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The patient who didn’t know
CASE: Unable to communicate
Mrs. A, age 44, is airlifted to the emergency room after a motor vehicle accident in which she was the restrained front seat passenger. She was on the way to a mental health follow-up appointment with her husband, who died on the scene, and 24-year-old son, who sustained multiple injuries. At the accident scene, Mrs. A was awake and responded to all questions by saying, “I don’t know.” No other history could be obtained. She was carrying documents from a local psychiatric facility that stated she had been discharged 1 month ago with a diagnosis of psychotic disorder, not otherwise specified (NOS). Her discharge medications were olanzapine, 15 mg at bedtime; escitalopram, 20 mg/d; lamotrigine, 100 mg/d; zolpidem, 10 mg as needed at bedtime; and diazepam, 5 mg tid.
Initial assessment reveals mild concussion, nondisplaced fractures of the left C7 and T1 transverse processes, and fracture of the posterior left first rib. Mrs. A is admitted to the trauma surgery service. Soon after, nurses report that Mrs. A is not able to report symptoms. Psychiatry service is consulted to evaluate her continued confusion and inability to communicate.
The authors’ observations
Mrs. A seems anxious because of my repeated attempts to communicate. Her affect is restricted, and her speech is limited to “I don’t know” but fluent. She does not appear to be responding to internal stimuli. Neurologic examination, including cranial nerves and reflexes, is normal. A chart review reveals that her psychiatric medications have been continued upon admission.
HISTORY: Always nervous
We contact Mrs. A’s son, who also was admitted to the hospital, for more information. He reports that his mother has a long history of “nerve problems,” which he describes as “crying and feeling sad and nervous.” He says Mrs. A’s mother also had these problems, and Mrs. A’s childhood was difficult (Table 1). Because of this condition, Mrs. A lives alone in a trailer next to the house where her husband and children live.
Mrs. A’s son said that she had a “nervous breakdown” a few months ago, was admitted to the local psychiatric facility, and since then had been saying only, “I don’t know.” She can communicate her wishes by pointing at “Yes” or “No” written on paper. At home, she can perform all activities of daily living (ADLs), including paying bills. He denies that his mother engages in drug abuse.
We obtain Mrs. A’s treatment records from the psychiatric facility and learn she was admitted with a history of confusion, auditory and visual hallucinations, and crying episodes. She had a history of noncompliance with outpatient medications, which included diazepam, duloxetine, and ziprasidone. Upon admission to that facility, Mrs. A was alert but disoriented to place and time. She answered questions slowly but was brief, sometimes incoherent, and having auditory and visual hallucinations.
During that hospitalization, clinicians established a working diagnosis of psychotic disorder, NOS. Mrs. A was noted to have a urinary tract infection, which they treated with amoxicillin/clavulanate. Ziprasidone was discontinued and olanzapine was started. Escitalopram and lamotrigine were added. Mrs. A’s hallucinations gradually resolved, and she was able to perform ADLs. However, she did not communicate much and started answering most questions with “I don’t know.” At discharge, she was sent home to the care of her sister and husband.
Since then, Mrs. A had been taking her medications regularly but did not show improvement in her speech or methods of communication.
The authors’ observations
7 and frontotemporal8 and stroke-related9 speech disorder. Neuroimaging studies may be helpful in differentiating language disorders from psychosis. For example, evidence of lesions in the language centers of the brain is found in some cases of aphasia, and enlarged ventricles is a common finding in patients with schizophrenia. We considered all of these possibilities when evaluating Mrs. A (Table 2).
