Pituitary, Thyroid & Adrenal Disorders

Amid ongoing debate over potential adverse effects of radioactive iodine (RAI) in the treatment of hyperthyroidism, a new meta-analysis shows no significant increase in the risk of cancer or cancer mortality in the vast majority of cases, with an increased dose-response risk with higher doses shown in some studies.

“These findings suggest that radiation-induced cancer risks following RAI therapy for hyperthyroidism are small and, in observational studies, may only be detectable at higher levels of administered dose,” report the authors of the analysis, published Sept. 27 in JAMA Network Open.

In a commentary published along with the study, Bernadette Biondi, MD, noted that, despite some limitations, “the current analysis from recent literature studies is reassuring on the potential negative effects of RAI”.

“These data can help reduce anxiety in both patients and clinicians as to the risk of cancer after RAI.”

Martin A. Walter, MD, agreed. “When including nearly a half-million patients into the analysis, there is no significant increase of risk for secondary cancers after radioiodine therapy for hyperthyroidism,” Dr. Walter, who was a coauthor on the American Thyroid Association’s guidelines for the diagnosis and management of hyperthyroidism (Thyroid. 2016 Oct;26:1343-421), told this news organization.

“For me, this paper is rather reassuring of the safety of the therapy,” he added.

Though used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism for more than 7 decades, the frequent use of RAI continues to generate concern of potential carcinogenic effects, with some previous studies linking the treatment with subsequent malignant neoplasms, while others have shown no risk.

However, the potential role of a dose-response effect on the cancer risk has not been well explored, the authors note.

For their meta-analysis, Sung Ryul Shim, PhD, of the department of preventive medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea, and colleagues identified 12 studies including 479,452 participants that involved evaluation of cancer incidence and mortality with exposure versus nonexposure to RAI therapy for hyperthyroidism.

Overall, the results showed no significant difference in the pooled cancer incidence ratio between those who were and were not exposed to RAI therapy (incidence ratio, 1.02), and there also were no significant differences in mortality (IR, 0.98).

There were no increases in the risk of any specific cancers with the exception of thyroid cancer, which had a higher incidence among those with RAI treatment (1.86), and more than twice the risk of mortality (2.22).

Two studies did report a linear dose-response association between RAI for hyperthyroidism and breast cancer mortality (1.35 per 370 MBq; P = .03) and solid cancer mortality (1.14 per 370 MBq; P = .01).

Among them was a 2019 study, using data on nearly 19,000 patients from the multicenter Cooperative Thyrotoxicosis Therapy Follow-up Study, showing a dose-response effect on solid-cancer mortality that the study authors described as “modest.”

“For every 1,000 patients with hyperthyroidism receiving typical doses to the stomach (150-250 mGy), an estimated lifetime excess of 19-32 solid cancer deaths could occur,” the study concluded.

Caveats surrounding the issue include that hyperthyroidism itself has been associated with an increased risk of cancer, suggesting a potential role of an excess of thyroid hormone excess on cancer risk.

“The underlying conditions of the thyroid gland could be another possible reason for the increased risk of malignant thyroid tumor after RAI for hyperthyroidism,” the investigators of the current study write.

“Thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroid-stimulating antibodies, present in Graves disease, may play a role in carcinogenesis and tumoral growth, and hyperthyroidism is associated with a high incidence of thyroid carcinoma,” they add.

Tumors developing from hyperthyroid tissue show aggressive behavior, they add, and note that an increased overall risk of cancer and greater cancer mortality has been also reported with the alternative of antithyroid drug therapy when compared with RAI.

Nevertheless, considering the dose-response risk observed in the two studies, the authors and Dr. Bondi agree that more rigorous studies are needed to investigate the issue.

“The limited quality of the evidence in the literature on the adverse effects of RAI underlines the need for future randomized clinical trials in this area,” writes Dr. Bondi, of the department of clinical medicine and surgery, University of Naples (Italy) Federico II, in her editorial.

In further commenting, Dr. Walter, of the department of nuclear medicine, University Hospital, University of Geneva, agreed that the benefits of treatment need to be weighed against the risks.

“There is always caution used when deciding for a medical therapy, including radioiodine therapy,” he added. “It has to be emphasized though, that poorly controlled hyperthyroidism is a serious condition that, for instance, can lead to arrhythmia, and that in elderly patients is associated with increased mortality,” Dr, Walter cautioned.

“Statistically significant does not always mean clinically relevant, and the benefits clearly outweigh the risks.”

The authors, Dr. Bondi, and Dr. Walter had no disclosures to report.

Amid ongoing debate over potential adverse effects of radioactive iodine (RAI) in the treatment of hyperthyroidism, a new meta-analysis shows no significant increase in the risk of cancer or cancer mortality in the vast majority of cases, with an increased dose-response risk with higher doses shown in some studies.

“These findings suggest that radiation-induced cancer risks following RAI therapy for hyperthyroidism are small and, in observational studies, may only be detectable at higher levels of administered dose,” report the authors of the analysis, published Sept. 27 in JAMA Network Open.

In a commentary published along with the study, Bernadette Biondi, MD, noted that, despite some limitations, “the current analysis from recent literature studies is reassuring on the potential negative effects of RAI”.

“These data can help reduce anxiety in both patients and clinicians as to the risk of cancer after RAI.”

Martin A. Walter, MD, agreed. “When including nearly a half-million patients into the analysis, there is no significant increase of risk for secondary cancers after radioiodine therapy for hyperthyroidism,” Dr. Walter, who was a coauthor on the American Thyroid Association’s guidelines for the diagnosis and management of hyperthyroidism (Thyroid. 2016 Oct;26:1343-421), told this news organization.

“For me, this paper is rather reassuring of the safety of the therapy,” he added.

Though used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism for more than 7 decades, the frequent use of RAI continues to generate concern of potential carcinogenic effects, with some previous studies linking the treatment with subsequent malignant neoplasms, while others have shown no risk.

However, the potential role of a dose-response effect on the cancer risk has not been well explored, the authors note.

For their meta-analysis, Sung Ryul Shim, PhD, of the department of preventive medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea, and colleagues identified 12 studies including 479,452 participants that involved evaluation of cancer incidence and mortality with exposure versus nonexposure to RAI therapy for hyperthyroidism.

Overall, the results showed no significant difference in the pooled cancer incidence ratio between those who were and were not exposed to RAI therapy (incidence ratio, 1.02), and there also were no significant differences in mortality (IR, 0.98).

There were no increases in the risk of any specific cancers with the exception of thyroid cancer, which had a higher incidence among those with RAI treatment (1.86), and more than twice the risk of mortality (2.22).

Two studies did report a linear dose-response association between RAI for hyperthyroidism and breast cancer mortality (1.35 per 370 MBq; P = .03) and solid cancer mortality (1.14 per 370 MBq; P = .01).

Among them was a 2019 study, using data on nearly 19,000 patients from the multicenter Cooperative Thyrotoxicosis Therapy Follow-up Study, showing a dose-response effect on solid-cancer mortality that the study authors described as “modest.”

“For every 1,000 patients with hyperthyroidism receiving typical doses to the stomach (150-250 mGy), an estimated lifetime excess of 19-32 solid cancer deaths could occur,” the study concluded.

Caveats surrounding the issue include that hyperthyroidism itself has been associated with an increased risk of cancer, suggesting a potential role of an excess of thyroid hormone excess on cancer risk.

“The underlying conditions of the thyroid gland could be another possible reason for the increased risk of malignant thyroid tumor after RAI for hyperthyroidism,” the investigators of the current study write.

“Thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroid-stimulating antibodies, present in Graves disease, may play a role in carcinogenesis and tumoral growth, and hyperthyroidism is associated with a high incidence of thyroid carcinoma,” they add.

Tumors developing from hyperthyroid tissue show aggressive behavior, they add, and note that an increased overall risk of cancer and greater cancer mortality has been also reported with the alternative of antithyroid drug therapy when compared with RAI.

Nevertheless, considering the dose-response risk observed in the two studies, the authors and Dr. Bondi agree that more rigorous studies are needed to investigate the issue.

“The limited quality of the evidence in the literature on the adverse effects of RAI underlines the need for future randomized clinical trials in this area,” writes Dr. Bondi, of the department of clinical medicine and surgery, University of Naples (Italy) Federico II, in her editorial.

In further commenting, Dr. Walter, of the department of nuclear medicine, University Hospital, University of Geneva, agreed that the benefits of treatment need to be weighed against the risks.

“There is always caution used when deciding for a medical therapy, including radioiodine therapy,” he added. “It has to be emphasized though, that poorly controlled hyperthyroidism is a serious condition that, for instance, can lead to arrhythmia, and that in elderly patients is associated with increased mortality,” Dr, Walter cautioned.

“Statistically significant does not always mean clinically relevant, and the benefits clearly outweigh the risks.”

The authors, Dr. Bondi, and Dr. Walter had no disclosures to report.

Amid ongoing debate over potential adverse effects of radioactive iodine (RAI) in the treatment of hyperthyroidism, a new meta-analysis shows no significant increase in the risk of cancer or cancer mortality in the vast majority of cases, with an increased dose-response risk with higher doses shown in some studies.

“These findings suggest that radiation-induced cancer risks following RAI therapy for hyperthyroidism are small and, in observational studies, may only be detectable at higher levels of administered dose,” report the authors of the analysis, published Sept. 27 in JAMA Network Open.

In a commentary published along with the study, Bernadette Biondi, MD, noted that, despite some limitations, “the current analysis from recent literature studies is reassuring on the potential negative effects of RAI”.

“These data can help reduce anxiety in both patients and clinicians as to the risk of cancer after RAI.”

Martin A. Walter, MD, agreed. “When including nearly a half-million patients into the analysis, there is no significant increase of risk for secondary cancers after radioiodine therapy for hyperthyroidism,” Dr. Walter, who was a coauthor on the American Thyroid Association’s guidelines for the diagnosis and management of hyperthyroidism (Thyroid. 2016 Oct;26:1343-421), told this news organization.

“For me, this paper is rather reassuring of the safety of the therapy,” he added.

Though used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism for more than 7 decades, the frequent use of RAI continues to generate concern of potential carcinogenic effects, with some previous studies linking the treatment with subsequent malignant neoplasms, while others have shown no risk.

However, the potential role of a dose-response effect on the cancer risk has not been well explored, the authors note.

For their meta-analysis, Sung Ryul Shim, PhD, of the department of preventive medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea, and colleagues identified 12 studies including 479,452 participants that involved evaluation of cancer incidence and mortality with exposure versus nonexposure to RAI therapy for hyperthyroidism.

Overall, the results showed no significant difference in the pooled cancer incidence ratio between those who were and were not exposed to RAI therapy (incidence ratio, 1.02), and there also were no significant differences in mortality (IR, 0.98).

There were no increases in the risk of any specific cancers with the exception of thyroid cancer, which had a higher incidence among those with RAI treatment (1.86), and more than twice the risk of mortality (2.22).

Two studies did report a linear dose-response association between RAI for hyperthyroidism and breast cancer mortality (1.35 per 370 MBq; P = .03) and solid cancer mortality (1.14 per 370 MBq; P = .01).

Among them was a 2019 study, using data on nearly 19,000 patients from the multicenter Cooperative Thyrotoxicosis Therapy Follow-up Study, showing a dose-response effect on solid-cancer mortality that the study authors described as “modest.”

“For every 1,000 patients with hyperthyroidism receiving typical doses to the stomach (150-250 mGy), an estimated lifetime excess of 19-32 solid cancer deaths could occur,” the study concluded.

Caveats surrounding the issue include that hyperthyroidism itself has been associated with an increased risk of cancer, suggesting a potential role of an excess of thyroid hormone excess on cancer risk.

“The underlying conditions of the thyroid gland could be another possible reason for the increased risk of malignant thyroid tumor after RAI for hyperthyroidism,” the investigators of the current study write.

“Thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroid-stimulating antibodies, present in Graves disease, may play a role in carcinogenesis and tumoral growth, and hyperthyroidism is associated with a high incidence of thyroid carcinoma,” they add.

Tumors developing from hyperthyroid tissue show aggressive behavior, they add, and note that an increased overall risk of cancer and greater cancer mortality has been also reported with the alternative of antithyroid drug therapy when compared with RAI.

Nevertheless, considering the dose-response risk observed in the two studies, the authors and Dr. Bondi agree that more rigorous studies are needed to investigate the issue.

“The limited quality of the evidence in the literature on the adverse effects of RAI underlines the need for future randomized clinical trials in this area,” writes Dr. Bondi, of the department of clinical medicine and surgery, University of Naples (Italy) Federico II, in her editorial.

In further commenting, Dr. Walter, of the department of nuclear medicine, University Hospital, University of Geneva, agreed that the benefits of treatment need to be weighed against the risks.

“There is always caution used when deciding for a medical therapy, including radioiodine therapy,” he added. “It has to be emphasized though, that poorly controlled hyperthyroidism is a serious condition that, for instance, can lead to arrhythmia, and that in elderly patients is associated with increased mortality,” Dr, Walter cautioned.

“Statistically significant does not always mean clinically relevant, and the benefits clearly outweigh the risks.”

The authors, Dr. Bondi, and Dr. Walter had no disclosures to report.

Basing referral of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) to nephrologists on 2-year kidney failure risk exceeding 1% would catch those at higher risk without increasing referral volumes generated from current laboratory-based guidelines, new research indicates.

And combining the two methods – predicted kidney failure risk with lab values – will lead to better patient outcomes by pinpointing CKD patients who most need specialty care, said study author Vishal Duggal, MD, who was a postdoctoral fellow in medical informatics at the Veterans Affairs Palo Alto (Calif.) Health Care System while conducting the research.

“We hope this can provide guidance to primary care physicians and nephrologists to give context for their decision-making,” Dr. Duggal told this news organization.

The VA is the largest provider of CKD care in the United States, developing clinical practice guidelines for CKD management that include suggested indications for nephrology referral based on laboratory values. Laboratory values that are typically used to guide referral include estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and its rate of decline per year, as well as heavy proteinuria in patients with and without diabetes. 

Dr. Duggal and colleagues – who published their findings in the American Journal of Kidney Diseases – conducted a retrospective analysis of nearly 400,000 veterans with CKD over a yearlong period to determine if referral volume would change if it was based on the estimated risk for kidney failure, rather than solely using laboratory values.

They also estimated the potential volume of nephrology referrals based on a combination of both estimated risk for kidney failure and laboratory data.

Kidney failure risk was calculated using an electronic clinical decision support tool, called Kidney Failure Risk Equation incorporating age, eGFR, gender, and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio.
 

Targeting fewer patients to specialty care

Among all participants with CKD not already receiving nephrology care, more than 150,000 (41.5%) had a urine albumin or protein measurement leading to computable risk for end-stage kidney disease.

More than 66,200 patients met actual laboratory indications for referral but had not previously seen a nephrologist. Among these patients, 11,752 (17.7%) were referred to nephrology in the following year, and all had a median 2-year predicted risk for kidney failure of 1.5%.

Referred patients were more likely to meet several potential referral criteria, especially eGFR less than 30 mL/min per 1.73 m² and heavy proteinuria. Those with heavy proteinuria with diabetes, or the eGFR indication, had the highest predicted risk for kidney failure at 2 years, at 10% and 7.1% respectively.

Boosting referral volume can be problematic if patients aren’t prioritized by need, Dr. Duggal said, noting that many reasons explain why fewer than one in five CKD patients meeting lab indications for referral aren’t actually referred.

This can include patient preference, he noted: “Kidney disease is a disease of aging, and some patients don’t want to see a specialist or escalate their care.”

“Also, not everyone who has CKD is recommended to see a nephrologist, since primary care physicians do manage a lot of CKD as well.”

Basing referral on predicted kidney failure risk alone, a 2-year risk threshold of at least 1%, would identify a comparable number of patients (n = 72,948) as laboratory-based criteria, the team found, although they note that the patients identified using the KFRE tool would be at higher risk than those identified by lab values alone.

