Osteoporosis

Key clinical point: Postmenopausal women with osteoporosis have a lower concentration of serum magnesium (Mg). However, the association between serum Mg concentration and osteopenia is not significant.

Major finding: Serum Mg concentration was lower in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis vs. healthy controls (standardized mean difference [SMD], −0.56; 95% confidence interval [CI], −1.02 to −0.09). However, the concentration of serum Mg did not differ between those with osteopenia and healthy controls (SMD, −0.30; 95% CI, −0.69 to 0.09).

Study details: A meta-analysis of 11 studies including 2,776 postmenopausal women.

Disclosures: The study was financially supported through grants from the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province, the Medical and Health Science and Technology Development Project of Shandong Province, the Clinical Medical Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Jinan Science and Technology Bureau, and the Traditional Chinese Medicine Technology Development Plan of Shandong Province. The authors declared no conflicts of interest.

Source: Chang J et al. Front Med. 2020 Aug 4. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00381.

Key clinical point: Postmenopausal women with osteoporosis have a lower concentration of serum magnesium (Mg). However, the association between serum Mg concentration and osteopenia is not significant.

Major finding: Serum Mg concentration was lower in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis vs. healthy controls (standardized mean difference [SMD], −0.56; 95% confidence interval [CI], −1.02 to −0.09). However, the concentration of serum Mg did not differ between those with osteopenia and healthy controls (SMD, −0.30; 95% CI, −0.69 to 0.09).

Study details: A meta-analysis of 11 studies including 2,776 postmenopausal women.

Disclosures: The study was financially supported through grants from the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province, the Medical and Health Science and Technology Development Project of Shandong Province, the Clinical Medical Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Jinan Science and Technology Bureau, and the Traditional Chinese Medicine Technology Development Plan of Shandong Province. The authors declared no conflicts of interest.

Source: Chang J et al. Front Med. 2020 Aug 4. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00381.

Key clinical point: Postmenopausal women with osteoporosis have a lower concentration of serum magnesium (Mg). However, the association between serum Mg concentration and osteopenia is not significant.

Major finding: Serum Mg concentration was lower in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis vs. healthy controls (standardized mean difference [SMD], −0.56; 95% confidence interval [CI], −1.02 to −0.09). However, the concentration of serum Mg did not differ between those with osteopenia and healthy controls (SMD, −0.30; 95% CI, −0.69 to 0.09).

Study details: A meta-analysis of 11 studies including 2,776 postmenopausal women.

Disclosures: The study was financially supported through grants from the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province, the Medical and Health Science and Technology Development Project of Shandong Province, the Clinical Medical Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Jinan Science and Technology Bureau, and the Traditional Chinese Medicine Technology Development Plan of Shandong Province. The authors declared no conflicts of interest.

Source: Chang J et al. Front Med. 2020 Aug 4. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00381.

Key clinical point: Early treatment with romosozumab significantly improves bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine (LS) in postmenopausal osteoporosis. The response is attenuated by previous treatment and predicted by early changes in bone turnover markers.

Major finding: At 6 months of romosozumab induction, the naïve group had the highest increase in LS BMD (13.6%; P less than .001), followed by teriparatide (8.7%; P less than .001), bisphosphonates (7.5%; P less than .001), and denosumab (3.6%; P less than .001) groups. Serum N-terminal type I procollagen propeptide value at baseline and 1 month and isoform 5b of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase value at baseline and its percentage change at 1 and 6 months were significant predictors (P less than .05) of LS BMD change at 6 months.

Study details: The data come from a prospective, observational, multicenter study of postmenopausal patients with osteoporosis who were either treatment naïve and received romosozumab (n = 37) or were previously treated with bisphosphonates (n = 33), denosumab (n = 45), or teriparatide (n = 15) and switched to romosozumab.

Disclosures: The study received no commercial funding. Dr. Kosuke Ebina and Dr. Ken Nakata are affiliated with the Department of Musculoskeletal Regenerative Medicine, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, which is supported by Taisho. Dr. Kosuke Ebina, Dr. Makoto Hirao, Dr. Hideki Tsuboi, Dr. Yoshio Nagayama, and Dr. Masafumi Kashii have received research grants from various pharmaceutical companies. The remaining authors reported no conflicts of interest.

Source: Ebina K et al. Bone. 2020 Aug 7. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115574.

Key clinical point: Early treatment with romosozumab significantly improves bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine (LS) in postmenopausal osteoporosis. The response is attenuated by previous treatment and predicted by early changes in bone turnover markers.

Major finding: At 6 months of romosozumab induction, the naïve group had the highest increase in LS BMD (13.6%; P less than .001), followed by teriparatide (8.7%; P less than .001), bisphosphonates (7.5%; P less than .001), and denosumab (3.6%; P less than .001) groups. Serum N-terminal type I procollagen propeptide value at baseline and 1 month and isoform 5b of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase value at baseline and its percentage change at 1 and 6 months were significant predictors (P less than .05) of LS BMD change at 6 months.

Study details: The data come from a prospective, observational, multicenter study of postmenopausal patients with osteoporosis who were either treatment naïve and received romosozumab (n = 37) or were previously treated with bisphosphonates (n = 33), denosumab (n = 45), or teriparatide (n = 15) and switched to romosozumab.

Disclosures: The study received no commercial funding. Dr. Kosuke Ebina and Dr. Ken Nakata are affiliated with the Department of Musculoskeletal Regenerative Medicine, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, which is supported by Taisho. Dr. Kosuke Ebina, Dr. Makoto Hirao, Dr. Hideki Tsuboi, Dr. Yoshio Nagayama, and Dr. Masafumi Kashii have received research grants from various pharmaceutical companies. The remaining authors reported no conflicts of interest.

Source: Ebina K et al. Bone. 2020 Aug 7. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115574.

Key clinical point: Early treatment with romosozumab significantly improves bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine (LS) in postmenopausal osteoporosis. The response is attenuated by previous treatment and predicted by early changes in bone turnover markers.

Major finding: At 6 months of romosozumab induction, the naïve group had the highest increase in LS BMD (13.6%; P less than .001), followed by teriparatide (8.7%; P less than .001), bisphosphonates (7.5%; P less than .001), and denosumab (3.6%; P less than .001) groups. Serum N-terminal type I procollagen propeptide value at baseline and 1 month and isoform 5b of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase value at baseline and its percentage change at 1 and 6 months were significant predictors (P less than .05) of LS BMD change at 6 months.

Study details: The data come from a prospective, observational, multicenter study of postmenopausal patients with osteoporosis who were either treatment naïve and received romosozumab (n = 37) or were previously treated with bisphosphonates (n = 33), denosumab (n = 45), or teriparatide (n = 15) and switched to romosozumab.

Disclosures: The study received no commercial funding. Dr. Kosuke Ebina and Dr. Ken Nakata are affiliated with the Department of Musculoskeletal Regenerative Medicine, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, which is supported by Taisho. Dr. Kosuke Ebina, Dr. Makoto Hirao, Dr. Hideki Tsuboi, Dr. Yoshio Nagayama, and Dr. Masafumi Kashii have received research grants from various pharmaceutical companies. The remaining authors reported no conflicts of interest.

Source: Ebina K et al. Bone. 2020 Aug 7. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115574.

Key clinical point: Diets rich in pro-inflammatory components may increase the risk of osteoporosis, fractures, and lower bone mineral density (BMD) of lumbar spine and total hip.

Major finding: Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) was negatively linked with BMD of lumbar spine (odds ratios [OR], 0.990; P = .144) and total hip (OR, 0.995; P = .392). The highest category of DII was associated with an elevated risk of osteoporosis (pooled effect size [ES], 1.31; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16-1.48) and fractures (pooled ES, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.03-1.59) compared with the lowest category of DII.

Study details: A meta-analysis of 11 studies (4 cohort, 1 case-control, and 6 cross-sectional) involving 127,769 participants.

Disclosures: The study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China. The authors declared no conflicts of interest.

Source: Fang Y et al. Osteoporos Int. 2020 Aug 1. doi: 10.1007/s00198-020-05578-8.

Key clinical point: Diets rich in pro-inflammatory components may increase the risk of osteoporosis, fractures, and lower bone mineral density (BMD) of lumbar spine and total hip.

Major finding: Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) was negatively linked with BMD of lumbar spine (odds ratios [OR], 0.990; P = .144) and total hip (OR, 0.995; P = .392). The highest category of DII was associated with an elevated risk of osteoporosis (pooled effect size [ES], 1.31; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16-1.48) and fractures (pooled ES, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.03-1.59) compared with the lowest category of DII.

Study details: A meta-analysis of 11 studies (4 cohort, 1 case-control, and 6 cross-sectional) involving 127,769 participants.

Disclosures: The study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China. The authors declared no conflicts of interest.

Source: Fang Y et al. Osteoporos Int. 2020 Aug 1. doi: 10.1007/s00198-020-05578-8.

Key clinical point: Diets rich in pro-inflammatory components may increase the risk of osteoporosis, fractures, and lower bone mineral density (BMD) of lumbar spine and total hip.

Major finding: Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) was negatively linked with BMD of lumbar spine (odds ratios [OR], 0.990; P = .144) and total hip (OR, 0.995; P = .392). The highest category of DII was associated with an elevated risk of osteoporosis (pooled effect size [ES], 1.31; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16-1.48) and fractures (pooled ES, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.03-1.59) compared with the lowest category of DII.

Study details: A meta-analysis of 11 studies (4 cohort, 1 case-control, and 6 cross-sectional) involving 127,769 participants.

Disclosures: The study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China. The authors declared no conflicts of interest.

Source: Fang Y et al. Osteoporos Int. 2020 Aug 1. doi: 10.1007/s00198-020-05578-8.

Key clinical point: Postmenopausal osteoporotic women with low body mass index (BMI) have a higher risk of developing osteosarcopenia. Moreover, appropriate assessments, including the presence of comorbidities, will help in identifying patients at a greater risk of developing osteosarcopenia, especially for patients aged 65-74 years.

Major finding: Patients with osteosarcopenia had a higher risk of frailty vs. those with osteoporosis alone (odds ratio [OR], 2.33; P = .028). BMI (per 1 kg/m² decrease) seemed to be the strongest factor associated with osteosarcopenia risk (adjusted OR [aOR], 1.71; P less than .01). In patients aged 65-74 years, estimated glomerular filtration rate (per 10 mL/min/1.73m² decrease) and glycated hemoglobin (per 1% decrease) were identified as independent predictors of osteosarcopenia (aOR, 1.75; P = .01 and aOR, 5.01; P = .01, respectively).

Study details: The data come from a retrospective study of 276 patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis (osteoporosis alone: n=222 and osteosarcopenia: n=54).

Disclosures: The study was supported by grants awarded to Dr. Koji Ishikawa by KAKENHI and Grant of Japan Orthopaedics and Traumatology Research Foundation. The authors declared no conflicts of interest.

Source: Okamura H et al. PLoS One. 2020 Aug 7. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237454.

Key clinical point: Postmenopausal osteoporotic women with low body mass index (BMI) have a higher risk of developing osteosarcopenia. Moreover, appropriate assessments, including the presence of comorbidities, will help in identifying patients at a greater risk of developing osteosarcopenia, especially for patients aged 65-74 years.

Major finding: Patients with osteosarcopenia had a higher risk of frailty vs. those with osteoporosis alone (odds ratio [OR], 2.33; P = .028). BMI (per 1 kg/m² decrease) seemed to be the strongest factor associated with osteosarcopenia risk (adjusted OR [aOR], 1.71; P less than .01). In patients aged 65-74 years, estimated glomerular filtration rate (per 10 mL/min/1.73m² decrease) and glycated hemoglobin (per 1% decrease) were identified as independent predictors of osteosarcopenia (aOR, 1.75; P = .01 and aOR, 5.01; P = .01, respectively).