Table 1
Mrs. A’s family and personal history of ‘nerve problems’
| Childhood | Mrs. A’s mother had ‘nerve problems.’ Her father physically abused Mrs. A. She received a ninth-grade education |
| Adult life | Married at age 17, Mrs. A had her first child at age 19, second child at age 20, and third child at age 21. She never obtained employment but raised her children with her husband |
| Last 2 years | Mrs. A lived in a trailer next to the house where her husband lived with 2 of their children. Family reports Mrs. A’s ’nerve problems’ were the reason for the separation. They state they took care of her needs and made sure she took her medications |
| Last 2 months | Mrs. A was admitted to a local psychiatric facility with confusion, hallucinations, crying spells, and decreased speech. After discharge, she could perform activities of daily living, but her speech did not improve |
| Present | Mrs. A is a passenger in a motor vehicle accident that results in her husband’s death and multiple injuries to her son. She is admitted to our hospital |
What is the cause of Mrs. A’s speech difficulties?
| Possible diagnosis | Finding that ruled it out |
|---|---|
| Primary progressive aphasia | Subacute onset with rapid progression |
| Frontotemporal dementia | Inconclusive mild frontotemporal atrophy on brain MRI |
| Nonconvulsive status epilepticus | Normal EEG |
| Conversion disorder | Uncommon presentation: Mrs. A is beyond usual age of onset, and symptoms have lasted >1 month |
| Broca’s aphasia/CVA | No corresponding organic lesions on MRI |
| Factitious disorder | No motivation to assume the sick role |
| Psychotic speech | No other evidence of psychosis |
| CVA: cerebrovascular accident; EEG: electroencephalography; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging | |
TREATMENT: An abbreviated stay
A week after admission, Mrs. A is deemed medically stable. Head CT reveals a small, calcified left parietal meningioma that did not correlate with her symptoms (Table 3). Brain MRI shows mild frontotemporal atrophy that was considered inconclusive evidence for a diagnosis of frontotemporal dementia; there is no evidence of infarction, tumors, or other enhancing lesions that may have explained Mrs. A’s symptoms. A 12-lead EEG shows no abnormalities, which rules out a seizure disorder.
Neurology consult rules out concussion syndrome. Over several different evaluations, Mrs. A is noted to follow commands, perform ADLs, and walk. She is able to write her name legibly but is unable to write anything else or to perform a clock-drawing test.
A speech pathology evaluation is requested. A speech pathologist diagnoses Mrs. A with expressive aphasia—impaired ability to speak and write—with some receptive component, meaning her ability to comprehend spoken words also is impaired.
Mrs. A’s speech status does not change, and she remains unable to communicate. She is discharged 10 days after admission with scheduled outpatient follow-up.
Table 3
Findings of Mrs. A’s neurologic testing
| Test | Result |
|---|---|
| Head CT | 1-cm dural-based lesion in the left posterior parietal region |
| Brain MRI | Mild, inconclusive frontotemporal atrophy |
| EEG | Normal |
| CT: computed tomography; EEG: electroencephalography; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging | |
The authors’ observations
At discharge, it seemed likely that Mrs. A may have early symptoms of a neurodegenerative illness, such as frontotemporal dementia, or the aphasia may be a manifestation of chronic psychotic depression. We wanted to follow up with neuropsychological testing and PET scan before establishing a definitive psychiatric diagnosis and modifying the treatment plan.
Related resources
- The Academy of Aphasia. www.academyofaphasia.org.
- The National Aphasia Association. www.aphasia.org.
- Amoxicillin/clavulanate • Augmentin
- Diazepam • Valium
- Duloxetine • Cymbalta
- Escitalopram • Lexapro
- Lamotrigine • Lamictal
- Olanzapine • Zyprexa
- Ziprasidone • Geodon
- Zolpidem • Ambien
The authors report no financial relationship with any company whose products are mentioned in this article or with manufacturers of competing products.
1. Jodzio K, Gasecki D, Drumm DA, et al. Neuroanatomical correlates of the post-stroke aphasias studied with cerebral blood flow SPECT scanning. Med Sci Monit. 2003;9(3):MT32-41.
2. Stein M, Cantrell SB. Nonfluent aphasia after closed head trauma: report of a case. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1999;57(6):745-748.