But when they combined the two – a minimum kidney failure risk of at least 1% over 2 years being applied to all new patients meeting lab-based referral indications, those pinpointed for nephrology referral dropped by 42.3%, from 66,276 to an estimated 38,229 patients.

“The current guidelines that just incorporate lab values identify a significant number of patients who are at low risk of developing end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), so incorporating kidney failure risk into current guidelines would target fewer patients to get to specialty care,” Dr. Duggal explained.
 

KFRE tool can be found online

Dr. Duggal emphasized that his findings do not change nephrology referral guidelines, but said physicians can find the KFRE tool online and use it to supplement their decision-making about a patient’s care.

“Further incorporating this [kidney failure] risk into referral practices might highlight a patient at extremely high risk who would benefit more from an interdisciplinary care team,” he said.

This could include, for example, a nutritionist to help the patient modify his or her diet. “Getting that kind of teaching process in place for a patient might be highly valuable,” he added.

Dr. Duggal disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Basing referral of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) to nephrologists on 2-year kidney failure risk exceeding 1% would catch those at higher risk without increasing referral volumes generated from current laboratory-based guidelines, new research indicates.

And combining the two methods – predicted kidney failure risk with lab values – will lead to better patient outcomes by pinpointing CKD patients who most need specialty care, said study author Vishal Duggal, MD, who was a postdoctoral fellow in medical informatics at the Veterans Affairs Palo Alto (Calif.) Health Care System while conducting the research.

“We hope this can provide guidance to primary care physicians and nephrologists to give context for their decision-making,” Dr. Duggal told this news organization.

The VA is the largest provider of CKD care in the United States, developing clinical practice guidelines for CKD management that include suggested indications for nephrology referral based on laboratory values. Laboratory values that are typically used to guide referral include estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and its rate of decline per year, as well as heavy proteinuria in patients with and without diabetes. 

Dr. Duggal and colleagues – who published their findings in the American Journal of Kidney Diseases – conducted a retrospective analysis of nearly 400,000 veterans with CKD over a yearlong period to determine if referral volume would change if it was based on the estimated risk for kidney failure, rather than solely using laboratory values.

They also estimated the potential volume of nephrology referrals based on a combination of both estimated risk for kidney failure and laboratory data.

Kidney failure risk was calculated using an electronic clinical decision support tool, called Kidney Failure Risk Equation incorporating age, eGFR, gender, and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio.
 

Targeting fewer patients to specialty care

Among all participants with CKD not already receiving nephrology care, more than 150,000 (41.5%) had a urine albumin or protein measurement leading to computable risk for end-stage kidney disease.

More than 66,200 patients met actual laboratory indications for referral but had not previously seen a nephrologist. Among these patients, 11,752 (17.7%) were referred to nephrology in the following year, and all had a median 2-year predicted risk for kidney failure of 1.5%.

Referred patients were more likely to meet several potential referral criteria, especially eGFR less than 30 mL/min per 1.73 m² and heavy proteinuria. Those with heavy proteinuria with diabetes, or the eGFR indication, had the highest predicted risk for kidney failure at 2 years, at 10% and 7.1% respectively.

Boosting referral volume can be problematic if patients aren’t prioritized by need, Dr. Duggal said, noting that many reasons explain why fewer than one in five CKD patients meeting lab indications for referral aren’t actually referred.

This can include patient preference, he noted: “Kidney disease is a disease of aging, and some patients don’t want to see a specialist or escalate their care.”

“Also, not everyone who has CKD is recommended to see a nephrologist, since primary care physicians do manage a lot of CKD as well.”

Basing referral on predicted kidney failure risk alone, a 2-year risk threshold of at least 1%, would identify a comparable number of patients (n = 72,948) as laboratory-based criteria, the team found, although they note that the patients identified using the KFRE tool would be at higher risk than those identified by lab values alone.

But when they combined the two – a minimum kidney failure risk of at least 1% over 2 years being applied to all new patients meeting lab-based referral indications, those pinpointed for nephrology referral dropped by 42.3%, from 66,276 to an estimated 38,229 patients.

“The current guidelines that just incorporate lab values identify a significant number of patients who are at low risk of developing end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), so incorporating kidney failure risk into current guidelines would target fewer patients to get to specialty care,” Dr. Duggal explained.
 

KFRE tool can be found online

Dr. Duggal emphasized that his findings do not change nephrology referral guidelines, but said physicians can find the KFRE tool online and use it to supplement their decision-making about a patient’s care.

“Further incorporating this [kidney failure] risk into referral practices might highlight a patient at extremely high risk who would benefit more from an interdisciplinary care team,” he said.

This could include, for example, a nutritionist to help the patient modify his or her diet. “Getting that kind of teaching process in place for a patient might be highly valuable,” he added.

Dr. Duggal disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Basing referral of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) to nephrologists on 2-year kidney failure risk exceeding 1% would catch those at higher risk without increasing referral volumes generated from current laboratory-based guidelines, new research indicates.

And combining the two methods – predicted kidney failure risk with lab values – will lead to better patient outcomes by pinpointing CKD patients who most need specialty care, said study author Vishal Duggal, MD, who was a postdoctoral fellow in medical informatics at the Veterans Affairs Palo Alto (Calif.) Health Care System while conducting the research.

“We hope this can provide guidance to primary care physicians and nephrologists to give context for their decision-making,” Dr. Duggal told this news organization.

The VA is the largest provider of CKD care in the United States, developing clinical practice guidelines for CKD management that include suggested indications for nephrology referral based on laboratory values. Laboratory values that are typically used to guide referral include estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and its rate of decline per year, as well as heavy proteinuria in patients with and without diabetes. 

Dr. Duggal and colleagues – who published their findings in the American Journal of Kidney Diseases – conducted a retrospective analysis of nearly 400,000 veterans with CKD over a yearlong period to determine if referral volume would change if it was based on the estimated risk for kidney failure, rather than solely using laboratory values.

They also estimated the potential volume of nephrology referrals based on a combination of both estimated risk for kidney failure and laboratory data.

Kidney failure risk was calculated using an electronic clinical decision support tool, called Kidney Failure Risk Equation incorporating age, eGFR, gender, and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio.
 

Targeting fewer patients to specialty care

Among all participants with CKD not already receiving nephrology care, more than 150,000 (41.5%) had a urine albumin or protein measurement leading to computable risk for end-stage kidney disease.

More than 66,200 patients met actual laboratory indications for referral but had not previously seen a nephrologist. Among these patients, 11,752 (17.7%) were referred to nephrology in the following year, and all had a median 2-year predicted risk for kidney failure of 1.5%.

Referred patients were more likely to meet several potential referral criteria, especially eGFR less than 30 mL/min per 1.73 m² and heavy proteinuria. Those with heavy proteinuria with diabetes, or the eGFR indication, had the highest predicted risk for kidney failure at 2 years, at 10% and 7.1% respectively.

Boosting referral volume can be problematic if patients aren’t prioritized by need, Dr. Duggal said, noting that many reasons explain why fewer than one in five CKD patients meeting lab indications for referral aren’t actually referred.

This can include patient preference, he noted: “Kidney disease is a disease of aging, and some patients don’t want to see a specialist or escalate their care.”

“Also, not everyone who has CKD is recommended to see a nephrologist, since primary care physicians do manage a lot of CKD as well.”

Basing referral on predicted kidney failure risk alone, a 2-year risk threshold of at least 1%, would identify a comparable number of patients (n = 72,948) as laboratory-based criteria, the team found, although they note that the patients identified using the KFRE tool would be at higher risk than those identified by lab values alone.

But when they combined the two – a minimum kidney failure risk of at least 1% over 2 years being applied to all new patients meeting lab-based referral indications, those pinpointed for nephrology referral dropped by 42.3%, from 66,276 to an estimated 38,229 patients.

“The current guidelines that just incorporate lab values identify a significant number of patients who are at low risk of developing end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), so incorporating kidney failure risk into current guidelines would target fewer patients to get to specialty care,” Dr. Duggal explained.
 

KFRE tool can be found online

Dr. Duggal emphasized that his findings do not change nephrology referral guidelines, but said physicians can find the KFRE tool online and use it to supplement their decision-making about a patient’s care.

“Further incorporating this [kidney failure] risk into referral practices might highlight a patient at extremely high risk who would benefit more from an interdisciplinary care team,” he said.

This could include, for example, a nutritionist to help the patient modify his or her diet. “Getting that kind of teaching process in place for a patient might be highly valuable,” he added.

Dr. Duggal disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Among adults at high risk of type 2 diabetes – the leading cause of kidney disease – those who received vitamin D supplements as opposed to placebo for close to 3 years did not have significant differences in kidney function, in a secondary analysis of the Vitamin D and Type 2 Diabetes (D2d) study.

However, most of these adults with prediabetes plus obesity or overweight also had sufficient serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) and a low risk for adverse kidney outcomes at study entry.

“The benefits of vitamin D might be greater in people with low blood vitamin D levels and/or reduced kidney function,” lead author Sun H. Kim, MD, Stanford (Calif.) University, speculated in a statement from the American Society of Nephrology.

The study was published online August 6 in the Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology.

“The D2d study is unique because we recruited individuals with high-risk prediabetes, having two out of three abnormal glucose values, and we recruited more than 2,000 participants, representing the largest vitamin D diabetes prevention trial to date,” Dr. Kim pointed out.

Although the study did not show a benefit of vitamin D supplements on kidney function outcomes, 43% of participants were already taking up to 1,000 IU of vitamin D daily when they entered the study, she noted.

A subgroup analysis of individuals who were not taking vitamin D at study entry found that vitamin D supplements were associated with lowered proteinuria, “which means that it could have a beneficial effect on kidney health,” said Dr. Kim, cautioning that “additional studies are needed to look into this further.”
 

Effect of vitamin D on three kidney function outcomes

Although low levels of serum 25(OH)D are associated with kidney disease, few trials have evaluated how vitamin D supplements might affect kidney function, Dr. Kim and colleagues write.

The D2d trial, they note, found that vitamin D supplements did not lower the risk of incident diabetes in people with prediabetes recruited from medical centers across the United States, as previously reported in 2019.

However, since then, meta-analyses that included the D2d trial have reported a significant 11%-12% reduction in diabetes risk in people with prediabetes who took vitamin D supplements.

The current secondary analysis of D2d aimed to investigate whether vitamin D supplements affect kidney function in people with prediabetes.

A total of 2,166 participants in D2d with complete kidney function data were included in the analysis.

The three study outcomes were change in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) from baseline, change in urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) from baseline, and worsening Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) risk score (which takes eGFR and UACR into account).

At baseline, patients were a mean age of 60, had a mean body mass index (BMI) of 32 kg/m², and 44% were women.

Most (79%) had hypertension, 52% were receiving antihypertensives, and 33% were receiving an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB).

Participants had a mean serum 25(OH) level of 28 ng/mL.

They had a mean eGFR of 87 mL/min/1.73 m² and a mean UACR of 11 mg/g. Only 10% had a moderate, high, or very high KDIGO risk score.

Participants were randomized to receive a daily gel pill containing 4,000 IU vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) or placebo.

Medication adherence was high (83%) in both groups during a median follow-up of 2.9 years.

There was no significant between-group difference in the following kidney function outcomes:

• 28 patients in the vitamin D group and 30 patients in the placebo group had a worsening KDIGO risk score.
• The mean difference in eGFR from baseline was -1.0 mL/min/1.73 m² in the vitamin D group and -0.1 mL/min/1.73 m² in the placebo group.
• The mean difference in UACR from baseline was 2.7 mg/g in the vitamin D group and 2.0 mg/g in the placebo group.  

The authors have reported no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Among adults at high risk of type 2 diabetes – the leading cause of kidney disease – those who received vitamin D supplements as opposed to placebo for close to 3 years did not have significant differences in kidney function, in a secondary analysis of the Vitamin D and Type 2 Diabetes (D2d) study.

However, most of these adults with prediabetes plus obesity or overweight also had sufficient serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) and a low risk for adverse kidney outcomes at study entry.

“The benefits of vitamin D might be greater in people with low blood vitamin D levels and/or reduced kidney function,” lead author Sun H. Kim, MD, Stanford (Calif.) University, speculated in a statement from the American Society of Nephrology.

The study was published online August 6 in the Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology.

“The D2d study is unique because we recruited individuals with high-risk prediabetes, having two out of three abnormal glucose values, and we recruited more than 2,000 participants, representing the largest vitamin D diabetes prevention trial to date,” Dr. Kim pointed out.

Although the study did not show a benefit of vitamin D supplements on kidney function outcomes, 43% of participants were already taking up to 1,000 IU of vitamin D daily when they entered the study, she noted.

A subgroup analysis of individuals who were not taking vitamin D at study entry found that vitamin D supplements were associated with lowered proteinuria, “which means that it could have a beneficial effect on kidney health,” said Dr. Kim, cautioning that “additional studies are needed to look into this further.”
 

Effect of vitamin D on three kidney function outcomes

Although low levels of serum 25(OH)D are associated with kidney disease, few trials have evaluated how vitamin D supplements might affect kidney function, Dr. Kim and colleagues write.

The D2d trial, they note, found that vitamin D supplements did not lower the risk of incident diabetes in people with prediabetes recruited from medical centers across the United States, as previously reported in 2019.

However, since then, meta-analyses that included the D2d trial have reported a significant 11%-12% reduction in diabetes risk in people with prediabetes who took vitamin D supplements.

The current secondary analysis of D2d aimed to investigate whether vitamin D supplements affect kidney function in people with prediabetes.

A total of 2,166 participants in D2d with complete kidney function data were included in the analysis.

The three study outcomes were change in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) from baseline, change in urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) from baseline, and worsening Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) risk score (which takes eGFR and UACR into account).

At baseline, patients were a mean age of 60, had a mean body mass index (BMI) of 32 kg/m², and 44% were women.

Most (79%) had hypertension, 52% were receiving antihypertensives, and 33% were receiving an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB).

Participants had a mean serum 25(OH) level of 28 ng/mL.

They had a mean eGFR of 87 mL/min/1.73 m² and a mean UACR of 11 mg/g. Only 10% had a moderate, high, or very high KDIGO risk score.

Participants were randomized to receive a daily gel pill containing 4,000 IU vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) or placebo.

Medication adherence was high (83%) in both groups during a median follow-up of 2.9 years.

There was no significant between-group difference in the following kidney function outcomes:

• 28 patients in the vitamin D group and 30 patients in the placebo group had a worsening KDIGO risk score.
• The mean difference in eGFR from baseline was -1.0 mL/min/1.73 m² in the vitamin D group and -0.1 mL/min/1.73 m² in the placebo group.
• The mean difference in UACR from baseline was 2.7 mg/g in the vitamin D group and 2.0 mg/g in the placebo group.  

The authors have reported no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Among adults at high risk of type 2 diabetes – the leading cause of kidney disease – those who received vitamin D supplements as opposed to placebo for close to 3 years did not have significant differences in kidney function, in a secondary analysis of the Vitamin D and Type 2 Diabetes (D2d) study.

However, most of these adults with prediabetes plus obesity or overweight also had sufficient serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) and a low risk for adverse kidney outcomes at study entry.

“The benefits of vitamin D might be greater in people with low blood vitamin D levels and/or reduced kidney function,” lead author Sun H. Kim, MD, Stanford (Calif.) University, speculated in a statement from the American Society of Nephrology.

The study was published online August 6 in the Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology.

“The D2d study is unique because we recruited individuals with high-risk prediabetes, having two out of three abnormal glucose values, and we recruited more than 2,000 participants, representing the largest vitamin D diabetes prevention trial to date,” Dr. Kim pointed out.

Although the study did not show a benefit of vitamin D supplements on kidney function outcomes, 43% of participants were already taking up to 1,000 IU of vitamin D daily when they entered the study, she noted.

A subgroup analysis of individuals who were not taking vitamin D at study entry found that vitamin D supplements were associated with lowered proteinuria, “which means that it could have a beneficial effect on kidney health,” said Dr. Kim, cautioning that “additional studies are needed to look into this further.”
 

