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Is There a Dose-Response Relationship Between Weight Loss and Symptom Improvement in Persons With Knee Osteoarthritis?
Study Overview
Objective. To determine if there is an additive benefit of weight loss for pain and functioning in patients with established symptomatic osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee.
Design. Cohort study.
Setting and participants. Participants living in Australia who had completed the Osteoarthritis Healthy Weight For Life program (OAHWFL), a program run by Prima Health Solutions on behalf of participating health funds in Australia and New Zealand; its full cost is borne by the insurance/health care fund. Patients in the program are invited to enroll based on age (≥ 50) and claims data indicating knee OA; patients wishing to enroll must obtain a referral from their doctor confirming weight and height and radiographic or arthroscopic diagnosis of knee OA. Participants in the program had a body mass index (BMI) > 28 kg/m2 and met 1986 American College of Rheumatology clinical criteria for knee OA. Further, participants were deemed to clinically require referral to orthopedic surgeon and were surgical candidates by medical opinion.
Intervention. The OAHWFL program is a specialized knee and hip OA management program that focuses on weight loss, utilizing a portion-controlled eating plan with meal replacements, an activity plan, a personalized online tracker, and personal support. It is delivered remotely via phone, texts, email, message board, and mail. The 18-week program consists of 3 phases. During the first 6-week phase, participants were instructed to consume a nutritionally complete very low calorie meal replacement (KicStart, Prima Health Solutions) for 2 meals per day with controlled portions and “free foods” (eg, berries and leafy greens). During the second 6-week phase, participants were transitioned off the meal replacements onto a portion-controlled meal plan, with 1 meal replacement per day. In the final phase, participants consumed portion-controlled whole foods for all 3 meals. All phases included recommendations for moderate aerobic exercise 3 times per week for an increasing time period and intensity, online healthy eating and lifestyle education, and telephone motivation and support at predetermined intervals and on demand.
Main outcome measure. The main outcome measure was percentage of body weight lost from baseline to 18 weeks. Additionally, the validated Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) questionnaire was administered to all participants. The 5 KOOS subscales (pain, other symptoms, function in daily living, function in recreation, and knee-related quality of life) were co-primary outcomes. The validated Western Ontario McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) function score was derived from KOOS. The dose-response relationship was assessed using weight change categories (< 2.5%, 2.5–5.0%, 5.1–7.5%, 7.6%–10%, and > 10%) and change in KOOS scores.
Main results. At the time of analysis, 3827 persons with knee or hip OA were approved by their doctor to participate. Of these 155 had not yet started the program, 728 were undergoing the program, and 846 had discontinued or were lost to follow-up. Of the 2098 who completed the program, 715 were excluded because of incomplete data or OA of the hip, leaving 1383 participants. Overall the baseline mean weight was 95.12 ± 17.2 kg with a mean BMI of 34.39 ± 5.17. Average age was 64 ± 8.7.
94.2% (1304 participants) had a greater than 2.5% reduction in body weight at the end of 18 weeks. 31.1% lost ≥ 10% body weight, 22.9% lost between 7.5 and 10%, 24% lost between 5 and 7.5%, 16.1% lost between 2.5–5%, and 5.7% of participants lost ≤ 2.5%. The greatest amount of weight loss was associated with the greatest improvement of both KOOS and WOMAC scores, with a significant dose-response relationship between weight loss and knee OA symptoms. This persisted in regression analysis adjusted for baseline KOOS and weight, sex, and age. Those with the largest weight loss improved their KOOS scores by 16.17 ± 16.1. The second highest weight loss group has an improvement in KOOS scores by 13.3 ± 15.1, then next highest 12.0 ± 17.1, followed by 9.9 ± 16.8 and finally an improvement of 6.1 ± 13.0 in the weight loss of ≤ 2.5% cohort.