Study details: The data come from a retrospective study of 276 patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis (osteoporosis alone: n=222 and osteosarcopenia: n=54).

Disclosures: The study was supported by grants awarded to Dr. Koji Ishikawa by KAKENHI and Grant of Japan Orthopaedics and Traumatology Research Foundation. The authors declared no conflicts of interest.

Source: Okamura H et al. PLoS One. 2020 Aug 7. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237454.

Key clinical point: Postmenopausal osteoporotic women with low body mass index (BMI) have a higher risk of developing osteosarcopenia. Moreover, appropriate assessments, including the presence of comorbidities, will help in identifying patients at a greater risk of developing osteosarcopenia, especially for patients aged 65-74 years.

Major finding: Patients with osteosarcopenia had a higher risk of frailty vs. those with osteoporosis alone (odds ratio [OR], 2.33; P = .028). BMI (per 1 kg/m² decrease) seemed to be the strongest factor associated with osteosarcopenia risk (adjusted OR [aOR], 1.71; P less than .01). In patients aged 65-74 years, estimated glomerular filtration rate (per 10 mL/min/1.73m² decrease) and glycated hemoglobin (per 1% decrease) were identified as independent predictors of osteosarcopenia (aOR, 1.75; P = .01 and aOR, 5.01; P = .01, respectively).

Study details: The data come from a retrospective study of 276 patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis (osteoporosis alone: n=222 and osteosarcopenia: n=54).

Disclosures: The study was supported by grants awarded to Dr. Koji Ishikawa by KAKENHI and Grant of Japan Orthopaedics and Traumatology Research Foundation. The authors declared no conflicts of interest.

Source: Okamura H et al. PLoS One. 2020 Aug 7. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237454.

Key clinical point: Asthma is associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis and fragility fractures (FF), particularly vertebral and humerus fractures.

Major finding: The risk of osteoporosis and FF was higher in asthma vs. non-asthma group (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]: 1.18 and 1.12, respectively). The effect was stronger in younger age groups (P_interaction less than .0001). Forearm-wrist (aHR, 1.21) and vertebra (aHR, 1.19) were the sites associated with a higher risk. Among patients with asthma, a single oral corticosteroid course increased the risk of osteoporosis, and greater use of inhaled corticosteroids increased the risk of both bone diseases.

Study details: This population-based matched cohort study included 138,123 patients with asthma and 520,626 age-, sex-, and practice-matched people without asthma using data from the U.K. Clinical Practice Research Datalink.

Disclosures: The study was funded by a research grant from the British Medical Association. The authors declared no conflicts of interest.

Source: Chalitsios CV et al. Eur Respir J. 2020 Aug 6. doi: 10.1183/13993003.01251-2020.

Key clinical point: Asthma is associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis and fragility fractures (FF), particularly vertebral and humerus fractures.

Major finding: The risk of osteoporosis and FF was higher in asthma vs. non-asthma group (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]: 1.18 and 1.12, respectively). The effect was stronger in younger age groups (P_interaction less than .0001). Forearm-wrist (aHR, 1.21) and vertebra (aHR, 1.19) were the sites associated with a higher risk. Among patients with asthma, a single oral corticosteroid course increased the risk of osteoporosis, and greater use of inhaled corticosteroids increased the risk of both bone diseases.

Study details: This population-based matched cohort study included 138,123 patients with asthma and 520,626 age-, sex-, and practice-matched people without asthma using data from the U.K. Clinical Practice Research Datalink.

Disclosures: The study was funded by a research grant from the British Medical Association. The authors declared no conflicts of interest.

Source: Chalitsios CV et al. Eur Respir J. 2020 Aug 6. doi: 10.1183/13993003.01251-2020.

Key clinical point: Asthma is associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis and fragility fractures (FF), particularly vertebral and humerus fractures.

Major finding: The risk of osteoporosis and FF was higher in asthma vs. non-asthma group (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]: 1.18 and 1.12, respectively). The effect was stronger in younger age groups (P_interaction less than .0001). Forearm-wrist (aHR, 1.21) and vertebra (aHR, 1.19) were the sites associated with a higher risk. Among patients with asthma, a single oral corticosteroid course increased the risk of osteoporosis, and greater use of inhaled corticosteroids increased the risk of both bone diseases.

Study details: This population-based matched cohort study included 138,123 patients with asthma and 520,626 age-, sex-, and practice-matched people without asthma using data from the U.K. Clinical Practice Research Datalink.

Disclosures: The study was funded by a research grant from the British Medical Association. The authors declared no conflicts of interest.

Source: Chalitsios CV et al. Eur Respir J. 2020 Aug 6. doi: 10.1183/13993003.01251-2020.

“When we think about bisphosphonates, we have to think about whether they are good players or bad players,” Marcy B. Bolster, MD, of Harvard Medical School, Boston, said in a virtual presentation at the annual Perspectives in Rheumatic Diseases held by Global Academy for Medical Education.

Although bisphosphonates are a first-line treatment for many patients to reduce fracture risk, rheumatology patients have distinct concerns about these medications, said Dr. Bolster, who is director of the Rheumatology Fellowship Training Program at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, and medical lead for the Fracture Liaison Service there.

She shared her insights on four questions most often asked by patients in her practice:

How long do I need to take this medication?

When discussing bisphosphonates with a patient for the first time, “I typically start with the benefits, and include the risks,” she said. “Then I outline my plans for treatment, which would include treatment duration.”

Setting expectations with the patient about planned duration of therapy, reviewing risks and benefits, and preparing to be flexible if changes are needed can help relieve patients’ concerns, she said.

For example, in a hypothetical case of a 69-year-old woman with a 17% chance of a major osteoporotic fracture and 3.8% chance of hip fracture in the next 10 years based on FRAX scores, Dr. Bolster said she would treat with alendronate or zoledronic acid.

Duration must be a clinical decision individualized to the patient, she noted. Research studies support that some patients benefit from a longer duration of therapy. In the Fracture Intervention Trial (FIT) Long-Term Extension, which included 1,099 women, the risk of clinical vertebral fractures significantly declined with 10 years of alendronate treatment, compared with 5 years of treatment, she said.

In the HORIZON trial of 1,233 postmenopausal women, the risk of new morphometric vertebral fractures was significantly lower in those treated with IV zoledronic acid for 6 years versus those treated for 3 years. These studies support that patients at particularly high risk for vertebral fractures may benefit from a longer duration of bisphosphonate therapy, she said.
 

What should I know about infusion side effects?

Infusion side effects remain a concern, and the acute phase reaction of zoledronic acid occurs in about 30% of patients, but most of these are mild and not recurring, Dr. Bolster said. “I tell patients that 90% report mild to moderate infusion side effects, and that it usually occurs only with the first infusion,” she noted.

To potentially prevent an acute-phase reaction, Dr. Bolster has advised patients to take acetaminophen prior to infusion. “I would tend to recommend acetaminophen over NSAIDs to avoid gastric and renal toxicities,” she said.

“Determining the risks of atypical femoral fractures are challenging” but are another potential side effect that worries patients, she said. An atypical femoral fracture (AFF) is a femur fracture in the proximal third of the shaft, she said.

AFF may occur in patients with osteoporosis even in the absence of bisphosphonate use, Dr. Bolster noted. However, AFF “may occur at increased frequency in those patients with osteoporosis and prolonged bisphosphonate use,” she said. AFF is rare overall, and known risk factors include Asian race (in North America), as well as femoral bowing and glucocorticoid use, she said.

A 2019 meta-analysis favored fracture prevention benefits over potential risk associated with bisphosphonate use. Predicting the risk of AFF remains difficult given several factors, including the low incidence of AFF, the unavailability of radiographs in all studies, not accounting for potential confounding by indication in some studies, and lack of adjustment for low bone mineral density or fracture risk, she added.

Osteonecrosis of the jaw has been linked to bisphosphonate use, and some patients ask about it, Dr. Bolster said. Current data show an incidence of 1 in 10,000 to 1 in 100,000 in patients with osteoporosis, while the incidence in the general population is 1 in 100,000, she noted. The highest risk is associated with use of IV bisphosphonates, although it does occur in patients on oral bisphosphonates and denosumab (Prolia), she added. Given the relatively low risk, the American Dental Association states that there is “no need to discontinue bisphosphonates prior to procedures.” Based on current evidence, bisphosphonate treatment outweighs the low risk of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw in patients in need of osteoporosis treatment because of the high risk of fragility fractures in the osteoporosis population, she emphasized.
 

When will I need another dual x-ray absorptiometry scan?

Osteoporosis develops in fewer than 10% of older postmenopausal women using a 15-year screening interval for those with normal bone mineral density or mild osteopenia at an initial scan, with T-scores of –1.49 or higher, she noted. Therefore, the need for repeat dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans should be individualized, so some patients with normal bone density or osteopenia and few comorbidities and risk factors for osteoporosis may not need frequent DXA scans, she added.

Although little evidence exists to specifically demonstrate the value of monitoring bone mineral density during a 5-year drug treatment period, as is noted by the American College of Physicians 2017 clinical practice guideline published in Annals of Internal Medicine, Dr. Bolster said that a DXA scan showing loss of bone mineral density during treatment could indicate incorrect drug use or noncompliance, or a secondary cause for bone loss that may otherwise go unnoticed. For IV zoledronic acid in particular, a DXA scan at 3-4 years can determine whether a drug holiday is warranted, or for patients with severe osteoporosis, whether another 3 years of treatment is necessary. She suggested considering a DXA scan at 2-3 years with alendronate and at 3-4 years with IV zoledronic acid.

Will I need a new medication if I fracture while on treatment?

For patients who ask whether to change medications following a new fracture, Dr. Bolster said it is important to evaluate the patient’s compliance with the treatment regimen and also consider the presence of secondary causes of bone loss. Consideration can be given to keeping the patient on the same regimen because osteoporosis treatment regimens have demonstrated a 50%-70% fracture-risk reduction so they do not prevent all fractures, she said. “It is therefore reasonable, after confirming compliance and ruling out secondary causes of bone loss, to keep a patient on the same regimen following a fracture. For patients using denosumab, there is an increased risk of rapid bone loss and sustaining multiple vertebral fracture with missed doses or discontinuation,” she said.

It is important to evaluate patients who fracture while on therapy for secondary causes of bone loss, assess compliance, and consider strategies such as modifying the route of administration, seeking a different mechanism of action, or continuing on the same regimen, Dr. Bolster noted.

Dr. Bolster disclosed participation in clinical trials for Corbus, Cumberland, and Genentech, as well as research grants from the Rheumatology Research Foundation. She also disclosed serving on advisory boards for Gilead Sciences and Clinical Learning Designs, serving on the American College of Rheumatology’s Committee on Marketing and Communications, and holding investments in Johnson & Johnson.

Global Academy for Medical Education and this news organization are owned by the same parent company.

“When we think about bisphosphonates, we have to think about whether they are good players or bad players,” Marcy B. Bolster, MD, of Harvard Medical School, Boston, said in a virtual presentation at the annual Perspectives in Rheumatic Diseases held by Global Academy for Medical Education.

Although bisphosphonates are a first-line treatment for many patients to reduce fracture risk, rheumatology patients have distinct concerns about these medications, said Dr. Bolster, who is director of the Rheumatology Fellowship Training Program at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, and medical lead for the Fracture Liaison Service there.

She shared her insights on four questions most often asked by patients in her practice:

How long do I need to take this medication?

When discussing bisphosphonates with a patient for the first time, “I typically start with the benefits, and include the risks,” she said. “Then I outline my plans for treatment, which would include treatment duration.”

Setting expectations with the patient about planned duration of therapy, reviewing risks and benefits, and preparing to be flexible if changes are needed can help relieve patients’ concerns, she said.