Effect of vitamin D on three kidney function outcomes

Although low levels of serum 25(OH)D are associated with kidney disease, few trials have evaluated how vitamin D supplements might affect kidney function, Dr. Kim and colleagues write.

The D2d trial, they note, found that vitamin D supplements did not lower the risk of incident diabetes in people with prediabetes recruited from medical centers across the United States, as previously reported in 2019.

However, since then, meta-analyses that included the D2d trial have reported a significant 11%-12% reduction in diabetes risk in people with prediabetes who took vitamin D supplements.

The current secondary analysis of D2d aimed to investigate whether vitamin D supplements affect kidney function in people with prediabetes.

A total of 2,166 participants in D2d with complete kidney function data were included in the analysis.

The three study outcomes were change in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) from baseline, change in urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) from baseline, and worsening Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) risk score (which takes eGFR and UACR into account).

At baseline, patients were a mean age of 60, had a mean body mass index (BMI) of 32 kg/m², and 44% were women.

Most (79%) had hypertension, 52% were receiving antihypertensives, and 33% were receiving an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB).

Participants had a mean serum 25(OH) level of 28 ng/mL.

They had a mean eGFR of 87 mL/min/1.73 m² and a mean UACR of 11 mg/g. Only 10% had a moderate, high, or very high KDIGO risk score.

Participants were randomized to receive a daily gel pill containing 4,000 IU vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) or placebo.

Medication adherence was high (83%) in both groups during a median follow-up of 2.9 years.

There was no significant between-group difference in the following kidney function outcomes:

• 28 patients in the vitamin D group and 30 patients in the placebo group had a worsening KDIGO risk score.
• The mean difference in eGFR from baseline was -1.0 mL/min/1.73 m² in the vitamin D group and -0.1 mL/min/1.73 m² in the placebo group.
• The mean difference in UACR from baseline was 2.7 mg/g in the vitamin D group and 2.0 mg/g in the placebo group.  

The authors have reported no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Most U.S. prescriptions for the thyroid hormone replacement drug levothyroxine are not appropriate for patients with mild subclinical hypothyroidism, a trend that has remained steady for a decade despite evidence showing no significant benefits for those patients, new research shows.

“These results suggest substantial overuse of levothyroxine during the entire duration of the study, suggesting opportunities to improve care,” wrote the authors of the study published in JAMA Internal Medicine.

“There have been previous reports of increased levothyroxine overuse in the U.S., but this is the first paper to describe the nature of the drivers of the overuse,” first author Juan P. Brito, MD, of the division of endocrinology, diabetes, metabolism and nutrition, department of internal medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn., said in an interview.

The findings underscore the need to improve awareness of the ongoing overuse, said the authors of an accompanying editorial.

“We hope [this study] resonates as a call to action for clinicians to stop treating patients with mild subclinical hypothyroidism,” they wrote.
 

Only 8% of those receiving levothyroxine had overt hypothyroidism

For the study, Dr. Brito and colleagues analyzed data of adults enrolled in Medicare Advantage who filled levothyroxine prescriptions between January 2008 and December 2018 and had thyrotropin levels measured within 3 months prior to the prescription. Patients with a history of thyroid surgery, thyroid cancer, central hypothyroidism, or who were pregnant, were excluded from the study.

In the 110,842 patients who started levothyroxine during the study period, there were no significant changes in median thyrotropin levels at the time of treatment initiation, with a median level in 2008 of 5.8 mIU/L and a level in 2018 of 5.3 mIU/L (P = .79).

In a subanalysis of 58,706 patients for whom thyrotropin as well as free thyroxine (FT4 or T4) levels were available – which allowed for the determination of the level of hypothyroidism – levothyroxine was initiated for overt hypothyroidism in only 8.4% of cases.

In as many as 61.0% of cases, patients had subclinical hypothyroidism, and in 30.5% of cases, patients had normal thyroid levels.

While the proportion of adults with overt hypothyroidism initiated on levothyroxine significantly increased over the 10 years (7.6% to 8.4%; P = .02), rates of those with subclinical hypothyroidism remained unchanged (59.3% to 65.7%; P = .36), as did the proportion with normal thyroid function (32.9% to 26.2%; P = .84).

A closer look at patients specifically with subclinical hypothyroidism showed there were also no changes in the proportion with mild subclinical hypothyroidism (thyrotropin level of 4.5 mIU/L to <10 mIU/L with normal FT4 or T4) between the beginning and end of the study period (48.2% vs. 57.9%; P = .73). Rates of moderate subclinical hypothyroidism (thyrotropin level 10-19.9 mIU/L) were also similar (8.5% to 6.4%; P = .16).
 

No significant benefit, but ample undesirable effects

The authors underscore that levothyroxine has been shown time and again to offer no significant benefit to patients with subclinical hypothyroidism of any type, emphasized in a 2018 meta-analysis of 21 randomized, controlled trials.

“Frequent initiation of levothyroxine in these patients is at odds with evidence demonstrating no significant association of levothyroxine replacement with measures of health-related quality of life, thyroid-related symptoms, depressive symptoms, fatigue, or cognitive function,” they explained.

In addition to showing no benefit for subclinical hypothyroidism, levothyroxine is associated with a host of unwanted side effects, noted editorialists William K. Silverstein, MD, of Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, department of medicine, University of Toronto, and Deborah Grady, MD, of the department of medicine, University of California, San Francisco.

Some studies have shown a link between long-term levothyroxine therapy and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, cardiac dysrhythmias, osteoporosis, and fractures, they explained.

In addition, unnecessary treatment “increases pill burden and costs, necessitates routine physician visits and blood work, and requires modification of daily routines so that patients can take medications on an empty stomach,” the editorialists wrote.

Importantly, evidence shows that once levothyroxine treatment for subclinical hypothyroidism is started, most patients will continue the therapy for life, they added.

The fact that levothyroxine is among the most commonly prescribed drugs in the United States, with about 7% of the population estimated to have an active prescription when overt hypothyroidism affects only about 0.2%-2% of the population, underscores the extent of levothyroxine overuse, Dr. Silverstein said in an interview. 

“The really notable surprise was how pervasive inappropriate use of levothyroxine was,” he said. “The fact that only 8% of patients had a biochemical indication for treatment is striking.”
 

Potential solutions: ‘Shift the conversation’

In terms of potential solutions to the problem, Dr. Silverstein suggested laboratories change reference ranges so that only thyrotropin values greater than 10 mIU/L are reported as abnormal.

“Studies have shown that changing the thyrotropin reference range is associated with clinicians’ prescribing patterns,” he noted.

Dr. Brito agreed, noting that “there are many guidelines with different hypothyroidism thresholds, so we need to be more consistent about the message to clinicians.

“In addition, we have to come up with different approaches to symptoms that have nothing to do with levothyroxine,” Dr. Brito said.

“I try to explain to patients that it’s very unlikely that subclinical hypothyroidism would be driving significant symptoms like fatigue, weight gain, and hair loss,” Dr. Brito said. “So, one approach is to shift the conversation from how your thyroid is causing this to ‘how are we going to treat the symptoms?’ ”

The study was supported by the Mayo Clinic Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery. Dr. Silverstein has reported no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Most U.S. prescriptions for the thyroid hormone replacement drug levothyroxine are not appropriate for patients with mild subclinical hypothyroidism, a trend that has remained steady for a decade despite evidence showing no significant benefits for those patients, new research shows.

“These results suggest substantial overuse of levothyroxine during the entire duration of the study, suggesting opportunities to improve care,” wrote the authors of the study published in JAMA Internal Medicine.

“There have been previous reports of increased levothyroxine overuse in the U.S., but this is the first paper to describe the nature of the drivers of the overuse,” first author Juan P. Brito, MD, of the division of endocrinology, diabetes, metabolism and nutrition, department of internal medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn., said in an interview.

The findings underscore the need to improve awareness of the ongoing overuse, said the authors of an accompanying editorial.

“We hope [this study] resonates as a call to action for clinicians to stop treating patients with mild subclinical hypothyroidism,” they wrote.
 

Only 8% of those receiving levothyroxine had overt hypothyroidism

For the study, Dr. Brito and colleagues analyzed data of adults enrolled in Medicare Advantage who filled levothyroxine prescriptions between January 2008 and December 2018 and had thyrotropin levels measured within 3 months prior to the prescription. Patients with a history of thyroid surgery, thyroid cancer, central hypothyroidism, or who were pregnant, were excluded from the study.

In the 110,842 patients who started levothyroxine during the study period, there were no significant changes in median thyrotropin levels at the time of treatment initiation, with a median level in 2008 of 5.8 mIU/L and a level in 2018 of 5.3 mIU/L (P = .79).

In a subanalysis of 58,706 patients for whom thyrotropin as well as free thyroxine (FT4 or T4) levels were available – which allowed for the determination of the level of hypothyroidism – levothyroxine was initiated for overt hypothyroidism in only 8.4% of cases.

In as many as 61.0% of cases, patients had subclinical hypothyroidism, and in 30.5% of cases, patients had normal thyroid levels.

While the proportion of adults with overt hypothyroidism initiated on levothyroxine significantly increased over the 10 years (7.6% to 8.4%; P = .02), rates of those with subclinical hypothyroidism remained unchanged (59.3% to 65.7%; P = .36), as did the proportion with normal thyroid function (32.9% to 26.2%; P = .84).

A closer look at patients specifically with subclinical hypothyroidism showed there were also no changes in the proportion with mild subclinical hypothyroidism (thyrotropin level of 4.5 mIU/L to <10 mIU/L with normal FT4 or T4) between the beginning and end of the study period (48.2% vs. 57.9%; P = .73). Rates of moderate subclinical hypothyroidism (thyrotropin level 10-19.9 mIU/L) were also similar (8.5% to 6.4%; P = .16).
 

No significant benefit, but ample undesirable effects

The authors underscore that levothyroxine has been shown time and again to offer no significant benefit to patients with subclinical hypothyroidism of any type, emphasized in a 2018 meta-analysis of 21 randomized, controlled trials.

“Frequent initiation of levothyroxine in these patients is at odds with evidence demonstrating no significant association of levothyroxine replacement with measures of health-related quality of life, thyroid-related symptoms, depressive symptoms, fatigue, or cognitive function,” they explained.

In addition to showing no benefit for subclinical hypothyroidism, levothyroxine is associated with a host of unwanted side effects, noted editorialists William K. Silverstein, MD, of Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, department of medicine, University of Toronto, and Deborah Grady, MD, of the department of medicine, University of California, San Francisco.

Some studies have shown a link between long-term levothyroxine therapy and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, cardiac dysrhythmias, osteoporosis, and fractures, they explained.

In addition, unnecessary treatment “increases pill burden and costs, necessitates routine physician visits and blood work, and requires modification of daily routines so that patients can take medications on an empty stomach,” the editorialists wrote.

Importantly, evidence shows that once levothyroxine treatment for subclinical hypothyroidism is started, most patients will continue the therapy for life, they added.

The fact that levothyroxine is among the most commonly prescribed drugs in the United States, with about 7% of the population estimated to have an active prescription when overt hypothyroidism affects only about 0.2%-2% of the population, underscores the extent of levothyroxine overuse, Dr. Silverstein said in an interview. 

“The really notable surprise was how pervasive inappropriate use of levothyroxine was,” he said. “The fact that only 8% of patients had a biochemical indication for treatment is striking.”
 

Potential solutions: ‘Shift the conversation’

In terms of potential solutions to the problem, Dr. Silverstein suggested laboratories change reference ranges so that only thyrotropin values greater than 10 mIU/L are reported as abnormal.

“Studies have shown that changing the thyrotropin reference range is associated with clinicians’ prescribing patterns,” he noted.

Dr. Brito agreed, noting that “there are many guidelines with different hypothyroidism thresholds, so we need to be more consistent about the message to clinicians.

“In addition, we have to come up with different approaches to symptoms that have nothing to do with levothyroxine,” Dr. Brito said.

“I try to explain to patients that it’s very unlikely that subclinical hypothyroidism would be driving significant symptoms like fatigue, weight gain, and hair loss,” Dr. Brito said. “So, one approach is to shift the conversation from how your thyroid is causing this to ‘how are we going to treat the symptoms?’ ”

The study was supported by the Mayo Clinic Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery. Dr. Silverstein has reported no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Most U.S. prescriptions for the thyroid hormone replacement drug levothyroxine are not appropriate for patients with mild subclinical hypothyroidism, a trend that has remained steady for a decade despite evidence showing no significant benefits for those patients, new research shows.

“These results suggest substantial overuse of levothyroxine during the entire duration of the study, suggesting opportunities to improve care,” wrote the authors of the study published in JAMA Internal Medicine.

“There have been previous reports of increased levothyroxine overuse in the U.S., but this is the first paper to describe the nature of the drivers of the overuse,” first author Juan P. Brito, MD, of the division of endocrinology, diabetes, metabolism and nutrition, department of internal medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn., said in an interview.

The findings underscore the need to improve awareness of the ongoing overuse, said the authors of an accompanying editorial.

“We hope [this study] resonates as a call to action for clinicians to stop treating patients with mild subclinical hypothyroidism,” they wrote.
 

Only 8% of those receiving levothyroxine had overt hypothyroidism

For the study, Dr. Brito and colleagues analyzed data of adults enrolled in Medicare Advantage who filled levothyroxine prescriptions between January 2008 and December 2018 and had thyrotropin levels measured within 3 months prior to the prescription. Patients with a history of thyroid surgery, thyroid cancer, central hypothyroidism, or who were pregnant, were excluded from the study.

In the 110,842 patients who started levothyroxine during the study period, there were no significant changes in median thyrotropin levels at the time of treatment initiation, with a median level in 2008 of 5.8 mIU/L and a level in 2018 of 5.3 mIU/L (P = .79).

In a subanalysis of 58,706 patients for whom thyrotropin as well as free thyroxine (FT4 or T4) levels were available – which allowed for the determination of the level of hypothyroidism – levothyroxine was initiated for overt hypothyroidism in only 8.4% of cases.

In as many as 61.0% of cases, patients had subclinical hypothyroidism, and in 30.5% of cases, patients had normal thyroid levels.

While the proportion of adults with overt hypothyroidism initiated on levothyroxine significantly increased over the 10 years (7.6% to 8.4%; P = .02), rates of those with subclinical hypothyroidism remained unchanged (59.3% to 65.7%; P = .36), as did the proportion with normal thyroid function (32.9% to 26.2%; P = .84).

A closer look at patients specifically with subclinical hypothyroidism showed there were also no changes in the proportion with mild subclinical hypothyroidism (thyrotropin level of 4.5 mIU/L to <10 mIU/L with normal FT4 or T4) between the beginning and end of the study period (48.2% vs. 57.9%; P = .73). Rates of moderate subclinical hypothyroidism (thyrotropin level 10-19.9 mIU/L) were also similar (8.5% to 6.4%; P = .16).
 

No significant benefit, but ample undesirable effects

The authors underscore that levothyroxine has been shown time and again to offer no significant benefit to patients with subclinical hypothyroidism of any type, emphasized in a 2018 meta-analysis of 21 randomized, controlled trials.

“Frequent initiation of levothyroxine in these patients is at odds with evidence demonstrating no significant association of levothyroxine replacement with measures of health-related quality of life, thyroid-related symptoms, depressive symptoms, fatigue, or cognitive function,” they explained.

In addition to showing no benefit for subclinical hypothyroidism, levothyroxine is associated with a host of unwanted side effects, noted editorialists William K. Silverstein, MD, of Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, department of medicine, University of Toronto, and Deborah Grady, MD, of the department of medicine, University of California, San Francisco.

Some studies have shown a link between long-term levothyroxine therapy and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, cardiac dysrhythmias, osteoporosis, and fractures, they explained.

In addition, unnecessary treatment “increases pill burden and costs, necessitates routine physician visits and blood work, and requires modification of daily routines so that patients can take medications on an empty stomach,” the editorialists wrote.