Conclusion. This study showed a relationship between weight loss and improvement in knee OA pain and functioning, with greater weight loss resulting in greater improvement in both categories. Those who were better functioning at the commencement of the study required less weight loss to reach a meaningful improvement in functioning and pain compared to those who started with worse functional status. The OAHWFL intervention was shown to be an effective method of weight loss over an 18-month period.
Commentary
OA is the most common form of arthritis in the United States and the incidence has been rising. A recent study conducted by the Mayo Clinic found OA to be the second most common reason for ambulatory primary care visits, second only to dermatologic complaints [1].It is estimated that the average direct cost of OA per patient is $2600 per year [2], with job-related costs of $3.4 to $13.2 billion per year [3]. Knee replacements alone amounted to $28.5 billion in 2009 [4]. Aside from the financial burden of OA is its impact on quality of life. While genetic predisposition is important in disease pathogenesis, there are well established modifiable risk factors for OA. Among these is maintenance of a healthy weight and physical activity, both of which were addressed in this study.
There is high-quality evidence that weight loss improves the symptoms of knee OA [5]. The current study evaluated whether a dietary intervention for knee OA would be effective in a real-world setting, outside the controlled conditions of a randomized trial. Short-term weight loss did provide pain relief and increase functioning; however, the study does not report weight trajectory after cessation of the intervention. It would be more meaningful to know how many of the participants maintained weight loss after a longer period of time. In addition, it is unclear if the gain in function and pain control was from the weight loss or regular physical activity. A control group that participated in the physical activity without significant weight loss would have strengthened the association between weight loss and KOOS and WOMAC measures.
Though this study took place in a community setting and was tested in both rural and urban settings, the results may not be generalizable to patients who are not already motivated to lose weight, as patients self-nominated themselves to enroll in the program. This study also made use of meal supplements, which were supplied at no cost to patients. Without dedicated funding to supply the meal replacements in addition to the support program, it would be difficult to replicate these results. However, some insurance carriers will cover similar programs that provide validated methods for weight loss, which may be a feasible alternative. Other limitations to the study included lack of a control group, reliance on self-reported weight loss data, and that persons who discontinued the program were not included in the analysis.
Applications for Clinical Practice
Body mechanics and increased inflammation associated with obesity both contribute to worsening of knee OA. The dose-response relationship shown in this study of weight loss in overweight or obese people with OA of the knee is encouraging. Previous studies have shown a clear relationship between weight loss and improvement in pain. The most well-known is perhaps the 4-pound weight rule, which states that for every pound of weight lost, there is a 4-pound reduction in the load exerted on the knee for each step taken [5].Concrete examples of the benefits of weight loss that providers can share with their patients makes discussion about weight loss tangible. Further, the study teased out that those with better physical functioning at the start of the study required less weight loss to achieve gains in pain reduction and functional status. As the hazards of obesity continue to come to light, more community-based weight loss programs are becoming available. Most of the participants in this study successfully lost weight using a community-based approach, highlighting the usefulness of these programs. Weight loss in a community setting is a challenge to all providers. Knowing which patients will benefit the most from a weight loss program can help direct providers to personalized recommendations.
—Christina Downey, MD,
Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA.
1. St. Sauver JL, Warner DO, Yawn BP, et al. Why patients visit their doctors: assessing the most prevalent conditions in a defined American population. Mayo Clin Proc 2013;88:56–67.
2. Maetzel A, Li LC, Pencharz J, et al. The economic burden associated with osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and hypertension: a comparative study. Ann Rheum Dis 2004;63:395–401.
3. Buckwalter JA, Saltzman C, Brown T. The impact of osteoarthritis. Clin Orthoped Rel Res 2004;42 7S:S6–S15.
4. Murphy L, Helmick CG.The impact of osteoarthritis in the United States: a population-health perspective. Am J Nurs 2012;112(3 Suppl 1):S13–9.
5. Messier SP1, Gutekunst DJ, Davis C, DeVita P. Weight loss reduces knee-joint loads in overweight and obese older adults with knee osteoarthritis. Arthrit Rheum 2005;52:2026–32.