For example, in a hypothetical case of a 69-year-old woman with a 17% chance of a major osteoporotic fracture and 3.8% chance of hip fracture in the next 10 years based on FRAX scores, Dr. Bolster said she would treat with alendronate or zoledronic acid.

Duration must be a clinical decision individualized to the patient, she noted. Research studies support that some patients benefit from a longer duration of therapy. In the Fracture Intervention Trial (FIT) Long-Term Extension, which included 1,099 women, the risk of clinical vertebral fractures significantly declined with 10 years of alendronate treatment, compared with 5 years of treatment, she said.

In the HORIZON trial of 1,233 postmenopausal women, the risk of new morphometric vertebral fractures was significantly lower in those treated with IV zoledronic acid for 6 years versus those treated for 3 years. These studies support that patients at particularly high risk for vertebral fractures may benefit from a longer duration of bisphosphonate therapy, she said.
 

What should I know about infusion side effects?

Infusion side effects remain a concern, and the acute phase reaction of zoledronic acid occurs in about 30% of patients, but most of these are mild and not recurring, Dr. Bolster said. “I tell patients that 90% report mild to moderate infusion side effects, and that it usually occurs only with the first infusion,” she noted.

To potentially prevent an acute-phase reaction, Dr. Bolster has advised patients to take acetaminophen prior to infusion. “I would tend to recommend acetaminophen over NSAIDs to avoid gastric and renal toxicities,” she said.

“Determining the risks of atypical femoral fractures are challenging” but are another potential side effect that worries patients, she said. An atypical femoral fracture (AFF) is a femur fracture in the proximal third of the shaft, she said.

AFF may occur in patients with osteoporosis even in the absence of bisphosphonate use, Dr. Bolster noted. However, AFF “may occur at increased frequency in those patients with osteoporosis and prolonged bisphosphonate use,” she said. AFF is rare overall, and known risk factors include Asian race (in North America), as well as femoral bowing and glucocorticoid use, she said.

A 2019 meta-analysis favored fracture prevention benefits over potential risk associated with bisphosphonate use. Predicting the risk of AFF remains difficult given several factors, including the low incidence of AFF, the unavailability of radiographs in all studies, not accounting for potential confounding by indication in some studies, and lack of adjustment for low bone mineral density or fracture risk, she added.

Osteonecrosis of the jaw has been linked to bisphosphonate use, and some patients ask about it, Dr. Bolster said. Current data show an incidence of 1 in 10,000 to 1 in 100,000 in patients with osteoporosis, while the incidence in the general population is 1 in 100,000, she noted. The highest risk is associated with use of IV bisphosphonates, although it does occur in patients on oral bisphosphonates and denosumab (Prolia), she added. Given the relatively low risk, the American Dental Association states that there is “no need to discontinue bisphosphonates prior to procedures.” Based on current evidence, bisphosphonate treatment outweighs the low risk of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw in patients in need of osteoporosis treatment because of the high risk of fragility fractures in the osteoporosis population, she emphasized.
 

When will I need another dual x-ray absorptiometry scan?

Osteoporosis develops in fewer than 10% of older postmenopausal women using a 15-year screening interval for those with normal bone mineral density or mild osteopenia at an initial scan, with T-scores of –1.49 or higher, she noted. Therefore, the need for repeat dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans should be individualized, so some patients with normal bone density or osteopenia and few comorbidities and risk factors for osteoporosis may not need frequent DXA scans, she added.

Although little evidence exists to specifically demonstrate the value of monitoring bone mineral density during a 5-year drug treatment period, as is noted by the American College of Physicians 2017 clinical practice guideline published in Annals of Internal Medicine, Dr. Bolster said that a DXA scan showing loss of bone mineral density during treatment could indicate incorrect drug use or noncompliance, or a secondary cause for bone loss that may otherwise go unnoticed. For IV zoledronic acid in particular, a DXA scan at 3-4 years can determine whether a drug holiday is warranted, or for patients with severe osteoporosis, whether another 3 years of treatment is necessary. She suggested considering a DXA scan at 2-3 years with alendronate and at 3-4 years with IV zoledronic acid.

Will I need a new medication if I fracture while on treatment?

For patients who ask whether to change medications following a new fracture, Dr. Bolster said it is important to evaluate the patient’s compliance with the treatment regimen and also consider the presence of secondary causes of bone loss. Consideration can be given to keeping the patient on the same regimen because osteoporosis treatment regimens have demonstrated a 50%-70% fracture-risk reduction so they do not prevent all fractures, she said. “It is therefore reasonable, after confirming compliance and ruling out secondary causes of bone loss, to keep a patient on the same regimen following a fracture. For patients using denosumab, there is an increased risk of rapid bone loss and sustaining multiple vertebral fracture with missed doses or discontinuation,” she said.

It is important to evaluate patients who fracture while on therapy for secondary causes of bone loss, assess compliance, and consider strategies such as modifying the route of administration, seeking a different mechanism of action, or continuing on the same regimen, Dr. Bolster noted.

Dr. Bolster disclosed participation in clinical trials for Corbus, Cumberland, and Genentech, as well as research grants from the Rheumatology Research Foundation. She also disclosed serving on advisory boards for Gilead Sciences and Clinical Learning Designs, serving on the American College of Rheumatology’s Committee on Marketing and Communications, and holding investments in Johnson & Johnson.

Global Academy for Medical Education and this news organization are owned by the same parent company.

“When we think about bisphosphonates, we have to think about whether they are good players or bad players,” Marcy B. Bolster, MD, of Harvard Medical School, Boston, said in a virtual presentation at the annual Perspectives in Rheumatic Diseases held by Global Academy for Medical Education.

Although bisphosphonates are a first-line treatment for many patients to reduce fracture risk, rheumatology patients have distinct concerns about these medications, said Dr. Bolster, who is director of the Rheumatology Fellowship Training Program at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, and medical lead for the Fracture Liaison Service there.

She shared her insights on four questions most often asked by patients in her practice:

How long do I need to take this medication?

When discussing bisphosphonates with a patient for the first time, “I typically start with the benefits, and include the risks,” she said. “Then I outline my plans for treatment, which would include treatment duration.”

Setting expectations with the patient about planned duration of therapy, reviewing risks and benefits, and preparing to be flexible if changes are needed can help relieve patients’ concerns, she said.

For example, in a hypothetical case of a 69-year-old woman with a 17% chance of a major osteoporotic fracture and 3.8% chance of hip fracture in the next 10 years based on FRAX scores, Dr. Bolster said she would treat with alendronate or zoledronic acid.

Duration must be a clinical decision individualized to the patient, she noted. Research studies support that some patients benefit from a longer duration of therapy. In the Fracture Intervention Trial (FIT) Long-Term Extension, which included 1,099 women, the risk of clinical vertebral fractures significantly declined with 10 years of alendronate treatment, compared with 5 years of treatment, she said.

In the HORIZON trial of 1,233 postmenopausal women, the risk of new morphometric vertebral fractures was significantly lower in those treated with IV zoledronic acid for 6 years versus those treated for 3 years. These studies support that patients at particularly high risk for vertebral fractures may benefit from a longer duration of bisphosphonate therapy, she said.
 

What should I know about infusion side effects?

Infusion side effects remain a concern, and the acute phase reaction of zoledronic acid occurs in about 30% of patients, but most of these are mild and not recurring, Dr. Bolster said. “I tell patients that 90% report mild to moderate infusion side effects, and that it usually occurs only with the first infusion,” she noted.

To potentially prevent an acute-phase reaction, Dr. Bolster has advised patients to take acetaminophen prior to infusion. “I would tend to recommend acetaminophen over NSAIDs to avoid gastric and renal toxicities,” she said.

“Determining the risks of atypical femoral fractures are challenging” but are another potential side effect that worries patients, she said. An atypical femoral fracture (AFF) is a femur fracture in the proximal third of the shaft, she said.

AFF may occur in patients with osteoporosis even in the absence of bisphosphonate use, Dr. Bolster noted. However, AFF “may occur at increased frequency in those patients with osteoporosis and prolonged bisphosphonate use,” she said. AFF is rare overall, and known risk factors include Asian race (in North America), as well as femoral bowing and glucocorticoid use, she said.

A 2019 meta-analysis favored fracture prevention benefits over potential risk associated with bisphosphonate use. Predicting the risk of AFF remains difficult given several factors, including the low incidence of AFF, the unavailability of radiographs in all studies, not accounting for potential confounding by indication in some studies, and lack of adjustment for low bone mineral density or fracture risk, she added.

Osteonecrosis of the jaw has been linked to bisphosphonate use, and some patients ask about it, Dr. Bolster said. Current data show an incidence of 1 in 10,000 to 1 in 100,000 in patients with osteoporosis, while the incidence in the general population is 1 in 100,000, she noted. The highest risk is associated with use of IV bisphosphonates, although it does occur in patients on oral bisphosphonates and denosumab (Prolia), she added. Given the relatively low risk, the American Dental Association states that there is “no need to discontinue bisphosphonates prior to procedures.” Based on current evidence, bisphosphonate treatment outweighs the low risk of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw in patients in need of osteoporosis treatment because of the high risk of fragility fractures in the osteoporosis population, she emphasized.
 

When will I need another dual x-ray absorptiometry scan?

Osteoporosis develops in fewer than 10% of older postmenopausal women using a 15-year screening interval for those with normal bone mineral density or mild osteopenia at an initial scan, with T-scores of –1.49 or higher, she noted. Therefore, the need for repeat dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans should be individualized, so some patients with normal bone density or osteopenia and few comorbidities and risk factors for osteoporosis may not need frequent DXA scans, she added.

Although little evidence exists to specifically demonstrate the value of monitoring bone mineral density during a 5-year drug treatment period, as is noted by the American College of Physicians 2017 clinical practice guideline published in Annals of Internal Medicine, Dr. Bolster said that a DXA scan showing loss of bone mineral density during treatment could indicate incorrect drug use or noncompliance, or a secondary cause for bone loss that may otherwise go unnoticed. For IV zoledronic acid in particular, a DXA scan at 3-4 years can determine whether a drug holiday is warranted, or for patients with severe osteoporosis, whether another 3 years of treatment is necessary. She suggested considering a DXA scan at 2-3 years with alendronate and at 3-4 years with IV zoledronic acid.

Will I need a new medication if I fracture while on treatment?

For patients who ask whether to change medications following a new fracture, Dr. Bolster said it is important to evaluate the patient’s compliance with the treatment regimen and also consider the presence of secondary causes of bone loss. Consideration can be given to keeping the patient on the same regimen because osteoporosis treatment regimens have demonstrated a 50%-70% fracture-risk reduction so they do not prevent all fractures, she said. “It is therefore reasonable, after confirming compliance and ruling out secondary causes of bone loss, to keep a patient on the same regimen following a fracture. For patients using denosumab, there is an increased risk of rapid bone loss and sustaining multiple vertebral fracture with missed doses or discontinuation,” she said.

It is important to evaluate patients who fracture while on therapy for secondary causes of bone loss, assess compliance, and consider strategies such as modifying the route of administration, seeking a different mechanism of action, or continuing on the same regimen, Dr. Bolster noted.

Dr. Bolster disclosed participation in clinical trials for Corbus, Cumberland, and Genentech, as well as research grants from the Rheumatology Research Foundation. She also disclosed serving on advisory boards for Gilead Sciences and Clinical Learning Designs, serving on the American College of Rheumatology’s Committee on Marketing and Communications, and holding investments in Johnson & Johnson.

Global Academy for Medical Education and this news organization are owned by the same parent company.

In a national study of older Danes who had previously had a fracture and were taking bisphosphonates, the risk of having a serious though rare atypical femoral fracture (AFF) was greater after 3-5 years of bisphosphonate use.

The risk quickly dropped after patients stopped taking a bisphosphonate, which suggests that bisphosphonate “holidays” may be useful for some patients, the researchers said. These findings support previous work.