Importantly, evidence shows that once levothyroxine treatment for subclinical hypothyroidism is started, most patients will continue the therapy for life, they added.

The fact that levothyroxine is among the most commonly prescribed drugs in the United States, with about 7% of the population estimated to have an active prescription when overt hypothyroidism affects only about 0.2%-2% of the population, underscores the extent of levothyroxine overuse, Dr. Silverstein said in an interview. 

“The really notable surprise was how pervasive inappropriate use of levothyroxine was,” he said. “The fact that only 8% of patients had a biochemical indication for treatment is striking.”
 

Potential solutions: ‘Shift the conversation’

In terms of potential solutions to the problem, Dr. Silverstein suggested laboratories change reference ranges so that only thyrotropin values greater than 10 mIU/L are reported as abnormal.

“Studies have shown that changing the thyrotropin reference range is associated with clinicians’ prescribing patterns,” he noted.

Dr. Brito agreed, noting that “there are many guidelines with different hypothyroidism thresholds, so we need to be more consistent about the message to clinicians.

“In addition, we have to come up with different approaches to symptoms that have nothing to do with levothyroxine,” Dr. Brito said.

“I try to explain to patients that it’s very unlikely that subclinical hypothyroidism would be driving significant symptoms like fatigue, weight gain, and hair loss,” Dr. Brito said. “So, one approach is to shift the conversation from how your thyroid is causing this to ‘how are we going to treat the symptoms?’ ”

The study was supported by the Mayo Clinic Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery. Dr. Silverstein has reported no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

The phenomenon of brain fog, as described by some patients with hypothyroidism despite treatment, is often associated with fatigue and cognitive symptoms and may be relieved by a variety of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic approaches, new research suggests.

The findings come from a survey of more than 700 patients with hypothyroidism due to thyroid surgery and/or radioactive iodine therapy (RAI) or Hashimoto’s who reported having brain fog.

The survey results were presented May 29 at the American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Virtual Annual Meeting 2021 by investigators Matthew D. Ettleson, MD, and Ava Raine, of the University of Chicago, Illinois.

Many patients with hypothyroidism continue to experience symptoms despite taking thyroid hormone replacement therapy and having normal thyroid function test results.

These symptoms can include quantifiable cognitive, quality of life, and metabolic abnormalities. However, “some patients also experience vague and difficult to quantify symptoms, which they describe as brain fog,” Ms. Raine said.

The brain fog phenomenon has been described with somewhat varying features in several different chronic conditions, including postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, post-menopausal syndrome, and recently, among people with “long haul” COVID-19 symptoms.

However, brain fog associated with treated hypothyroidism has not been explored in-depth, despite the fact that patients often report it, Ms. Raine noted.
 

Results will help clinicians assist patients with brain fog

Fatigue was the most prominent brain fog symptom reported in the survey, followed by forgetfulness and difficulty focusing. On the other hand, rest and relaxation were the most reported factors that alleviated symptoms, followed by thyroid hormone adjustment.

“Hopefully these findings will help clinicians to recognize and treat the symptoms of brain fog and shed light on a condition which up until now has not been very well understood,” Dr. Ettleson said.

Asked to comment, session moderator Jad G. Sfeir, MD, of the Mayo Medical School, Rochester, Minn., told this news organization: “We do see patients complain a lot about this brain fog. The question is how can I help, and what has worked for them in the past?”

“When you have symptoms that are vague, like brain fog, you don’t have a lot of objective tools to [measure], so you can’t really develop a study to see how a certain medication affects the symptoms. Relying on subjective information from patients saying what worked for them and what did not, you can draw a lot of implications to clinical practice.”

The survey results, Dr. Sfeir said, “will help direct clinicians to know what type of questions to ask patients based on the survey responses and how to make some recommendations that may help.”
 

Fatigue, memory problems, difficulty focusing characterize brain fog

The online survey was distributed to hypothyroidism support groups and through the American Thyroid Association. Of the 5,282 respondents with hypothyroidism and symptoms of brain fog, 46% (2,453) reported having experienced brain fog symptoms prior to their diagnosis of hypothyroidism.

The population analyzed for the study was the 17% (731) who reported experiencing brain fog weeks to months following a diagnosis of hypothyroidism. Of those, 33% had Hashimoto’s, 21% thyroid surgery, 11% RAI therapy, and 15.6% had both thyroid surgery and RAI.  

Brain fog symptoms were reported as occurring “frequently” by 44.5% and “all the time” by 37.0%. The composite symptom score was 22.9 out of 30.

Fatigue, or lack of energy, was the most commonly named symptom, reported by over 90% of both the thyroid surgery/RAI and Hashimoto’s groups, and as occurring “all the time” by about half in each group. Others reported by at least half of both groups included memory problems, difficulty focusing, sleep problems, and difficulties with decision-making. Other symptoms frequently cited included confusion, mood disturbance, and anxiety.

“Each ... domain was reported with some frequency by at least 85% of respondents, regardless of etiology of hypothyroidism, so it really was a high symptom burden that we were seeing, even in those whose symptoms were the least frequent,” Ms. Raine noted.

Symptom scores generally correlated with patient satisfaction scores, particularly with those of cognitive signs and difficulty focusing.
 

Lifting the fog: What do patients say helps them?

The survey asked patients what factors improved or worsened their brain fog symptoms. By far, the most frequent answer was rest/relaxation, endorsed by 58.5%. Another 10.5% listed exercise/outdoor time, but 1.5% said exercise worsened their symptoms.

Unspecified adjustments of thyroid medications were said to improve symptoms for 13.9%. Specific thyroid hormones reported to improve symptoms were liothyronine in 8.8%, desiccated thyroid extract in 3.1%, and levothyroxine in 2.7%. However, another 4.2% said thyroxine worsened their symptoms.

Healthy/nutritious diets were reported to improve symptoms by 6.3%, while consuming gluten, a high-sugar diet, and consuming alcohol were reported to worsen symptoms for 1.3%, 3.2%, and 1.3%, respectively. Caffeine was said to help for 3.1% and to harm by 0.6%.

Small numbers of patients reported improvements in symptoms with vitamins B12 and D, Adderall, or other stimulant medications, antidepressants, naltrexone, sun exposure, and blood glucose stability.

Other factors reported to worsen symptoms included menstruation, infection or other acute illness, pain, and “loud noise.”   

Dr. Ettleson pointed out, “For many of these patients [the brain fog] may have nothing to do with their thyroid. We saw a large proportion of patients who said they had symptoms well before they were ever diagnosed with hypothyroidism, and yet many patients have linked these brain fog symptoms to their thyroid.”

Nonetheless, he said, “I think it’s imperative for the clinician to at least engage in these conversations and not just stop when the thyroid function tests are normal. We have many lifestyle suggestions that have emerged from this study that I think physicians can put forward to patients who are dealing with this ... early in the process in addition to thyroid hormone adjustment, which may help some patients.”  

Dr. Ettleson, Ms. Raine, and Dr. Sfeir have reported no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

The phenomenon of brain fog, as described by some patients with hypothyroidism despite treatment, is often associated with fatigue and cognitive symptoms and may be relieved by a variety of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic approaches, new research suggests.

The findings come from a survey of more than 700 patients with hypothyroidism due to thyroid surgery and/or radioactive iodine therapy (RAI) or Hashimoto’s who reported having brain fog.

The survey results were presented May 29 at the American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Virtual Annual Meeting 2021 by investigators Matthew D. Ettleson, MD, and Ava Raine, of the University of Chicago, Illinois.

Many patients with hypothyroidism continue to experience symptoms despite taking thyroid hormone replacement therapy and having normal thyroid function test results.

These symptoms can include quantifiable cognitive, quality of life, and metabolic abnormalities. However, “some patients also experience vague and difficult to quantify symptoms, which they describe as brain fog,” Ms. Raine said.

The brain fog phenomenon has been described with somewhat varying features in several different chronic conditions, including postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, post-menopausal syndrome, and recently, among people with “long haul” COVID-19 symptoms.

However, brain fog associated with treated hypothyroidism has not been explored in-depth, despite the fact that patients often report it, Ms. Raine noted.
 

Results will help clinicians assist patients with brain fog

Fatigue was the most prominent brain fog symptom reported in the survey, followed by forgetfulness and difficulty focusing. On the other hand, rest and relaxation were the most reported factors that alleviated symptoms, followed by thyroid hormone adjustment.

“Hopefully these findings will help clinicians to recognize and treat the symptoms of brain fog and shed light on a condition which up until now has not been very well understood,” Dr. Ettleson said.

Asked to comment, session moderator Jad G. Sfeir, MD, of the Mayo Medical School, Rochester, Minn., told this news organization: “We do see patients complain a lot about this brain fog. The question is how can I help, and what has worked for them in the past?”

“When you have symptoms that are vague, like brain fog, you don’t have a lot of objective tools to [measure], so you can’t really develop a study to see how a certain medication affects the symptoms. Relying on subjective information from patients saying what worked for them and what did not, you can draw a lot of implications to clinical practice.”

The survey results, Dr. Sfeir said, “will help direct clinicians to know what type of questions to ask patients based on the survey responses and how to make some recommendations that may help.”
 

Fatigue, memory problems, difficulty focusing characterize brain fog

The online survey was distributed to hypothyroidism support groups and through the American Thyroid Association. Of the 5,282 respondents with hypothyroidism and symptoms of brain fog, 46% (2,453) reported having experienced brain fog symptoms prior to their diagnosis of hypothyroidism.

The population analyzed for the study was the 17% (731) who reported experiencing brain fog weeks to months following a diagnosis of hypothyroidism. Of those, 33% had Hashimoto’s, 21% thyroid surgery, 11% RAI therapy, and 15.6% had both thyroid surgery and RAI.  

Brain fog symptoms were reported as occurring “frequently” by 44.5% and “all the time” by 37.0%. The composite symptom score was 22.9 out of 30.

Fatigue, or lack of energy, was the most commonly named symptom, reported by over 90% of both the thyroid surgery/RAI and Hashimoto’s groups, and as occurring “all the time” by about half in each group. Others reported by at least half of both groups included memory problems, difficulty focusing, sleep problems, and difficulties with decision-making. Other symptoms frequently cited included confusion, mood disturbance, and anxiety.

“Each ... domain was reported with some frequency by at least 85% of respondents, regardless of etiology of hypothyroidism, so it really was a high symptom burden that we were seeing, even in those whose symptoms were the least frequent,” Ms. Raine noted.

Symptom scores generally correlated with patient satisfaction scores, particularly with those of cognitive signs and difficulty focusing.
 

Lifting the fog: What do patients say helps them?

The survey asked patients what factors improved or worsened their brain fog symptoms. By far, the most frequent answer was rest/relaxation, endorsed by 58.5%. Another 10.5% listed exercise/outdoor time, but 1.5% said exercise worsened their symptoms.

Unspecified adjustments of thyroid medications were said to improve symptoms for 13.9%. Specific thyroid hormones reported to improve symptoms were liothyronine in 8.8%, desiccated thyroid extract in 3.1%, and levothyroxine in 2.7%. However, another 4.2% said thyroxine worsened their symptoms.

Healthy/nutritious diets were reported to improve symptoms by 6.3%, while consuming gluten, a high-sugar diet, and consuming alcohol were reported to worsen symptoms for 1.3%, 3.2%, and 1.3%, respectively. Caffeine was said to help for 3.1% and to harm by 0.6%.

Small numbers of patients reported improvements in symptoms with vitamins B12 and D, Adderall, or other stimulant medications, antidepressants, naltrexone, sun exposure, and blood glucose stability.

Other factors reported to worsen symptoms included menstruation, infection or other acute illness, pain, and “loud noise.”   

Dr. Ettleson pointed out, “For many of these patients [the brain fog] may have nothing to do with their thyroid. We saw a large proportion of patients who said they had symptoms well before they were ever diagnosed with hypothyroidism, and yet many patients have linked these brain fog symptoms to their thyroid.”

Nonetheless, he said, “I think it’s imperative for the clinician to at least engage in these conversations and not just stop when the thyroid function tests are normal. We have many lifestyle suggestions that have emerged from this study that I think physicians can put forward to patients who are dealing with this ... early in the process in addition to thyroid hormone adjustment, which may help some patients.”  

Dr. Ettleson, Ms. Raine, and Dr. Sfeir have reported no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

The phenomenon of brain fog, as described by some patients with hypothyroidism despite treatment, is often associated with fatigue and cognitive symptoms and may be relieved by a variety of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic approaches, new research suggests.

The findings come from a survey of more than 700 patients with hypothyroidism due to thyroid surgery and/or radioactive iodine therapy (RAI) or Hashimoto’s who reported having brain fog.

The survey results were presented May 29 at the American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Virtual Annual Meeting 2021 by investigators Matthew D. Ettleson, MD, and Ava Raine, of the University of Chicago, Illinois.

Many patients with hypothyroidism continue to experience symptoms despite taking thyroid hormone replacement therapy and having normal thyroid function test results.

These symptoms can include quantifiable cognitive, quality of life, and metabolic abnormalities. However, “some patients also experience vague and difficult to quantify symptoms, which they describe as brain fog,” Ms. Raine said.

The brain fog phenomenon has been described with somewhat varying features in several different chronic conditions, including postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, post-menopausal syndrome, and recently, among people with “long haul” COVID-19 symptoms.

However, brain fog associated with treated hypothyroidism has not been explored in-depth, despite the fact that patients often report it, Ms. Raine noted.
 

Results will help clinicians assist patients with brain fog

Fatigue was the most prominent brain fog symptom reported in the survey, followed by forgetfulness and difficulty focusing. On the other hand, rest and relaxation were the most reported factors that alleviated symptoms, followed by thyroid hormone adjustment.

“Hopefully these findings will help clinicians to recognize and treat the symptoms of brain fog and shed light on a condition which up until now has not been very well understood,” Dr. Ettleson said.

Asked to comment, session moderator Jad G. Sfeir, MD, of the Mayo Medical School, Rochester, Minn., told this news organization: “We do see patients complain a lot about this brain fog. The question is how can I help, and what has worked for them in the past?”

“When you have symptoms that are vague, like brain fog, you don’t have a lot of objective tools to [measure], so you can’t really develop a study to see how a certain medication affects the symptoms. Relying on subjective information from patients saying what worked for them and what did not, you can draw a lot of implications to clinical practice.”

The survey results, Dr. Sfeir said, “will help direct clinicians to know what type of questions to ask patients based on the survey responses and how to make some recommendations that may help.”
 

Fatigue, memory problems, difficulty focusing characterize brain fog

The online survey was distributed to hypothyroidism support groups and through the American Thyroid Association. Of the 5,282 respondents with hypothyroidism and symptoms of brain fog, 46% (2,453) reported having experienced brain fog symptoms prior to their diagnosis of hypothyroidism.

The population analyzed for the study was the 17% (731) who reported experiencing brain fog weeks to months following a diagnosis of hypothyroidism. Of those, 33% had Hashimoto’s, 21% thyroid surgery, 11% RAI therapy, and 15.6% had both thyroid surgery and RAI.  

Brain fog symptoms were reported as occurring “frequently” by 44.5% and “all the time” by 37.0%. The composite symptom score was 22.9 out of 30.

Fatigue, or lack of energy, was the most commonly named symptom, reported by over 90% of both the thyroid surgery/RAI and Hashimoto’s groups, and as occurring “all the time” by about half in each group. Others reported by at least half of both groups included memory problems, difficulty focusing, sleep problems, and difficulties with decision-making. Other symptoms frequently cited included confusion, mood disturbance, and anxiety.

“Each ... domain was reported with some frequency by at least 85% of respondents, regardless of etiology of hypothyroidism, so it really was a high symptom burden that we were seeing, even in those whose symptoms were the least frequent,” Ms. Raine noted.

Symptom scores generally correlated with patient satisfaction scores, particularly with those of cognitive signs and difficulty focusing.
 