3. Piñol-Ripoll G, Pérez-Lázaro C, Beltrán-Marín I, et al. Aphasia as the sole symptom of partial status epilepticus [in Spanish]. Rev Neurol. 2004;39(11):1096-1097.
4. Balafouta MJ, Kouvaris JR, Miliadou AC, et al. Primitive neuroectodermal tumour in a 60-year-old man: a case report and literature review. Br J Radiol. 2003;76(901):62-65.
5. Kuramoto S, Hirano T, Uyama E, et al. A case of slowly progressive aphasia accompanied with auditory agnosia [in Japanese]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku. 2002;42(4):299-303.
6. Bulandra R, Medvighi O, Ninosu N. Aphasia or psychotic speech (discussion of a case) [in Romanian]. Neurol Psihiatr Neurochir. 1970;15(6):553-558.
7. Lawson B, Quintana JC. Non convulsive status epilepticus: an heterogeneous disease with a difficult diagnosis. Report of 2 cases with unusual presentation [in Spanish]. Rev Med Chil. 2003;131(9):1045-1050.
8. Vanderzeypen F, Bier JC, Genevrois C, et al. Frontal dementia or dementia praecox? A case report of a psychotic disorder with a severe decline [in French]. Encephale. 2003;29(2):172-180.
9. Sambunaris A, Hyde TM. Stroke-related aphasias mistaken for psychotic speech: two case reports. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 1994;7(3):144-147.
CASE: Unable to communicate
Mrs. A, age 44, is airlifted to the emergency room after a motor vehicle accident in which she was the restrained front seat passenger. She was on the way to a mental health follow-up appointment with her husband, who died on the scene, and 24-year-old son, who sustained multiple injuries. At the accident scene, Mrs. A was awake and responded to all questions by saying, “I don’t know.” No other history could be obtained. She was carrying documents from a local psychiatric facility that stated she had been discharged 1 month ago with a diagnosis of psychotic disorder, not otherwise specified (NOS). Her discharge medications were olanzapine, 15 mg at bedtime; escitalopram, 20 mg/d; lamotrigine, 100 mg/d; zolpidem, 10 mg as needed at bedtime; and diazepam, 5 mg tid.
Initial assessment reveals mild concussion, nondisplaced fractures of the left C7 and T1 transverse processes, and fracture of the posterior left first rib. Mrs. A is admitted to the trauma surgery service. Soon after, nurses report that Mrs. A is not able to report symptoms. Psychiatry service is consulted to evaluate her continued confusion and inability to communicate.
The authors’ observations
Mrs. A seems anxious because of my repeated attempts to communicate. Her affect is restricted, and her speech is limited to “I don’t know” but fluent. She does not appear to be responding to internal stimuli. Neurologic examination, including cranial nerves and reflexes, is normal. A chart review reveals that her psychiatric medications have been continued upon admission.
HISTORY: Always nervous
We contact Mrs. A’s son, who also was admitted to the hospital, for more information. He reports that his mother has a long history of “nerve problems,” which he describes as “crying and feeling sad and nervous.” He says Mrs. A’s mother also had these problems, and Mrs. A’s childhood was difficult (Table 1). Because of this condition, Mrs. A lives alone in a trailer next to the house where her husband and children live.
Mrs. A’s son said that she had a “nervous breakdown” a few months ago, was admitted to the local psychiatric facility, and since then had been saying only, “I don’t know.” She can communicate her wishes by pointing at “Yes” or “No” written on paper. At home, she can perform all activities of daily living (ADLs), including paying bills. He denies that his mother engages in drug abuse.
We obtain Mrs. A’s treatment records from the psychiatric facility and learn she was admitted with a history of confusion, auditory and visual hallucinations, and crying episodes. She had a history of noncompliance with outpatient medications, which included diazepam, duloxetine, and ziprasidone. Upon admission to that facility, Mrs. A was alert but disoriented to place and time. She answered questions slowly but was brief, sometimes incoherent, and having auditory and visual hallucinations.