Study Overview
Objective. To determine if there is an additive benefit of weight loss for pain and functioning in patients with established symptomatic osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee.
Design. Cohort study.
Setting and participants. Participants living in Australia who had completed the Osteoarthritis Healthy Weight For Life program (OAHWFL), a program run by Prima Health Solutions on behalf of participating health funds in Australia and New Zealand; its full cost is borne by the insurance/health care fund. Patients in the program are invited to enroll based on age (≥ 50) and claims data indicating knee OA; patients wishing to enroll must obtain a referral from their doctor confirming weight and height and radiographic or arthroscopic diagnosis of knee OA. Participants in the program had a body mass index (BMI) > 28 kg/m2 and met 1986 American College of Rheumatology clinical criteria for knee OA. Further, participants were deemed to clinically require referral to orthopedic surgeon and were surgical candidates by medical opinion.
Intervention. The OAHWFL program is a specialized knee and hip OA management program that focuses on weight loss, utilizing a portion-controlled eating plan with meal replacements, an activity plan, a personalized online tracker, and personal support. It is delivered remotely via phone, texts, email, message board, and mail. The 18-week program consists of 3 phases. During the first 6-week phase, participants were instructed to consume a nutritionally complete very low calorie meal replacement (KicStart, Prima Health Solutions) for 2 meals per day with controlled portions and “free foods” (eg, berries and leafy greens). During the second 6-week phase, participants were transitioned off the meal replacements onto a portion-controlled meal plan, with 1 meal replacement per day. In the final phase, participants consumed portion-controlled whole foods for all 3 meals. All phases included recommendations for moderate aerobic exercise 3 times per week for an increasing time period and intensity, online healthy eating and lifestyle education, and telephone motivation and support at predetermined intervals and on demand.
Main outcome measure. The main outcome measure was percentage of body weight lost from baseline to 18 weeks. Additionally, the validated Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) questionnaire was administered to all participants. The 5 KOOS subscales (pain, other symptoms, function in daily living, function in recreation, and knee-related quality of life) were co-primary outcomes. The validated Western Ontario McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) function score was derived from KOOS. The dose-response relationship was assessed using weight change categories (< 2.5%, 2.5–5.0%, 5.1–7.5%, 7.6%–10%, and > 10%) and change in KOOS scores.
Main results. At the time of analysis, 3827 persons with knee or hip OA were approved by their doctor to participate. Of these 155 had not yet started the program, 728 were undergoing the program, and 846 had discontinued or were lost to follow-up. Of the 2098 who completed the program, 715 were excluded because of incomplete data or OA of the hip, leaving 1383 participants. Overall the baseline mean weight was 95.12 ± 17.2 kg with a mean BMI of 34.39 ± 5.17. Average age was 64 ± 8.7.
94.2% (1304 participants) had a greater than 2.5% reduction in body weight at the end of 18 weeks. 31.1% lost ≥ 10% body weight, 22.9% lost between 7.5 and 10%, 24% lost between 5 and 7.5%, 16.1% lost between 2.5–5%, and 5.7% of participants lost ≤ 2.5%. The greatest amount of weight loss was associated with the greatest improvement of both KOOS and WOMAC scores, with a significant dose-response relationship between weight loss and knee OA symptoms. This persisted in regression analysis adjusted for baseline KOOS and weight, sex, and age. Those with the largest weight loss improved their KOOS scores by 16.17 ± 16.1. The second highest weight loss group has an improvement in KOOS scores by 13.3 ± 15.1, then next highest 12.0 ± 17.1, followed by 9.9 ± 16.8 and finally an improvement of 6.1 ± 13.0 in the weight loss of ≤ 2.5% cohort.