Lifting the fog: What do patients say helps them?

The survey asked patients what factors improved or worsened their brain fog symptoms. By far, the most frequent answer was rest/relaxation, endorsed by 58.5%. Another 10.5% listed exercise/outdoor time, but 1.5% said exercise worsened their symptoms.

Unspecified adjustments of thyroid medications were said to improve symptoms for 13.9%. Specific thyroid hormones reported to improve symptoms were liothyronine in 8.8%, desiccated thyroid extract in 3.1%, and levothyroxine in 2.7%. However, another 4.2% said thyroxine worsened their symptoms.

Healthy/nutritious diets were reported to improve symptoms by 6.3%, while consuming gluten, a high-sugar diet, and consuming alcohol were reported to worsen symptoms for 1.3%, 3.2%, and 1.3%, respectively. Caffeine was said to help for 3.1% and to harm by 0.6%.

Small numbers of patients reported improvements in symptoms with vitamins B12 and D, Adderall, or other stimulant medications, antidepressants, naltrexone, sun exposure, and blood glucose stability.

Other factors reported to worsen symptoms included menstruation, infection or other acute illness, pain, and “loud noise.”   

Dr. Ettleson pointed out, “For many of these patients [the brain fog] may have nothing to do with their thyroid. We saw a large proportion of patients who said they had symptoms well before they were ever diagnosed with hypothyroidism, and yet many patients have linked these brain fog symptoms to their thyroid.”

Nonetheless, he said, “I think it’s imperative for the clinician to at least engage in these conversations and not just stop when the thyroid function tests are normal. We have many lifestyle suggestions that have emerged from this study that I think physicians can put forward to patients who are dealing with this ... early in the process in addition to thyroid hormone adjustment, which may help some patients.”  

Dr. Ettleson, Ms. Raine, and Dr. Sfeir have reported no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Drinking one cup of coffee each day lowered individual risk for developing type 2 diabetes 4%-6%, according to data from a pair of large, population-based cohorts.

Coffee had previously been associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes, said Carolina Ochoa-Rosales, PhD, of Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. However, the potential impact of coffee consumption on the subclinical inflammation associated with type 2 diabetes has not been well studied, she said.

amenic181/Getty Images

Large cohort adds credibility

Although the associations between coffee and type 2 diabetes have been previously reported, “this study offers important findings due to the carefully standardized analyses on these two major data sources,” Linda Van Horn, PhD, RD, said in an interview.

But what makes this study different is that “these investigators hypothesized that this association could be due to an anti-inflammatory benefit,” she said. 

The take-home message for clinicians is that drinking moderate amounts of filtered coffee offers a potentially reduced risk of developing type 2 diabetes, said Dr. Van Horn, of Northwestern University, Chicago. However, additional research is needed to account for the total amount of coffee per day, and whether additions such as cream or sugar or other additives make a difference in outcomes, she added.

“Also, the risk vs. benefit of drinking coffee over the life course, including childhood, pregnancy, and older age, with possible adverse drug-nutrient interactions, remain unexplored,” she noted.

Dr. Ochoa-Rosales disclosed study funding from the Institute for Scientific Information on Coffee but had no other financial conflicts to disclose. Dr. Van Horn had no financial conflicts to disclose.

Drinking one cup of coffee each day lowered individual risk for developing type 2 diabetes 4%-6%, according to data from a pair of large, population-based cohorts.

Coffee had previously been associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes, said Carolina Ochoa-Rosales, PhD, of Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. However, the potential impact of coffee consumption on the subclinical inflammation associated with type 2 diabetes has not been well studied, she said.

amenic181/Getty Images

Large cohort adds credibility

Although the associations between coffee and type 2 diabetes have been previously reported, “this study offers important findings due to the carefully standardized analyses on these two major data sources,” Linda Van Horn, PhD, RD, said in an interview.

But what makes this study different is that “these investigators hypothesized that this association could be due to an anti-inflammatory benefit,” she said. 

The take-home message for clinicians is that drinking moderate amounts of filtered coffee offers a potentially reduced risk of developing type 2 diabetes, said Dr. Van Horn, of Northwestern University, Chicago. However, additional research is needed to account for the total amount of coffee per day, and whether additions such as cream or sugar or other additives make a difference in outcomes, she added.

“Also, the risk vs. benefit of drinking coffee over the life course, including childhood, pregnancy, and older age, with possible adverse drug-nutrient interactions, remain unexplored,” she noted.

Dr. Ochoa-Rosales disclosed study funding from the Institute for Scientific Information on Coffee but had no other financial conflicts to disclose. Dr. Van Horn had no financial conflicts to disclose.

Drinking one cup of coffee each day lowered individual risk for developing type 2 diabetes 4%-6%, according to data from a pair of large, population-based cohorts.

Coffee had previously been associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes, said Carolina Ochoa-Rosales, PhD, of Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. However, the potential impact of coffee consumption on the subclinical inflammation associated with type 2 diabetes has not been well studied, she said.

amenic181/Getty Images

Large cohort adds credibility

Although the associations between coffee and type 2 diabetes have been previously reported, “this study offers important findings due to the carefully standardized analyses on these two major data sources,” Linda Van Horn, PhD, RD, said in an interview.

But what makes this study different is that “these investigators hypothesized that this association could be due to an anti-inflammatory benefit,” she said. 

The take-home message for clinicians is that drinking moderate amounts of filtered coffee offers a potentially reduced risk of developing type 2 diabetes, said Dr. Van Horn, of Northwestern University, Chicago. However, additional research is needed to account for the total amount of coffee per day, and whether additions such as cream or sugar or other additives make a difference in outcomes, she added.

“Also, the risk vs. benefit of drinking coffee over the life course, including childhood, pregnancy, and older age, with possible adverse drug-nutrient interactions, remain unexplored,” she noted.

Dr. Ochoa-Rosales disclosed study funding from the Institute for Scientific Information on Coffee but had no other financial conflicts to disclose. Dr. Van Horn had no financial conflicts to disclose.

Mortality is two to three times higher in patients with adrenal incidentalomas who have autonomous cortisol secretion levels of 83 nmol/L (3 µg/dL) or more after a 1 mg dexamethasone suppression test (DST), compared with those with levels below this, new research finds.

Autonomous cortisol secretion (ACS) has been linked to hypertension, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and early mortality, and risks vary by cortisol level.

“To adequately decide whether treatment should be surgery or medical management of possible complications, it is essential to know the risk associated with the actual level of ACS,” write Albin Kjellbom, MD, of Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden, and colleagues, in their article published May 25 in Annals of Internal Medicine.

Asked to comment, Salila Kurra, MD, of the Columbia adrenal center, Columbia University, New York, told this news organization that “this idea that mild cortisol excess that doesn’t meet the threshold for overt Cushing’s can, in and of itself, cause increased morbidity and mortality is something people have been thinking about for many years now.”

“But there isn’t very clear guidance on exactly what to do in that situation, whether the incidentaloma should be removed, medically managed, or the patient should just be watched ... It may be clinically significant, but the way to sort that out is to do other testing.”   
 

Most deaths were from cardiovascular disease or cancer

Adrenal lesions are found incidentally in approximately 2% to 7% of the adult population who undergo abdominal imaging, and up to a third of those have ACS in the absence of clinical signs of Cushing syndrome.

European guidelines state that a plasma cortisol level of 138 nmol/L (5 µg/dL) or greater following DST defines ACS, and a level less than 50 nmol/L (1.8 µg/dL) rules it out, while values 50-137 (1.8-5 µg/dL) are deemed “possible” ACS.

For their study, the authors retrospectively analyzed 1,048 consecutive patients with adrenal incidentalomas seen at two Swedish hospitals between 2005 and September 2015 who were followed for up to 14 years.

The patients were a median age of 64.9 years, and 58.5% were women.

At baseline, 45.1% had a cortisol level of 50 nmol/L (1.8 µg/dL) or higher following DST, 52.9% had hypertension, 18.7% had diabetes, and 20.6% had a medical history of one or more cardiovascular events. A total of 54 patients underwent adrenalectomy, eight of them more than 2 years after the DST.

Researchers found a linear increase in mortality risk with increasing cortisol values up to 200 nmol/L (7.25 µg/dL) following DST.

Over 14 years, 16.2% (170 patients) died. Compared with cortisol less than 50 nmol/L (1.8 µg/dL) following DST, adjusted hazard ratios for mortality were 2.30 and 3.04 for cortisol levels 83 to 137 nmol/L (3-5 µg/dL) and 138 nmol/L (5 µg/dL) or greater, respectively, and both were significant.

Among the patients who died, causes of death were cardiovascular disease in 38%, cancer in 30%, infection in 4%, and other diseases in 28%.

Patients with post-DST cortisol levels of 83 nmol/L (3 µg/dL) or higher had increased cardiovascular mortality, while those with levels of 50-82 nmol/L (1.8-3.0 µg/dL) did not. In contrast, mortality rates from cancer, infection, and other diseases didn’t vary across groups.
 

Implications: Further testing, prospective studies needed

“The increase in mortality associated with cortisol DST values of 83 nmol/L or higher has implications,” the authors say.

“We suggest [medical] treatment of known cardiovascular risk factors in these patients and incorporation of our results in the decision about which patients to recommend for adrenalectomy.”

In contrast, ACS with lower cortisol (<83 nmol/L or 3 µg/dL) following DST “is not associated with clinically relevant increased mortality within 5 to 10 years,” they observe.

Dr. Kurra said she would perform further testing for any patient with an adrenal incidentaloma and a cortisol level 50-137 nmol/L (1.8-5 µg/dL) following DST: Specifically, a dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) test.

“If DHEAS is low and the patient has metabolic complications, then I will work them up more, with adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and 24-hour urine and go down that path of looking for the extent of overproduction of cortisol.”

She recommended an algorithm published in 2017 of an age- and sex-adjusted DHEAS ratio that provides a sensitive and specific screening test for subclinical hypercortisolism in patients with adrenal incidentalomas.

In further analyses by Dr. Kjellbom and colleagues into incidentaloma size, bilateralism, basal ACTH less than 2.0 pmol/L, or DHEAS less than 1.04 mmol/L, only DHEAS significantly predicted mortality.

“This should be studied further, specific to sex, age, and [post-DST]-cortisol strata,” Dr. Kjellbom and colleagues say.

In conclusion, Dr. Kurra said the new data “confirm something that people have postulated. But because it’s a retrospective review, we need prospective studies. It is an interesting finding that needs further study before we can change clinical practice.”

The study was funded by unrestricted grants from the Lisa and Johan Grönberg Foundation and the Gyllenstiernska Krapperup Foundation. Dr. Kjellbom and Dr. Kurra have reported no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Mortality is two to three times higher in patients with adrenal incidentalomas who have autonomous cortisol secretion levels of 83 nmol/L (3 µg/dL) or more after a 1 mg dexamethasone suppression test (DST), compared with those with levels below this, new research finds.

Autonomous cortisol secretion (ACS) has been linked to hypertension, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and early mortality, and risks vary by cortisol level.

“To adequately decide whether treatment should be surgery or medical management of possible complications, it is essential to know the risk associated with the actual level of ACS,” write Albin Kjellbom, MD, of Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden, and colleagues, in their article published May 25 in Annals of Internal Medicine.

Asked to comment, Salila Kurra, MD, of the Columbia adrenal center, Columbia University, New York, told this news organization that “this idea that mild cortisol excess that doesn’t meet the threshold for overt Cushing’s can, in and of itself, cause increased morbidity and mortality is something people have been thinking about for many years now.”

“But there isn’t very clear guidance on exactly what to do in that situation, whether the incidentaloma should be removed, medically managed, or the patient should just be watched ... It may be clinically significant, but the way to sort that out is to do other testing.”   
 

Most deaths were from cardiovascular disease or cancer

Adrenal lesions are found incidentally in approximately 2% to 7% of the adult population who undergo abdominal imaging, and up to a third of those have ACS in the absence of clinical signs of Cushing syndrome.

European guidelines state that a plasma cortisol level of 138 nmol/L (5 µg/dL) or greater following DST defines ACS, and a level less than 50 nmol/L (1.8 µg/dL) rules it out, while values 50-137 (1.8-5 µg/dL) are deemed “possible” ACS.

For their study, the authors retrospectively analyzed 1,048 consecutive patients with adrenal incidentalomas seen at two Swedish hospitals between 2005 and September 2015 who were followed for up to 14 years.

The patients were a median age of 64.9 years, and 58.5% were women.

At baseline, 45.1% had a cortisol level of 50 nmol/L (1.8 µg/dL) or higher following DST, 52.9% had hypertension, 18.7% had diabetes, and 20.6% had a medical history of one or more cardiovascular events. A total of 54 patients underwent adrenalectomy, eight of them more than 2 years after the DST.

Researchers found a linear increase in mortality risk with increasing cortisol values up to 200 nmol/L (7.25 µg/dL) following DST.

Over 14 years, 16.2% (170 patients) died. Compared with cortisol less than 50 nmol/L (1.8 µg/dL) following DST, adjusted hazard ratios for mortality were 2.30 and 3.04 for cortisol levels 83 to 137 nmol/L (3-5 µg/dL) and 138 nmol/L (5 µg/dL) or greater, respectively, and both were significant.

Among the patients who died, causes of death were cardiovascular disease in 38%, cancer in 30%, infection in 4%, and other diseases in 28%.

Patients with post-DST cortisol levels of 83 nmol/L (3 µg/dL) or higher had increased cardiovascular mortality, while those with levels of 50-82 nmol/L (1.8-3.0 µg/dL) did not. In contrast, mortality rates from cancer, infection, and other diseases didn’t vary across groups.
 

Implications: Further testing, prospective studies needed

“The increase in mortality associated with cortisol DST values of 83 nmol/L or higher has implications,” the authors say.

“We suggest [medical] treatment of known cardiovascular risk factors in these patients and incorporation of our results in the decision about which patients to recommend for adrenalectomy.”

In contrast, ACS with lower cortisol (<83 nmol/L or 3 µg/dL) following DST “is not associated with clinically relevant increased mortality within 5 to 10 years,” they observe.

Dr. Kurra said she would perform further testing for any patient with an adrenal incidentaloma and a cortisol level 50-137 nmol/L (1.8-5 µg/dL) following DST: Specifically, a dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) test.

“If DHEAS is low and the patient has metabolic complications, then I will work them up more, with adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and 24-hour urine and go down that path of looking for the extent of overproduction of cortisol.”

She recommended an algorithm published in 2017 of an age- and sex-adjusted DHEAS ratio that provides a sensitive and specific screening test for subclinical hypercortisolism in patients with adrenal incidentalomas.

In further analyses by Dr. Kjellbom and colleagues into incidentaloma size, bilateralism, basal ACTH less than 2.0 pmol/L, or DHEAS less than 1.04 mmol/L, only DHEAS significantly predicted mortality.

“This should be studied further, specific to sex, age, and [post-DST]-cortisol strata,” Dr. Kjellbom and colleagues say.

In conclusion, Dr. Kurra said the new data “confirm something that people have postulated. But because it’s a retrospective review, we need prospective studies. It is an interesting finding that needs further study before we can change clinical practice.”

The study was funded by unrestricted grants from the Lisa and Johan Grönberg Foundation and the Gyllenstiernska Krapperup Foundation. Dr. Kjellbom and Dr. Kurra have reported no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Mortality is two to three times higher in patients with adrenal incidentalomas who have autonomous cortisol secretion levels of 83 nmol/L (3 µg/dL) or more after a 1 mg dexamethasone suppression test (DST), compared with those with levels below this, new research finds.

Autonomous cortisol secretion (ACS) has been linked to hypertension, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and early mortality, and risks vary by cortisol level.

“To adequately decide whether treatment should be surgery or medical management of possible complications, it is essential to know the risk associated with the actual level of ACS,” write Albin Kjellbom, MD, of Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden, and colleagues, in their article published May 25 in Annals of Internal Medicine.