During that hospitalization, clinicians established a working diagnosis of psychotic disorder, NOS. Mrs. A was noted to have a urinary tract infection, which they treated with amoxicillin/clavulanate. Ziprasidone was discontinued and olanzapine was started. Escitalopram and lamotrigine were added. Mrs. A’s hallucinations gradually resolved, and she was able to perform ADLs. However, she did not communicate much and started answering most questions with “I don’t know.” At discharge, she was sent home to the care of her sister and husband.
Since then, Mrs. A had been taking her medications regularly but did not show improvement in her speech or methods of communication.
The authors’ observations
7 and frontotemporal8 and stroke-related9 speech disorder. Neuroimaging studies may be helpful in differentiating language disorders from psychosis. For example, evidence of lesions in the language centers of the brain is found in some cases of aphasia, and enlarged ventricles is a common finding in patients with schizophrenia. We considered all of these possibilities when evaluating Mrs. A (Table 2).
Table 1
Mrs. A’s family and personal history of ‘nerve problems’
| Childhood | Mrs. A’s mother had ‘nerve problems.’ Her father physically abused Mrs. A. She received a ninth-grade education |
| Adult life | Married at age 17, Mrs. A had her first child at age 19, second child at age 20, and third child at age 21. She never obtained employment but raised her children with her husband |
| Last 2 years | Mrs. A lived in a trailer next to the house where her husband lived with 2 of their children. Family reports Mrs. A’s ’nerve problems’ were the reason for the separation. They state they took care of her needs and made sure she took her medications |
| Last 2 months | Mrs. A was admitted to a local psychiatric facility with confusion, hallucinations, crying spells, and decreased speech. After discharge, she could perform activities of daily living, but her speech did not improve |
| Present | Mrs. A is a passenger in a motor vehicle accident that results in her husband’s death and multiple injuries to her son. She is admitted to our hospital |
What is the cause of Mrs. A’s speech difficulties?
| Possible diagnosis | Finding that ruled it out |
|---|---|
| Primary progressive aphasia | Subacute onset with rapid progression |
| Frontotemporal dementia | Inconclusive mild frontotemporal atrophy on brain MRI |
| Nonconvulsive status epilepticus | Normal EEG |
| Conversion disorder | Uncommon presentation: Mrs. A is beyond usual age of onset, and symptoms have lasted >1 month |
| Broca’s aphasia/CVA | No corresponding organic lesions on MRI |
| Factitious disorder | No motivation to assume the sick role |
| Psychotic speech | No other evidence of psychosis |
| CVA: cerebrovascular accident; EEG: electroencephalography; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging | |
TREATMENT: An abbreviated stay
A week after admission, Mrs. A is deemed medically stable. Head CT reveals a small, calcified left parietal meningioma that did not correlate with her symptoms (Table 3). Brain MRI shows mild frontotemporal atrophy that was considered inconclusive evidence for a diagnosis of frontotemporal dementia; there is no evidence of infarction, tumors, or other enhancing lesions that may have explained Mrs. A’s symptoms. A 12-lead EEG shows no abnormalities, which rules out a seizure disorder.
Neurology consult rules out concussion syndrome. Over several different evaluations, Mrs. A is noted to follow commands, perform ADLs, and walk. She is able to write her name legibly but is unable to write anything else or to perform a clock-drawing test.
A speech pathology evaluation is requested. A speech pathologist diagnoses Mrs. A with expressive aphasia—impaired ability to speak and write—with some receptive component, meaning her ability to comprehend spoken words also is impaired.
Mrs. A’s speech status does not change, and she remains unable to communicate. She is discharged 10 days after admission with scheduled outpatient follow-up.
Table 3
Findings of Mrs. A’s neurologic testing
| Test | Result |
|---|---|
| Head CT | 1-cm dural-based lesion in the left posterior parietal region |
| Brain MRI | Mild, inconclusive frontotemporal atrophy |
| EEG | Normal |
| CT: computed tomography; EEG: electroencephalography; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging | |
The authors’ observations
At discharge, it seemed likely that Mrs. A may have early symptoms of a neurodegenerative illness, such as frontotemporal dementia, or the aphasia may be a manifestation of chronic psychotic depression. We wanted to follow up with neuropsychological testing and PET scan before establishing a definitive psychiatric diagnosis and modifying the treatment plan.
