addition, tobacco smoke is a major source of cadmium exposure and a moderate source of arsenic exposure, Dr. States noted. Women can reduce their exposure to these metals by avoiding tobacco and secondhand smoke.

The study was supported by grants from the National Health Research Institutes, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taiwan Ministry of Science and Technology, and the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration. The authors and quoted experts report no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Exposure to arsenic and other metals in utero is associated with an elevated risk for atopic dermatitis in children, researchers report in a study published Oct. 27, 2021, in JAMA Network Open.

In this multicenter cohort study, led by epidemiologist Shu-Li Wang, PhD, of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, in Taiwan, each twofold increase in prenatal arsenic level correlated with a 2.4-fold higher rate of atopic dermatitis in 4-year-olds.

Atopic diseases have been on the rise. Eczema (atopic dermatitis) is the first stage of the so-called atopic march, followed by food allergies, allergic rhinitis, and asthma later in childhood. Previous research has linked heavy metal exposure to allergic diseases in adults. In another study by Dr. Wang and colleagues that was published in 2021, prenatal and early-life arsenic exposure was found to correlate with higher rates of allergic rhinitis and asthma in children. In that study, the participants were followed every 2-3 years through the age of 14 as part of the Taiwan Maternal and Infant Cohort Study.

The new study included 370 mother and child pairs who were enrolled in that birth cohort study between October 2012 and May 2015. During their third trimester of pregnancy, women completed questionnaires about their lifestyle, diet, and living environment. In addition, their height, weight, and blood pressure were recorded, and urine samples were taken. In follow-up interviews 3-4 years later, the mothers were asked whether their child had ever been diagnosed with atopic dermatitis.

The researchers used an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer to analyze the participants’ urine samples. They assessed for exposures in utero to eight metals: arsenic, cadmium, lead, cobalt, copper, nickel, thallium, and zinc.

Each unit increase of an index that estimates the combined exposure to these metals during pregnancy was associated with 63% higher odds of atopic dermatitis in the children by age 4. The researchers adjusted for parental allergies (yes or no), mother’s educational level (<12 years, 13-16 years, or >16 years), geographic area (central or eastern Taiwan), exposure to tobacco smoke during pregnancy, and the child’s gender. Arsenic (40.1%) and cadmium (20.5%) accounted for most of the metal coexposure index.

A wealth of previous research links arsenic exposure during adulthood to skin disease and immune dysfunction. Early-life arsenic exposure has been linked with elevated risk for various adult disorders, including cancer, diabetes, and heart disease, years later. In light of such research, “the findings in this paper are not surprising,” J. Christopher States, PhD, director of the Center for Integrative Environmental Health Science at the University of Louisville (Ky.), told this news organization. “Low-level arsenic exposure does not cause disease immediately, but it does appear to have long-lasting effects, making individuals susceptible to ‘second hits’ with another environmental agent.”

Research into the molecular mechanisms for these links has shown that arsenic and cadmium exposure can promote allergic phenotypes in immune cells. “We think the toxic metals activate the alarmin pathway, thus inducing innate lymphoid cells, then activating T-helper 2 cells, which drive immunoglobulin E production and breakdown of the epithelium and promotion of allergies,” said Kari Nadeau, MD, PhD, director of the Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research at Stanford University. Dr. Nadeau led that study, published in 2017 in PLOS One, along with epidemiologist Margaret Karagas, PhD, of Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, N.H.

As for what pregnant women can do to minimize their exposure to heavy metals, “that is a difficult problem and primarily a function of where one lives,” said Dr. States.

Drinking water and food are major sources of arsenic exposure. Groundwater is naturally contaminated with arsenic deposits that seep in from bedrock, said Dr. States. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency regulates arsenic levels in public drinking water that is supplied to more than a few thousand people. However, small water supplies and private wells are unregulated, he said, and having these water sources tested for arsenic or fitted with systems to reduce arsenic can be very expensive.

Among foods, rice can have high concentrations of arsenic, Dr. Karagas told this news organization. To minimize arsenic exposure through the diet, women can limit rice-based foods, according to a web-based tool developed by her and coworkers.

In addition, tobacco smoke is a major source of cadmium exposure and a moderate source of arsenic exposure, Dr. States noted. Women can reduce their exposure to these metals by avoiding tobacco and secondhand smoke.