Conclusion. This study showed a relationship between weight loss and improvement in knee OA pain and functioning, with greater weight loss resulting in greater improvement in both categories. Those who were better functioning at the commencement of the study required less weight loss to reach a meaningful improvement in functioning and pain compared to those who started with worse functional status. The OAHWFL intervention was shown to be an effective method of weight loss over an 18-month period.
Commentary
OA is the most common form of arthritis in the United States and the incidence has been rising. A recent study conducted by the Mayo Clinic found OA to be the second most common reason for ambulatory primary care visits, second only to dermatologic complaints [1].It is estimated that the average direct cost of OA per patient is $2600 per year [2], with job-related costs of $3.4 to $13.2 billion per year [3]. Knee replacements alone amounted to $28.5 billion in 2009 [4]. Aside from the financial burden of OA is its impact on quality of life. While genetic predisposition is important in disease pathogenesis, there are well established modifiable risk factors for OA. Among these is maintenance of a healthy weight and physical activity, both of which were addressed in this study.
There is high-quality evidence that weight loss improves the symptoms of knee OA [5]. The current study evaluated whether a dietary intervention for knee OA would be effective in a real-world setting, outside the controlled conditions of a randomized trial. Short-term weight loss did provide pain relief and increase functioning; however, the study does not report weight trajectory after cessation of the intervention. It would be more meaningful to know how many of the participants maintained weight loss after a longer period of time. In addition, it is unclear if the gain in function and pain control was from the weight loss or regular physical activity. A control group that participated in the physical activity without significant weight loss would have strengthened the association between weight loss and KOOS and WOMAC measures.
Though this study took place in a community setting and was tested in both rural and urban settings, the results may not be generalizable to patients who are not already motivated to lose weight, as patients self-nominated themselves to enroll in the program. This study also made use of meal supplements, which were supplied at no cost to patients. Without dedicated funding to supply the meal replacements in addition to the support program, it would be difficult to replicate these results. However, some insurance carriers will cover similar programs that provide validated methods for weight loss, which may be a feasible alternative. Other limitations to the study included lack of a control group, reliance on self-reported weight loss data, and that persons who discontinued the program were not included in the analysis.
Applications for Clinical Practice
Body mechanics and increased inflammation associated with obesity both contribute to worsening of knee OA. The dose-response relationship shown in this study of weight loss in overweight or obese people with OA of the knee is encouraging. Previous studies have shown a clear relationship between weight loss and improvement in pain. The most well-known is perhaps the 4-pound weight rule, which states that for every pound of weight lost, there is a 4-pound reduction in the load exerted on the knee for each step taken [5].Concrete examples of the benefits of weight loss that providers can share with their patients makes discussion about weight loss tangible. Further, the study teased out that those with better physical functioning at the start of the study required less weight loss to achieve gains in pain reduction and functional status. As the hazards of obesity continue to come to light, more community-based weight loss programs are becoming available. Most of the participants in this study successfully lost weight using a community-based approach, highlighting the usefulness of these programs. Weight loss in a community setting is a challenge to all providers. Knowing which patients will benefit the most from a weight loss program can help direct providers to personalized recommendations.
—Christina Downey, MD,
Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA.
Study Overview
Objective. To determine if there is an additive benefit of weight loss for pain and functioning in patients with established symptomatic osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee.
Design. Cohort study.
Setting and participants. Participants living in Australia who had completed the Osteoarthritis Healthy Weight For Life program (OAHWFL), a program run by Prima Health Solutions on behalf of participating health funds in Australia and New Zealand; its full cost is borne by the insurance/health care fund. Patients in the program are invited to enroll based on age (≥ 50) and claims data indicating knee OA; patients wishing to enroll must obtain a referral from their doctor confirming weight and height and radiographic or arthroscopic diagnosis of knee OA. Participants in the program had a body mass index (BMI) > 28 kg/m2 and met 1986 American College of Rheumatology clinical criteria for knee OA. Further, participants were deemed to clinically require referral to orthopedic surgeon and were surgical candidates by medical opinion.