Related resources
- The Academy of Aphasia. www.academyofaphasia.org.
- The National Aphasia Association. www.aphasia.org.
- Amoxicillin/clavulanate • Augmentin
- Diazepam • Valium
- Duloxetine • Cymbalta
- Escitalopram • Lexapro
- Lamotrigine • Lamictal
- Olanzapine • Zyprexa
- Ziprasidone • Geodon
- Zolpidem • Ambien
The authors report no financial relationship with any company whose products are mentioned in this article or with manufacturers of competing products.
CASE: Unable to communicate
Mrs. A, age 44, is airlifted to the emergency room after a motor vehicle accident in which she was the restrained front seat passenger. She was on the way to a mental health follow-up appointment with her husband, who died on the scene, and 24-year-old son, who sustained multiple injuries. At the accident scene, Mrs. A was awake and responded to all questions by saying, “I don’t know.” No other history could be obtained. She was carrying documents from a local psychiatric facility that stated she had been discharged 1 month ago with a diagnosis of psychotic disorder, not otherwise specified (NOS). Her discharge medications were olanzapine, 15 mg at bedtime; escitalopram, 20 mg/d; lamotrigine, 100 mg/d; zolpidem, 10 mg as needed at bedtime; and diazepam, 5 mg tid.
Initial assessment reveals mild concussion, nondisplaced fractures of the left C7 and T1 transverse processes, and fracture of the posterior left first rib. Mrs. A is admitted to the trauma surgery service. Soon after, nurses report that Mrs. A is not able to report symptoms. Psychiatry service is consulted to evaluate her continued confusion and inability to communicate.
The authors’ observations
Mrs. A seems anxious because of my repeated attempts to communicate. Her affect is restricted, and her speech is limited to “I don’t know” but fluent. She does not appear to be responding to internal stimuli. Neurologic examination, including cranial nerves and reflexes, is normal. A chart review reveals that her psychiatric medications have been continued upon admission.
HISTORY: Always nervous
We contact Mrs. A’s son, who also was admitted to the hospital, for more information. He reports that his mother has a long history of “nerve problems,” which he describes as “crying and feeling sad and nervous.” He says Mrs. A’s mother also had these problems, and Mrs. A’s childhood was difficult (Table 1). Because of this condition, Mrs. A lives alone in a trailer next to the house where her husband and children live.
Mrs. A’s son said that she had a “nervous breakdown” a few months ago, was admitted to the local psychiatric facility, and since then had been saying only, “I don’t know.” She can communicate her wishes by pointing at “Yes” or “No” written on paper. At home, she can perform all activities of daily living (ADLs), including paying bills. He denies that his mother engages in drug abuse.
We obtain Mrs. A’s treatment records from the psychiatric facility and learn she was admitted with a history of confusion, auditory and visual hallucinations, and crying episodes. She had a history of noncompliance with outpatient medications, which included diazepam, duloxetine, and ziprasidone. Upon admission to that facility, Mrs. A was alert but disoriented to place and time. She answered questions slowly but was brief, sometimes incoherent, and having auditory and visual hallucinations.
During that hospitalization, clinicians established a working diagnosis of psychotic disorder, NOS. Mrs. A was noted to have a urinary tract infection, which they treated with amoxicillin/clavulanate. Ziprasidone was discontinued and olanzapine was started. Escitalopram and lamotrigine were added. Mrs. A’s hallucinations gradually resolved, and she was able to perform ADLs. However, she did not communicate much and started answering most questions with “I don’t know.” At discharge, she was sent home to the care of her sister and husband.
Since then, Mrs. A had been taking her medications regularly but did not show improvement in her speech or methods of communication.