But the study also found that 34% of the AFFs occurred in patients who had not been taking a bisphosphonate. That rate is higher than the 6%-22% that has been reported by others.

Doug Bauer, MD, from the University of California, San Francisco, presented the new study findings during the virtual American Society of Bone and Mineral Research 2020 annual meeting.

“We found no clear risk factor that accounts for this increased risk [for AFFs] among those not exposed to bisphosphonates,” he said, “but we believe this was a real finding, as our study protocol ensured that the study radiologists were completely blinded to treatments received.”

Suzanne N. Morin, MD, who was not involved in this research, pointed out that the reported AFF risks related to bisphosphonate dose and cessation are in keeping with findings of other studies, including a recent large study by Dennis M. Black, MD, and colleagues that was published in the New England Journal of Medicine.

That study found that Asians are at higher risk for AFFs than White persons. Others have reported that specific femur geometry or physique and use of glucocorticoids increase AFF risk, Dr. Morin, from the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, said in an interview.

The current study suggests that rheumatoid arthritis may be a risk factor, she added.

The fact that the rate of AFFs among patients who had not been exposed to bisphosphonates was higher than previously reported “may be due to differences in the method they used to ascertain the fractures or in medication use,” she speculated.

The clinical implications of research to date are that “the risk of AFF should not dissuade patients and providers from short-term use of bisphosphonates [3-5 years],” Dr. Bauer said. He noted that most patients should not take a bisphosphonate for longer than this unless they have a very high fracture risk.

Similarly, Dr. Morin said that clinicians “should consider initiating bisphosphonate in those at high risk for fractures and reevaluate their use after 3-6 years, depending on individual’s risk profile.”

AFF is serious but rare complication of bisphosphonate use

“Since first reported over 10 years ago, it has become clear that AFFs are a rare but serious complication of bisphosphonate therapy,” Dr. Bauer explained. However, there is still uncertainty about the magnitude of this risk, including the absolute risk for AFFs among adults who take bisphosphonates and those who do not.

To study this, the researchers analyzed data from national health care and pharmacy records and a radiology image database in Denmark. They identified almost 5,000 adults who were aged 50 years or older and who experienced a subtrochanteric and femoral shaft fracture during the period from 2010 to 2015. Two expert radiologists who were blinded to the patients’ clinical history or treatment identified AFF on the basis of ASBMR 2014 criteria.

The researchers compared three patient groups: 189 patients with AFF, 2,397 patients with typical subtrochanteric and femoral shaft fractures (no AFF), and35,946 adults aged older than 50 years (control persons).

Compared with patients with typical fractures, patients with AFF were younger (aged 71 vs. 77), more likely to be women (79% vs. 69%), and more likely to have RA (12% vs. 2.5%).

Compared with patients in the other two groups, those with AFF were more likely to use corticosteroids, proton pump inhibitors, statins, and hormone replacement therapy.

They were also more likely to use bisphosphonates (58%) than patients with typical subtrochanteric and femoral shaft fractures (19%) or control patients (10%).

The bisphosphonates used in Denmark at the time were mostly alendronate (85%) and rarely ibandronate (6%), intravenous zoledronic acid (5%), etidronate (3%), or risedronate (1%).
 

One-third of patients with AFFs had no bisphosphonate exposure

In this national cohort of adults aged older than 50 years, the absolute rates of AFF per 10,000 person-years were as follows: 0.07 in nonusers of bisphosphonates, 1.84 in those with 3-5 years of bisphosphonate use, and 4.63 in those with >7 years of bisphosphonate use. As a comparison, the rate of classic hip fracture was 43.8 per 10,000 person-years.

Compared with no bisphosphonate use, the relative risk for AFF was close to 40 times higher with more than 7 years of use, after adjusting for multiple confounders. The risk for AFF was also significantly higher among patients with RA or hypertension and for those who used proton pump inhibitors.

“Note that age, gender, and previous fracture were not associated with the risk of AFF” after controlling for multiple confounders, Dr. Bauer stressed.

The relative risk for AFF fell significantly after it had been withheld from use for more than 1 year.

Among the 189 patients with confirmed AFF, 64 patients (34%) had never taken a bisphosphonate.

Preliminary analysis showed that, among patients with AFF, those who had not been exposed to bisphosphonates were younger, more likely to be male, and less likely to have had a previous fracture, RA, or to have used corticosteroids, proton pump inhibitors, statins, or hormone-replacement therapy.

The study was funded by the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. Dr. Bauer and Dr. Morin disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article originally appeared on Medscape.com.

In a national study of older Danes who had previously had a fracture and were taking bisphosphonates, the risk of having a serious though rare atypical femoral fracture (AFF) was greater after 3-5 years of bisphosphonate use.

The risk quickly dropped after patients stopped taking a bisphosphonate, which suggests that bisphosphonate “holidays” may be useful for some patients, the researchers said. These findings support previous work.

But the study also found that 34% of the AFFs occurred in patients who had not been taking a bisphosphonate. That rate is higher than the 6%-22% that has been reported by others.

Doug Bauer, MD, from the University of California, San Francisco, presented the new study findings during the virtual American Society of Bone and Mineral Research 2020 annual meeting.

“We found no clear risk factor that accounts for this increased risk [for AFFs] among those not exposed to bisphosphonates,” he said, “but we believe this was a real finding, as our study protocol ensured that the study radiologists were completely blinded to treatments received.”

Suzanne N. Morin, MD, who was not involved in this research, pointed out that the reported AFF risks related to bisphosphonate dose and cessation are in keeping with findings of other studies, including a recent large study by Dennis M. Black, MD, and colleagues that was published in the New England Journal of Medicine.

That study found that Asians are at higher risk for AFFs than White persons. Others have reported that specific femur geometry or physique and use of glucocorticoids increase AFF risk, Dr. Morin, from the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, said in an interview.

The current study suggests that rheumatoid arthritis may be a risk factor, she added.

The fact that the rate of AFFs among patients who had not been exposed to bisphosphonates was higher than previously reported “may be due to differences in the method they used to ascertain the fractures or in medication use,” she speculated.

The clinical implications of research to date are that “the risk of AFF should not dissuade patients and providers from short-term use of bisphosphonates [3-5 years],” Dr. Bauer said. He noted that most patients should not take a bisphosphonate for longer than this unless they have a very high fracture risk.

Similarly, Dr. Morin said that clinicians “should consider initiating bisphosphonate in those at high risk for fractures and reevaluate their use after 3-6 years, depending on individual’s risk profile.”

AFF is serious but rare complication of bisphosphonate use

“Since first reported over 10 years ago, it has become clear that AFFs are a rare but serious complication of bisphosphonate therapy,” Dr. Bauer explained. However, there is still uncertainty about the magnitude of this risk, including the absolute risk for AFFs among adults who take bisphosphonates and those who do not.

To study this, the researchers analyzed data from national health care and pharmacy records and a radiology image database in Denmark. They identified almost 5,000 adults who were aged 50 years or older and who experienced a subtrochanteric and femoral shaft fracture during the period from 2010 to 2015. Two expert radiologists who were blinded to the patients’ clinical history or treatment identified AFF on the basis of ASBMR 2014 criteria.

The researchers compared three patient groups: 189 patients with AFF, 2,397 patients with typical subtrochanteric and femoral shaft fractures (no AFF), and35,946 adults aged older than 50 years (control persons).

Compared with patients with typical fractures, patients with AFF were younger (aged 71 vs. 77), more likely to be women (79% vs. 69%), and more likely to have RA (12% vs. 2.5%).

Compared with patients in the other two groups, those with AFF were more likely to use corticosteroids, proton pump inhibitors, statins, and hormone replacement therapy.

They were also more likely to use bisphosphonates (58%) than patients with typical subtrochanteric and femoral shaft fractures (19%) or control patients (10%).

The bisphosphonates used in Denmark at the time were mostly alendronate (85%) and rarely ibandronate (6%), intravenous zoledronic acid (5%), etidronate (3%), or risedronate (1%).
 

One-third of patients with AFFs had no bisphosphonate exposure

In this national cohort of adults aged older than 50 years, the absolute rates of AFF per 10,000 person-years were as follows: 0.07 in nonusers of bisphosphonates, 1.84 in those with 3-5 years of bisphosphonate use, and 4.63 in those with >7 years of bisphosphonate use. As a comparison, the rate of classic hip fracture was 43.8 per 10,000 person-years.

Compared with no bisphosphonate use, the relative risk for AFF was close to 40 times higher with more than 7 years of use, after adjusting for multiple confounders. The risk for AFF was also significantly higher among patients with RA or hypertension and for those who used proton pump inhibitors.

“Note that age, gender, and previous fracture were not associated with the risk of AFF” after controlling for multiple confounders, Dr. Bauer stressed.

The relative risk for AFF fell significantly after it had been withheld from use for more than 1 year.

Among the 189 patients with confirmed AFF, 64 patients (34%) had never taken a bisphosphonate.

Preliminary analysis showed that, among patients with AFF, those who had not been exposed to bisphosphonates were younger, more likely to be male, and less likely to have had a previous fracture, RA, or to have used corticosteroids, proton pump inhibitors, statins, or hormone-replacement therapy.

The study was funded by the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. Dr. Bauer and Dr. Morin disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article originally appeared on Medscape.com.

In a national study of older Danes who had previously had a fracture and were taking bisphosphonates, the risk of having a serious though rare atypical femoral fracture (AFF) was greater after 3-5 years of bisphosphonate use.

The risk quickly dropped after patients stopped taking a bisphosphonate, which suggests that bisphosphonate “holidays” may be useful for some patients, the researchers said. These findings support previous work.

But the study also found that 34% of the AFFs occurred in patients who had not been taking a bisphosphonate. That rate is higher than the 6%-22% that has been reported by others.

Doug Bauer, MD, from the University of California, San Francisco, presented the new study findings during the virtual American Society of Bone and Mineral Research 2020 annual meeting.

“We found no clear risk factor that accounts for this increased risk [for AFFs] among those not exposed to bisphosphonates,” he said, “but we believe this was a real finding, as our study protocol ensured that the study radiologists were completely blinded to treatments received.”

Suzanne N. Morin, MD, who was not involved in this research, pointed out that the reported AFF risks related to bisphosphonate dose and cessation are in keeping with findings of other studies, including a recent large study by Dennis M. Black, MD, and colleagues that was published in the New England Journal of Medicine.

That study found that Asians are at higher risk for AFFs than White persons. Others have reported that specific femur geometry or physique and use of glucocorticoids increase AFF risk, Dr. Morin, from the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, said in an interview.

The current study suggests that rheumatoid arthritis may be a risk factor, she added.

The fact that the rate of AFFs among patients who had not been exposed to bisphosphonates was higher than previously reported “may be due to differences in the method they used to ascertain the fractures or in medication use,” she speculated.

The clinical implications of research to date are that “the risk of AFF should not dissuade patients and providers from short-term use of bisphosphonates [3-5 years],” Dr. Bauer said. He noted that most patients should not take a bisphosphonate for longer than this unless they have a very high fracture risk.

Similarly, Dr. Morin said that clinicians “should consider initiating bisphosphonate in those at high risk for fractures and reevaluate their use after 3-6 years, depending on individual’s risk profile.”

AFF is serious but rare complication of bisphosphonate use

“Since first reported over 10 years ago, it has become clear that AFFs are a rare but serious complication of bisphosphonate therapy,” Dr. Bauer explained. However, there is still uncertainty about the magnitude of this risk, including the absolute risk for AFFs among adults who take bisphosphonates and those who do not.

To study this, the researchers analyzed data from national health care and pharmacy records and a radiology image database in Denmark. They identified almost 5,000 adults who were aged 50 years or older and who experienced a subtrochanteric and femoral shaft fracture during the period from 2010 to 2015. Two expert radiologists who were blinded to the patients’ clinical history or treatment identified AFF on the basis of ASBMR 2014 criteria.