Asked to comment, Salila Kurra, MD, of the Columbia adrenal center, Columbia University, New York, told this news organization that “this idea that mild cortisol excess that doesn’t meet the threshold for overt Cushing’s can, in and of itself, cause increased morbidity and mortality is something people have been thinking about for many years now.”

“But there isn’t very clear guidance on exactly what to do in that situation, whether the incidentaloma should be removed, medically managed, or the patient should just be watched ... It may be clinically significant, but the way to sort that out is to do other testing.”   
 

Most deaths were from cardiovascular disease or cancer

Adrenal lesions are found incidentally in approximately 2% to 7% of the adult population who undergo abdominal imaging, and up to a third of those have ACS in the absence of clinical signs of Cushing syndrome.

European guidelines state that a plasma cortisol level of 138 nmol/L (5 µg/dL) or greater following DST defines ACS, and a level less than 50 nmol/L (1.8 µg/dL) rules it out, while values 50-137 (1.8-5 µg/dL) are deemed “possible” ACS.

For their study, the authors retrospectively analyzed 1,048 consecutive patients with adrenal incidentalomas seen at two Swedish hospitals between 2005 and September 2015 who were followed for up to 14 years.

The patients were a median age of 64.9 years, and 58.5% were women.

At baseline, 45.1% had a cortisol level of 50 nmol/L (1.8 µg/dL) or higher following DST, 52.9% had hypertension, 18.7% had diabetes, and 20.6% had a medical history of one or more cardiovascular events. A total of 54 patients underwent adrenalectomy, eight of them more than 2 years after the DST.

Researchers found a linear increase in mortality risk with increasing cortisol values up to 200 nmol/L (7.25 µg/dL) following DST.

Over 14 years, 16.2% (170 patients) died. Compared with cortisol less than 50 nmol/L (1.8 µg/dL) following DST, adjusted hazard ratios for mortality were 2.30 and 3.04 for cortisol levels 83 to 137 nmol/L (3-5 µg/dL) and 138 nmol/L (5 µg/dL) or greater, respectively, and both were significant.

Among the patients who died, causes of death were cardiovascular disease in 38%, cancer in 30%, infection in 4%, and other diseases in 28%.

Patients with post-DST cortisol levels of 83 nmol/L (3 µg/dL) or higher had increased cardiovascular mortality, while those with levels of 50-82 nmol/L (1.8-3.0 µg/dL) did not. In contrast, mortality rates from cancer, infection, and other diseases didn’t vary across groups.
 

Implications: Further testing, prospective studies needed

“The increase in mortality associated with cortisol DST values of 83 nmol/L or higher has implications,” the authors say.

“We suggest [medical] treatment of known cardiovascular risk factors in these patients and incorporation of our results in the decision about which patients to recommend for adrenalectomy.”

In contrast, ACS with lower cortisol (<83 nmol/L or 3 µg/dL) following DST “is not associated with clinically relevant increased mortality within 5 to 10 years,” they observe.

Dr. Kurra said she would perform further testing for any patient with an adrenal incidentaloma and a cortisol level 50-137 nmol/L (1.8-5 µg/dL) following DST: Specifically, a dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) test.

“If DHEAS is low and the patient has metabolic complications, then I will work them up more, with adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and 24-hour urine and go down that path of looking for the extent of overproduction of cortisol.”

She recommended an algorithm published in 2017 of an age- and sex-adjusted DHEAS ratio that provides a sensitive and specific screening test for subclinical hypercortisolism in patients with adrenal incidentalomas.

In further analyses by Dr. Kjellbom and colleagues into incidentaloma size, bilateralism, basal ACTH less than 2.0 pmol/L, or DHEAS less than 1.04 mmol/L, only DHEAS significantly predicted mortality.

“This should be studied further, specific to sex, age, and [post-DST]-cortisol strata,” Dr. Kjellbom and colleagues say.

In conclusion, Dr. Kurra said the new data “confirm something that people have postulated. But because it’s a retrospective review, we need prospective studies. It is an interesting finding that needs further study before we can change clinical practice.”

The study was funded by unrestricted grants from the Lisa and Johan Grönberg Foundation and the Gyllenstiernska Krapperup Foundation. Dr. Kjellbom and Dr. Kurra have reported no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Two different agents showed potential for safely treating patients with hypothalamic obesity in two pilot studies with small numbers of patients.

One study prospectively randomized 21 adults with acquired hypothalamic obesity to treatment with placebo or Tesomet, a compound that combines the novel monoamine reuptake inhibitor tesofensine with metoprolol, a beta-blocker added to protect against adverse effects from tesofensine on heart rate and cardiac contractility. After 24 weeks of treatment, people on tesofensine/metoprolol had significant weight loss, compared with controls, while showing good tolerance with no significant effects on heart rate, blood pressure, or heart rhythm, Ulla Feldt-Rasmussen, MD, DMSc, reported at the annual meeting of the Endocrine Society.

The second report reviewed 18 children and adolescents with either acquired or genetic hypothalamic obesity who received open-label treatment with dextroamphetamine for an average of 20 months, and overall patients safely lost an average of 0.43 in their body mass index (BMI) standard deviation score, reported Jiska van Schaik, MD, in a separate talk at the meeting.



‘A supplement for lost satiety’

Patients with hypothalamic obesity face a dual problem from hypothalamic dysfunction that’s addressed by tesofensine, the weight-loss agent in Tesomet that increases hypothalamic levels of dopamine, serotonin, and noradrenaline by blocking reuptake, and thereby dulls appetite and food craving while also increasing fat metabolism, explained Dr. Feldt-Rasmussen, a professor of medical endocrinology at the University of Denmark and Rigshospitalet in Copenhagen. No treatment currently has regulatory approval for treating any form of hypothalamic obesity.

Tesofensine works as “a supplement for lost satiety, and satiety is what is lost” in patients with hypothalamic obesity as well in patients as Prader-Willi syndrome, the two disorders for which tesofensine/metoprolol is currently undergoing testing. “That’s the rationale, and it seems to work,” she declared during her talk. The formulation contains 0.5 mg tesofensine and 50 mg metoprolol administered orally once daily.

The study, run at Rigshospitalet, randomized 21 patients aged 18-75 years and with a BMI of at least 27 kg/m²who all had acquired hypothalamic obesity secondary to hypothalamic damage following cancer treatment. Patients averaged about 45 years of age, three-quarters were women, and their average BMI was about 37^, with 90% having a BMI of at least 30.

The study’s design calls for 48-week follow-up; Dr. Feldt-Rasmussen presented the interim results after 24 weeks, with 18 of the 21 enrolled patients remaining in the study through 24 weeks. Three patients dropped out because of adverse events: one in the placebo arm, and two who received tesofensine/metoprolol.

Weight dropped by an average of 6.6 kg from baseline among the 11 patients who completed 24 weeks on tesofensine/metoprolol treatment, compared with no average change from baseline among the seven patients who completed the study on placebo, a significant difference. The researchers measured a validated, composite satiety score every 4 weeks, and found significantly more improvement among patients on tesofensine/metoprolol than in those on placebo during the study’s first half, but subsequently average scores among the actively treated patients fell to the same level of modest improvement as in the placebo patients.

Despite this, average weight loss in the patients on tesofensine/metoprolol steadily increased throughout the full 24 weeks.

Safety measures of diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, and corrected QT interval showed no significant between-group difference. Systolic pressure showed a transient average rise of 4 mm Hg above baseline in the tesofensine/metoprolol group, compared with a small dip in the control patients, but by 24 weeks average systolic blood pressure had reverted closer to baseline levels in both subgroups and showed no significant between-group difference. Two patients on tesofensine/metoprolol developed serious adverse events. In one patient these were not treatment related. The other patient developed anxiety after 8 weeks that was possibly treatment related but remained on treatment. Other adverse effects on tesofensine/metoprolol included dizziness, sleep disorder, and dry mouth, but all of these were mild and patients were willing to tolerate them to achieve their weight loss, Dr. Feldt-Rasmussen said.



Repurposing an ADHD treatment

Dextroamphetamine increases satiety and boosts resting energy expenditure, and is a common treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Dr. van Schaik and coauthors reviewed 13 children and adolescents with acquired hypothalamic obesity and 5 with genetic hypothalamic obesity who received the treatment at either of two Dutch hospitals during 2014-2020. All 18 patients went on dextroamphetamine after other interventions had failed to produce improvement, said Dr. van Schaik, a researcher at University Medical Center and Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital in Utrecht, the Netherlands. The patients averaged about 13 years of age.

In addition to an overall effect on weight across all 18 subjects, the researchers found they could subdivide the full cohort into 10 responders (56%), 4 (22%) with weight stabilization on treatment, and 4 nonresponders (22%) who continued to gain weight despite treatment. The 10 responding patients had an average drop in their BMI standard deviation score of 0.91. All 10 responders had acquired hypothalamic obesity, and they averaged a 12.5 percentage point rise in their resting energy expenditure level, compared with baseline, while on treatment. The four whose weight stabilized on treatment included three patients with genetic hypothalamic obesity. The four nonresponders split into two with acquired hypothalamic obesity and two with the genetic form.

Thirteen patients (72%) had improvements in hyperphagia, energy, and behavior, and no patient had a serious adverse effect. One patient stopped treatment after 1 month because of elevated blood pressure.

“Dextroamphetamine may be promising, especially for acquired hypothalamic obesity,” Dr. van Schaik concluded, adding that prospective, controlled assessments are needed, and that a healthy lifestyle is the foundation of hypothalamic obesity treatment.

The Tesomet study was sponsored by Saniona, the company developing Tesomet. Dr Feldt-Rasmussen is an advisor to Saniona, and some of the coauthors on the study are Saniona employees. Dr. van Schaik had no disclosures.

[email protected]

Two different agents showed potential for safely treating patients with hypothalamic obesity in two pilot studies with small numbers of patients.

One study prospectively randomized 21 adults with acquired hypothalamic obesity to treatment with placebo or Tesomet, a compound that combines the novel monoamine reuptake inhibitor tesofensine with metoprolol, a beta-blocker added to protect against adverse effects from tesofensine on heart rate and cardiac contractility. After 24 weeks of treatment, people on tesofensine/metoprolol had significant weight loss, compared with controls, while showing good tolerance with no significant effects on heart rate, blood pressure, or heart rhythm, Ulla Feldt-Rasmussen, MD, DMSc, reported at the annual meeting of the Endocrine Society.

The second report reviewed 18 children and adolescents with either acquired or genetic hypothalamic obesity who received open-label treatment with dextroamphetamine for an average of 20 months, and overall patients safely lost an average of 0.43 in their body mass index (BMI) standard deviation score, reported Jiska van Schaik, MD, in a separate talk at the meeting.



‘A supplement for lost satiety’

Patients with hypothalamic obesity face a dual problem from hypothalamic dysfunction that’s addressed by tesofensine, the weight-loss agent in Tesomet that increases hypothalamic levels of dopamine, serotonin, and noradrenaline by blocking reuptake, and thereby dulls appetite and food craving while also increasing fat metabolism, explained Dr. Feldt-Rasmussen, a professor of medical endocrinology at the University of Denmark and Rigshospitalet in Copenhagen. No treatment currently has regulatory approval for treating any form of hypothalamic obesity.

Tesofensine works as “a supplement for lost satiety, and satiety is what is lost” in patients with hypothalamic obesity as well in patients as Prader-Willi syndrome, the two disorders for which tesofensine/metoprolol is currently undergoing testing. “That’s the rationale, and it seems to work,” she declared during her talk. The formulation contains 0.5 mg tesofensine and 50 mg metoprolol administered orally once daily.

The study, run at Rigshospitalet, randomized 21 patients aged 18-75 years and with a BMI of at least 27 kg/m²who all had acquired hypothalamic obesity secondary to hypothalamic damage following cancer treatment. Patients averaged about 45 years of age, three-quarters were women, and their average BMI was about 37^, with 90% having a BMI of at least 30.

The study’s design calls for 48-week follow-up; Dr. Feldt-Rasmussen presented the interim results after 24 weeks, with 18 of the 21 enrolled patients remaining in the study through 24 weeks. Three patients dropped out because of adverse events: one in the placebo arm, and two who received tesofensine/metoprolol.

Weight dropped by an average of 6.6 kg from baseline among the 11 patients who completed 24 weeks on tesofensine/metoprolol treatment, compared with no average change from baseline among the seven patients who completed the study on placebo, a significant difference. The researchers measured a validated, composite satiety score every 4 weeks, and found significantly more improvement among patients on tesofensine/metoprolol than in those on placebo during the study’s first half, but subsequently average scores among the actively treated patients fell to the same level of modest improvement as in the placebo patients.

Despite this, average weight loss in the patients on tesofensine/metoprolol steadily increased throughout the full 24 weeks.

Safety measures of diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, and corrected QT interval showed no significant between-group difference. Systolic pressure showed a transient average rise of 4 mm Hg above baseline in the tesofensine/metoprolol group, compared with a small dip in the control patients, but by 24 weeks average systolic blood pressure had reverted closer to baseline levels in both subgroups and showed no significant between-group difference. Two patients on tesofensine/metoprolol developed serious adverse events. In one patient these were not treatment related. The other patient developed anxiety after 8 weeks that was possibly treatment related but remained on treatment. Other adverse effects on tesofensine/metoprolol included dizziness, sleep disorder, and dry mouth, but all of these were mild and patients were willing to tolerate them to achieve their weight loss, Dr. Feldt-Rasmussen said.



Repurposing an ADHD treatment

Dextroamphetamine increases satiety and boosts resting energy expenditure, and is a common treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Dr. van Schaik and coauthors reviewed 13 children and adolescents with acquired hypothalamic obesity and 5 with genetic hypothalamic obesity who received the treatment at either of two Dutch hospitals during 2014-2020. All 18 patients went on dextroamphetamine after other interventions had failed to produce improvement, said Dr. van Schaik, a researcher at University Medical Center and Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital in Utrecht, the Netherlands. The patients averaged about 13 years of age.

In addition to an overall effect on weight across all 18 subjects, the researchers found they could subdivide the full cohort into 10 responders (56%), 4 (22%) with weight stabilization on treatment, and 4 nonresponders (22%) who continued to gain weight despite treatment. The 10 responding patients had an average drop in their BMI standard deviation score of 0.91. All 10 responders had acquired hypothalamic obesity, and they averaged a 12.5 percentage point rise in their resting energy expenditure level, compared with baseline, while on treatment. The four whose weight stabilized on treatment included three patients with genetic hypothalamic obesity. The four nonresponders split into two with acquired hypothalamic obesity and two with the genetic form.

Thirteen patients (72%) had improvements in hyperphagia, energy, and behavior, and no patient had a serious adverse effect. One patient stopped treatment after 1 month because of elevated blood pressure.

“Dextroamphetamine may be promising, especially for acquired hypothalamic obesity,” Dr. van Schaik concluded, adding that prospective, controlled assessments are needed, and that a healthy lifestyle is the foundation of hypothalamic obesity treatment.

The Tesomet study was sponsored by Saniona, the company developing Tesomet. Dr Feldt-Rasmussen is an advisor to Saniona, and some of the coauthors on the study are Saniona employees. Dr. van Schaik had no disclosures.

[email protected]

Two different agents showed potential for safely treating patients with hypothalamic obesity in two pilot studies with small numbers of patients.

One study prospectively randomized 21 adults with acquired hypothalamic obesity to treatment with placebo or Tesomet, a compound that combines the novel monoamine reuptake inhibitor tesofensine with metoprolol, a beta-blocker added to protect against adverse effects from tesofensine on heart rate and cardiac contractility. After 24 weeks of treatment, people on tesofensine/metoprolol had significant weight loss, compared with controls, while showing good tolerance with no significant effects on heart rate, blood pressure, or heart rhythm, Ulla Feldt-Rasmussen, MD, DMSc, reported at the annual meeting of the Endocrine Society.