The authors’ observations
7 and frontotemporal8 and stroke-related9 speech disorder. Neuroimaging studies may be helpful in differentiating language disorders from psychosis. For example, evidence of lesions in the language centers of the brain is found in some cases of aphasia, and enlarged ventricles is a common finding in patients with schizophrenia. We considered all of these possibilities when evaluating Mrs. A (Table 2).
Table 1
Mrs. A’s family and personal history of ‘nerve problems’
| Childhood | Mrs. A’s mother had ‘nerve problems.’ Her father physically abused Mrs. A. She received a ninth-grade education |
| Adult life | Married at age 17, Mrs. A had her first child at age 19, second child at age 20, and third child at age 21. She never obtained employment but raised her children with her husband |
| Last 2 years | Mrs. A lived in a trailer next to the house where her husband lived with 2 of their children. Family reports Mrs. A’s ’nerve problems’ were the reason for the separation. They state they took care of her needs and made sure she took her medications |
| Last 2 months | Mrs. A was admitted to a local psychiatric facility with confusion, hallucinations, crying spells, and decreased speech. After discharge, she could perform activities of daily living, but her speech did not improve |
| Present | Mrs. A is a passenger in a motor vehicle accident that results in her husband’s death and multiple injuries to her son. She is admitted to our hospital |
What is the cause of Mrs. A’s speech difficulties?
| Possible diagnosis | Finding that ruled it out |
|---|---|
| Primary progressive aphasia | Subacute onset with rapid progression |
| Frontotemporal dementia | Inconclusive mild frontotemporal atrophy on brain MRI |
| Nonconvulsive status epilepticus | Normal EEG |
| Conversion disorder | Uncommon presentation: Mrs. A is beyond usual age of onset, and symptoms have lasted >1 month |
| Broca’s aphasia/CVA | No corresponding organic lesions on MRI |
| Factitious disorder | No motivation to assume the sick role |
| Psychotic speech | No other evidence of psychosis |
| CVA: cerebrovascular accident; EEG: electroencephalography; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging | |
TREATMENT: An abbreviated stay
A week after admission, Mrs. A is deemed medically stable. Head CT reveals a small, calcified left parietal meningioma that did not correlate with her symptoms (Table 3). Brain MRI shows mild frontotemporal atrophy that was considered inconclusive evidence for a diagnosis of frontotemporal dementia; there is no evidence of infarction, tumors, or other enhancing lesions that may have explained Mrs. A’s symptoms. A 12-lead EEG shows no abnormalities, which rules out a seizure disorder.
Neurology consult rules out concussion syndrome. Over several different evaluations, Mrs. A is noted to follow commands, perform ADLs, and walk. She is able to write her name legibly but is unable to write anything else or to perform a clock-drawing test.
A speech pathology evaluation is requested. A speech pathologist diagnoses Mrs. A with expressive aphasia—impaired ability to speak and write—with some receptive component, meaning her ability to comprehend spoken words also is impaired.
Mrs. A’s speech status does not change, and she remains unable to communicate. She is discharged 10 days after admission with scheduled outpatient follow-up.
Table 3
Findings of Mrs. A’s neurologic testing
| Test | Result |
|---|---|
| Head CT | 1-cm dural-based lesion in the left posterior parietal region |
| Brain MRI | Mild, inconclusive frontotemporal atrophy |
| EEG | Normal |
| CT: computed tomography; EEG: electroencephalography; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging | |
The authors’ observations
At discharge, it seemed likely that Mrs. A may have early symptoms of a neurodegenerative illness, such as frontotemporal dementia, or the aphasia may be a manifestation of chronic psychotic depression. We wanted to follow up with neuropsychological testing and PET scan before establishing a definitive psychiatric diagnosis and modifying the treatment plan.
Related resources
- The Academy of Aphasia. www.academyofaphasia.org.
- The National Aphasia Association. www.aphasia.org.