The researchers compared three patient groups: 189 patients with AFF, 2,397 patients with typical subtrochanteric and femoral shaft fractures (no AFF), and35,946 adults aged older than 50 years (control persons).

Compared with patients with typical fractures, patients with AFF were younger (aged 71 vs. 77), more likely to be women (79% vs. 69%), and more likely to have RA (12% vs. 2.5%).

Compared with patients in the other two groups, those with AFF were more likely to use corticosteroids, proton pump inhibitors, statins, and hormone replacement therapy.

They were also more likely to use bisphosphonates (58%) than patients with typical subtrochanteric and femoral shaft fractures (19%) or control patients (10%).

The bisphosphonates used in Denmark at the time were mostly alendronate (85%) and rarely ibandronate (6%), intravenous zoledronic acid (5%), etidronate (3%), or risedronate (1%).
 

One-third of patients with AFFs had no bisphosphonate exposure

In this national cohort of adults aged older than 50 years, the absolute rates of AFF per 10,000 person-years were as follows: 0.07 in nonusers of bisphosphonates, 1.84 in those with 3-5 years of bisphosphonate use, and 4.63 in those with >7 years of bisphosphonate use. As a comparison, the rate of classic hip fracture was 43.8 per 10,000 person-years.

Compared with no bisphosphonate use, the relative risk for AFF was close to 40 times higher with more than 7 years of use, after adjusting for multiple confounders. The risk for AFF was also significantly higher among patients with RA or hypertension and for those who used proton pump inhibitors.

“Note that age, gender, and previous fracture were not associated with the risk of AFF” after controlling for multiple confounders, Dr. Bauer stressed.

The relative risk for AFF fell significantly after it had been withheld from use for more than 1 year.

Among the 189 patients with confirmed AFF, 64 patients (34%) had never taken a bisphosphonate.

Preliminary analysis showed that, among patients with AFF, those who had not been exposed to bisphosphonates were younger, more likely to be male, and less likely to have had a previous fracture, RA, or to have used corticosteroids, proton pump inhibitors, statins, or hormone-replacement therapy.

The study was funded by the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. Dr. Bauer and Dr. Morin disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article originally appeared on Medscape.com.

“A treat-to-target approach is useful in the management of osteoporosis” was the motion proposed in a debate during the recent virtual American Society of Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR) 2020 annual meeting, and when the votes came in, Michael McClung, MD, who argued against the motion, carried the day.

Agreement with the motion dropped from 63%-46% after McClung, of the Oregon Osteoporosis Center, Portland, put his views forward in opposition to those of Celia L. Gregson, PhD, University of Bristol (England), who argued for the motion on behalf of the European Calcified Tissue Society (ECTS).

Disagreement with the statement rose from 37% predebate to 54% in the postdebate audience polls.

“The debate is part education and part entertainment,” said Dr. McClung, who represented the ASBMR. “I could just as easily have made a strong argument for the motion,” he emphasized in an interview.

On the other hand, “had I been in the audience, as a member of ASBMR relying on data and evidence to make clinical decisions, I would have voted against the motion. As appealing as the strategy sounds, we don’t yet have the hard evidence to support its use nor is there a consensus about what an appropriate target should be, he noted.

Similarly, the debate comoderator and incoming ASBMR President, Suzanne M. Jan de Beur, MD, from Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, said that a treat-to-target strategy for osteoporosis is an attractive idea, but there is no consensus on how to apply it nor evidence that it improves clinical outcomes.
 

Treat to target to guide osteoporosis therapy is like going “backwards”

In treat to target, the target – such as bone mineral density (BMD) (the most common one) – is identified before treatment is started, Dr. McClung explained (and as stated in a review article in the New England Journal of Medicine he coauthored on the topic). 

“While treat to target has appealing concepts, using risk factors to guide therapy is almost backwards,” he said. “We can’t change bone density very much.”

Treat to target is “not quite ready for prime time,” he concluded in his rebuttal.

Invited to speculate on which of Dr. McClung’s arguments swayed the audience, Dr. Gregson conceded that with a treat-to-target strategy “there is too much focus on getting one target for the whole global population with osteoporosis.”

“This is an oversimplification of a complex disease, and it misses the main message that the target should be decided with the patient not for the patient, which means one can’t just have one rule for everyone. There has to be scope to have different targets for different people so that we can deliver individualized care.”

Also, she noted, “generally people don’t vote to change familiar systems.”
 

Arguments for treat to target

Dr. Gregson began her argument, however, by stating that treat to target “is now a feasible and useful approach in osteoporosis care.”

The main reasons for adopting this treatment strategy are as follows:

• It provides a proactive approach with a clear goal.
• It includes periodic treatment reassessment, which allows for prompt revisions to treatment.
• It can use targets to guide treatment timing and patient monitoring.
• It includes shared decision-making, the preferred method of patient care.
• It could improve treatment adherence through patient “buy-in” of the target.
• It can use targets to address the risk of rare side effects.
• It allows for sequential treatments, especially for patients at highest risk of fracture.
• It can include more patient-centered outcomes such as reduced , restored range of movement, and ability to live independently.

“Patients are not interested in their T-score. They are interested in pain,” said Dr. Gregson.

“Reduced fracture risk is a very important goal,” she emphasized. Patients “with osteoporosis and a high fracture risk have the most to gain from a treat-to-target approach.”

“Improved access to anabolic osteoporosis treatments mean achieving those goals or targets are now more achievable than ever,” she concluded.

Arguments against treat to target

“Do we truly have an appropriate, meaningful target for osteoporosis?” Dr. McClung began in his counterargument, which cast a seed of doubt in the minds of the audience.

Targets such as no fractures, fracture risk (FRAX score), bone turnover markers, and bone strength have limitations.

Moreover, “do we have treatment strategies to move patients to the chosen target?” he continued. “What is the evidence that a treat-to-target strategy provides better outcomes than our current treatment paradigm?”

After pointing out a lack of evidence that treat to target leads to better outcomes in osteoporosis, he did allow that “recent data about the relationship between treatment-related BMD values and current fracture risk are appreciated and welcomed.”

“However, a treat-to-target strategy will only be successful if the targets are individualized for each patient, those targets are attainable for most patients, and we have evidence that adopting this strategy improves clinical outcomes,” he summarized.

He then quoted his late wife Betsy Love McClung, RN, MN, who had said, “We don’t treat osteoporosis; we treat patients with osteoporosis.”

Dr. McClung wrapped up by stressing: “We should not treat T-scores or any other specific target. We should individualize our therapy based upon the patient’s risk of fracture and other clinical factors.”

As members of the ECTS and ASBMR, and “proud of our reputation of our societies as being scientifically based and driven,” Dr. McClung concluded, “recognizing that a treat-to-target strategy has appeal, we should certainly encourage more research and be attentive to those results.

“But we must hold off on the adoption of the strategy until we have evidence convincing us of its clinical value.”
 

When to use a treat-to-target strategy

However, “there are some specific situations where I use something like a treat-to-target strategy,” Dr. McClung conceded. “That is, I make decisions and recommendations to the patients about one drug rather than another because I want to maximize the improvement in their bone density.”

For example, “We have known for 15 years that denosumab results in greater increases in bone density than do bisphosphonates,” he continued.

“So I have used that information to make treatment decisions long before the term ‘treat to target’ entered the vocabulary of osteoporosis experts. I simply wanted to induce the largest possible gains in bone density – but I didn’t have a ‘target’ in mind.”

But for most patients, treatment decisions are made based on other factors, such as their fracture risk, he added. BMD is an important risk factor for fracture, but not as important as having had a recent fracture or being old and frail.

“Unfortunately, in most of today’s health systems, decisions about treatment are made on the basis of cost,” he continued. “More often than not, the health plan rules rather than optimal medical practice are the main guides to treatment decisions.”   

According to Dr. Gregson, “in some instances, treat to target would be very helpful. I don’t think it will suit everyone, but I think we should have it in our portfolio of management approaches, and we should as an osteoporosis community be trained in its use.”
 

“Attractive idea, but ...”

Invited to weigh in, Dr. Jan de Beur noted that A1c, blood pressure, and LDL cholesterol targets are used to improve clinical outcomes in patients with diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia, respectively.

However, “treat to target for the treatment of low BMD is controversial because it is an attractive idea but without consensus on what the target should be and without evidence that treat to target improves clinical outcomes,” she reiterated.

“The potential benefits of treat to target are proactive, clear goals to achieve, shared decision-making with the patient, the possibility for improved adherence, justification for sequence treatments, and balancing risk of rare side effects.”

On the other hand, “barriers to operationalizing the treat-to-target concept is that there is lack of consensus on the target to be achieved [as any specific target may minimize other important risk factors],” she noted.

There is also a “lack of evidence that demonstrates improved clinical outcomes over choosing therapy based on fracture risk, and lack of ability to achieve the target with available therapies in those with very-low bone density,” she concluded.

Dr. McClung has reported receiving consulting fees from Amgen and Myovant and speaker honoraria from Amgen. Dr. Gregson and Dr. Jan de Beur have reported no relevant financial relationships.
 

A version of this article originally appeared on Medscape.com.

“A treat-to-target approach is useful in the management of osteoporosis” was the motion proposed in a debate during the recent virtual American Society of Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR) 2020 annual meeting, and when the votes came in, Michael McClung, MD, who argued against the motion, carried the day.

Agreement with the motion dropped from 63%-46% after McClung, of the Oregon Osteoporosis Center, Portland, put his views forward in opposition to those of Celia L. Gregson, PhD, University of Bristol (England), who argued for the motion on behalf of the European Calcified Tissue Society (ECTS).

Disagreement with the statement rose from 37% predebate to 54% in the postdebate audience polls.

“The debate is part education and part entertainment,” said Dr. McClung, who represented the ASBMR. “I could just as easily have made a strong argument for the motion,” he emphasized in an interview.

On the other hand, “had I been in the audience, as a member of ASBMR relying on data and evidence to make clinical decisions, I would have voted against the motion. As appealing as the strategy sounds, we don’t yet have the hard evidence to support its use nor is there a consensus about what an appropriate target should be, he noted.

Similarly, the debate comoderator and incoming ASBMR President, Suzanne M. Jan de Beur, MD, from Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, said that a treat-to-target strategy for osteoporosis is an attractive idea, but there is no consensus on how to apply it nor evidence that it improves clinical outcomes.
 

Treat to target to guide osteoporosis therapy is like going “backwards”

In treat to target, the target – such as bone mineral density (BMD) (the most common one) – is identified before treatment is started, Dr. McClung explained (and as stated in a review article in the New England Journal of Medicine he coauthored on the topic). 

“While treat to target has appealing concepts, using risk factors to guide therapy is almost backwards,” he said. “We can’t change bone density very much.”

Treat to target is “not quite ready for prime time,” he concluded in his rebuttal.

Invited to speculate on which of Dr. McClung’s arguments swayed the audience, Dr. Gregson conceded that with a treat-to-target strategy “there is too much focus on getting one target for the whole global population with osteoporosis.”

“This is an oversimplification of a complex disease, and it misses the main message that the target should be decided with the patient not for the patient, which means one can’t just have one rule for everyone. There has to be scope to have different targets for different people so that we can deliver individualized care.”

Also, she noted, “generally people don’t vote to change familiar systems.”
 

Arguments for treat to target

Dr. Gregson began her argument, however, by stating that treat to target “is now a feasible and useful approach in osteoporosis care.”

The main reasons for adopting this treatment strategy are as follows:

• It provides a proactive approach with a clear goal.
• It includes periodic treatment reassessment, which allows for prompt revisions to treatment.
• It can use targets to guide treatment timing and patient monitoring.
• It includes shared decision-making, the preferred method of patient care.
• It could improve treatment adherence through patient “buy-in” of the target.
• It can use targets to address the risk of rare side effects.
• It allows for sequential treatments, especially for patients at highest risk of fracture.
• It can include more patient-centered outcomes such as reduced , restored range of movement, and ability to live independently.