The study was supported by grants from the National Health Research Institutes, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taiwan Ministry of Science and Technology, and the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration. The authors and quoted experts report no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Exposure to arsenic and other metals in utero is associated with an elevated risk for atopic dermatitis in children, researchers report in a study published Oct. 27, 2021, in JAMA Network Open.

In this multicenter cohort study, led by epidemiologist Shu-Li Wang, PhD, of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, in Taiwan, each twofold increase in prenatal arsenic level correlated with a 2.4-fold higher rate of atopic dermatitis in 4-year-olds.

Atopic diseases have been on the rise. Eczema (atopic dermatitis) is the first stage of the so-called atopic march, followed by food allergies, allergic rhinitis, and asthma later in childhood. Previous research has linked heavy metal exposure to allergic diseases in adults. In another study by Dr. Wang and colleagues that was published in 2021, prenatal and early-life arsenic exposure was found to correlate with higher rates of allergic rhinitis and asthma in children. In that study, the participants were followed every 2-3 years through the age of 14 as part of the Taiwan Maternal and Infant Cohort Study.

The new study included 370 mother and child pairs who were enrolled in that birth cohort study between October 2012 and May 2015. During their third trimester of pregnancy, women completed questionnaires about their lifestyle, diet, and living environment. In addition, their height, weight, and blood pressure were recorded, and urine samples were taken. In follow-up interviews 3-4 years later, the mothers were asked whether their child had ever been diagnosed with atopic dermatitis.

The researchers used an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer to analyze the participants’ urine samples. They assessed for exposures in utero to eight metals: arsenic, cadmium, lead, cobalt, copper, nickel, thallium, and zinc.

Each unit increase of an index that estimates the combined exposure to these metals during pregnancy was associated with 63% higher odds of atopic dermatitis in the children by age 4. The researchers adjusted for parental allergies (yes or no), mother’s educational level (<12 years, 13-16 years, or >16 years), geographic area (central or eastern Taiwan), exposure to tobacco smoke during pregnancy, and the child’s gender. Arsenic (40.1%) and cadmium (20.5%) accounted for most of the metal coexposure index.

A wealth of previous research links arsenic exposure during adulthood to skin disease and immune dysfunction. Early-life arsenic exposure has been linked with elevated risk for various adult disorders, including cancer, diabetes, and heart disease, years later. In light of such research, “the findings in this paper are not surprising,” J. Christopher States, PhD, director of the Center for Integrative Environmental Health Science at the University of Louisville (Ky.), told this news organization. “Low-level arsenic exposure does not cause disease immediately, but it does appear to have long-lasting effects, making individuals susceptible to ‘second hits’ with another environmental agent.”

Research into the molecular mechanisms for these links has shown that arsenic and cadmium exposure can promote allergic phenotypes in immune cells. “We think the toxic metals activate the alarmin pathway, thus inducing innate lymphoid cells, then activating T-helper 2 cells, which drive immunoglobulin E production and breakdown of the epithelium and promotion of allergies,” said Kari Nadeau, MD, PhD, director of the Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research at Stanford University. Dr. Nadeau led that study, published in 2017 in PLOS One, along with epidemiologist Margaret Karagas, PhD, of Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, N.H.

As for what pregnant women can do to minimize their exposure to heavy metals, “that is a difficult problem and primarily a function of where one lives,” said Dr. States.

Drinking water and food are major sources of arsenic exposure. Groundwater is naturally contaminated with arsenic deposits that seep in from bedrock, said Dr. States. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency regulates arsenic levels in public drinking water that is supplied to more than a few thousand people. However, small water supplies and private wells are unregulated, he said, and having these water sources tested for arsenic or fitted with systems to reduce arsenic can be very expensive.

Among foods, rice can have high concentrations of arsenic, Dr. Karagas told this news organization. To minimize arsenic exposure through the diet, women can limit rice-based foods, according to a web-based tool developed by her and coworkers.

In addition, tobacco smoke is a major source of cadmium exposure and a moderate source of arsenic exposure, Dr. States noted. Women can reduce their exposure to these metals by avoiding tobacco and secondhand smoke.

The study was supported by grants from the National Health Research Institutes, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taiwan Ministry of Science and Technology, and the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration. The authors and quoted experts report no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.