The second report reviewed 18 children and adolescents with either acquired or genetic hypothalamic obesity who received open-label treatment with dextroamphetamine for an average of 20 months, and overall patients safely lost an average of 0.43 in their body mass index (BMI) standard deviation score, reported Jiska van Schaik, MD, in a separate talk at the meeting.



‘A supplement for lost satiety’

Patients with hypothalamic obesity face a dual problem from hypothalamic dysfunction that’s addressed by tesofensine, the weight-loss agent in Tesomet that increases hypothalamic levels of dopamine, serotonin, and noradrenaline by blocking reuptake, and thereby dulls appetite and food craving while also increasing fat metabolism, explained Dr. Feldt-Rasmussen, a professor of medical endocrinology at the University of Denmark and Rigshospitalet in Copenhagen. No treatment currently has regulatory approval for treating any form of hypothalamic obesity.

Tesofensine works as “a supplement for lost satiety, and satiety is what is lost” in patients with hypothalamic obesity as well in patients as Prader-Willi syndrome, the two disorders for which tesofensine/metoprolol is currently undergoing testing. “That’s the rationale, and it seems to work,” she declared during her talk. The formulation contains 0.5 mg tesofensine and 50 mg metoprolol administered orally once daily.

The study, run at Rigshospitalet, randomized 21 patients aged 18-75 years and with a BMI of at least 27 kg/m²who all had acquired hypothalamic obesity secondary to hypothalamic damage following cancer treatment. Patients averaged about 45 years of age, three-quarters were women, and their average BMI was about 37^, with 90% having a BMI of at least 30.

The study’s design calls for 48-week follow-up; Dr. Feldt-Rasmussen presented the interim results after 24 weeks, with 18 of the 21 enrolled patients remaining in the study through 24 weeks. Three patients dropped out because of adverse events: one in the placebo arm, and two who received tesofensine/metoprolol.

Weight dropped by an average of 6.6 kg from baseline among the 11 patients who completed 24 weeks on tesofensine/metoprolol treatment, compared with no average change from baseline among the seven patients who completed the study on placebo, a significant difference. The researchers measured a validated, composite satiety score every 4 weeks, and found significantly more improvement among patients on tesofensine/metoprolol than in those on placebo during the study’s first half, but subsequently average scores among the actively treated patients fell to the same level of modest improvement as in the placebo patients.

Despite this, average weight loss in the patients on tesofensine/metoprolol steadily increased throughout the full 24 weeks.

Safety measures of diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, and corrected QT interval showed no significant between-group difference. Systolic pressure showed a transient average rise of 4 mm Hg above baseline in the tesofensine/metoprolol group, compared with a small dip in the control patients, but by 24 weeks average systolic blood pressure had reverted closer to baseline levels in both subgroups and showed no significant between-group difference. Two patients on tesofensine/metoprolol developed serious adverse events. In one patient these were not treatment related. The other patient developed anxiety after 8 weeks that was possibly treatment related but remained on treatment. Other adverse effects on tesofensine/metoprolol included dizziness, sleep disorder, and dry mouth, but all of these were mild and patients were willing to tolerate them to achieve their weight loss, Dr. Feldt-Rasmussen said.



Repurposing an ADHD treatment

Dextroamphetamine increases satiety and boosts resting energy expenditure, and is a common treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Dr. van Schaik and coauthors reviewed 13 children and adolescents with acquired hypothalamic obesity and 5 with genetic hypothalamic obesity who received the treatment at either of two Dutch hospitals during 2014-2020. All 18 patients went on dextroamphetamine after other interventions had failed to produce improvement, said Dr. van Schaik, a researcher at University Medical Center and Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital in Utrecht, the Netherlands. The patients averaged about 13 years of age.

In addition to an overall effect on weight across all 18 subjects, the researchers found they could subdivide the full cohort into 10 responders (56%), 4 (22%) with weight stabilization on treatment, and 4 nonresponders (22%) who continued to gain weight despite treatment. The 10 responding patients had an average drop in their BMI standard deviation score of 0.91. All 10 responders had acquired hypothalamic obesity, and they averaged a 12.5 percentage point rise in their resting energy expenditure level, compared with baseline, while on treatment. The four whose weight stabilized on treatment included three patients with genetic hypothalamic obesity. The four nonresponders split into two with acquired hypothalamic obesity and two with the genetic form.

Thirteen patients (72%) had improvements in hyperphagia, energy, and behavior, and no patient had a serious adverse effect. One patient stopped treatment after 1 month because of elevated blood pressure.

“Dextroamphetamine may be promising, especially for acquired hypothalamic obesity,” Dr. van Schaik concluded, adding that prospective, controlled assessments are needed, and that a healthy lifestyle is the foundation of hypothalamic obesity treatment.

The Tesomet study was sponsored by Saniona, the company developing Tesomet. Dr Feldt-Rasmussen is an advisor to Saniona, and some of the coauthors on the study are Saniona employees. Dr. van Schaik had no disclosures.

[email protected]

In its third voluntary recall in the past year, Acella Pharmaceuticals has announced a nationwide recall of specific lots of its popular hypothyroid treatment NP Thyroid tablets USP, this time after routine testing found the pills to be subpotent.

Specifically, the affected lots were found to contain less than 90% of the drug’s two labeled ingredients to treat hypothyroidism: liothyronine (LT3) and/or levothyroxine (LT4).

The affected lots include 15-mg, 30-mg, 60-mg, 90-mg and 120-mg formulations of NP Thyroid tablets, packed in 100-count and 7-count bottles.

The list of the specific recalled lots is published on the Food and Drug Administration website.

Acella reports that, so far, 43 reports of serious adverse events that could be related to the recall have been received.

Symptoms suggesting patients may have received a subpotent batch include the common signs of hypothyroidism, such as fatigue, increased sensitivity to cold, constipation, dry skin, puffy face, hair loss, slow heart rate, depression, swelling of the thyroid gland and/or unexplained weight gain or difficulty losing weight, Acella reports.

“There is reasonable risk of serious injury in newborn infants or pregnant women with hypothyroidism including early miscarriage, fetal hyperthyroidism, and/or impairments to fetal neural and skeletal development,” the company cautions in the recall statement.

Acella adds that toxic cardiac manifestations of hyperthyroidism, including cardiac pain, palpitations or cardiac arrhythmia may occur in elderly patients and patients with underlying cardiac disease.

While Acella is notifying affected parties to discontinue distribution of the recalled products, it advises that patients who are currently taking NP Thyroid from the lots being recalled “should not discontinue use without contacting their healthcare provider for further guidance and/or a replacement prescription.”

In November 2020, a recall of NP Thyroid was issued after FDA testing found subpotent levels, as low as 87% of the labeled amount, of LT4 in some lots.

And earlier, in May 2020, the company recalled 13 lots of the tablets due to excessive potency, with FDA testing showing some tablets contained up to 115% of the labeled amount of LT3.

NP Thyroid is a type of desiccated animal thyroid product that was long the standard of care for hypothyroidism prior to the advent of the synthetic hypothyroidism drug, Synthroid (levothyroxine sodium), now the most commonly used hypothyroidism treatment.

On its website, Acella refers to NP Thyroid as a “natural choice for thyroid therapy,” as desiccated thyroid is commonly referred to.

However, one of the most common concerns about desiccated thyroid is a tendency to have unreliable concentrations of active ingredients, as discussed in American Thyroid Association recommendations.

The “amounts of both T4 and T3 can vary in every batch of desiccated thyroid, making it harder to keep blood levels right,” the ATA states.

“Finally, even desiccated thyroid pills have chemicals (binders) in them to hold the pill together, so they are not completely ‘natural.’ ”

Consumers with questions about the recall are advised to email Acella Pharmaceuticals at [email protected] or call 1-888-424-4341, Monday through Friday from 8:00 am to 5:00 pm ET.
 

In its third voluntary recall in the past year, Acella Pharmaceuticals has announced a nationwide recall of specific lots of its popular hypothyroid treatment NP Thyroid tablets USP, this time after routine testing found the pills to be subpotent.

Specifically, the affected lots were found to contain less than 90% of the drug’s two labeled ingredients to treat hypothyroidism: liothyronine (LT3) and/or levothyroxine (LT4).

The affected lots include 15-mg, 30-mg, 60-mg, 90-mg and 120-mg formulations of NP Thyroid tablets, packed in 100-count and 7-count bottles.

The list of the specific recalled lots is published on the Food and Drug Administration website.

Acella reports that, so far, 43 reports of serious adverse events that could be related to the recall have been received.

Symptoms suggesting patients may have received a subpotent batch include the common signs of hypothyroidism, such as fatigue, increased sensitivity to cold, constipation, dry skin, puffy face, hair loss, slow heart rate, depression, swelling of the thyroid gland and/or unexplained weight gain or difficulty losing weight, Acella reports.

“There is reasonable risk of serious injury in newborn infants or pregnant women with hypothyroidism including early miscarriage, fetal hyperthyroidism, and/or impairments to fetal neural and skeletal development,” the company cautions in the recall statement.

Acella adds that toxic cardiac manifestations of hyperthyroidism, including cardiac pain, palpitations or cardiac arrhythmia may occur in elderly patients and patients with underlying cardiac disease.

While Acella is notifying affected parties to discontinue distribution of the recalled products, it advises that patients who are currently taking NP Thyroid from the lots being recalled “should not discontinue use without contacting their healthcare provider for further guidance and/or a replacement prescription.”

In November 2020, a recall of NP Thyroid was issued after FDA testing found subpotent levels, as low as 87% of the labeled amount, of LT4 in some lots.

And earlier, in May 2020, the company recalled 13 lots of the tablets due to excessive potency, with FDA testing showing some tablets contained up to 115% of the labeled amount of LT3.

NP Thyroid is a type of desiccated animal thyroid product that was long the standard of care for hypothyroidism prior to the advent of the synthetic hypothyroidism drug, Synthroid (levothyroxine sodium), now the most commonly used hypothyroidism treatment.

On its website, Acella refers to NP Thyroid as a “natural choice for thyroid therapy,” as desiccated thyroid is commonly referred to.

However, one of the most common concerns about desiccated thyroid is a tendency to have unreliable concentrations of active ingredients, as discussed in American Thyroid Association recommendations.

The “amounts of both T4 and T3 can vary in every batch of desiccated thyroid, making it harder to keep blood levels right,” the ATA states.

“Finally, even desiccated thyroid pills have chemicals (binders) in them to hold the pill together, so they are not completely ‘natural.’ ”

Consumers with questions about the recall are advised to email Acella Pharmaceuticals at [email protected] or call 1-888-424-4341, Monday through Friday from 8:00 am to 5:00 pm ET.
 

In its third voluntary recall in the past year, Acella Pharmaceuticals has announced a nationwide recall of specific lots of its popular hypothyroid treatment NP Thyroid tablets USP, this time after routine testing found the pills to be subpotent.

Specifically, the affected lots were found to contain less than 90% of the drug’s two labeled ingredients to treat hypothyroidism: liothyronine (LT3) and/or levothyroxine (LT4).

The affected lots include 15-mg, 30-mg, 60-mg, 90-mg and 120-mg formulations of NP Thyroid tablets, packed in 100-count and 7-count bottles.

The list of the specific recalled lots is published on the Food and Drug Administration website.

Acella reports that, so far, 43 reports of serious adverse events that could be related to the recall have been received.

Symptoms suggesting patients may have received a subpotent batch include the common signs of hypothyroidism, such as fatigue, increased sensitivity to cold, constipation, dry skin, puffy face, hair loss, slow heart rate, depression, swelling of the thyroid gland and/or unexplained weight gain or difficulty losing weight, Acella reports.

“There is reasonable risk of serious injury in newborn infants or pregnant women with hypothyroidism including early miscarriage, fetal hyperthyroidism, and/or impairments to fetal neural and skeletal development,” the company cautions in the recall statement.

Acella adds that toxic cardiac manifestations of hyperthyroidism, including cardiac pain, palpitations or cardiac arrhythmia may occur in elderly patients and patients with underlying cardiac disease.

While Acella is notifying affected parties to discontinue distribution of the recalled products, it advises that patients who are currently taking NP Thyroid from the lots being recalled “should not discontinue use without contacting their healthcare provider for further guidance and/or a replacement prescription.”

In November 2020, a recall of NP Thyroid was issued after FDA testing found subpotent levels, as low as 87% of the labeled amount, of LT4 in some lots.

And earlier, in May 2020, the company recalled 13 lots of the tablets due to excessive potency, with FDA testing showing some tablets contained up to 115% of the labeled amount of LT3.

NP Thyroid is a type of desiccated animal thyroid product that was long the standard of care for hypothyroidism prior to the advent of the synthetic hypothyroidism drug, Synthroid (levothyroxine sodium), now the most commonly used hypothyroidism treatment.

On its website, Acella refers to NP Thyroid as a “natural choice for thyroid therapy,” as desiccated thyroid is commonly referred to.

However, one of the most common concerns about desiccated thyroid is a tendency to have unreliable concentrations of active ingredients, as discussed in American Thyroid Association recommendations.

The “amounts of both T4 and T3 can vary in every batch of desiccated thyroid, making it harder to keep blood levels right,” the ATA states.

“Finally, even desiccated thyroid pills have chemicals (binders) in them to hold the pill together, so they are not completely ‘natural.’ ”

Consumers with questions about the recall are advised to email Acella Pharmaceuticals at [email protected] or call 1-888-424-4341, Monday through Friday from 8:00 am to 5:00 pm ET.
 

Excess mortality among people with endogenous Cushing’s syndrome (CS) has declined in the past 20 years yet remains three times higher than in the general population, new research finds.

Among more than 90,000 individuals with endogenous CS, the overall proportion of mortality – defined as the ratio of the number of deaths from CS divided by the total number of CS patients – was 0.05, and the standardized mortality rate was an “unacceptable” three times that of the general population, Padiporn Limumpornpetch, MD, reported on March 20 at ENDO 2021: The Endocrine Society Annual Meeting.

Excess deaths were higher among those with adrenal CS, compared with those with Cushing’s disease. The most common causes of death among those with CS were cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular accident, infection, and malignancy, noted Dr. Limumpornpetch, of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand, who is also a PhD student at the University of Leeds, United Kingdom.

“While mortality has improved since 2000, it is still significantly compromised compared to the background population ... The causes of death highlight the need for aggressive management of cardiovascular risk, prevention of thromboembolism, infection control, and a normalized cortisol level,” she said.

Asked to comment, Maria Fleseriu, MD, told this news organization that the new data show “we are making improvements in the care of patients with CS and thus outcomes, but we are not there yet ... This meta-analysis highlights the whole spectrum of acute and life-threatening complications in CS and their high prevalence, even before disease diagnosis and after successful surgery.”

She noted that although she wasn’t surprised by the overall results, “the improvement over time was indeed lower than I expected. However, interestingly here, the risk of mortality in adrenal Cushing’s was unexpectedly high despite patients with adrenal cancer being excluded.”

Dr. Fleseriu, who is director of the Pituitary Center at Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, advised, “Management of hyperglycemia and diabetes, hypertension, hypokalemia, hyperlipidemia, and other cardiovascular risk factors is generally undertaken in accordance with standard of clinical care.”

“But we should focus more on optimizing more aggressively this care in addition to the specific Cushing’s treatment,” she stressed.

In addition, she noted, “Medical therapy for CS may be needed even prior to surgery in severe and/or prolonged hypercortisolism to decrease complications ... We definitely need a multidisciplinary approach to address complications and etiologic treatment as well as the reduced long-term quality of life in patients with CS.”

Largest study in scale and scope of Cushing’s syndrome mortality

Endogenous Cushing’s syndrome occurs when the body overproduces cortisol. The most common cause of the latter is a tumor of the pituitary gland (Cushing’s disease), but another cause is a usually benign tumor of the adrenal glands (adrenal Cushing’s syndrome). Surgery is the mainstay of initial treatment of Cushing’s syndrome. If an operation to remove the tumor fails to cause remission, medications are available.