“Patients are not interested in their T-score. They are interested in pain,” said Dr. Gregson.

“Reduced fracture risk is a very important goal,” she emphasized. Patients “with osteoporosis and a high fracture risk have the most to gain from a treat-to-target approach.”

“Improved access to anabolic osteoporosis treatments mean achieving those goals or targets are now more achievable than ever,” she concluded.

Arguments against treat to target

“Do we truly have an appropriate, meaningful target for osteoporosis?” Dr. McClung began in his counterargument, which cast a seed of doubt in the minds of the audience.

Targets such as no fractures, fracture risk (FRAX score), bone turnover markers, and bone strength have limitations.

Moreover, “do we have treatment strategies to move patients to the chosen target?” he continued. “What is the evidence that a treat-to-target strategy provides better outcomes than our current treatment paradigm?”

After pointing out a lack of evidence that treat to target leads to better outcomes in osteoporosis, he did allow that “recent data about the relationship between treatment-related BMD values and current fracture risk are appreciated and welcomed.”

“However, a treat-to-target strategy will only be successful if the targets are individualized for each patient, those targets are attainable for most patients, and we have evidence that adopting this strategy improves clinical outcomes,” he summarized.

He then quoted his late wife Betsy Love McClung, RN, MN, who had said, “We don’t treat osteoporosis; we treat patients with osteoporosis.”

Dr. McClung wrapped up by stressing: “We should not treat T-scores or any other specific target. We should individualize our therapy based upon the patient’s risk of fracture and other clinical factors.”

As members of the ECTS and ASBMR, and “proud of our reputation of our societies as being scientifically based and driven,” Dr. McClung concluded, “recognizing that a treat-to-target strategy has appeal, we should certainly encourage more research and be attentive to those results.

“But we must hold off on the adoption of the strategy until we have evidence convincing us of its clinical value.”
 

When to use a treat-to-target strategy

However, “there are some specific situations where I use something like a treat-to-target strategy,” Dr. McClung conceded. “That is, I make decisions and recommendations to the patients about one drug rather than another because I want to maximize the improvement in their bone density.”

For example, “We have known for 15 years that denosumab results in greater increases in bone density than do bisphosphonates,” he continued.

“So I have used that information to make treatment decisions long before the term ‘treat to target’ entered the vocabulary of osteoporosis experts. I simply wanted to induce the largest possible gains in bone density – but I didn’t have a ‘target’ in mind.”

But for most patients, treatment decisions are made based on other factors, such as their fracture risk, he added. BMD is an important risk factor for fracture, but not as important as having had a recent fracture or being old and frail.

“Unfortunately, in most of today’s health systems, decisions about treatment are made on the basis of cost,” he continued. “More often than not, the health plan rules rather than optimal medical practice are the main guides to treatment decisions.”   

According to Dr. Gregson, “in some instances, treat to target would be very helpful. I don’t think it will suit everyone, but I think we should have it in our portfolio of management approaches, and we should as an osteoporosis community be trained in its use.”
 

“Attractive idea, but ...”

Invited to weigh in, Dr. Jan de Beur noted that A1c, blood pressure, and LDL cholesterol targets are used to improve clinical outcomes in patients with diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia, respectively.

However, “treat to target for the treatment of low BMD is controversial because it is an attractive idea but without consensus on what the target should be and without evidence that treat to target improves clinical outcomes,” she reiterated.

“The potential benefits of treat to target are proactive, clear goals to achieve, shared decision-making with the patient, the possibility for improved adherence, justification for sequence treatments, and balancing risk of rare side effects.”

On the other hand, “barriers to operationalizing the treat-to-target concept is that there is lack of consensus on the target to be achieved [as any specific target may minimize other important risk factors],” she noted.

There is also a “lack of evidence that demonstrates improved clinical outcomes over choosing therapy based on fracture risk, and lack of ability to achieve the target with available therapies in those with very-low bone density,” she concluded.

Dr. McClung has reported receiving consulting fees from Amgen and Myovant and speaker honoraria from Amgen. Dr. Gregson and Dr. Jan de Beur have reported no relevant financial relationships.
 

A version of this article originally appeared on Medscape.com.

“A treat-to-target approach is useful in the management of osteoporosis” was the motion proposed in a debate during the recent virtual American Society of Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR) 2020 annual meeting, and when the votes came in, Michael McClung, MD, who argued against the motion, carried the day.

Agreement with the motion dropped from 63%-46% after McClung, of the Oregon Osteoporosis Center, Portland, put his views forward in opposition to those of Celia L. Gregson, PhD, University of Bristol (England), who argued for the motion on behalf of the European Calcified Tissue Society (ECTS).

Disagreement with the statement rose from 37% predebate to 54% in the postdebate audience polls.

“The debate is part education and part entertainment,” said Dr. McClung, who represented the ASBMR. “I could just as easily have made a strong argument for the motion,” he emphasized in an interview.

On the other hand, “had I been in the audience, as a member of ASBMR relying on data and evidence to make clinical decisions, I would have voted against the motion. As appealing as the strategy sounds, we don’t yet have the hard evidence to support its use nor is there a consensus about what an appropriate target should be, he noted.

Similarly, the debate comoderator and incoming ASBMR President, Suzanne M. Jan de Beur, MD, from Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, said that a treat-to-target strategy for osteoporosis is an attractive idea, but there is no consensus on how to apply it nor evidence that it improves clinical outcomes.
 

Treat to target to guide osteoporosis therapy is like going “backwards”

In treat to target, the target – such as bone mineral density (BMD) (the most common one) – is identified before treatment is started, Dr. McClung explained (and as stated in a review article in the New England Journal of Medicine he coauthored on the topic). 

“While treat to target has appealing concepts, using risk factors to guide therapy is almost backwards,” he said. “We can’t change bone density very much.”

Treat to target is “not quite ready for prime time,” he concluded in his rebuttal.

Invited to speculate on which of Dr. McClung’s arguments swayed the audience, Dr. Gregson conceded that with a treat-to-target strategy “there is too much focus on getting one target for the whole global population with osteoporosis.”

“This is an oversimplification of a complex disease, and it misses the main message that the target should be decided with the patient not for the patient, which means one can’t just have one rule for everyone. There has to be scope to have different targets for different people so that we can deliver individualized care.”

Also, she noted, “generally people don’t vote to change familiar systems.”
 

Arguments for treat to target

Dr. Gregson began her argument, however, by stating that treat to target “is now a feasible and useful approach in osteoporosis care.”

The main reasons for adopting this treatment strategy are as follows:

• It provides a proactive approach with a clear goal.
• It includes periodic treatment reassessment, which allows for prompt revisions to treatment.
• It can use targets to guide treatment timing and patient monitoring.
• It includes shared decision-making, the preferred method of patient care.
• It could improve treatment adherence through patient “buy-in” of the target.
• It can use targets to address the risk of rare side effects.
• It allows for sequential treatments, especially for patients at highest risk of fracture.
• It can include more patient-centered outcomes such as reduced , restored range of movement, and ability to live independently.

“Patients are not interested in their T-score. They are interested in pain,” said Dr. Gregson.

“Reduced fracture risk is a very important goal,” she emphasized. Patients “with osteoporosis and a high fracture risk have the most to gain from a treat-to-target approach.”

“Improved access to anabolic osteoporosis treatments mean achieving those goals or targets are now more achievable than ever,” she concluded.

Arguments against treat to target

“Do we truly have an appropriate, meaningful target for osteoporosis?” Dr. McClung began in his counterargument, which cast a seed of doubt in the minds of the audience.

Targets such as no fractures, fracture risk (FRAX score), bone turnover markers, and bone strength have limitations.

Moreover, “do we have treatment strategies to move patients to the chosen target?” he continued. “What is the evidence that a treat-to-target strategy provides better outcomes than our current treatment paradigm?”

After pointing out a lack of evidence that treat to target leads to better outcomes in osteoporosis, he did allow that “recent data about the relationship between treatment-related BMD values and current fracture risk are appreciated and welcomed.”

“However, a treat-to-target strategy will only be successful if the targets are individualized for each patient, those targets are attainable for most patients, and we have evidence that adopting this strategy improves clinical outcomes,” he summarized.

He then quoted his late wife Betsy Love McClung, RN, MN, who had said, “We don’t treat osteoporosis; we treat patients with osteoporosis.”

Dr. McClung wrapped up by stressing: “We should not treat T-scores or any other specific target. We should individualize our therapy based upon the patient’s risk of fracture and other clinical factors.”

As members of the ECTS and ASBMR, and “proud of our reputation of our societies as being scientifically based and driven,” Dr. McClung concluded, “recognizing that a treat-to-target strategy has appeal, we should certainly encourage more research and be attentive to those results.

“But we must hold off on the adoption of the strategy until we have evidence convincing us of its clinical value.”
 

When to use a treat-to-target strategy

However, “there are some specific situations where I use something like a treat-to-target strategy,” Dr. McClung conceded. “That is, I make decisions and recommendations to the patients about one drug rather than another because I want to maximize the improvement in their bone density.”

For example, “We have known for 15 years that denosumab results in greater increases in bone density than do bisphosphonates,” he continued.

“So I have used that information to make treatment decisions long before the term ‘treat to target’ entered the vocabulary of osteoporosis experts. I simply wanted to induce the largest possible gains in bone density – but I didn’t have a ‘target’ in mind.”

But for most patients, treatment decisions are made based on other factors, such as their fracture risk, he added. BMD is an important risk factor for fracture, but not as important as having had a recent fracture or being old and frail.

“Unfortunately, in most of today’s health systems, decisions about treatment are made on the basis of cost,” he continued. “More often than not, the health plan rules rather than optimal medical practice are the main guides to treatment decisions.”   

According to Dr. Gregson, “in some instances, treat to target would be very helpful. I don’t think it will suit everyone, but I think we should have it in our portfolio of management approaches, and we should as an osteoporosis community be trained in its use.”
 

“Attractive idea, but ...”

Invited to weigh in, Dr. Jan de Beur noted that A1c, blood pressure, and LDL cholesterol targets are used to improve clinical outcomes in patients with diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia, respectively.

However, “treat to target for the treatment of low BMD is controversial because it is an attractive idea but without consensus on what the target should be and without evidence that treat to target improves clinical outcomes,” she reiterated.

“The potential benefits of treat to target are proactive, clear goals to achieve, shared decision-making with the patient, the possibility for improved adherence, justification for sequence treatments, and balancing risk of rare side effects.”

On the other hand, “barriers to operationalizing the treat-to-target concept is that there is lack of consensus on the target to be achieved [as any specific target may minimize other important risk factors],” she noted.

There is also a “lack of evidence that demonstrates improved clinical outcomes over choosing therapy based on fracture risk, and lack of ability to achieve the target with available therapies in those with very-low bone density,” she concluded.

Dr. McClung has reported receiving consulting fees from Amgen and Myovant and speaker honoraria from Amgen. Dr. Gregson and Dr. Jan de Beur have reported no relevant financial relationships.
 

A version of this article originally appeared on Medscape.com.

Trabecular bone loss in patients with axial spondyloarthritis is associated with spinal progression in the form of more syndesmophytes, new research suggests.

A paper published in Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism reports the outcomes of a prospective observational cohort study in 245 patients with axial spondyloarthritis that sought to identify possible predictors of spinal radiographic progression of the disease.

Joon-Yong Jung, MD, PhD, and colleagues from the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea, wrote that inflammation of the vertebrae is the first stage of progression of axial spondyloarthritis. One hypothesis is that this inflammation is associated with trabecular bone loss, which then leads to spinal instability, which in turns causes biomechanical stress on the area and the formation of new bone as syndesmophytes.