Intervention. The OAHWFL program is a specialized knee and hip OA management program that focuses on weight loss, utilizing a portion-controlled eating plan with meal replacements, an activity plan, a personalized online tracker, and personal support. It is delivered remotely via phone, texts, email, message board, and mail. The 18-week program consists of 3 phases. During the first 6-week phase, participants were instructed to consume a nutritionally complete very low calorie meal replacement (KicStart, Prima Health Solutions) for 2 meals per day with controlled portions and “free foods” (eg, berries and leafy greens). During the second 6-week phase, participants were transitioned off the meal replacements onto a portion-controlled meal plan, with 1 meal replacement per day. In the final phase, participants consumed portion-controlled whole foods for all 3 meals. All phases included recommendations for moderate aerobic exercise 3 times per week for an increasing time period and intensity, online healthy eating and lifestyle education, and telephone motivation and support at predetermined intervals and on demand.
Main outcome measure. The main outcome measure was percentage of body weight lost from baseline to 18 weeks. Additionally, the validated Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) questionnaire was administered to all participants. The 5 KOOS subscales (pain, other symptoms, function in daily living, function in recreation, and knee-related quality of life) were co-primary outcomes. The validated Western Ontario McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) function score was derived from KOOS. The dose-response relationship was assessed using weight change categories (< 2.5%, 2.5–5.0%, 5.1–7.5%, 7.6%–10%, and > 10%) and change in KOOS scores.
Main results. At the time of analysis, 3827 persons with knee or hip OA were approved by their doctor to participate. Of these 155 had not yet started the program, 728 were undergoing the program, and 846 had discontinued or were lost to follow-up. Of the 2098 who completed the program, 715 were excluded because of incomplete data or OA of the hip, leaving 1383 participants. Overall the baseline mean weight was 95.12 ± 17.2 kg with a mean BMI of 34.39 ± 5.17. Average age was 64 ± 8.7.
94.2% (1304 participants) had a greater than 2.5% reduction in body weight at the end of 18 weeks. 31.1% lost ≥ 10% body weight, 22.9% lost between 7.5 and 10%, 24% lost between 5 and 7.5%, 16.1% lost between 2.5–5%, and 5.7% of participants lost ≤ 2.5%. The greatest amount of weight loss was associated with the greatest improvement of both KOOS and WOMAC scores, with a significant dose-response relationship between weight loss and knee OA symptoms. This persisted in regression analysis adjusted for baseline KOOS and weight, sex, and age. Those with the largest weight loss improved their KOOS scores by 16.17 ± 16.1. The second highest weight loss group has an improvement in KOOS scores by 13.3 ± 15.1, then next highest 12.0 ± 17.1, followed by 9.9 ± 16.8 and finally an improvement of 6.1 ± 13.0 in the weight loss of ≤ 2.5% cohort.
Conclusion. This study showed a relationship between weight loss and improvement in knee OA pain and functioning, with greater weight loss resulting in greater improvement in both categories. Those who were better functioning at the commencement of the study required less weight loss to reach a meaningful improvement in functioning and pain compared to those who started with worse functional status. The OAHWFL intervention was shown to be an effective method of weight loss over an 18-month period.
Commentary
OA is the most common form of arthritis in the United States and the incidence has been rising. A recent study conducted by the Mayo Clinic found OA to be the second most common reason for ambulatory primary care visits, second only to dermatologic complaints [1].It is estimated that the average direct cost of OA per patient is $2600 per year [2], with job-related costs of $3.4 to $13.2 billion per year [3]. Knee replacements alone amounted to $28.5 billion in 2009 [4]. Aside from the financial burden of OA is its impact on quality of life. While genetic predisposition is important in disease pathogenesis, there are well established modifiable risk factors for OA. Among these is maintenance of a healthy weight and physical activity, both of which were addressed in this study.