Prior to this new meta-analysis, there had been limited data on mortality among patients with endogenous CS. Research has mostly been limited to single-cohort studies. A previous systematic review/meta-analysis comprised only seven articles with 780 patients. All the studies were conducted prior to 2012, and most were limited to Cushing’s disease.

“In 2021, we lacked a detailed understanding of patient outcomes and mortality because of the rarity of Cushing’s syndrome,” Dr. Limumpornpetch noted.

The current meta-analysis included 91 articles that reported mortality among patients with endogenous CS. There was a total of 19,181 patients from 92 study cohorts, including 49 studies on CD (n = 14,971), 24 studies on adrenal CS (n = 2304), and 19 studies that included both (n = 1906).

Among 21 studies that reported standardized mortality rate (SMR) data, including 13 CD studies (n = 2160) and seven on adrenal CS (n = 1531), the overall increase in mortality compared to the background population was a significant 3.00 (range, 1.15-7.84).

This SMR was higher among patients with adrenal Cushing’s syndrome (3.3) versus Cushing’s disease (2.8) (P = .003) and among patients who had active disease (5.7) versus those whose disease was in remission (2.3) (P < .001).

The SMR was also worse among patients with Cushing’s disease with larger tumors (macroadenomas), at 7.4, than among patients with very small tumors (microadenomas), at 1.9 (P = .004).

The proportion of death was 0.05 for CS overall, with 0.04 for CD and 0.02 for adrenal adenomas.

Compared to studies published prior to the year 2000, more recent studies seem to reflect advances in treatment and care. The overall proportion of death for all CS cohorts dropped from 0.10 to 0.03 (P < .001); for all CD cohorts, it dropped from 0.14 to 0.03; and for adrenal CS cohorts, it dropped from 0.09 to 0.03 (P = .04).

Causes of death were cardiovascular diseases (29.5% of cases), cerebrovascular accident (11.5%), infection (10.5%), and malignancy (10.1%). Less common causes of death were gastrointestinal bleeding and acute pancreatitis (3.7%), active CS (3.5%), adrenal insufficiency (2.5%), suicide (2.5%), and surgery (1.6%).

Overall, in the CS groups, the proportion of deaths within 30 days of surgery dropped from 0.04 prior to 2000 to 0.01 since (P = .07). For CD, the proportion dropped from 0.02 to 0.01 (P = .25).

Preventing perioperative mortality: Consider thromboprophylaxis

Dr. Fleseriu told this news organization that she believes hypercoagulability is “the least recognized complication with a big role in mortality.” Because most of the perioperative mortality is due to venous thromboembolism and infections, “thromboprophylaxis should be considered for CS patients with severe hypercortisolism and/or postoperatively, based on individual risk factors of thromboembolism and bleeding.”

Recently, Dr. Fleseriu’s group showed in a single retrospective study that the risk for arterial and venous thromboembolic events among patients with CS was approximately 20%. Many patients experienced more than one event. Risk was higher 30 to 60 days postoperatively.

The odds ratio of venous thromoboembolism among patients with CS was 18 times higher than in the normal population.

“Due to the additional thrombotic risk of surgery or any invasive procedure, anticoagulation prophylaxis should be at least considered in all patients with Cushing’s syndrome and balanced with individual bleeding risk,” Dr. Fleseriu advised.

A recent Pituitary Society workshop discussed the management of complications of CS at length; proceedings will be published soon, she noted.

Dr. Limumpornpetch commented, “We look forward to the day when our interdisciplinary approach to managing these challenging patients can deliver outcomes similar to the background population.”

Dr. Limumpornpetch has disclosed no relevant financial relationships. Dr. Fleseriu has been a scientific consultant to Recordati, Sparrow, and Strongbridge and has received grants (inst) from Novartis and Strongbridge.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Excess mortality among people with endogenous Cushing’s syndrome (CS) has declined in the past 20 years yet remains three times higher than in the general population, new research finds.

Among more than 90,000 individuals with endogenous CS, the overall proportion of mortality – defined as the ratio of the number of deaths from CS divided by the total number of CS patients – was 0.05, and the standardized mortality rate was an “unacceptable” three times that of the general population, Padiporn Limumpornpetch, MD, reported on March 20 at ENDO 2021: The Endocrine Society Annual Meeting.

Excess deaths were higher among those with adrenal CS, compared with those with Cushing’s disease. The most common causes of death among those with CS were cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular accident, infection, and malignancy, noted Dr. Limumpornpetch, of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand, who is also a PhD student at the University of Leeds, United Kingdom.

“While mortality has improved since 2000, it is still significantly compromised compared to the background population ... The causes of death highlight the need for aggressive management of cardiovascular risk, prevention of thromboembolism, infection control, and a normalized cortisol level,” she said.

Asked to comment, Maria Fleseriu, MD, told this news organization that the new data show “we are making improvements in the care of patients with CS and thus outcomes, but we are not there yet ... This meta-analysis highlights the whole spectrum of acute and life-threatening complications in CS and their high prevalence, even before disease diagnosis and after successful surgery.”

She noted that although she wasn’t surprised by the overall results, “the improvement over time was indeed lower than I expected. However, interestingly here, the risk of mortality in adrenal Cushing’s was unexpectedly high despite patients with adrenal cancer being excluded.”

Dr. Fleseriu, who is director of the Pituitary Center at Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, advised, “Management of hyperglycemia and diabetes, hypertension, hypokalemia, hyperlipidemia, and other cardiovascular risk factors is generally undertaken in accordance with standard of clinical care.”

“But we should focus more on optimizing more aggressively this care in addition to the specific Cushing’s treatment,” she stressed.

In addition, she noted, “Medical therapy for CS may be needed even prior to surgery in severe and/or prolonged hypercortisolism to decrease complications ... We definitely need a multidisciplinary approach to address complications and etiologic treatment as well as the reduced long-term quality of life in patients with CS.”

Largest study in scale and scope of Cushing’s syndrome mortality

Endogenous Cushing’s syndrome occurs when the body overproduces cortisol. The most common cause of the latter is a tumor of the pituitary gland (Cushing’s disease), but another cause is a usually benign tumor of the adrenal glands (adrenal Cushing’s syndrome). Surgery is the mainstay of initial treatment of Cushing’s syndrome. If an operation to remove the tumor fails to cause remission, medications are available.

Prior to this new meta-analysis, there had been limited data on mortality among patients with endogenous CS. Research has mostly been limited to single-cohort studies. A previous systematic review/meta-analysis comprised only seven articles with 780 patients. All the studies were conducted prior to 2012, and most were limited to Cushing’s disease.

“In 2021, we lacked a detailed understanding of patient outcomes and mortality because of the rarity of Cushing’s syndrome,” Dr. Limumpornpetch noted.

The current meta-analysis included 91 articles that reported mortality among patients with endogenous CS. There was a total of 19,181 patients from 92 study cohorts, including 49 studies on CD (n = 14,971), 24 studies on adrenal CS (n = 2304), and 19 studies that included both (n = 1906).

Among 21 studies that reported standardized mortality rate (SMR) data, including 13 CD studies (n = 2160) and seven on adrenal CS (n = 1531), the overall increase in mortality compared to the background population was a significant 3.00 (range, 1.15-7.84).

This SMR was higher among patients with adrenal Cushing’s syndrome (3.3) versus Cushing’s disease (2.8) (P = .003) and among patients who had active disease (5.7) versus those whose disease was in remission (2.3) (P < .001).

The SMR was also worse among patients with Cushing’s disease with larger tumors (macroadenomas), at 7.4, than among patients with very small tumors (microadenomas), at 1.9 (P = .004).

The proportion of death was 0.05 for CS overall, with 0.04 for CD and 0.02 for adrenal adenomas.

Compared to studies published prior to the year 2000, more recent studies seem to reflect advances in treatment and care. The overall proportion of death for all CS cohorts dropped from 0.10 to 0.03 (P < .001); for all CD cohorts, it dropped from 0.14 to 0.03; and for adrenal CS cohorts, it dropped from 0.09 to 0.03 (P = .04).

Causes of death were cardiovascular diseases (29.5% of cases), cerebrovascular accident (11.5%), infection (10.5%), and malignancy (10.1%). Less common causes of death were gastrointestinal bleeding and acute pancreatitis (3.7%), active CS (3.5%), adrenal insufficiency (2.5%), suicide (2.5%), and surgery (1.6%).

Overall, in the CS groups, the proportion of deaths within 30 days of surgery dropped from 0.04 prior to 2000 to 0.01 since (P = .07). For CD, the proportion dropped from 0.02 to 0.01 (P = .25).

Preventing perioperative mortality: Consider thromboprophylaxis

Dr. Fleseriu told this news organization that she believes hypercoagulability is “the least recognized complication with a big role in mortality.” Because most of the perioperative mortality is due to venous thromboembolism and infections, “thromboprophylaxis should be considered for CS patients with severe hypercortisolism and/or postoperatively, based on individual risk factors of thromboembolism and bleeding.”

Recently, Dr. Fleseriu’s group showed in a single retrospective study that the risk for arterial and venous thromboembolic events among patients with CS was approximately 20%. Many patients experienced more than one event. Risk was higher 30 to 60 days postoperatively.

The odds ratio of venous thromoboembolism among patients with CS was 18 times higher than in the normal population.

“Due to the additional thrombotic risk of surgery or any invasive procedure, anticoagulation prophylaxis should be at least considered in all patients with Cushing’s syndrome and balanced with individual bleeding risk,” Dr. Fleseriu advised.

A recent Pituitary Society workshop discussed the management of complications of CS at length; proceedings will be published soon, she noted.

Dr. Limumpornpetch commented, “We look forward to the day when our interdisciplinary approach to managing these challenging patients can deliver outcomes similar to the background population.”

Dr. Limumpornpetch has disclosed no relevant financial relationships. Dr. Fleseriu has been a scientific consultant to Recordati, Sparrow, and Strongbridge and has received grants (inst) from Novartis and Strongbridge.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Excess mortality among people with endogenous Cushing’s syndrome (CS) has declined in the past 20 years yet remains three times higher than in the general population, new research finds.

Among more than 90,000 individuals with endogenous CS, the overall proportion of mortality – defined as the ratio of the number of deaths from CS divided by the total number of CS patients – was 0.05, and the standardized mortality rate was an “unacceptable” three times that of the general population, Padiporn Limumpornpetch, MD, reported on March 20 at ENDO 2021: The Endocrine Society Annual Meeting.

Excess deaths were higher among those with adrenal CS, compared with those with Cushing’s disease. The most common causes of death among those with CS were cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular accident, infection, and malignancy, noted Dr. Limumpornpetch, of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand, who is also a PhD student at the University of Leeds, United Kingdom.

“While mortality has improved since 2000, it is still significantly compromised compared to the background population ... The causes of death highlight the need for aggressive management of cardiovascular risk, prevention of thromboembolism, infection control, and a normalized cortisol level,” she said.

Asked to comment, Maria Fleseriu, MD, told this news organization that the new data show “we are making improvements in the care of patients with CS and thus outcomes, but we are not there yet ... This meta-analysis highlights the whole spectrum of acute and life-threatening complications in CS and their high prevalence, even before disease diagnosis and after successful surgery.”

She noted that although she wasn’t surprised by the overall results, “the improvement over time was indeed lower than I expected. However, interestingly here, the risk of mortality in adrenal Cushing’s was unexpectedly high despite patients with adrenal cancer being excluded.”

Dr. Fleseriu, who is director of the Pituitary Center at Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, advised, “Management of hyperglycemia and diabetes, hypertension, hypokalemia, hyperlipidemia, and other cardiovascular risk factors is generally undertaken in accordance with standard of clinical care.”

“But we should focus more on optimizing more aggressively this care in addition to the specific Cushing’s treatment,” she stressed.

In addition, she noted, “Medical therapy for CS may be needed even prior to surgery in severe and/or prolonged hypercortisolism to decrease complications ... We definitely need a multidisciplinary approach to address complications and etiologic treatment as well as the reduced long-term quality of life in patients with CS.”

Largest study in scale and scope of Cushing’s syndrome mortality

Endogenous Cushing’s syndrome occurs when the body overproduces cortisol. The most common cause of the latter is a tumor of the pituitary gland (Cushing’s disease), but another cause is a usually benign tumor of the adrenal glands (adrenal Cushing’s syndrome). Surgery is the mainstay of initial treatment of Cushing’s syndrome. If an operation to remove the tumor fails to cause remission, medications are available.

Prior to this new meta-analysis, there had been limited data on mortality among patients with endogenous CS. Research has mostly been limited to single-cohort studies. A previous systematic review/meta-analysis comprised only seven articles with 780 patients. All the studies were conducted prior to 2012, and most were limited to Cushing’s disease.

“In 2021, we lacked a detailed understanding of patient outcomes and mortality because of the rarity of Cushing’s syndrome,” Dr. Limumpornpetch noted.

The current meta-analysis included 91 articles that reported mortality among patients with endogenous CS. There was a total of 19,181 patients from 92 study cohorts, including 49 studies on CD (n = 14,971), 24 studies on adrenal CS (n = 2304), and 19 studies that included both (n = 1906).

Among 21 studies that reported standardized mortality rate (SMR) data, including 13 CD studies (n = 2160) and seven on adrenal CS (n = 1531), the overall increase in mortality compared to the background population was a significant 3.00 (range, 1.15-7.84).

This SMR was higher among patients with adrenal Cushing’s syndrome (3.3) versus Cushing’s disease (2.8) (P = .003) and among patients who had active disease (5.7) versus those whose disease was in remission (2.3) (P < .001).

The SMR was also worse among patients with Cushing’s disease with larger tumors (macroadenomas), at 7.4, than among patients with very small tumors (microadenomas), at 1.9 (P = .004).

The proportion of death was 0.05 for CS overall, with 0.04 for CD and 0.02 for adrenal adenomas.

Compared to studies published prior to the year 2000, more recent studies seem to reflect advances in treatment and care. The overall proportion of death for all CS cohorts dropped from 0.10 to 0.03 (P < .001); for all CD cohorts, it dropped from 0.14 to 0.03; and for adrenal CS cohorts, it dropped from 0.09 to 0.03 (P = .04).

Causes of death were cardiovascular diseases (29.5% of cases), cerebrovascular accident (11.5%), infection (10.5%), and malignancy (10.1%). Less common causes of death were gastrointestinal bleeding and acute pancreatitis (3.7%), active CS (3.5%), adrenal insufficiency (2.5%), suicide (2.5%), and surgery (1.6%).

Overall, in the CS groups, the proportion of deaths within 30 days of surgery dropped from 0.04 prior to 2000 to 0.01 since (P = .07). For CD, the proportion dropped from 0.02 to 0.01 (P = .25).

Preventing perioperative mortality: Consider thromboprophylaxis

Dr. Fleseriu told this news organization that she believes hypercoagulability is “the least recognized complication with a big role in mortality.” Because most of the perioperative mortality is due to venous thromboembolism and infections, “thromboprophylaxis should be considered for CS patients with severe hypercortisolism and/or postoperatively, based on individual risk factors of thromboembolism and bleeding.”

Recently, Dr. Fleseriu’s group showed in a single retrospective study that the risk for arterial and venous thromboembolic events among patients with CS was approximately 20%. Many patients experienced more than one event. Risk was higher 30 to 60 days postoperatively.

The odds ratio of venous thromoboembolism among patients with CS was 18 times higher than in the normal population.

“Due to the additional thrombotic risk of surgery or any invasive procedure, anticoagulation prophylaxis should be at least considered in all patients with Cushing’s syndrome and balanced with individual bleeding risk,” Dr. Fleseriu advised.

A recent Pituitary Society workshop discussed the management of complications of CS at length; proceedings will be published soon, she noted.

Dr. Limumpornpetch commented, “We look forward to the day when our interdisciplinary approach to managing these challenging patients can deliver outcomes similar to the background population.”

Dr. Limumpornpetch has disclosed no relevant financial relationships. Dr. Fleseriu has been a scientific consultant to Recordati, Sparrow, and Strongbridge and has received grants (inst) from Novartis and Strongbridge.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.