To evaluate the possible relationship between trabecular bone loss and syndesmophytes, researchers used dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry imaging of the lumbar spine, which can assess the microarchitecture of trabecular bone, as well as radiographs of the cervical and lumbar spine at 2 and 4 years of follow-up to assess the presence of syndesmophytes.

At baseline, 40% of patients had syndesmophytes, and the mean number of syndesmophytes was 3.3. A total of 11% of patients at baseline had mild trabecular bone loss, defined as trabecular bone score values between 1.230 and 1.310, and 10% had severe trabecular bone loss, with a score of 1.230 or less.

While on average patients had an increase of 1.41 syndesmophytes every 2 years during the study, patients with severe trabecular bone loss at baseline formed 1.26 more syndesmophytes every 2 years than did patients with normal trabecular bone loss score. After adjusting for variables such as disease activity and clinical factors, the authors found that both mild and severe trabecular bone loss were independently associated with progression of structural damage in the cervical and lumbar spine.

Patients with mild trabecular bone loss had a 120% greater odds of new syndesmophyte formation over the next 2 years, compared with those with normal trabecular bone loss scores, while those with severe loss had a 280% greater odds.

“The more severe the trabecular bone loss, the stronger the effect on the progression of the spine,” the authors wrote. Other factors associated with new syndesmophyte formation included higher C-reactive protein levels, longer symptom duration, smoking, and high NSAID index.

The study also pointed to an association between trabecular bone loss and modified Stoke Ankylosing Spondylitis Spinal Score. Patients with severe trabecular bone loss showed an average increase of 0.37 in their modified Stoke Ankylosing Spondylitis Spinal Score over 2 years, compared with patients with normal trabecular bone loss score at baseline, even after adjusting for confounders.

The authors commented that inflammation is hypothesized to lead to structural damage in two ways. “Inflammation-induced bone loss in the spine results in instability, another type of biomechanical stress, which then triggers a biomechanical response in an attempt to increase stability,” they wrote. Or inflammation leads to the formation of granulated repair tissue which then triggers new bone formation.

Whatever the mechanism, the authors said finding that trabecular bone loss is associated with disease progression suggests a possible use for the trabecular bone score as a practical and noninvasive means to predict spinal progression in patients with axial spondyloarthritis.

The study received no funding, and the authors said they had no conflicts of interest to declare.

SOURCE: Jung J-Y et al. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2020;50(5):827-33.

Trabecular bone loss in patients with axial spondyloarthritis is associated with spinal progression in the form of more syndesmophytes, new research suggests.

A paper published in Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism reports the outcomes of a prospective observational cohort study in 245 patients with axial spondyloarthritis that sought to identify possible predictors of spinal radiographic progression of the disease.

Joon-Yong Jung, MD, PhD, and colleagues from the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea, wrote that inflammation of the vertebrae is the first stage of progression of axial spondyloarthritis. One hypothesis is that this inflammation is associated with trabecular bone loss, which then leads to spinal instability, which in turns causes biomechanical stress on the area and the formation of new bone as syndesmophytes.

To evaluate the possible relationship between trabecular bone loss and syndesmophytes, researchers used dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry imaging of the lumbar spine, which can assess the microarchitecture of trabecular bone, as well as radiographs of the cervical and lumbar spine at 2 and 4 years of follow-up to assess the presence of syndesmophytes.

At baseline, 40% of patients had syndesmophytes, and the mean number of syndesmophytes was 3.3. A total of 11% of patients at baseline had mild trabecular bone loss, defined as trabecular bone score values between 1.230 and 1.310, and 10% had severe trabecular bone loss, with a score of 1.230 or less.

While on average patients had an increase of 1.41 syndesmophytes every 2 years during the study, patients with severe trabecular bone loss at baseline formed 1.26 more syndesmophytes every 2 years than did patients with normal trabecular bone loss score. After adjusting for variables such as disease activity and clinical factors, the authors found that both mild and severe trabecular bone loss were independently associated with progression of structural damage in the cervical and lumbar spine.

Patients with mild trabecular bone loss had a 120% greater odds of new syndesmophyte formation over the next 2 years, compared with those with normal trabecular bone loss scores, while those with severe loss had a 280% greater odds.

“The more severe the trabecular bone loss, the stronger the effect on the progression of the spine,” the authors wrote. Other factors associated with new syndesmophyte formation included higher C-reactive protein levels, longer symptom duration, smoking, and high NSAID index.

The study also pointed to an association between trabecular bone loss and modified Stoke Ankylosing Spondylitis Spinal Score. Patients with severe trabecular bone loss showed an average increase of 0.37 in their modified Stoke Ankylosing Spondylitis Spinal Score over 2 years, compared with patients with normal trabecular bone loss score at baseline, even after adjusting for confounders.

The authors commented that inflammation is hypothesized to lead to structural damage in two ways. “Inflammation-induced bone loss in the spine results in instability, another type of biomechanical stress, which then triggers a biomechanical response in an attempt to increase stability,” they wrote. Or inflammation leads to the formation of granulated repair tissue which then triggers new bone formation.

Whatever the mechanism, the authors said finding that trabecular bone loss is associated with disease progression suggests a possible use for the trabecular bone score as a practical and noninvasive means to predict spinal progression in patients with axial spondyloarthritis.

The study received no funding, and the authors said they had no conflicts of interest to declare.

SOURCE: Jung J-Y et al. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2020;50(5):827-33.

Trabecular bone loss in patients with axial spondyloarthritis is associated with spinal progression in the form of more syndesmophytes, new research suggests.

A paper published in Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism reports the outcomes of a prospective observational cohort study in 245 patients with axial spondyloarthritis that sought to identify possible predictors of spinal radiographic progression of the disease.

Joon-Yong Jung, MD, PhD, and colleagues from the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea, wrote that inflammation of the vertebrae is the first stage of progression of axial spondyloarthritis. One hypothesis is that this inflammation is associated with trabecular bone loss, which then leads to spinal instability, which in turns causes biomechanical stress on the area and the formation of new bone as syndesmophytes.

To evaluate the possible relationship between trabecular bone loss and syndesmophytes, researchers used dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry imaging of the lumbar spine, which can assess the microarchitecture of trabecular bone, as well as radiographs of the cervical and lumbar spine at 2 and 4 years of follow-up to assess the presence of syndesmophytes.

At baseline, 40% of patients had syndesmophytes, and the mean number of syndesmophytes was 3.3. A total of 11% of patients at baseline had mild trabecular bone loss, defined as trabecular bone score values between 1.230 and 1.310, and 10% had severe trabecular bone loss, with a score of 1.230 or less.

While on average patients had an increase of 1.41 syndesmophytes every 2 years during the study, patients with severe trabecular bone loss at baseline formed 1.26 more syndesmophytes every 2 years than did patients with normal trabecular bone loss score. After adjusting for variables such as disease activity and clinical factors, the authors found that both mild and severe trabecular bone loss were independently associated with progression of structural damage in the cervical and lumbar spine.

Patients with mild trabecular bone loss had a 120% greater odds of new syndesmophyte formation over the next 2 years, compared with those with normal trabecular bone loss scores, while those with severe loss had a 280% greater odds.

“The more severe the trabecular bone loss, the stronger the effect on the progression of the spine,” the authors wrote. Other factors associated with new syndesmophyte formation included higher C-reactive protein levels, longer symptom duration, smoking, and high NSAID index.

The study also pointed to an association between trabecular bone loss and modified Stoke Ankylosing Spondylitis Spinal Score. Patients with severe trabecular bone loss showed an average increase of 0.37 in their modified Stoke Ankylosing Spondylitis Spinal Score over 2 years, compared with patients with normal trabecular bone loss score at baseline, even after adjusting for confounders.

The authors commented that inflammation is hypothesized to lead to structural damage in two ways. “Inflammation-induced bone loss in the spine results in instability, another type of biomechanical stress, which then triggers a biomechanical response in an attempt to increase stability,” they wrote. Or inflammation leads to the formation of granulated repair tissue which then triggers new bone formation.

Whatever the mechanism, the authors said finding that trabecular bone loss is associated with disease progression suggests a possible use for the trabecular bone score as a practical and noninvasive means to predict spinal progression in patients with axial spondyloarthritis.

The study received no funding, and the authors said they had no conflicts of interest to declare.

SOURCE: Jung J-Y et al. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2020;50(5):827-33.

Consuming more milk, cheese, or yogurt might be a simple, low-cost way to boost bone health and prevent some falls and fractures in older people living in long-term care facilities, according to a new randomized study from Australia.

“Supplementation using dairy foods is likely to be an effective, safe, widely available, and low cost means of curtailing the public health burden of fractures,” said Sandra Iuliano, PhD, from the University of Melbourne, who presented the findings during the virtual American Society of Bone and Mineral Research 2020 annual meeting.

The researchers randomized 60 old-age institutions to provide residents with their usual menus or a diet with more milk, cheese, or yogurt for 2 years.

The residents with the altered menus increased their dairy consumption from 2 servings/day to 3.5 servings/day, which was reflected in a greater intake of calcium and protein, along with fewer falls, total fractures, and hip fractures than in the control group.

“This is the first randomized trial to show a benefit of dairy food intake on risk of fractures,” Walter Willett, MD, DrPH, professor of nutrition and epidemiology at the Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, said in an interview.

The results are “not surprising” because supplements of calcium plus vitamin D have reduced the risk of fractures in a similar population of older residents living in special living facilities, said Dr. Willett, coauthor of a recent review article, “Milk and Health,” published in the New England Journal of Medicine.

“It is important for everyone to have adequate intake of calcium and vitamin D,” he said. However, “it isn’t clear whether it is better to ensure this clinically by supplements, overall healthy diet, or extra dairy intake,” he added, noting that consuming the amount of dairy given in this Australian study is not environmentally sustainable.

Clifford Rosen, MD, professor of medicine, Tufts University, Boston, said in an interview that the Australian researchers studied the impact of increased dietary calcium and protein, not the impact of vitamin D via supplements.

“This is progress toward getting interventions to our most needy residents to prevent fractures – probably the most compelling data that we have had in a number of years,” he noted.

The current study shows “it’s not [the] vitamin D,” because the residents had initial low calcium levels but normal vitamin D levels. “For too long we’ve been stuck on the idea that it is [increasing] vitamin D in the elderly that causes a reduction in fractures,” said Dr. Rosen. “The data are not very supportive of it, but people continue to think that’s the most important element.”

On the other hand, the current study raises certain questions. “What we don’t know is, is it the calcium, or is it the protein, or the combination, that had an impact?”

Would upping dairy decrease falls?

Older adults living in institutions have a high risk of falls and fractures, including hip fractures, and “malnutrition is common,” said Dr. Iuliano during her presentation.

Prior studies have reported that such residents have a daily dietary calcium intake of 635 mg (half the recommended 1,300 mg), a protein intake of 0.8 g/kg body weight (less than the recommended 1 g/kg body weight), and a dairy intake of 1.5 servings (about a third of the recommended amount), she said.

The group hypothesized that upping dairy intake of elderly residents living in long-term care institutions would reduce the risk of fractures. They performed a 2-year cluster-randomized trial in 60 facilities in Melbourne and surrounding areas.

Half gave their 3,301 residents menus with a higher dairy content, and the other half gave their 3,894 residents (controls) the usual menus.

The residents in both groups had similar characteristics: they were a mean age of 87 years and 68% were women. A subgroup had blood tests and bone morphology studies at baseline and 1 year.

Researchers verified nutrient intake by analyzing the menus and doing plate waste analysis for a subgroup, and they determined the number of falls and fractures from incident and hospital x-ray reports, respectively.
 

One-third fewer fractures in the higher-dairy group

At the study start, residents in both groups had similar vitamin D levels (72 nmol/L) and bone morphology. They were consuming two servings of dairy food and drink a day, where a serving was 250 mL of milk (including lactose-free milk) or 200 g of yogurt or 40 g of cheese.