- Amoxicillin/clavulanate • Augmentin
- Diazepam • Valium
- Duloxetine • Cymbalta
- Escitalopram • Lexapro
- Lamotrigine • Lamictal
- Olanzapine • Zyprexa
- Ziprasidone • Geodon
- Zolpidem • Ambien
The authors report no financial relationship with any company whose products are mentioned in this article or with manufacturers of competing products.
1. Jodzio K, Gasecki D, Drumm DA, et al. Neuroanatomical correlates of the post-stroke aphasias studied with cerebral blood flow SPECT scanning. Med Sci Monit. 2003;9(3):MT32-41.
2. Stein M, Cantrell SB. Nonfluent aphasia after closed head trauma: report of a case. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1999;57(6):745-748.
3. Piñol-Ripoll G, Pérez-Lázaro C, Beltrán-Marín I, et al. Aphasia as the sole symptom of partial status epilepticus [in Spanish]. Rev Neurol. 2004;39(11):1096-1097.
4. Balafouta MJ, Kouvaris JR, Miliadou AC, et al. Primitive neuroectodermal tumour in a 60-year-old man: a case report and literature review. Br J Radiol. 2003;76(901):62-65.
5. Kuramoto S, Hirano T, Uyama E, et al. A case of slowly progressive aphasia accompanied with auditory agnosia [in Japanese]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku. 2002;42(4):299-303.
6. Bulandra R, Medvighi O, Ninosu N. Aphasia or psychotic speech (discussion of a case) [in Romanian]. Neurol Psihiatr Neurochir. 1970;15(6):553-558.
7. Lawson B, Quintana JC. Non convulsive status epilepticus: an heterogeneous disease with a difficult diagnosis. Report of 2 cases with unusual presentation [in Spanish]. Rev Med Chil. 2003;131(9):1045-1050.
8. Vanderzeypen F, Bier JC, Genevrois C, et al. Frontal dementia or dementia praecox? A case report of a psychotic disorder with a severe decline [in French]. Encephale. 2003;29(2):172-180.
9. Sambunaris A, Hyde TM. Stroke-related aphasias mistaken for psychotic speech: two case reports. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 1994;7(3):144-147.
1. Jodzio K, Gasecki D, Drumm DA, et al. Neuroanatomical correlates of the post-stroke aphasias studied with cerebral blood flow SPECT scanning. Med Sci Monit. 2003;9(3):MT32-41.
2. Stein M, Cantrell SB. Nonfluent aphasia after closed head trauma: report of a case. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1999;57(6):745-748.
3. Piñol-Ripoll G, Pérez-Lázaro C, Beltrán-Marín I, et al. Aphasia as the sole symptom of partial status epilepticus [in Spanish]. Rev Neurol. 2004;39(11):1096-1097.
4. Balafouta MJ, Kouvaris JR, Miliadou AC, et al. Primitive neuroectodermal tumour in a 60-year-old man: a case report and literature review. Br J Radiol. 2003;76(901):62-65.
5. Kuramoto S, Hirano T, Uyama E, et al. A case of slowly progressive aphasia accompanied with auditory agnosia [in Japanese]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku. 2002;42(4):299-303.
6. Bulandra R, Medvighi O, Ninosu N. Aphasia or psychotic speech (discussion of a case) [in Romanian]. Neurol Psihiatr Neurochir. 1970;15(6):553-558.
7. Lawson B, Quintana JC. Non convulsive status epilepticus: an heterogeneous disease with a difficult diagnosis. Report of 2 cases with unusual presentation [in Spanish]. Rev Med Chil. 2003;131(9):1045-1050.
8. Vanderzeypen F, Bier JC, Genevrois C, et al. Frontal dementia or dementia praecox? A case report of a psychotic disorder with a severe decline [in French]. Encephale. 2003;29(2):172-180.
9. Sambunaris A, Hyde TM. Stroke-related aphasias mistaken for psychotic speech: two case reports. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 1994;7(3):144-147.