There is high-quality evidence that weight loss improves the symptoms of knee OA [5]. The current study evaluated whether a dietary intervention for knee OA would be effective in a real-world setting, outside the controlled conditions of a randomized trial. Short-term weight loss did provide pain relief and increase functioning; however, the study does not report weight trajectory after cessation of the intervention. It would be more meaningful to know how many of the participants maintained weight loss after a longer period of time. In addition, it is unclear if the gain in function and pain control was from the weight loss or regular physical activity. A control group that participated in the physical activity without significant weight loss would have strengthened the association between weight loss and KOOS and WOMAC measures.
Though this study took place in a community setting and was tested in both rural and urban settings, the results may not be generalizable to patients who are not already motivated to lose weight, as patients self-nominated themselves to enroll in the program. This study also made use of meal supplements, which were supplied at no cost to patients. Without dedicated funding to supply the meal replacements in addition to the support program, it would be difficult to replicate these results. However, some insurance carriers will cover similar programs that provide validated methods for weight loss, which may be a feasible alternative. Other limitations to the study included lack of a control group, reliance on self-reported weight loss data, and that persons who discontinued the program were not included in the analysis.
Applications for Clinical Practice
Body mechanics and increased inflammation associated with obesity both contribute to worsening of knee OA. The dose-response relationship shown in this study of weight loss in overweight or obese people with OA of the knee is encouraging. Previous studies have shown a clear relationship between weight loss and improvement in pain. The most well-known is perhaps the 4-pound weight rule, which states that for every pound of weight lost, there is a 4-pound reduction in the load exerted on the knee for each step taken [5].Concrete examples of the benefits of weight loss that providers can share with their patients makes discussion about weight loss tangible. Further, the study teased out that those with better physical functioning at the start of the study required less weight loss to achieve gains in pain reduction and functional status. As the hazards of obesity continue to come to light, more community-based weight loss programs are becoming available. Most of the participants in this study successfully lost weight using a community-based approach, highlighting the usefulness of these programs. Weight loss in a community setting is a challenge to all providers. Knowing which patients will benefit the most from a weight loss program can help direct providers to personalized recommendations.
—Christina Downey, MD,
Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA.
1. St. Sauver JL, Warner DO, Yawn BP, et al. Why patients visit their doctors: assessing the most prevalent conditions in a defined American population. Mayo Clin Proc 2013;88:56–67.
2. Maetzel A, Li LC, Pencharz J, et al. The economic burden associated with osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and hypertension: a comparative study. Ann Rheum Dis 2004;63:395–401.
3. Buckwalter JA, Saltzman C, Brown T. The impact of osteoarthritis. Clin Orthoped Rel Res 2004;42 7S:S6–S15.
4. Murphy L, Helmick CG.The impact of osteoarthritis in the United States: a population-health perspective. Am J Nurs 2012;112(3 Suppl 1):S13–9.
5. Messier SP1, Gutekunst DJ, Davis C, DeVita P. Weight loss reduces knee-joint loads in overweight and obese older adults with knee osteoarthritis. Arthrit Rheum 2005;52:2026–32.
1. St. Sauver JL, Warner DO, Yawn BP, et al. Why patients visit their doctors: assessing the most prevalent conditions in a defined American population. Mayo Clin Proc 2013;88:56–67.
2. Maetzel A, Li LC, Pencharz J, et al. The economic burden associated with osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and hypertension: a comparative study. Ann Rheum Dis 2004;63:395–401.
3. Buckwalter JA, Saltzman C, Brown T. The impact of osteoarthritis. Clin Orthoped Rel Res 2004;42 7S:S6–S15.
4. Murphy L, Helmick CG.The impact of osteoarthritis in the United States: a population-health perspective. Am J Nurs 2012;112(3 Suppl 1):S13–9.
5. Messier SP1, Gutekunst DJ, Davis C, DeVita P. Weight loss reduces knee-joint loads in overweight and obese older adults with knee osteoarthritis. Arthrit Rheum 2005;52:2026–32.