Their initial daily calcium intake was 650 mg, which stayed the same in the control group, but increased to >1100 mg in the intervention group.

Their initial daily protein intake was around 59 g, which remained the same in the control group, but increased to about 72 grams (1.1 g/kg body weight) in the intervention group.

At 2 years, the 1.5 servings/day increase in dairy intake in the control versus intervention group was associated with an 11% reduction in falls (62% vs. 57%), a 33% reduction in fractures (5.2% vs. 3.7%), a 46% reduction in hip fractures (2.4% vs. 1.3%), and no difference in mortality (28% in both groups).

The intervention was also associated with a slowing in bone loss and an increase in insulinlike growth factor–1.
 

Four dairy servings a day “is high”

Dr. Willett said that “it is reasonable for seniors to take one or two servings of dairy per day, but four servings per day, as in this study, is probably not necessary.”

Moreover, “dairy production has a major impact on greenhouse gas emissions, and even two servings per day would not be environmentally sustainable if everyone were to consume this amount,” he observed.

“Because the world is facing an existential threat from climate change, general advice to consume high amounts of dairy products would be irresponsible as we can get all essential nutrients from other sources,” he added. “That said, modest amounts of dairy foods, such as one to two servings per day could be reasonable. There is some suggestive evidence that dairy in the form of yogurt may have particular benefits.”

The study was funded by Melbourne University and various dietary councils. Dr. Iuliano reported receiving lecture fees from Abbott. Dr. Rosen and Dr. Willett reported no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article originally appeared on Medscape.com.

Consuming more milk, cheese, or yogurt might be a simple, low-cost way to boost bone health and prevent some falls and fractures in older people living in long-term care facilities, according to a new randomized study from Australia.

“Supplementation using dairy foods is likely to be an effective, safe, widely available, and low cost means of curtailing the public health burden of fractures,” said Sandra Iuliano, PhD, from the University of Melbourne, who presented the findings during the virtual American Society of Bone and Mineral Research 2020 annual meeting.

The researchers randomized 60 old-age institutions to provide residents with their usual menus or a diet with more milk, cheese, or yogurt for 2 years.

The residents with the altered menus increased their dairy consumption from 2 servings/day to 3.5 servings/day, which was reflected in a greater intake of calcium and protein, along with fewer falls, total fractures, and hip fractures than in the control group.

“This is the first randomized trial to show a benefit of dairy food intake on risk of fractures,” Walter Willett, MD, DrPH, professor of nutrition and epidemiology at the Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, said in an interview.

The results are “not surprising” because supplements of calcium plus vitamin D have reduced the risk of fractures in a similar population of older residents living in special living facilities, said Dr. Willett, coauthor of a recent review article, “Milk and Health,” published in the New England Journal of Medicine.

“It is important for everyone to have adequate intake of calcium and vitamin D,” he said. However, “it isn’t clear whether it is better to ensure this clinically by supplements, overall healthy diet, or extra dairy intake,” he added, noting that consuming the amount of dairy given in this Australian study is not environmentally sustainable.

Clifford Rosen, MD, professor of medicine, Tufts University, Boston, said in an interview that the Australian researchers studied the impact of increased dietary calcium and protein, not the impact of vitamin D via supplements.

“This is progress toward getting interventions to our most needy residents to prevent fractures – probably the most compelling data that we have had in a number of years,” he noted.

The current study shows “it’s not [the] vitamin D,” because the residents had initial low calcium levels but normal vitamin D levels. “For too long we’ve been stuck on the idea that it is [increasing] vitamin D in the elderly that causes a reduction in fractures,” said Dr. Rosen. “The data are not very supportive of it, but people continue to think that’s the most important element.”

On the other hand, the current study raises certain questions. “What we don’t know is, is it the calcium, or is it the protein, or the combination, that had an impact?”

Would upping dairy decrease falls?

Older adults living in institutions have a high risk of falls and fractures, including hip fractures, and “malnutrition is common,” said Dr. Iuliano during her presentation.

Prior studies have reported that such residents have a daily dietary calcium intake of 635 mg (half the recommended 1,300 mg), a protein intake of 0.8 g/kg body weight (less than the recommended 1 g/kg body weight), and a dairy intake of 1.5 servings (about a third of the recommended amount), she said.

The group hypothesized that upping dairy intake of elderly residents living in long-term care institutions would reduce the risk of fractures. They performed a 2-year cluster-randomized trial in 60 facilities in Melbourne and surrounding areas.

Half gave their 3,301 residents menus with a higher dairy content, and the other half gave their 3,894 residents (controls) the usual menus.

The residents in both groups had similar characteristics: they were a mean age of 87 years and 68% were women. A subgroup had blood tests and bone morphology studies at baseline and 1 year.

Researchers verified nutrient intake by analyzing the menus and doing plate waste analysis for a subgroup, and they determined the number of falls and fractures from incident and hospital x-ray reports, respectively.
 

One-third fewer fractures in the higher-dairy group

At the study start, residents in both groups had similar vitamin D levels (72 nmol/L) and bone morphology. They were consuming two servings of dairy food and drink a day, where a serving was 250 mL of milk (including lactose-free milk) or 200 g of yogurt or 40 g of cheese.

Their initial daily calcium intake was 650 mg, which stayed the same in the control group, but increased to >1100 mg in the intervention group.

Their initial daily protein intake was around 59 g, which remained the same in the control group, but increased to about 72 grams (1.1 g/kg body weight) in the intervention group.

At 2 years, the 1.5 servings/day increase in dairy intake in the control versus intervention group was associated with an 11% reduction in falls (62% vs. 57%), a 33% reduction in fractures (5.2% vs. 3.7%), a 46% reduction in hip fractures (2.4% vs. 1.3%), and no difference in mortality (28% in both groups).

The intervention was also associated with a slowing in bone loss and an increase in insulinlike growth factor–1.
 

Four dairy servings a day “is high”

Dr. Willett said that “it is reasonable for seniors to take one or two servings of dairy per day, but four servings per day, as in this study, is probably not necessary.”

Moreover, “dairy production has a major impact on greenhouse gas emissions, and even two servings per day would not be environmentally sustainable if everyone were to consume this amount,” he observed.

“Because the world is facing an existential threat from climate change, general advice to consume high amounts of dairy products would be irresponsible as we can get all essential nutrients from other sources,” he added. “That said, modest amounts of dairy foods, such as one to two servings per day could be reasonable. There is some suggestive evidence that dairy in the form of yogurt may have particular benefits.”

The study was funded by Melbourne University and various dietary councils. Dr. Iuliano reported receiving lecture fees from Abbott. Dr. Rosen and Dr. Willett reported no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article originally appeared on Medscape.com.

Consuming more milk, cheese, or yogurt might be a simple, low-cost way to boost bone health and prevent some falls and fractures in older people living in long-term care facilities, according to a new randomized study from Australia.

“Supplementation using dairy foods is likely to be an effective, safe, widely available, and low cost means of curtailing the public health burden of fractures,” said Sandra Iuliano, PhD, from the University of Melbourne, who presented the findings during the virtual American Society of Bone and Mineral Research 2020 annual meeting.

The researchers randomized 60 old-age institutions to provide residents with their usual menus or a diet with more milk, cheese, or yogurt for 2 years.

The residents with the altered menus increased their dairy consumption from 2 servings/day to 3.5 servings/day, which was reflected in a greater intake of calcium and protein, along with fewer falls, total fractures, and hip fractures than in the control group.

“This is the first randomized trial to show a benefit of dairy food intake on risk of fractures,” Walter Willett, MD, DrPH, professor of nutrition and epidemiology at the Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, said in an interview.

The results are “not surprising” because supplements of calcium plus vitamin D have reduced the risk of fractures in a similar population of older residents living in special living facilities, said Dr. Willett, coauthor of a recent review article, “Milk and Health,” published in the New England Journal of Medicine.

“It is important for everyone to have adequate intake of calcium and vitamin D,” he said. However, “it isn’t clear whether it is better to ensure this clinically by supplements, overall healthy diet, or extra dairy intake,” he added, noting that consuming the amount of dairy given in this Australian study is not environmentally sustainable.

Clifford Rosen, MD, professor of medicine, Tufts University, Boston, said in an interview that the Australian researchers studied the impact of increased dietary calcium and protein, not the impact of vitamin D via supplements.

“This is progress toward getting interventions to our most needy residents to prevent fractures – probably the most compelling data that we have had in a number of years,” he noted.

The current study shows “it’s not [the] vitamin D,” because the residents had initial low calcium levels but normal vitamin D levels. “For too long we’ve been stuck on the idea that it is [increasing] vitamin D in the elderly that causes a reduction in fractures,” said Dr. Rosen. “The data are not very supportive of it, but people continue to think that’s the most important element.”

On the other hand, the current study raises certain questions. “What we don’t know is, is it the calcium, or is it the protein, or the combination, that had an impact?”

Would upping dairy decrease falls?

Older adults living in institutions have a high risk of falls and fractures, including hip fractures, and “malnutrition is common,” said Dr. Iuliano during her presentation.

Prior studies have reported that such residents have a daily dietary calcium intake of 635 mg (half the recommended 1,300 mg), a protein intake of 0.8 g/kg body weight (less than the recommended 1 g/kg body weight), and a dairy intake of 1.5 servings (about a third of the recommended amount), she said.

The group hypothesized that upping dairy intake of elderly residents living in long-term care institutions would reduce the risk of fractures. They performed a 2-year cluster-randomized trial in 60 facilities in Melbourne and surrounding areas.

Half gave their 3,301 residents menus with a higher dairy content, and the other half gave their 3,894 residents (controls) the usual menus.

The residents in both groups had similar characteristics: they were a mean age of 87 years and 68% were women. A subgroup had blood tests and bone morphology studies at baseline and 1 year.

Researchers verified nutrient intake by analyzing the menus and doing plate waste analysis for a subgroup, and they determined the number of falls and fractures from incident and hospital x-ray reports, respectively.
 

One-third fewer fractures in the higher-dairy group

At the study start, residents in both groups had similar vitamin D levels (72 nmol/L) and bone morphology. They were consuming two servings of dairy food and drink a day, where a serving was 250 mL of milk (including lactose-free milk) or 200 g of yogurt or 40 g of cheese.

Their initial daily calcium intake was 650 mg, which stayed the same in the control group, but increased to >1100 mg in the intervention group.

Their initial daily protein intake was around 59 g, which remained the same in the control group, but increased to about 72 grams (1.1 g/kg body weight) in the intervention group.

At 2 years, the 1.5 servings/day increase in dairy intake in the control versus intervention group was associated with an 11% reduction in falls (62% vs. 57%), a 33% reduction in fractures (5.2% vs. 3.7%), a 46% reduction in hip fractures (2.4% vs. 1.3%), and no difference in mortality (28% in both groups).

The intervention was also associated with a slowing in bone loss and an increase in insulinlike growth factor–1.
 

Four dairy servings a day “is high”

Dr. Willett said that “it is reasonable for seniors to take one or two servings of dairy per day, but four servings per day, as in this study, is probably not necessary.”

Moreover, “dairy production has a major impact on greenhouse gas emissions, and even two servings per day would not be environmentally sustainable if everyone were to consume this amount,” he observed.

“Because the world is facing an existential threat from climate change, general advice to consume high amounts of dairy products would be irresponsible as we can get all essential nutrients from other sources,” he added. “That said, modest amounts of dairy foods, such as one to two servings per day could be reasonable. There is some suggestive evidence that dairy in the form of yogurt may have particular benefits.”

The study was funded by Melbourne University and various dietary councils. Dr. Iuliano reported receiving lecture fees from Abbott. Dr. Rosen and Dr. Willett reported no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article originally appeared on Medscape.com.